Wooden beams on the floor for a large span. Arrangement of modern wooden floors for houses. Ceiling on wooden beams in the house

When planning the construction of a country cottage, the owner has to solve the difficult question of choosing floors. Some contractors advise him to use reinforced concrete panels, others insist on using wooden beams as overlapping.

We decided to help newbies get out of their predicament. In our article you will find an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of wooden interfloor floors.

Useful tips for their installation and important nuances of doing this work will also not be superfluous. We hope that the information received will be useful to you at the construction site and will help you avoid serious mistakes.

A stereotype has developed in the minds of citizens, according to which precast concrete panels are the only possible solution for any building. It is not difficult to overcome it.

It is enough to list the advantages of timber joist floors:

• The minimum cost (1 m3 of timber is several times cheaper than 1 m3 of hollow panels);
• The load on the walls is 2-3 times less than from the panels. This allows you to significantly reduce the consumption of reinforcement and concrete when constructing a foundation;
• On small spans (up to 4 meters), wooden beams can be laid by hand using the simplest tools (winch or lifting block). To mount heavy slabs without a powerful crane is an unrealistic task;
• Low labor intensity and high speed of work (in comparison with pouring a monolithic reinforced concrete floor);
• Environmental friendliness (granite gravel is used in concrete, the radiation background of which can significantly exceed the norm).

As you know, there are no advantages without disadvantages. Wood floors have few of them:

• Increased deformability. It manifests itself in the effect of vibration when walking and the formation of cracks at the junction of plasterboard partitions;
• Low fire resistance (no special impregnation);
• Relatively short length (no more than 6 meters). For reinforced concrete panels, it reaches 7.2 meters.

Among the disadvantages of these structures, some authors of feature articles include the formation of cracks in the ceiling plaster and poor insulation of impact noise. However, with a competent approach to installation, these two problems can be solved simply and reliably. To do this, a number of less thick beams are laid below the load-bearing beams, specially designed for filing the ceiling (drywall, OSB, lining, board).

The filing bar, like the main one, is placed on the wall, but lower, and the ceiling lining is attached to it. This solution is not often found, although it is competent and its history goes back more than one century, in addition to cutting off the structured noise of the second floor, this option eliminates cracks in the ceiling. They appear in the case when the beam serves as a support for the floor of the second floor and at the same time the ceiling of the first floor is hemmed to it. Cracks appear in the finish from vibration and shock loading.

Applications and calculation of wooden floors

• in buildings constructed of wood (frame and chopped);
• in summer cottages;
• in outbuildings (sheds, baths, workshops);
• in prefabricated houses of collapsible type.

In addition to the listed options, wooden structures for interfloor floors can be used in cottages intended for year-round use. Only in this case, you need to use a two-row system for installing beams, which we described above.

We do not recommend choosing the section of the timber according to the principle “the thicker the better”. There is a simple calculation method taken from building codes.

According to it, the height of a wooden beam should be at least 1/25 of the size of the span to be covered.... For example, with a 4-meter distance between the walls, you need to buy a sawlog with a section height (H) of at least 400/25 = 16 cm with a thickness (S) of 12 cm.To create a safety margin, the found parameters can be increased by 2-3 cm ...

The second parameter that needs to be chosen correctly is the number of beams. It depends on their step (the distance between the central axes). Knowing the cross-section of the beam and the size of the span, the step is determined from the table.

Table. Selecting the pitch of the beams

The calculated load of 350-400 kg / m2 indicated in the table is the maximum for the second floor. If it is not residential, then its value will not exceed 250 kg / m2.

When planning the layout of the beams, it is necessary to take into account that the two extreme ones should recede from the end walls by at least 5 cm. The remaining beams are distributed evenly along the walls (in accordance with the selected step).

Stages and features of installation

Technologically, the overlapping device on wooden beams cannot be called complicated. The main attention should be paid to the alignment of the beams horizontally and the quality of embedding their ends into the solid wall. You can't just put the beams on the masonry and lay them with bricks. It is necessary to provide them with a reliable connection with the walls and to protect the wood from decay of high quality.

Options for embedding beams, depending on the material of the masonry, the type of wall structures (external, internal, chimney) and methods of their fastening are shown in the figures.

The length of the supporting part of the beams in a brick and block wall should be at least 16 cm (in wood 7-8 cm). If, instead of a timber, paired boards are used, placed on the edge, then they are embedded in the masonry by at least 10 cm.

The side parts of the beams in contact with the wall are wrapped with 2 layers of glassine or 1 layer of roofing material. Experienced craftsmen cut the ends of the beams at an angle (60-70 °) and leave them uninsulated, while not forgetting to treat them with an antiseptic composition on a level with the rest. This ensures the "breathing" of wood wrapped in waterproofing.

When installing the overlap on the sides, small gaps (3-5 cm) are left at each beam, filled with mineral wool or tow. A heat insulator is also placed in the space between the end of each beam and the wall. This eliminates the "cold bridge" arising by reducing the thickness of the masonry.

When constructing ceilings in walls made of aerated concrete and wood concrete blocks, it is recommended to use an open seal. In this case, the ends of the beams are also cut at an angle, antiseptic and pasted over with tar paper on mastic, leaving the ends free.

The outer wall of the nest is insulated with felt or mineral wool and a box made of pieces of antiseptic board is inserted into it. Its height is chosen such that an air gap (2-3 cm) is formed above the beam. Through it, water vapor that accumulates in the wood will escape into the room in the plinth area. This solution protects the supporting part of the beam from decay.

In practice, developers most often use a simpler termination method without the use of insulation and a wooden box, closing the logs with cut-off blocks or simply with a raster.

The floor beams are supported on, which is used to increase the spatial rigidity of the block masonry.

In the internal bearing walls, the beams are sealed in a closed way. To increase the stiffness of the overlap, they are connected after three with steel anchor plates.

The section of the beam adjacent to the smoke channel is insulated with asbestos or other non-combustible material. The main protection against fire here is a brick cut (thickening of the pipe masonry) with a thickness of 25 cm.

In wooden houses, beams are installed in two ways:

• Cutting into log crowns;
• Through a steel shaped plate (stool) fixed to the wall with threaded rods.

Installation of floor slabs by cutting into walls

Option for installing beams on "chairs"

If the upper floor or the attic will not be residential (heated), then it is necessary to insulate the wooden floors. To do this, a heater (mineral wool, ecowool) is placed in the space between the beams, after having spread a layer of vapor barrier over the ceiling lining.

Styrofoam should not be used for this work for three reasons:

• It does not allow water vapor to pass through, and the wood underneath it rots;
• Does not isolate impact noise;
• Is problematic from the point of view of environmental friendliness.

The construction of the insulated floor is shown in the diagram.

Similarly, the insulation of the floor of the first (basement) floor is carried out. The difference between them is that it is quite difficult to hem the beams from below from a shallow underground. In this case, the builders act differently. They knock a cranial block (5x5 cm) to the lateral edges of the beams. An antiseptic boardwalk is laid on it. It serves as a support for the slab insulation placed in the gaps between the beams. A vapor barrier is placed under the mineral wool. A vapor barrier is also laid on top of the beams. After that, logs are attached to them and a finishing floor is already mounted on them.

The mineral wool slab should be placed between the beams as tightly as possible to prevent blowing through the floor. For better insulation, all joints of the insulation are treated with polyurethane foam.

The horizontal control of the installation of the beams is carried out using a bubble level laid on a flat long board. For leveling, trim boards are used, protected by bitumen mastic. They are placed under the ends of the beams.

The vapor barrier sheets should be laid with an overlap of at least 10 cm and all joints should be glued with construction tape.

To reduce the impact noise, before the installation of the second floor floor log, a soundproofing tape 5 mm thick is laid along the beams. A waterproofing film is placed under the logs only if the premises of the second level are residential. It will protect the insulation from water ingress when cleaning the floor. The technology of its installation is similar to laying a vapor barrier.

The final stage in the construction of a wooden floor is the installation of a sub-floor made of boards, plywood or OSB boards using self-tapping screws. After the completion of this work, a finishing coating of laminate, linoleum, parquet is laid and the ceiling is finished.

When erecting private low-rise buildings, wooden floors are mainly used.... The use of wood does not make the structure heavier and makes it possible to do without the use of technology. Installation of wooden floors between floors in a brick house will help to significantly save on strengthening the foundation. In addition, the tree has good strength, durability, and also helps to maintain a favorable indoor climate.

Advantages and disadvantages of using wood

The positive point of using a wooden floor is the ease of installation and the excellent qualities of the material:

• environmental friendliness;
• thermal insulation;
• decorativeness.

Among the disadvantages of wood are:

• tendency to damage by microorganisms, fungi, pests;
• decay and destruction;
• poor quality material can deform, sag, and if the installation rules are violated and the floor is loose, the floor will creak and vibrate.

Materials for installation of floors

For the manufacture of beams on the floor between floors, only coniferous types of wood are used.... They have a higher flexural strength than hardwood species. Previously, the timber or logs for the beams are dried in the shade in the open air. Wood that is completely ready for use should make a certain sound when tapped. The floor beams must fit tightly into the nests of the brickwork. Used beams from a bar or log with a cross section of 50 to 150 mm and 140 to 240 mm... The spacing of the beams corresponds to approximately 0.6-1.0 meters.

Also for floors use:

• planed grooved floorboards on the second floor;
• a board for the subfloor of the second floor;
• cranial bars 50x50 mm for attachment to the bottom of the beams;
• insulation (fibrous insulation);
• hydro-vapor barrier film;
• decorative coating on the floor and ceiling;
• antiseptic for wood, bituminous mastic, roofing material.

Wooden floor device

The laying of floor beams in a brick house is carried out at the stage of its construction... The depth of the nest should be at least half the thickness of the wall. It can be made through with further insulation with insulation. All other work is carried out before the start of finishing work. The load on the interfloor overlap is calculated in advance, the laying step and the dimensions of the required beams are determined. The use of wooden beams for floors is possible only in a house where the length of the spans is no more than five to six meters.

You can also make the placement of beams by laying them on brick pillars.... However, they must be installed at short intervals. This method is more often used when equipping basement floors.

Beam laying

Laying begins with the outer beams, leveling them with mastic-treated pads and a long strip placed on the edge. The intermediate elements are aligned with the board laid on the outer beams.

The wood is pretreated with an antiseptic and thoroughly dried... The wide sides of the beams should be vertical when laying - this increases their rigidity. The ends of the beams are cut off at an acute angle, lubricated with mastic and wrapped in two layers of roofing material.

Processed lintels are placed in the niches, and a layer of mineral wool is inserted into the formed recesses. Every third beam should be reinforced with anchors. With the help of a stretched cord, the maintenance of the level is monitored. Step between structural elements - no more than 1.5 meters.

Sub-floor device

Waterproofing (isospan) is laid with an overlap on the ceilings and the subfloor. The joints are glued with tape. Fire-resistant insulation is placed on top of the film. It can be mineral wool, foamed polystyrene, ecowool, expanded clay. The material should not protrude beyond the surface of the beams.

The floor joists of the second floor are installed on top of the ceilings. It is advisable to lay an additional layer of mineral insulation between the logs to isolate the floor and ceiling from noise. Then the waterproofing film is laid.

Top floor device

The floor of the second floor is covered with a finishing board, plywood or drywall, and also reinforced with self-tapping screws. Then the flooring is laid in the form of laminate, linoleum, tiles.

To correctly make a "warm floor", a foil film should be used as a vapor barrier.

Connection of beams in length

If there are not enough beams for the entire span, then a connection must be made:

1. Splicing - joining in length.
2. Rallying - width alignment.
3. Knitting - corner connection.

Generally, a lengthwise connection is required. There are several ways to do this:

1. Overlay- the beams are cut at an angle and connected with bolts, brackets or a clamp.
2. Back to back- joining the beams overlapping with an emphasis on the inner wall partition.
3. Lock fastening- a complex way of connecting, requiring certain skills. Its essence is that grooves and protrusions are cut out in the beams, which are then connected, reliably fixing the device to each other.

Improving the bearing capacity of the floor

There are several ways to improve the bearing capacity of beams. One of the most popular methods is attaching thick boards to them.... In this case, their ends should be based on supports.

An improvement in the bearing capacity is also applied by strengthening the U-shaped channels. They are attached to the beams from the side.

The most elementary method to strengthen the floor between floors is to lay additional beams in between the available ones.... This is the most time consuming but very effective way.

In the houses of the previous development, they did not save on materials, therefore, wooden beams were installed with a small step. And their cross-section is more than sufficient. But even in such a house, the overlap between floors should be checked to determine the condition of the beams. This will allow timely strengthening of weakened areas and replacement of damaged areas. The damaged fragment of the beams is removed, and the healthy wood is lengthened and reinforced by attaching thick boards.

How to protect the floor between floors

It is not enough just to build a house correctly, it is necessary that no problems arise during operation. For this, even at the design stage, all factors that contribute to its durability and protection of building structures are taken into account. Solution of two tasks is of no small importance - protection from fire and biological influence of the environment.

In terms of combustibility, materials are divided into five categories, ranging from highly combustible to non-combustible. Structures made of various materials are distinguished by their ability to prevent the spread of fire. Fire-resistant properties - completely excluding the spread of fire and semi-fire-resistant - capable of delaying its spread for some time. It should be taken into account that flammability is not the same as fire resistance. Fire resistance is understood as the property of a structure or material to preserve load-bearing and enclosing functions in the event of a fire.

For this purpose, the wood is treated with fire-resistant solutions to provide fire resistance for at least 30 minutes under experimental conditions. In residential construction, the structure of the second floor slab must have at least semi-fire-resistant properties.

When drawing up a project of floors, it should be borne in mind that the beams are exposed to fire not only from the bottom side, but also from the side ones.

The burning rate of softwood is 0.8 mm / min according to the resistance parameters. Taking into account fire resistance, a material with a cross section of 11 by 24 cm should be chosen, because with a beam height of 24 cm and a span width of 5.8 to 5.85 m, their width is increased to 120 mm or more.

The problem of protecting structures made of wood from biological influences is also very relevant.:

• water, which disturbs the structure of the tree and is a breeding ground for microorganisms.
• mold fungi, rot.
• insects that cause damage to the structure of wood and rottenness.
• ultraviolet light, which helps to soften and darken wood.

Unlike other materials, wood is an environmentally friendly product, which is important for living quarters. In addition, a wooden floor retains heat well in the house. Now there is a tendency to return to natural materials, which were previously used everywhere. Means have already been created to effectively protect wood from harmful effects that worsen its performance.

An example of an attic floor with wooden beams

Overlapping on wooden beams is a load-bearing structure that separates adjacent rooms: floors, attic, underground. When erecting it, factors such as load-bearing capacity, sound and heat insulation, earthquake resistance and heat resistance are taken into account. This structure is regularly subjected to stress and atmospheric influences, therefore, it must meet the criteria of strength and wear resistance. By purpose, the floors are classified into basements, interfloor and attic.

Design work includes planning of the supporting structure as well as calculation and selection of materials. For various floors, beams of the corresponding type are used. Most often, wooden beams are typed according to their external characteristics: section, composition and bearing capacity:

• board- a simple structural material used in the construction of the battens and subfloors;
• I-beam- a structural material with a cross-section in the form of the letter N. The I-beam allows to reduce the total weight of the structure without loss of bearing capacity;
• LVL-beam- a beam of glued veneer made by gluing peeled conifers: pine, spruce, larch. Differs in high indicators of strength under horizontal load. Used in the construction of rafter legs, floor beams, as well as ridge beams;
• combined beam- glued laminated timber, which includes veneer from several types of wood;
• four-edged bar- lumber of a quadrangular shape, having 4 processed sides, The most popular in the construction of floors of any type;
• two-edged beam(carriage) - lumber with 2 machined sides opposite to each other. Despite the relatively low strength indicators, the carriage is often used in the construction of interfloor floors;
• rounded log- milled lumber from a single piece of wood, characterized by the highest load-bearing capacity. Maximum load per 1 sq. m. of this type of beams is 500 kg. However, due to the rounded shape, rounded logs are more often used in the construction of attic, rather than interfloor floors.

When harvesting beams, preference is given to conifers due to their increased strength and resistance to putrefactive processes. An analogue of spruce, larch and pine can also be acacia, oak or maple. These types of wood are characterized by low moisture content (from 12% to 14%). Over the years, the strength of beamed ceilings increases due to the evaporation of moisture from their surface. After 5 years of shrinkage, the strength of the timber approaches the strength of metal beams.

There are several types of horizontal supporting structures:

• interfloor overlap on wooden beams;
• attic floor;
• basement floor.

After the type and material of the beams are determined, the builders begin to calculate the potential section. The choice of bars with a particular section directly depends on indicators such as:

Tab. 1 - Section of beams with a step of 0.5 meters

Tab. 2 - Section of beams with a step of 1 meter.

The calculation of the number of beams for the floor is made according to the following formula:

KB = DP / W, where:

• KB - the number of beams of the specified section;
• DP - span length;
• Ш - step.

The total number of beams depends on the number of spans.

Floor slab technology on wooden beams

The maximum bearing load on the floor in residential premises is about 400 kg per 1 m 2. On the basis of this value, beams of the corresponding section are purchased.

In outbuildings, baths, garages and other non-residential premises, the load varies from 100 to 300 kg. per m2. On the basis of these indicators, beams with a smaller section are selected (see Tables 1 and 2).

It is worth noting that each beam must have a 30 cm allowance to the main length. This is necessary for mounting the timber into the wall. So, for example, for spans of 3 meters, beams with a length of 3.3 meters are used.

Beam mounting technology has a number of features, among which the following are distinguished:

• The step depends on the type of building. In wooden buildings, the beams are laid parallel to each other at a distance of 1 meter, in frame houses - at a distance of 50-60 cm;
• The height of the beam should not be less than 1/24 of its length. Smaller values ​​reduce the strength of the structure;
• The optimal width of the timber is equal to its height, or half the height.
• The distance from the nearest beams to the stove should be more than 30 cm.

Basement ceilings are assembled according to the "pie" principle. The supporting structure consists of the following layers:

1. rough floor;
2. waterproofing;
3. insulation;
4. bearing beams;
5. lags;
6. floorboards.

Floor slab construction on timber beams

Floor arrangement technologies differ only in the type of beams fastening. When installing floor beams, hinged and recessed fastening methods are used. In the first case, metal canopies are mounted on opposite walls at an equal distance from each other - the supports of the timber. After all the supports have been placed, the floor beams snap into them. This type of fastener is suitable for premises with strip foundations, brickwork, as well as in aerated concrete structures. The canopy will provide the timber with maximum fixation in the groove.

With recessed mounting methods, a hole for the beams is cut at the base of the walls. Before installing the timber, this recess is laid with tow. In this case, the ends of the beams can be processed like a lock. For example, a thorn and a hole are often grinded down to a trapezoidal shape and fastened according to the dovetail principle.

This method is considered the most difficult and effective.

Basement slab installation technology consists of several stages:

1. Marking and construction of nests. With the help of a building level and a measuring tape, the step of the beams is set along the first beam (order) from the foundation. After that, at the marks, nests are drilled or cut through with a section of 5-6 cm larger than the beam and a depth of 10 to 15 cm. The nests are laid with insulation.
2. Installation of a bar. The logs are mounted in recesses. The first and last joists fit snugly against the adjacent wall. The cracks between the nest and the beams are caulked with tow or other insulation. If necessary, fixing canopies are attached to the bars and the wall. In cases where it is impossible to drill the nests, the ceilings are installed only on awnings (brickwork), or they are attached using side rails (wooden walls).
3. Floor screed. Boards are lined on the beams. The end of the first plank is pressed tightly against the adjacent wall. The nails are driven in at a 45 degree angle. The end of the second board is pressed against the end of the first and attached to the beams using the same technology. Depending on the length of the span, 1 board can take from 4 to 10 nails. For floors in living quarters, a five-board and nails No. 12 are optimal.

After installation of the basement floor, facing material is lined on the subfloor: fiberboard, laminate, linoleum and others.

Arrangement of interfloor ceilings on wooden beams

Overlapping the second floor with wooden beams is carried out using the same technology as the installation of basement structures. The main difference between the interfloor flooring and the floor flooring is the presence of a double sub-floor. In this case, the lower rough floor is the ceiling of the 1st floor and is made of boards with a smaller section.

The construction of attic and interfloor floors is carried out using the following technology:

1. Bearing beams are installed in the landing nests.
2. From below, using a construction stapler, a windproof film is attached.
3. The subfloor is attached below.
4. Insulation is lined in the niches between the beams. It can be mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, or ecowool based on split paper.
5. Boards are laid on top of the insulation and the screed of the upper sub-floor is carried out.

Methods for strengthening wooden floor beams

Conventionally, beam reinforcement technologies can be divided into several types:

• restoration;
• reconstruction.

Restoration . This category includes such methods as reinforcement with wooden plates, metal plates, carbon fiber wrapping, prosthetics. Let's consider each of the options in more detail.

Wooden lining

Damaged beams (rotten, fractured, potentially weak) can be reinforced with wooden overlays. To do this, the beam itself is cleaned with sandpaper, or with a plane and treated with an antifungal drug. A bar with a smaller section is laid out on both sides. The structure is pulled together with cords and stitched with through bolts.

Metal plates

The bearing capacity of broken logs is restored using metal prostheses according to the technology described above. The hardware is applied to the cleaned and processed beam and tightened onto a series of through bolts.

Carbon fiber wrapping

Carbon fiber glued to the damaged timber.

The technology for refurbishing floors using carbon fiber is simple and lightweight. For this, the damaged area is glued with several layers of carbon material.

Prosthetics

Prosthetics is used to increase the strength and wear resistance of the joints between the timber and the wall. This is where, due to the maximum pressure, the effects of corrosion and wear are most often manifested. Preventive measures are taken at the stage of the initial installation of the structure. The metal linings are sewn with bolts to the bar spike. The reinforced structure is installed in the socket. An analogue of onlays is a metal prosthesis. It is drilled into the body of the beam and installed in a small hole in the wall.

• installation of supports (columns, vertical beams);
• installation of additional beams.

Installation of supports

With insufficient bearing capacity of the timber, it is often reinforced with vertical supports. The installation of the pile allows the pressure to be redistributed from the beam to the support. This technology is most popular in attics and underfloor renovations.

Additional beams

With a meter step, you can increase the bearing capacity of wooden floor beams with the help of additional beams. For this, the floor is completely dismantled and the timber is installed with a step of 50 cm.

Video instruction

When erecting a wooden floor on beams, each of the stages of work is important: from calculations to commissioning. The videos below clearly demonstrate the technology for the design and construction of roof structures.

1. Calculation of materials for wooden floors.

2. Construction of a basement floor on wooden beams

3. Construction of interfloor overlap on wooden beams.

4. Construction of the attic floor.

5. Methods for strengthening wooden logs.

6. Installation of sub-floor slabs.

Thermal insulation of interfloor floors using wooden beams is a crucial part of the work: it is required to create a cold barrier and reliable sound insulation of the premises, while at the same time preventing the possible formation of drafts and mold on the ceilings.

Thermal insulation is required for the overlap between a cold basement and ground floor living areas, or between living areas and an unheated attic. Overlappings between living quarters need soundproofing, and therefore the approach to solving problems will be different.

How to insulate the interfloor overlap in order to exclude drafts, dampness and mold? From the point of view of building thermal physics, the insulation of the interfloor overlap on wooden beams will be competent when the thermal insulation is located on the cold air side.

The correct arrangement of layers in the floor structure repeats the principle of facade insulation: on the side of the cold air intake, a vapor barrier is placed, then a heater, another vapor barrier, then a slab or other supporting structure. The arrangement of the layers should ensure the release of water vapor to the outside.

But when it comes to specifically wooden structures in a private house, constructive difficulties arise.

When insulating the attic floor, there are two of them: thermal insulation, sound insulation and waterproofing of the structure are required at the same time. In addition, it will be necessary to walk on the ceiling for periodic inspection and repair of the roof. In this case, the "cake" of the interfloor overlap will look like this:

1. A layer of intermittent material.
2. Vapor-permeable waterproofing.
3. Insulation.
4. Vapor barrier.
5. Basic structure.
6. The ceiling of the room.

Thermal insulation of wooden floors above a cold basement requires placing the layers in the reverse order:

1. Clean floor.
2. Vapor barrier.
3. Insulation.
4. Vapor barrier.
5. Basic structure.

ATTENTION: In the absence of a basement and there is a ventilated underground under the house, which is often the case when installing pile foundations, the bottom insulation must be protected with a moisture-windproof membrane.

In order to fulfill all these conditions, a competent choice of materials is required.

Choice of materials

Insulation of floors on wooden beams can be performed with any of the types of heat-insulating materials:

1. Bulk (slag, expanded clay gravel).
2. Monolithic laying (lightweight concrete - expanded clay concrete, aerated concrete, etc., foam).
3. Slabs (slabs and mats made of various materials of mineral and synthetic origin - from porous concrete "Velit", mineral wool, foam glass, expanded polystyrene).
4. Film.

In order to choose a heater, it is necessary to analyze their heat-insulating properties, volumetric weight and supporting structure of the building itself.

As a rule, bulk and monolithic heaters with high thermal conductivity have an impressive weight and, in order to ensure the required heat transfer resistance of external enclosing structures, a thickness will be required, for example, backfilling with expanded clay concrete 0.5 m with a minimum volumetric weight of the material 200 kg / m3, which is wooden beams can not stand it. These heaters are often chosen for interfloor floors on concrete slabs in brick houses.

The materials in greatest demand for insulation are mineral wool slabs (made of stone, basalt or glass wool) and expanded polystyrene. These materials have excellent characteristics:

• thermal conductivity indices from 0.33 to 0.42 W / (m × K);
• low volumetric weight - from 10 kg / m3;
• low water absorption;
• high vapor permeability;
• compression density from 70 kPa.

These indicators indicate the following:

• insulation of interfloor overlapping on wooden beams does not require a thick layer of heat-insulating material;
• supporting structures will not be overloaded;
• insulation, with proper vapor and waterproofing, will not accumulate moisture, which means it will last a long time and will
• maintain comfortable conditions in the house;
• during repair it will not collapse from the weight of a person.

The choice of vapor barrier materials is no less important for the durability of the structure. A significant number of them are offered in the construction markets. Before buying, you need to find out how this material works, and in the case of multilayer membranes - which side it should adhere to the insulation.

IMPORTANT: Polyethylene films, due to their short service life, fragility and inelasticity, are unsuitable for use as steam and waterproofing when insulating floors in a wooden house.

We insulate the attic floor using wooden beams

Insulation of the attic floor using wooden beams can be done in several ways. The choice depends on the distance between the beams and financial capabilities.

The first way

The floor plan using mineral wool slabs is as follows:

Algorithm of work:

1. Preparation of beams - impregnation with fire retardant and fungicide, reinforcement if necessary.
2. Attach a vapor barrier layer to the lower edge of the beams with a crate.
3. Place a layer of soft insulation between the beams - mineral wool mats.
4. On the upper edge of the floor beams, lay the second layer of insulation - hard mineral wool slabs with a laminated surface that can withstand limited walking.
5. On the slabs, fuse a layer of waterproofing overlaid roofing material (Technoelast, Krovlyaelast, Bikrost, etc.) using a construction hair dryer.
6. Fasten a hemmed ceiling (plasterboard, OSB, chipboard, lining, etc.) along the crate.

Second way

Algorithm of work:

1. Preparation of beams.
2. Using the lathing, we attach the vapor barrier to the beams.
3. We lay the first layer of thermal insulation.
4. We mount wooden logs along the beams.
5. We put the second layer of heat-insulating material between the lags.
6. We mount the flooring made of moisture-resistant chipboard, OSB or other material.

When laying the insulation slabs, the foam is fixed on mounting glue or glue. According to the second method, mineral wool boards can be replaced with expanded polystyrene or expanded polystyrene.

We insulate the overlap of the first floor

In this case, floor insulation can also be performed in several ways, the choice depends on the design features of the house. If there is a ventilated space under the overlap, insulation can be performed according to the attic principle, by changing the alternation of layers.

The first way

Insulation of the floor of the first floor along the logs, with a cold subfloor, looks like this:

Algorithm of work:

1. Preparation of beams.
2. We fasten the cranial bar along the lower edge.
3. We fasten the subfloor (boards, plywood, OSB, DSP, etc.) to the cranial bars with nails.
4. We put a moisture-windproof membrane on top, fixing it to the beams through the counter rails.
5. We put insulation in the space between the girders.
6. We lay a clean floor.

Second way

The insulation of the floor over the cold basement differs from the previous method in small nuances, respectively, the algorithm for performing the work does not change.

IMPORTANT: Before performing work, the tree must be protected from rotting with antiseptic impregnations and fire retardants to make it fire resistant.

Conclusion

Correctly performed insulation of the floor between floors on wooden beams will guarantee the comfort of housing, exclude drafts and the formation of fungus and mold. All work will not be difficult for any homeowner who knows how to use a drill and a building level.

If we consider the wooden floor between floors, then, in general, it consists of beams, inter-girder filling, a roll forming the sub-floor, and a finishing layer of the ceiling. The main structural element is beams. Most often they are made from conifers. It is this kind of wood that should be used, since hardwood material works worse in bending. In addition to solid timber, you can use beams knocked down from wide boards placed on the edge. Moreover, the final cross-section of the elements in such a case can be reduced by 20-30%, since the strength of such a beam is slightly higher than that of a solid bar.

Also suitable as a material for floors are glued beams made of lamella boards up to 12 meters long. Such beams are significantly more durable than solid wood elements. It is possible to manufacture them according to individual orders in accordance with the agreed dimensions. In this case, installation is facilitated due to the absence of additional adjustment manipulations. When using laminated veneer lumber, it should be remembered that most often these elements undergo additional processing and are covered with a thin layer of wax. The wax makes the surface of the beams slippery. Therefore, immediately after installation on walls or foundations, temporary decking should be laid on top of them to prevent possible injury.

Selection of the cross-section of the beams of the wooden floor

For floors between floors with a span of 3 - 4.5 meters, beams with a cross section of 140 × 100 mm to 200 × 120 mm should be used. For spans of 4.5 - 6 meters, you will need beams from 200 × 120 mm to 240 × 160 mm. For attic floors, you can use elements with a section of 20 - 30% less. All these are of course general recommendations. For a more accurate and correct determination of the desired section and pitch between the beams, a calculation is needed. To calculate the section, the length of the span, the distance between the beams and the amount of load exerted on them are taken into account. As an alternative to self-calculation of parameters, you can use

General parameters for the selection of beams for interfloor and attic floors:

Installation of wooden floors between floors

Wood beams are laid at a distance of 0.6; 0.8; 1.0 or 1.2 meters from each other (table for the selection of beams for interfloor and attic floors). The wider the span and the cross-section of the beam, the smaller this gap should be. An exception may be the attic floor, where the distance between the elements can be increased to 1.5 meters. Bars (logs) are mounted along the short side of the room perpendicular to its length, keeping the parallelism to each other as much as possible. First of all, the extreme beams are fixed, the correct position of which is checked by the building level. Then the elements are laid from the edges to the center, observing the distance between them. You also need to check the horizontal alignment of the beams and, if necessary, place board trims protected by waterproofing under their ends.

It is necessary to leave special niches in the structures of external walls. depth of 150-200 mm, into which the beams are subsequently laid. The length of the supporting part should be at least 120 mm, but not more than 180 mm, so that a 20-30 mm gap remains between the wall and the beam in the niche. When laying in walls made of bricks or other block materials, every third beam must be fixed with masonry. The ends of the beams on the side of both internal and external walls, before laying, are wrapped with two or three layers of roofing material or covered with bituminous mastic. This reduces the likelihood of wood decay. The remaining voids in the niche are filled with insulation (mineral wool or foam) and sealed.

Installing a timber floor into a wall groove:

Interbeam filling is made of two layers: rolling (flooring) and thermal insulation. For the first layer, wooden boards and boards are used. The roll is attached to bars with a cross section of 50 × 50 mm, which are nailed to the sides of the beams. From below, the interfloor overlap is hemmed with boards, chipboards (chipboard, OSB) or plasterboard. All these materials play the role of a rough or final ceiling. If you want to leave the beams natural and visible, the finishing filing should be done to the frame (bar), attached to the inside of the beam above the bottom plane of the floor.

Sectional wood floor between floors:

A vapor barrier and slabs of mineral wool, extruded polystyrene foam, polystyrene foam, perlite are laid on top of the roll. It is necessary to lay insulation plates as tightly as possible to each other. The thickness of the layer of any material for the interfloor overlap should be at least 100 mm, and for the attic and above the basement - 200-250 mm. A more accurate calculation of the required insulation and its required thickness can be performed in

If there is a need to strengthen the wooden floor between floors with a large span, then it is recommended to lay the beams in a cross pattern, perpendicular to each other. However, this method will increase the labor intensity of the work, because not only will you have to install more beams, but also make cuts in them (at the intersection nodes), then tighten them with clamps or wire. True, the beams themselves in this case, both in the longitudinal and in the transverse directions, can be laid less often. Nevertheless, it is much easier to reduce the spacing of the beams and lay a larger number of them, reducing the space between the beams. Another way to solve the problem is to choose elements with a large section or to strengthen the beams on the sides with additional overlays from boards.