Types of stairs in private houses. Types of stairs according to the ascent angle. Natural stone stairs

In multi-storey buildings of private estates, it is an irreplaceable part of the decoration. The staircase to the second floor of the house positions itself as the main object in a multi-storey building, it carries an aesthetic and functional load. What kind of stairs are, we will analyze further ...

Straight flight stairs

Straight ladders are part of a multi-flight staircase, connected by interfloor platforms. These ladders are comfortable to move around.

Direct flights of stairs exist closed (steps are made with risers) and open (when there are no risers).

L-shaped. They are found in apartments, cottages. Typically, these stairs are mounted between two walls or adjacent to one of the walls. The turning section of the L-shaped staircase can be with a platform with two or three winder steps (triangular, turning), but a large number of steps on this segment leads to the fact that it will be difficult to climb due to narrow treads.

U-shaped. They are installed in special shafts or ledges that connect the floors. Such stairs are very similar to marching stairs, but still they differ in the way of turning, it is the same as in the L-shaped version (through the run-in steps)

Attention!

Following age-old traditions, the T-shaped staircase was covered with carpets, decorated with sculptures or other luxury items and waited for the beginning of some rituals, ceremonies or the arrival of important guests.

Without professional skills, this type of staircase cannot be erected, since its design is one of the most complex, so you cannot make a comfortable and elegant staircase with your own hands. Such construction is carried out by specially trained people, and ladder designs are of the highest class.

Curved stairs are:

• Circular (have only one center);
• Curved (have several radii).

Bearing parts of any staircase (stringers) and fences are glued on special slipways according to design drawings.

Spiral or spiral staircases

Such designs were created for those types of premises where it is impossible to install marching stairs.

The limited space, at this time, is not the main criterion for choosing such stairs. Spiral or spiral staircases often play a decorative rather than functional role in home decoration. This model can be characterized as follows - smooth lines, thoughtful lighting and laconic combination of materials.

Good to know!

It is useful to know for those people whose house area does not allow the installation of other types of stairs: according to the instructions, the space allocated for the spiral staircase should be at least 130 × 130 cm.The diameter of the spiral model convenient for lifting should be no more than 200 cm.

By design, these stairs are divided into types:

1. With load-bearing center pillar and wraparound steps;
2. With a central pillar and an external spiral bowstring;
3. With two main spiral bowstrings.

Before installing a spiral staircase, please note that such a staircase is not suitable for carrying large interior items.

Stairs

is a new trend in fashion. Boltz is translated from German as a bolt or a pin. The steps and handrails of such a staircase are mounted directly into the wall using bolts or the structure is laid on steel supports.

Such flights of stairs will look good in houses or apartments where the interior is designed in the style of minimalism, modern or high-tech. Despite the appearance of lightness and weightlessness, the ladders on the bolts are very strong and one step can withstand a weight of up to 1.5 tons.

When choosing a staircase for your home, take into account all the necessary parameters, this is the wood material, installation methods and strength, and most importantly, convenience. There are many types of stairs and you will find a model that is ideal for your home and family.

And again we meet with you, our beloved reader, on the vastness of our site. If you got to this article, then the question of stairs is relevant for you. Today we will tell you about what stairs are, what they are made of, and what materials they are made of.

We'll start by looking at the direct purpose of the stairs, and what forms they generally come in.

Appointment

It's not a secret for anyone that any staircase serves as a device for ascending and descending between different levels. But these same levels may differ.

The first thing that comes to mind is the stairs inside the houses, which are used to climb to the upper floors. They are usually made massive enough so that any member of the family, from small to large, can freely move along them. There are also compact options, with a rather steep rise, but they are more often installed in compact buildings or duplex apartments.

It is desirable that such a ladder can cope not only with lifting people, but also allow moving oversized loads. Naturally, this should provide sufficient reliability.

The next place where we constantly come across stairs is the porches. The conditions for their operation are much greater than for intra-house ones.

• They must be strong and durable;
• The surface of the steps should not slip so that you can climb at any time of the year;
• The material from which such stairs are made must be immune to constant atmospheric humidity and sudden temperature changes;
• In some cases, the stairs are equipped with an additional ramp to make it easier to move the wheeled mechanisms;
• And much more that is associated with outdoor use.

In some areas, due to the difference in ground level, it is simply necessary to have a garden staircase. In addition to its direct purpose, it carries a great aesthetic load, giving the site a noble, classic, sometimes even antique look.

The requirements for such structures are the same as for any other staircase used outdoors. However, the constant contact of materials with the ground requires proper drainage and processing of materials used for construction.

Also, although much less frequently, there are external stairs leading to the second floor. The need for such a structure depends on the size of the building, the characteristics of the site, the division of residential areas, or the need to organize an evacuation fire exit.

In the next case, the stairs are used to climb to the attic or attic. For these purposes, all kinds of folding, retractable or telescopic options are very often used.

The requirements for such structures are as follows:

• Maximum compactness;
• Strong enough to support the weight of an adult;
• Convenient design and safe lifting.

Today there are a lot of models on the market, so everyone can choose for themselves what suits them technically and at a price.

No normal household is complete without a good ladder. They are used for access to technical floors, roofing and for harvesting. For these types of construction, SNiPs have even been developed, containing the entire list of requirements for them.

You cannot do in a private house without a stepladder, which helps a lot when you need to carry out repair work at a height. As well as the attachment structure, it is used for harvesting, being a more convenient solution.

We won't say anything about the requirements, but in our opinion, the most important thing, apart from reliability, is ease of use. The dimensions of the steps and the maximum lifting height are important.

Sports stairs in the house round off our hit parade. And this is the only staircase whose purpose is not to climb. They are used, as you might guess, for sports purposes. Usually they are installed for children who, climbing on this structure, strengthen their musculoskeletal and vestibular apparatus.

There are often options for adults, moreover, not only in the form of a classic Swedish ladder, but even horizontal, for moving with your hands with a grip.

Types of stairs

No matter how different the stairs may seem, they are all subdivided into only three types, and the third is something in between the first two.

The most popular option is the flight staircase. Its essence lies in the fact that the ascent is carried out along straight sections.

Moreover, all steps of the march have the same size, the same angle of inclination:

• There are single-march and multi-march designs. The second option can have lift turns of 90, 180 or 270 degrees. Which stairs are convenient for placing in the house depends on the shape of the adjacent walls and the spaciousness of the surrounding space. It is worth remembering that the fewer marches, the larger the staircase turns out.
• The turn between the marches is performed in the form of a horizontal intermediate platform, like the one that we see every day in the entrances of apartment buildings, or with the help of winders.

• Zabeznye steps, like a part of a spiral staircase, along the way, with a U-turn, continue the main rise, smoothly passing into the next march. These designs are slightly less convenient, but take up less space.
• Marching stairs enjoy their popularity due to the simplicity of design, its reliability, convenience and safety. It will not be difficult to bring an armchair or a sofa to the second floor along the marching structure, while during installation, a tilt angle that is comfortable for lifting is observed.
• Of the shortcomings, only one can be noted - large dimensions, which are not suitable for small rooms, but with a competent approach, the space under the march can be used.

The next type is screw structures. If we look at it in more detail, we can see that the classical design has the form of an Archimedean screw - run-in steps are located around the central axis, along which the ascent is carried out.

A pillar-support often acts as a central axis, but in some structures with a large radius, the pillar is removed and the axis remains not obvious, and the fastening is carried out using bowstrings (about these and other parts of the ladder in the next chapter).

• The design, in fact, has only two advantages: compact size and interesting appearance.
• That is why they are used in design projects, installed in rounded bay windows, duplex apartments and equip all townhouses.
• Screw structures cannot boast of convenience and safety. This is especially true for the elderly. Unaccompanied small children are best not allowed to approach them at all. This is due to the ornateness of the steps and a rather steep climb.
• There can be no question of carrying a large load up them. Unless, only in a disassembled state. Otherwise, you risk injuring yourself and spoil the appearance of the structure.

Advice! If you dream of such a staircase, then immediately along the way dream of a large window on the second floor in order to bring furniture there using lifting equipment.

The last existing type is something that cannot be attributed to either the first option or the second. They are called curvilinear or combined. This category includes structures that have alternating bends in the direction, spiral staircases with very large radii, stairs that have partly flights, and partly screws, options that change the parameters of the steps and the width of the flight along the way, like the escalator in one of the photos above.

Interesting design ideas often lead to the installation of just such options. They combine different properties, so it is necessary to see a specific design in order to accurately determine its advantages and disadvantages.

What does the staircase consist of?

Now let's figure out what elements the staircase consists of. We will break down all the details thematically so that you can better navigate and remember information.

We will start with the supporting elements, which provide the foundation for the steps and ensure the stability of the entire structure:

• Bowstrings- an element that is used to support inside the room more often than others. It is a straight or curved beam to which the steps are attached from the side. The bundle is carried out by inserting, winding support bars or steel corners. The design on bowstrings looks very neat and allows you to mount fences without using steps, that is, the structure can be partially disassembled without dismantling the railing.
• Kosoura- in fact, this is a kind of bowstring, but there is a very specific difference - the steps are mounted from above. To do this, recesses are cut in the body of the beam. Of the advantages of such a solution, we can safely note the ease of assembly - many of us are quite capable of making it with our own hands.

They are used when installing stairs on the porch, or inside country buildings and small country cottages. Both options can be used for both marching and spiral staircases.

• Support pillar- there are two types. The first is used as additional racks to support stringers, bowstrings and turning platforms, and the second serves as the main support for the spiral staircase - its analogue is installed on the turns of the marching structures at the locations of the winder steps.
• Spiral staircase posts are solid or modular, assembled from standard parts.

• Boltsy- a German invention, which is a set of bolted joints that connect the steps, and even the railing, due to which the strength and stability of the structure is achieved. Bolts are used on wall staircases or spiral staircases with a support pillar, since it is necessary that one of the sides has a solid foundation.

There are models of boltsev structures, when the steps are connected to the capital ceilings from above, simultaneously forming a simple fence. Such stairs look quite impressive, especially in some modern interior styles. They also have enough reliability, but it does not hurt to periodically audit all connections.

• Console- this element consists of a main supporting part (gripper, pins or a strip) and an installation platform, which is walled into the wall. The steps themselves are put on over the consoles, which makes it seem that they are simply glued to the wall and the ladder does not rest on the floor in any way. This type of fastening is considered the most difficult of the above, since it must be installed according to the technology simultaneously with the construction of the walls, while the price for it is quite high. However, the result is weightless, airy and highly reliable designs.

• Beam- the only horizontal bearing element. In stairs, it is found when there is a transition platform between the flights, which rests on it. The beams are attached to the walls or supported by supporting pillars. Bowstrings and stringers are suitable for them.

• Tread- this is the part of the step that we step on when walking. You can call it the top cover.
• Riser Is a side wall that blocks the space under the stairs from view and makes the climb safer. This element is not load-bearing.

It is worth noting that the dimensions of these parts of the stairs are strictly regulated and the angle of inclination of the ascent directly depends on them. If you are interested in learning more about this, open any article on our website dedicated to the installation of stairs, and you will find the information you need.

• Support posts- are located at the beginning, at the end and in the middle of the ascent, if there are turns. The middle post can be aligned with the support post. These elements are load-bearing for the entire fence.
• Handrail- the part that we hold onto during the ascent or descent. It must be strong and well-processed so that holding on to it with your hands cannot be injured.
• Filling the fence- may consist of panel board elements or horizontal lintels and balusters. Baluster - vertical filling of fences.
• Podbalyasennik- an element parallel to the handrail, but installed from below, above the steps. It is not always installed, but it is very convenient to use it on stairs with stringers in order to preserve the possibility of disassembling the stairs.
• Balustrade- upper, horizontal platform fence, consisting of the same elements as the railings.

Various designs of stairs

In the second part of the article, we will figure out what materials the stairs are made of, which of them, where they are used, not forgetting to voice the advantages and disadvantages

Ladder materials

What materials are needed for the stairs? It all depends on the architect's idea, as well as the materials used in the surrounding interior. At the same time, do not forget that everything that we are now overpowering can be combined with each other, guided by certain laws of style.

Wood

What can I say there - wood was, is and will be the most popular material for indoor and outdoor stairs, and there are many reasons for this.

Let's name the main advantages:

• If we talk about which stairs are cheaper, then, most likely, it is they. The abundance of wood species will allow you to choose the material according to your income.
• The wood is easy to process, which allows you to cut out complex parts from it, as well as perform shape cutting.
• The wood can bend, allowing expert craftsmen to assemble fancy spiral staircases.
• There are many types of designs, from the simplest to the incredibly complex.
• Even an inexperienced master can independently assemble simple options. Instructions for making a simple wooden staircase on kosoura are shown in the video in this article.
• Some types of wood can easily tolerate atmospheric influences and have an incredible density, which allows such stairs to serve for decades in a row.
• All the disadvantages of wood regarding rotting, insect damage and fire hazard can be eliminated by special impregnations.

Metal

Metal for stairs is a rather specific material. Why? Yes, because it is not very attractive in appearance, it conducts heat too well, has a rough surface and slips strongly when cooled.

All these disadvantages are compensated for by the shape of the metal and the combination with other materials:

• The metal is very durable and can withstand severe stress. That is why it can often be seen as a frame for a staircase or fence. Steps and handrails are made of wood, stone, concrete, composite materials and glass.
• Metal is non-flammable, which makes it the only possible material for building fire escapes.
• The beauty of metal parts is given by forging, which can look no worse than filigree wood carving.
• Many styles, especially modern ones, cannot be implemented without it.

Additionally, it should be said about the complexity of processing this material. To work with it, you need to be able to use a welding machine, and if we talk about forging, then you will need remarkable experience and professional tools.

Metal needs extra protection, just like wood. It is threatened by the ubiquitous corrosion.

Concrete

Concrete is even less versatile than metal. The fact is that in 99% of cases, concrete surfaces are finished with other materials.

The second nuance is that it is possible to install such a structure inside the house only at the stage of construction of the main building, due to the fact that it requires a separate foundation for itself, due to its large mass.

But concrete has many advantages:

• The most important thing is the incredible strength of the material;
• This is followed by the second plus - long operation;
• Structures of absolutely any shape can be cast from concrete.

Despite the fact that the cost of the components for the preparation of the solution is low, such a staircase strains the construction budget quite well. Let's count together: the volume of the solution and the amount of reinforcement on the staircase itself; the same materials for a solid foundation; surface treatment with primers and subsequent lining.

That is why concrete is used either in large mansions where there is no shortage of funds, as stairs in the garden, which do not require special aesthetics, or on the porch, where the stairs are usually small in size.

Glass

The next material on our list is glass. The material used for these purposes is not exactly glass in the classical sense. Triplex is used for steps and stairs - a multilayer, hardened material, the strength of which is more than enough for these purposes.

Interesting to know! If you try to break it with a hammer, then at best, you will achieve the appearance of cracks.

Glass looks great when paired with stainless steel in many modern styles. Among the shortcomings, we note the high sliding of the surface.

Stone

Stone (natural and artificial) is also a very popular material. More often, stairs from it can be seen in gardens and on porches. Indoors, stone is used as an expensive finishing material for concrete stairs.

The properties of such a coating are very difficult to enumerate, since they entirely depend on the rock of the mineral used.

I would also like to add about the natural appearance. Such stairs harmoniously fit into the surrounding landscape and, over time, become its integral part.

Brick

The last we have is a brick, from which beautiful porches and garden stairs are assembled. The advantage of this material is that it does not need additional finishing to look beautiful. Of course, this applies only to expensive clinker grades.

Simple clay bricks will also need to be cladded to protect them from excess moisture.

Another plus is that for the implementation of such a project, you do not need a lot of material, since everything can be filled with a boot from the inside. In fact, the brick acts as a cladding.

Such structures serve for a very long time, especially if they are operated in a warm, temperate climate. From what material is chosen for the construction of a staircase, it depends on how it will look in the interior, what materials to use for its decoration, in what style it should be executed and even in what colors the stairs are painted.

Three simple examples: metal is often darkened so that it contrasts well against the background of wood and stone; rustic styles are dominated by light wood, while modern interiors require a lot of light, which will be reflected in the glossy surfaces of the stairs. All this is a whole science, which designers and aesthetes have been studying for years, therefore, if you want harmony and beauty in your home, do not spare funds to attract professionals.

Types of stairs - stairs are classified according to five main features:

1. Staircase angle
2. Staircase construction
3. Layout of stairs within one floor
4. The presence of a riser
5. The material from which the supporting structure of the staircase is made

Types of stairs according to the ascent angle

Types of stairs according to the construction of stair elements

1. Stairs on kosoura
2. Ladders on bowstrings
3. Stairs
4. Cantilever ladders

Ladder type	Photo	Description
On kosour		Kosour is the most common type of structural element of stairs, this is due to the fact that it is easier to install and repair. The number of stringers in a staircase can be from 1 or more, stairs on one stringer are called a staircase with a central stringer.
On a bowstring		The main difference from stringer stairs is the absence of protrusions under the steps on the supporting element (bowstring). It is considered a more complex design, since grooves are made on the inside of the bowstring for mounting steps.
On the bolts		The so-called self-supporting staircase on the bolts. The load in such ladders is distributed between the steps by means of bolts (bolt - German) and balusters.
On consoles		The supporting element of the cantilever stairs is the wall into which the steps are mounted.

Types of stairs according to the layout within one floor.

№	Stair layout type	Ladder layouts
1	Straight single-flight staircase
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

Open and closed stairs

Types of stairs according to the material of the supporting structure

• Wood
• Metal
• Concrete
• Reinforced concrete
• Stone - marble, granite, etc.
• Glass
• Plastic
• Rope

Ladder type by material	Photo
They are made mainly of glued wood of such species as oak, beech, pine, larch, birch, etc. It is used for both indoor and outdoor staircases.
most often they are installed in industrial plants and on the street, as they have increased strength and a period of operation.
most often they are built in gardens and parks, and where there is a small difference in height.
installed mainly in multi-storey buildings (administrative, residential).
can be divided into two conditional groups expensive stone stairs use materials such as marble, granite and usually this is a finishing material for reinforced concrete stairs not expensive stone stairs are built from stone that is widespread in the construction site
began to build relatively recently after the appearance of the triplex; glass staircases are installed in places with low traffic.
mainly used in places with high humidity (swimming pools, ships)
It is widely used as a sports equipment for children and as a special equipment.

Ladders for a private house are not only a necessity, but also beauty and attractiveness. Such stairs can be of different types, the choice depends on the size of the room, design, wishes of homeowners. You can install structures from different materials. This article will help you find out about the types of staircase designs for the house, when one type or another is preferable, what are the differences, what requirements are put forward for the safety of stairs, what parts the stairs consist of.

There are many types of stairs. The division depends on the purpose, functionality and other criteria. Knowledge of the main types of stairs will allow you to make a choice in favor of one type or another during construction or home improvement.

Types of stairs

1. By appointment:
   • interfloor,
   • input,
   • checkpoints,
   • workers;
2. By functionality:
   • landscape,
   • brownies,
   • special;
3. By relative position:
   • outdoor,
   • internal;
4. By layout:
   • swivel,
   • straight;
5. By way of functioning:
   • transformable,
   • stationary,
   • portable;
6. By design:
   • one-march,
   • two-march,
   • multi-march;
7. By material of bearing parts:
   • metal,
   • reinforced concrete,
   • wooden,
   • concrete,
   • combined.

As you can see, there are a lot of types of stairs. Let's now choose from this variety exactly those stairs that are suitable for the home. First, let's talk about the building blocks (parts) of stairs.

Basic elements of stairs

The main parts of the stairs are the steps and supports that support them. The beams that support the steps from the ends and from the bottom at the same time are called bowstrings... The beams that support the steps from below are called stringers... If the steps are based on 3 kosour, then the middle instance will be called the intermediate one.

The steps consist of a tread, that is, a horizontal surface and a riser, a vertical part. In the construction of stairs, risers may not be present, which are additional support for the steps.

Riser

Stair step

Ladder stringers

String of stairs

Bolts and racks are also supporting elements. Bolts are special bolts that are mounted into the wall. Ladder steps are attached to the bolts. The stand is the main load-bearing element in the spiral staircase.

Boltsy

Spiral stair rack

The assembled steps and beams are called a flight of stairs, it serves to rise from one level to another. If the design of the stairs is more complex, then it also contains the landings, which we talked about above.

Other important parts of stairs, although not always used, are handrails, handrails or railings, as well as trim and trim parts. There may be additional enclosing parts in the form of rods, metal posts, handrails, and so on.

Stair railings

The railing can be supported in the form of balusters. These are vertical elements of stairs, which are racks, they are also decoration. They are made of cast iron, bronze, wood, marble, brass or other materials.

Baluster for stairs

Types of stairs for the house and their features

Home stairs can be divided into three main types:

1. Spiral or screw.
2. Marching.
3. Ladders on the bolts.

Let's take a closer look at them now.

Spiral or spiral ladders

Spiral staircases

They are suitable for rooms where there is little space for ordinary straight stairs. It is easy to calculate the dimensions of the space. This will depend on the size of the steps. On average, the length of each step of a spiral staircase is 50-100 cm.And the space required for such a structure is at least twice as much. That is, 100-200 cm. Such structures are not very convenient, but take up less space. Suitable as ancillaries, allowing you to descend or ascend to the basement or attic. They can be of various shapes: octagonal, square, round, and so on.

Square spiral staircase

Octagonal spiral staircase

They are usually made of wood or metal. Wedge treads are attached around a post or post. Usually the rack is made of metal, it is a pipe. With the narrow side, the steps are attached to the post, and with the wide side they are in contact with the wall or balusters. Usually there are no risers, the steps are attached to the railing post with the wide side.

Spiral staircase without risers

Important points about spiral staircases:

• To make it convenient and safe to climb such a staircase, the central width of the steps is made no less than 20-25 cm.The widest part should be no more than 40 cm.
• Basically, the materials for making spiral staircases are wood or metal.
• Ladders can be positioned both against the load-bearing wall and in the middle of the room. They take up little space, but they are still installed less often than straight ones. It depends on the convenience, since it is very difficult to go down the screw copy, you need to be careful and careful while doing this.
• Basically, these ladders are auxiliary. They are good when the mounting opening is small. But there are specimens with a diameter of more than 3 meters, of course, this is a rarity, an experienced master always uses such an opening for a marching staircase.
• It must be borne in mind that the smaller the opening, the steeper the staircase.

Marching stairs

Marching staircase

This design is the most common. It is very convenient to descend and ascend along it, since the biomechanics of movements is taken into account. These stairs are ideal in rooms where there is enough space. The size of such a staircase and the required dimensions of the space can usually be calculated as follows: measure the height of the wall where the staircase will pass, and the length of the floor. Then they draw a right-angled triangle, where the legs will be the wall and the floor, and the hypotenuse will be the stairs. The ideal staircase angle is 45 degrees.

Scheme for calculating the size of the flight staircase

Important points about mid-flight stairs:

There are various types of staircases: closed marching stairs and open. Closed ones assume the presence of steps with risers, open ones - when there are no risers.

Marching stairs without risers

Marching stairs with risers

M arche stairs differ in design. There are with stringers, but there are with bowstrings... These are types of fastening steps of the stairs.

The stringer design assumes such an arrangement of steps, in which they are, as it were, laid in the so-called "saddles". The steps are laid on top of the stringer beam, and risers are mounted from the end. The beam has a sawtooth shape. Ladders of this type are not as popular as bowstrings, they look perfect if made of wood. Stringed designs are good in rooms where the country style is maintained, for example.

Marching stairs on kosoura

Stringers of the marching staircase

1. sawtooth stringer beam,
2. tread,
3. riser.

Bowstrings, that is, inclined supporting beams, run along the entire length of the marches, are the basis, the supporting part of the structure. Basically, overall ladders are bowstring (their width can be 2 meters or more). The so-called bowstring is used to close the end fragments of the marches. Here, the steps are fastened into wide gaps (grooves) that are inside the load-bearing beams. The thickness of the beams must be more than 6 cm.

Marching ladder on bowstrings

Bowstring marching stairs

1. bowstring beams
2. tread.

Ladders can be single-march, double-march or multi-march. The number of marches depends on the layout and number of floors in the house, as well as the purpose of the premises.

Single flight ladder

Two-flight staircase

Multi-flight ladder

In addition, the stairs are conventionally subdivided on swivel and straight.

Straight lines are the simplest. Their characteristics are convenience, strength, ease of manufacture.

Direct flight staircase

If there are more than 10 steps, then the march must be divided into two parts and the platform must be installed. A staircase with an intermediate platform will be called a turning staircase. In order to save space, the gaps are replaced with steps, called winders, for such structures the outer edge is wider than the inner one.

Winder steps

Swivel stairs take up less space than straight ones, having the same step height. Usually rotary structures are installed along the walls, and it is good to place a pantry or utility room under them.

Swivel flight staircase

Swivel flight stairs are also subdivided into types.

These are curvilinear, the width of the narrow end of which should be no less than 10 cm. This is their feature. There are curved stairs. It is inconvenient to climb and descend stairs with winder steps, the legs do not feel the necessary support.

Curved flight staircase

Also, rotary ladders are semi-revolving, circular, quarter-revolving. The angle of rotation of the latter type is 90 degrees, they are usually mounted along two adjacent walls.

Quarter-turn flight staircase

The angle of rotation of the semi-turn is 180 degrees.

Semi-revolving flight ladder

And for circulars, this parameter is 360 degrees.

Circular flight staircase

Stairs

Ladder on the bolts

The ladders on the bolts got their name from the German word, which means a pin or a bolt. That is, a fastener with which you can attach a ladder. Steps and a fence of this design are mounted to the wall using bolts. Or the ladder lies on special steel supports in the form of rods. Such a specimen is good in rooms where compactness, weightlessness and lightness of construction are needed.

Staircase 2

The steps are bolted exclusively to the wall. That is, there must be a wall on one side of the stairs. Such designs are very popular and are becoming more widespread. They seem light and weightless from the outside. But this is actually, of course, not the case. Such ladders are very reliable and durable, one step can withstand a load weighing more than 1500 kg.

Fastening ladders to bolts

Important points of the stairs on the bolts:

• The bolts are secured with special rubber gaskets. Such a staircase is attractive, "airy", allows maximum light to penetrate into the room.
• The stairs on the bolts are not characterized by the presence of stringers or bowstrings, they are characterized by graceful curved railings.

Railings on stairs

Materials for making stairs

Ladders can be made from a variety of materials. Steps made of wood, concrete, plastic, marble, metal, granite, glass are no longer surprising, in conditions of diversity it is difficult to make the right choice. It is necessary to pay attention to the durability of the materials from which the stairs are made. The material from which the steps are made is important, because it is they who receive most of the load. They should be resistant to abrasion, not susceptible to footprints, mechanical stress, the least sensitive to temperature fluctuations, sunlight, humidity. It is also important that the steps do not have the effects of household chemicals, other substances, dirt, they should be distinguished by environmental friendliness and ease of maintenance.

Steps can be made from the following materials:

Stone steps

• Wood. The most durable wood is in mahogany, teak, dussie, wenge, walnut, ash, cabreuva, turbidity. These rocks are resistant to weather conditions, excessive moisture, they are hard, do not perceive mechanical damage. Maple, oak, beech are also resistant to mechanical stress, hard breeds. But light traces of oil may remain on the oak, it is very susceptible to it. Beech can be deformed, susceptible to moisture. Maple may turn yellow, prone to cracking.

Pine can be called the most unsuitable material for stairs, as it is soft and very susceptible to any mechanical stress. Cherries and pears have average strength and are resistant to impacts. Larch does not give in to decay, it is stronger than pine.

Wooden steps

• Glass. Laminated or tempered glass is required for stairs. But when hitting the butt, such steps can be damaged, prone to scratches. Lighter and stronger acrylic glass. But over time, it can turn yellow, it is easy to put scratches on it.

Glass steps

How to choose a ladder

What should you first of all pay attention to in order to choose and order a ladder from the manufacturer?

The following criteria are important:

• It is important to contact the stair manufacturer during the design phase of the house. At this stage, specialists will have to recommend the necessary openings for the stairs.
• You need to immediately select the design of the stairs. Whether it will be a spiral, marching or staircase on the bolts. The march is very comfortable, but it needs a lot of space. The spiral staircase is beautiful, economical in terms of space, but very inconvenient when going up and down. The ladder on the bolts is both aesthetic and comfortable. The choice can be made by reading the description of the types of stairs, which is given in the article above.
• The ladder should be comfortable. The most convenient and safest ladders are marching specimens with platforms, as well as rectilinear marching structures, where there are no more than 18 steps. In second place are staircases on rails and marches with winding steps. And the honorable third place is rightfully taken by spiral staircases.
• You need to pay attention to stairways. Each opening is an individual solution, it depends on the staircase design and configuration. Engineers usually recommend the following parameters, but one must remember that this is a purely individual criterion and each room should have its own approach: if the march is straight, then the opening should be 1.2 by 3.7 m; if the configuration is L-shaped, then the size of the opening is 3.1 by 1.3 m.For a U-shaped structure, an opening of 2 by 2.5 m is recommended.The main spiral staircase can have an opening equal to 2.2 by 2.2 m ( d 200 - 210 cm); and the auxiliary one - 1.5 by 1.5 m (d 140 cm).
• The experience of the manufacturer of stairs, positive feedback from previous customers are important.
• One of the important points that should be given special attention is safety stairs. That is, there must be a certain ratio of the width of the tread and the height of the rise, the method of installing the last and first steps, which are the most dangerous places in the structure, is important. For the safety of babies, the distance between fence balusters or posts should be no more than 15 cm.
• If the staircase does not go between two walls, then there must be fences. The height of the fences should not be more than 85 cm. The width of the steps is recommended from 25 to 30 cm.
• Another safety point is the load-bearing capacity of the stairs. That is, it must withstand certain loads. For public buildings, this is no less than 400 kg per 1 square meter of the step, and for residential premises this parameter is 300 kg per 1 square meter.
• For safety reasons, the steps should be non-slip and not tilted. The railing should be suitable for any height. All this is laid down at the stage of designing stairs. Safety depends not only on the manufacturer, who must comply with all the rules and regulations, but also on the installers.
• First, the staircase is very carefully fixed on the second floor or the platform between the floors. The length of the stairs must match the height of the floor. Railings are installed on the second floor. For these purposes, reliable fasteners are needed. As a result, the staircase must be strong, the railings must be tight and secure.
• The ascent angle should not be more than 45 degrees. The best option is 35-40 degrees. The width of the marches should be at least 80 cm, it is best if it is from 90 to 120 cm.
• The size of the opening in the interfloor ceilings is recommended for single-flight straight stairs with a minimum size of 100 by 250 cm.For spiral staircases that have a central rack, the minimum opening diameter is 170 cm, and for U-shaped stairs - 210 by 250 cm.
• It is recommended to split the ascent into several parts with rest areas or cross-country steps on bends. This will be a guarantee of safety. The material from which the steps and the entire structure are made are also important. It must be non-flammable. For these purposes, for example, wood is treated with special compounds.

  When installing stairs, it is important not to neglect the engineering requirements for the method of fastening structures and not to choose decorative specimens to the detriment of the necessary functions.

• Ladders are always designed for a specific house, all its features are taken into account. The height of the lifting step is recommended from 15 to 19 cm, and the desired and safe height of the handrails is 90-95 cm.

Preparation for installation and installation of stairs

Private house staircase

The installation of the stairs can be divided into stages. Before the installation is carried out, you need to carry out a number of important steps:

1. The place where the stairs will be located is determined.
2. The type of stairs, the number of steps, height and width, the angle of inclination of the structure, design, material from which the staircase will be erected is selected.
3. The installation is carried out after the completion of construction and finishing works, both external and internal. The staircase should be included in the design of the house. The specialist must determine the place for it, leaving the necessary opening, calculate where the beams will be located, what supports will be.
4. The size of the staircase is important, as discussed in the article above.
5. All safety measures (barriers) are taken into account.
6. It is important to think over the strengthening of the stairs, choosing the most optimal for the given room. When the wall is far away, the ladder is fastened both from below and from above. If the elements of the stairs are held on wooden dowels, then the structure will creak and loosen. Therefore, only metal mounts are needed.
7. After that, you can start installing the stairs. It is best to entrust this work to experienced professionals.

Ladder for a private house z metal

When choosing stairs, you must take into account all the features of the house, its design, so that the structure fits perfectly into the room, is its stylish addition and at the same time is safe.