Time of Troubles. Vasily Shuysky
King Vasily Shuysky
On the southern outskirts of Russia, the coup committed in Moscow Vasily Shuisky caused strong discontent. Democratic starts in these places were developed stronger than in the center of the country. The population on the southern borders half consisted of Cossacks. Continuing to believe that Lhadmitry was the "People's King", the Cossacks, the townspeople and the petty nobility were seen in the Shuisky of the hostile class of Boyar. Scheduled Shuisky in Putivl for devotion to the impostor Prince Gregory Shakhovskaya began to spread there a rumor that Lhadmitry I was not killed in Moscow, and again wonderfully saved. Putivl rebelled against Shuisky. The Governor of the neighboring Chernigov Telylevsky joined the beginning Bunta. Frictions against Shuisky began in Moscow. Their gradually inflated some boyars who dreamed of intercepting the throne from Vasily.
In the south, the rebels gathered a whole army. He was headed with the consent of Telylevsky and Shakhovsky, Ivan Bolotnikov became Ivan. The man was daring and had a lot of winners, Bolotnikov spent a lot of years in Tatar-Turkish captivity, was in Western Europe and now she assured that he had seen from Dmitry. With the 1300 Cossacks of Blaries defeated the 5,000th to the 5,000th of Schui under the chimes, and the entire southern half of Russia quickly joined the uprising: the cities of Vienne, Tula, Kashira, Kaluga, Eagle, Astrakhan. The nobles of Lyapunov raised against Vasily Shui all the Ryazan region.
In the fall of 1606, the bogotnikov army went to Moscow "Return the throne of Tsarevich Dmitry." Ryazan detachments of Lyapunovy moved to the capital. On December 2, Bolotniks joined the village of Kolomenskoye near Moscow, but here the forces of the rebels split. In the troops, Bolotnikov, the poor, robbery and other public garbage was put forward in the first place. These people were terribly scary, robbed everyone in a row, departing everywhere a bloody anarchy. The noble militia of Lyapunov, horrifying the acts of their original allies, decided to break with them and in the name of the recovery of the order to connect with Vasily Shui. The noble detachments left Bolotnikov and moved to Moscow to Shui, although their leaders continued to dislike the boyars king. Bolotnikov, bent from the capital with a young nephew of Shuisky, Mikhail Skopin, retreated in Kaluga, where the prince of Mstislavsky was besieged.
Battle of Troops Bolotnikov with the royal army. Picture E. Lisner
Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky took place from Rurikovich. He was born around 1553, when Ivan IV Rules rules, lived at Boris Godunov. Vasily Shuisky, the board who brought a lot of worries and alarms as the king, was railing during the Troubles. But everything ended tragically.
Climbing to the throne
In 1604, when he was still alive, an impostor appeared in the south, who called himself the survivors in Uglich Tsarevich Dmitry (Lhadmitry I). Suddenly, King Boris died, and in the Tula bet, Dmitry took guests, including the boyars from Moscow, which was invited to the kingdom. As a result, feeling support for the political elite and the people, on June 20, 1605, he solemnly drove into the Kremlin.
Shuisky first he sentenced to the death penalty, then sent a link, and then forgave and returned. But the rule of Falsmitry was not long - he lasted less than a year.
Intrigue shui and his supporters
The changeable people, seeing that the new king will bring foreigners and married the Polyakka, at the Schui signal and his accomplices began to beat the Poles across the capital, and Vasily Shuisky himself, pretending to the throne, entered the Kremlin with the people. Dmitry also tried to flee through the window, but fell and crashed to death.
In the morning it was crushed into the kingdom of Vasily Shui. The Board began with an unprecedented act. In the Assumption Cathedral, he swore on the cross that power would be left only with the boyars. Obviously, to get a power of power, he was all ready to come. Vasily Shuisky, whose rule has become a contractual, gave access to the power of the boyars tip.
Reign
Vasily Shui Board began with mailing literacy throughout the country. They were announced, what crimes did Dmitry. Free south incredulously perceived them. Fermentation began in the minds, and the rebels collected the army. She was headed by Ivan Bolotnikov and went to Moscow. He assured everyone that he met with Dmitry. Under Kolomna, and this is almost near the walls of Moscow, the forces of Bolotnikov split.
Poor - garbage of society - began to rob everything in a row. Nobles, who took part in the campaign, prudently moved to the king.
The position of the nobility during the reign of Vasily Shuisky is briefly characterized by one word - "discontent". No wonder they were adjacent to the detachments of Bolotnikov. First, they did not like the "boyars king." Secondly, they began to defend their rights: the government to all the broken nobles became daily to pay "feed money" and paid a salary to warriors. Tsar Vasily Shuisky, whose board is characterized by the expansion of Discharge, as it turned out, was not firmly sitting on the throne.
New Samorvan.
In 1606, a certain Ilake Muromets appeared on Don. He began to call himself the son of King Fyodor John and led the army to Moscow. His detachments moved to Tula, where Bolotniki strengthened. There they came to the end. The army of Shuisky bore the river UPU and flooded Tula Kremlin. The granted Bolotnikov and all his accomplices were drowned.
Tushinsky thief
The period of the reign of Vasily Shuisky is very difficult, as he turned out to be the hostage of the Trouble, which he had sowed himself, going to power. A new impostor appeared - Lhadmitry II, who, having collected the army of shutters, Marauders and any Szarbok, moved to Moscow and became a camp in Tushino. By the way, thanks to this, he got a nickname - Tushinsky thief. The thirsty authorities of Romanov, Trubetsky, Saltykov joined it.
Polish intervention
Shuisky, being locked in Moscow, asked for help from the Swedes. It was very distinguished in the fight against Bolotnoy and the new challenger on the throne of a young smart commander Skopin-Shuisky. With a small detachment, which included several hundred Swedes, he successfully grumbled the gangs of marauders.
But the king of Poland Sigismund announced Rus war under the pretext of her union with the Swedes. His army rose near Smolensky. Tushinsky camp quickly fled to him. From Moscow was a siege. Skopina-Shuisky was found everywhere as a hero, there he freed the monastery from the siege of Troitko-Sergiev.
Moscow's boyars decided to open the city of Sigismund. Skopin-Shuisky returned to combat him, but did not have time to do: he was poisoned.
Fall Shui
Moscow Boyars organized a conspiracy against the king and forcibly tonsured him into the monks.
Vasily Shuisky, whose reign years of the reign of 1606-1610 was transferred to the Commonwealth. Humiliated and broken, he died in imprisonment in 1612.
Events of the Board of Vasily Shui
The main events in the king of Vasily Shuisky briefly can be listed like this:
- The promise of Shuisky on the cross ("Consumer Record") to act only with the consent of the Boyar Duma. That is, the country ruled the boyars, and not the king.
- The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikova.
- Concessions nobles. So, the term for the search for runaway peasants increased to 15 years.
- Continuous struggle with impostors, detachments of bandits and other trades.
The time of the Board of Shuisky was heavy due to the permanent invasion of the intervention.
King and Grand Prince Moscow and All Russia (1606-1610).
Prince Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky was born in 1552 in the family of Boyarin Prince Ivan Andreevich Shuisky (about 1533-1573). He was a descendant of the princes of Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod and led his genus from Andrei Yaroslavich, the younger brother.
In the younger years, V. I. Shuisky served at the court, in 1580 he was a king's friend at his last wedding. In 1581-1582, there was a governor with shelves on OK, the protection of the border from the possible attack of the Crimean Khan.
Boyar (from 1584) Prince V. I. Shuisky took an active part in the struggle of the court parties after death. He acted as an opponent, Shurin Tsar, who gradually excited in his hands the real leverage of government. In 1587, the prince subjected to opal, but was quickly forbidden and returned to the yard.
In May 1591, V. I. Shuisky was sent to the investigation of the mysterious death of Tsarevich. The investigation confirmed that Tsarevich was cut into a knife in the fading of Paduch. However, contemporaries, and the descendants suspected V. I. Shuisky in concealing the true causes of death. Persistently walked rumors that Tsarevich killed by the people of Boris Godunov, and the prince deliberately hid it in order to avoid persecution by the king. The people believed that V. I. Shuisky was the only one who knows the truth about the coal tragedy.
In 1596, V. I. Shuisky was sent by the governor with the regime of the right hand "in the Crimean Westness" in.
In 1598, after the death of Tsar Fyodor I Ivanovich - the last Rurikovich in the Russian throne - V.I. Shuisky on the knowledge of a kind and proximity to the past dynasty seemed the most faithful contender for the throne. After election to the kingdom of Boris Godunov, the prince was constantly under suspicion of disloteament, was repeatedly removed from the courtyard, but invariably returned.
In early 1605 V. I. Shuisky actively participated in hostilities against. After the death of Boris Godunov, the prince was recalled at.
In June 1605, V. I. Shuisky moved to the side of Falgestmitria I. Without waiting for the arrival of the new sovereign to Moscow, the prince along with the brothers left towards him. The impostor accepted them in, at first spoke to them dryly, but then I forgave.
Soon the prince was headed by a plot against Falsmitria I, he was sentenced to death, then pardoned and exiled, but at the end of 1605 he was again returned to the court.
In May 1606, leaning on the palace and church to know, the top of the provincial nobility of Western and central counties and a large merchant, V. I. Shuisky again headed the conspiracy against Falseedmitria I. During the uprising on May 17, 1606, Lhadmitry I was killed by conspirators, and 19 May the group of adherents V. I. Shuisky "cried out" his king.
V.I. Shuisky gave a cross-conductive record that limited his power. 1 (10) June 1606 Vasily IV Shuisky was married to the kingdom in the Moscow Kremlin. Immediately after that, a new Patriarch was erected to the throne - the former Kazan Metropolitan, known for its resistance to the unrealistic actions of Falsmitria I.
The first public act of King Vasily IV Shuisky was the transfer of the relics of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich to Moscow. Rostov Metropolitan was sent to Uglich. On June 3, 1606, Dmitry Ivanovich's relics were brought and exhibited in the Moscow Kremlin. His killer was officially announced by Boris Godunov. This gesture, the king sought to emphasize that Lhadmitry I, and those who hoped to follow his example - impostors. However, this measure could already be stopped to stop the confusion.
The troubled Troubles turned the short reign of Vasily IV Shuisky in the permanent war with I. I. Bolotnikov, the noble militia of the Lyapunov brothers, the Boyarsky Son I. Pashkov. Trying to attract the feudal tip on his side, the king published the crown on March 9, 1607, according to which the term of the cheek of the runaway peasants was 15 years old, and the peasants themselves belonged to those who were recorded in the 1590s. But this measure did not lead to the desired result.
In 1607, a new impostor - - began an offensive to Moscow. He captured huge territories and settled in the village of Tsushin near Moscow (now in the city of Moscow). To combat him, Vasily IV Shuisky decided to rely on the help of the Swedish king Charles IX. In 1609, the king refused claims to the Baltic lands previously belonged to the Livonian Order, lost to Sweden the city of Korelu, gave birth to the bustting of Swedish money in the Moscow State, and also assumed obligations to contain Swedish troops.
The nephew of Vasily IV Shuisky, capable of commander, at the head of the Russian-Swedish army managed to establish the control of government over the northern regions of the country. Many began to see the successor of the elderly and a childless king in it. However, the sudden death of M. V. Skopina-Shuisky, in which I was immediately accused Vasily IV Shuisky, deprived the king and this support.
In September 1609, an open Polish intervention began. Polish king besieged. On June 24, 1610, the Russian-Swedish troops Vasily IV Shuisky were defeated by Hetman S. Zholkovsky in the battle under the village under.
The weakness of Vasily IV Shuisky and his inability to fix the situation, led to the fact that 17 (27) July 1610, he was lowered by the boyars, forcibly tonsured to the monks and sharpened in the mongs of the monastery. Since a candidate for the throne did not exist in the Boyarskaya environment, which could arrange everyone (at least most), a boyar government was formed, which was in history under the name "Semiboyarskins". Its members agreed to the election of the Russian king of the Polish Kingdom, the son of Sigismund III.
In September 1610, V. I. Shuisky (as a laity, and not as a monk) was issued to the Polish hetman S. Zholkevsky, who in October brought him together with the brothers under, and later to Poland. V. I. Shuisky died 12 (22) September 1612, being imprisoned in the Gostyn Castle.
In 1635, at the request of the king, the remains V. I. Shuisky were returned to and buried in the tomb of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Tsar Vasily Shuisky, whose board had to be at the most difficult pages of Russian history, was from the famous boyars family who originated from Rurikovich. This dynasty stopped with the death of Shuisky became elected king during the war with the Poles, which was the cause of his rapid fall.
Boyar origin
Father Vasily, born in 1552, was Prince Ivan Andreevich Shuisky. He died during the Livonian War (in the battle against the Swedes) near the castle of Loda. Vasily also participated in the numerous Military campaigns of Grozny in the Baltic States than heaving mercy. He was a royal witness at the wedding of Ivan IV with one of the last wives.
In the last years of the life of the Terrible Shuisky became one of the most influential boyars of the country. He entered the Duma and retained his high position with the son of Ivan Fedor. At the same years, he mastered the art of political intrigue, as the struggle of several boyars clans began in Moscow for influence on the new sovereign.
Lhadmitria case
In 1591, Vasily Shuisky, whose board was still only ahead, investigated the mysterious death of Dmitry Ioannovich. Little Tsarevich lived in Uglich and had to become the heir of the childless senior Brother Fedor. However, he died under strange circumstances. Boris Godunov appointed Shui head of the Special Commission. Vasily came to the conclusion that Dmitry died due to an accident. Until now, researchers argue about whether Boris Godunov was guilty in what had happened. In this case, he could force the shui to falsify the case.
When Boris himself became a king, rumors about the salvation of Tsarevich Dmitry appeared on the Western borders of Russia. This legend was invented by a raggy monk Gregory Ruffle. The impostor supported who gave him money to his own army. Lhadmitry invaded the country, and Shuisky was sent as a governor of one of the regiments to meet him.
Together with Fedor Mstislavsky, he led the 20,000th army in the battle of Dobrynichi on January 21, 1605. In this battle, Lhadmitry was defeated and fled back to Poland. However, Shuisky did not pursue him. Perhaps he did it specifically, not wanting that Godunov (his rival) so easily falling out of trouble. Very soon, in the same year, Boris suddenly died.
Power went to his young son Fyodor. Shuisky headed a secret conspiracy against the young king, but it became known about it, and Vasily was expelled from Moscow with his brothers. Meanwhile, Lhadmitry has come to himself after defeat with Dobrynichi and with a new army came to Moscow. The people were dissatisfied with Godunov, and Fyodor was devoted and killed. The Board of the impostor began.
At the head of the uprising against Falgestrimitria
Lhadmitry needed loyal boyars. Since the supporters of Godunov were in the opal, the new king at the end of 1605 returned their rivals from the links, including Shui. Vasily did not lose time with a gift. He stood up at the head of the folk rebellion against the impostor.
With its appearance in Moscow, Lhadmitry has enjoyed incredible popularity among ordinary residents of the capital. However, he made many fatal errors. The main thing was that he surrounded himself with faithful Poles and even wanted to go to Catholicism. In addition, his enemies continued to spread rumors in Moscow that the real Tsarevich Dmitry died many years ago in Uglich.
The uprising occurred on May 17, 1606. Falseedmitria was killed. He tried to flee from the palace, jumped out the window, broke his leg and was cut in such a helpless state.
The question of the successor arose. Since the genus Rurikovich was prevented, and the last year was killed, the boyars began to choose a new sovereign from other influential families. Shuisky enjoyed popularity, he had many supporters. In addition, his distant ancestor was the Vladimir Prince from Rurikovich Ryurikovich. Finally, on May 19, the king was selected by Vasily Shuisky. The Board of the Soviet began when his coronation took place.
The uprising of Bolotnikov
However, the triumph of the former boyar was short. Over the reign of Vasily Shuisky, wars came with numerous internal and external enemies. When Faldmitry appeared in the western regions of the Russian kingdom, the local population ceased to obey the central government. A few years before that, the country survived terrible hunger. Against this background, peasant riots flashed. The most famous of them is the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov.
Another important reason for such a speech was the formation and consolidation of serfdom in Russia at the end of the XVI century. In the time of Boris Godunov, the displeased peasants were taken for the weapon under the command of Ataman Cotton. In addition, in 1606, the news of the events in Moscow affected the peasants from the province. Many did not believe that the king Dmitry was killed. Unhappy believed that this time the legitimate ruler was saved. Thus, the rebels wanted to overthrow the electoral boyars king.
The center rebelled to be in the border Putivley. Vasily Shuisky, whose board just began, at first did not pay attention to the dissatisfaction of the peasants. And when they put forward straight to Moscow, about 30 thousand people were already under their banners. The rebels broke the royal squads. In the autumn of 1606, the peasants under the leadership of the Bolotnikov was besieged by Kolomna. It was not possible to take it, and together this army went to Moscow.
Victory over peasants
The siege of the capital lasted two months. It was the critical moment of the uprising. Part of the Troops Bolotnikov consisted of detachments collected by boyars. They switched to the king, than weakened precipitated. Bolotnikov retreated to Kaluga, where it turned out to be blocked for several months.
In the spring of 1607, he retreated to Tula. In June, the royal troops were besieged the city. Vasily Shuisky himself led the army. The last stronghold of the rebel was the Tula Kremlin, which was captured on October 10. Bolotnikov exiled to the north, where he was blinded and drowning into the hole.
The appearance of a new impostor
Even during the Tula siege, the king was reported that a new impostor appeared in Starodub. In historiography, it is known as Lhadmitry II. The time of the reign of Vasily Shuisky did not know a single peaceful day.
The impostor managed to capture many cities in Central Russia. Due to the fact that the royal troops lost control over most of the country, for the first time in many years they invaded OKU.
Foreign intervention
They did not sit back and other enemies of Shuisky. The Polish king of Sigismund became the main enemy. He besieged Smolensk. Lithuanian troops were over the walls of the famous Trinity-Sergiye Lavra under the walls. Intervention of foreigners caused the emergence of national liberation movement. The provinces formed natural detachments. They acted isolated from the royal troops.
The rule of Tsar Vasily Shuisky was restless. He tried to enlist support abroad. The sovereign sent the Embassy of the Swedish King Karla, who agreed to give him the army and mercenaries in exchange for small territorial concessions. The contract with him was signed in Vyborg.
The United Russian-Swedish army under the leadership of Mikhail Skopina-Shuisky and Jacob Duchagardi knocked the Poles from several northern cities. However, this union was short. The board of Vasily Shuisky was unhappy. Swedes under the pretext of the fact that Russians do not fulfill the terms of the contract, occupied Novgorod.
In the meantime, Mikhail Skopina-Shuisky grew up in the army. He spoke to Moscow to release the central Russian cities from Polyakov and Lithuanians. There have been a few battles, which the interventions lost (under the Torch and Toropota).
Victory Skopina-Shui
Poles and Lithuanians supported Lhadmitriya II, with whom they were united. The Board of Vasily Shui, briefly speaking, continued only in the capital. The combined forces of the intervention and the impostor were broken under the Kalyazin on August 28, 1609. The Russian army in the battle was led by Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky - the nephew of the king. He managed to unlock deposited Moscow.
The liberator hero was adopted in the capital with all the honors. Mikhail was invited to the feast, where he felt bad after sipped out of the Cup. Two weeks later, the National Hero died. The people crawled rumors about the fact that Vasily Shuisky is worth the poisoning. These conversations did not gain the king of popularity.
Meanwhile, the Polish king of Sigismund invaded Russia. He broke the brother of the king under the closhin, after which the uprising began in Moscow. Boyar overthrew Vasily and forced him to go to the monastery. The new rulers of the capital swore the son of Polish king Vladislav. Basil's Board Shuisky ended with an inglorious coup.
Death and Results of the Board
When the interventions entered Moscow, Shuisky was issued to the invaders. The former king was transported to Poland, where he was in conclusion in the castle of Gostynin. This happened on September 12, when there was a liberation war against the interventionists in Russia. Soon the whole country was cleared of foreign invaders, and Mikhail Romanov became king.
The results of the Board of Vasily Shuisky are disappointing. Under it, the country finally plunged into the chaos and was divided between the interventory.
Vasily Shuisky (brief biography)
Vasily Shuisky (years of life from 1552 to 1612) was a Russian king who belonged to the ancient genus Rurikovich (Suzdal line). This ruler was Vieden on the reign in the end of the paragraph of the Fillas of the First. Also Vasily historians are often referred to as the Boyarski Prince.
From the biographies of Shuisian who came to us, it is known that Vasily was married twice. At the same time, there was no children from the first marriage, but two daughters were born from the second, which died back in infancy. Due to the fact that the heir to Shuisky did not have, the royal throne was supposed to take Dmitry Shuisky - the elder brother of Vasily.
Approximately from 1584, Shuisky was a boyarian, and also acted as head of the judicial chamber and participated in some military campaigns as a governor in 1581, 1583 and 1598. Also, in this period, Vasily was exiled to reference (causes are not clear).
From 1587 to 1591, Vasily Shuisky is in Galich, after which he was pardoned by Boris Godunov and, together with his family, returned to Moscow.
In 1591, Vasily recognizes the cause of the death of Tsarevich Dmitry an accident, fearing Boris. At this time, he also returns to the Boyar Duma.
Four years after the events described, Shuisky takes part in a military campaign against Falgestrimitria, and soon was exiled again with his family for an attempt to carry out a coup. By the end of the year, Lhadmitryy returned Shuisky with his family to Moscow.
During the events of the seventeenth of May, 1606 (a large population uprising) of Falgestrimitria, and supporters of Shuisky "shout" his king. Researchers of Russian history precisely counts the beginning of the Beginner. Already on June 1, Shuisky receives a blessing for the Board of Metropolitan.
At the same time, Vasily Shuisky himself gives a cross-conductive entry that restricts its power. In the summer of this year, the Board of Vasily Shuisky recognized the killer of Tsarevich Dmitry Boris Godunova.
During the reign of Shui, a new military charter appears, and a large rebellion of the Bolotnikov (1607 year), which marked the second stage of the Troubles in Russia was suppressed. Also concluded a contract with Sweden, according to which he had a compulpetent and giving a progress. The same union turned to Russia by the beginning of the Swedish and Polish intervention.
In 1610, Vasily Shuisky was forcibly torn to the monks, and the so-called period of sevenboyars began throughout the Russian land.
