Three options for redevelopment in an apartment without load-bearing walls. Load-bearing walls of a frame house State registration of rights to real estate

To begin with, the walls are the main structural part of the building and are vertical fences that separate the room from the outside environment or from another room. Depending on the perception of loads, the walls are divided into load-bearing, self-supporting and non-bearing. The load-bearing wall of the house is designed to take on the load coming from other structural parts of the building - floors and roofs, and transfer it along with its own weight to the foundation. Self-supporting walls carry only their own weight, while relying on the foundation of the structure, and non-bearing walls are partitions that carry their weight, but at the same time they can rely on a variety of structural elements.

In modern construction, two types of load-bearing walls are distinguished: internal and external. Internal load-bearing walls are thinner than external ones. In addition, the foundation for the internal load-bearing walls is also made smaller.

The main function of the internal walls is to hold the load from the structure, as well as the internal mass (furniture, people, equipment) and the load from external influences (wind, snow). At the same time, the internal walls also connect the load-bearing external walls. Due to the specifics of their placement, load-bearing internal walls do not participate in the heat transfer process. External walls or front walls are the hallmark of the house. Their main function is to isolate the building from external factors: cold, wind and precipitation. Facades can have openings in load-bearing walls in the form of windows and doors. In this case, openings for windows are made separately for each floor in one row. The part of the wall between the openings in this case is called a pillar. In the inner walls, there is no opening in the load-bearing wall for windows; there can only be a doorway in the load-bearing wall. In addition, there are load-bearing walls that do not have any openings. They are called deaf.

Load-bearing walls as part of the frame

It should be noted that the load-bearing walls are part of the load-bearing frame, which is a single system of structural elements: walls, columns, foundations, beams and floors of the house. This system provides strength, rigidity and stability to the structure. The strength of the supporting frame is its ability to resist the effects of various loads acting on it, without collapsing and without receiving critical deflections and deformations. The stiffness of the skeleton is the ability not to change shape under the influence of such loads, and stability is the resistance to overturning or shear. Each structure of the skeleton performs its own separate function, sometimes not even one, but they are all interconnected and work as a single "skeleton" of the house.

Different types of backbones are used depending on various factors. It is necessary to take into account the purpose of the premises and the house as a whole. That is, if it is supposed to build a house with a free layout, it is better to use a frame skeleton. For a standard cottage with pre-designed rooms, a frameless frame with a demarcation of walls is more suitable. In addition, you need to take into account the architectural features of the future building. So, a house in the "high-tech" style is better and easier to make in a frame load-bearing frame, and in the "Russian style" - in a frameless one. The choice of this or that type of skeleton also affects the economic aspect. Therefore, when designing, you need to calculate the cost and construction time with different types of skeletons. Also, the choice depends on what materials are planned to be used in construction. For example, if the house is designed with a frameless supporting frame, then it is impossible to build walls from a foam block without additional structural solutions (monolithic belts, reinforced grids).

The most common type of load-bearing frame in cottage construction is frameless. Frame and combined are also used. But we will focus on frameless, since when using it, it is the load-bearing walls that perform the main function.

This type of skeleton is considered the easiest to build private houses. In this case, the supporting frame is formed from massive longitudinal and transverse walls connected to the foundation, ceilings (beam or slab) laid on the walls, stairs (they stiffen the frame vertically and horizontally). We can say that in this version the supporting frame will be presented in the form of a rigid and stable box, consisting of interconnected walls and ceilings. The lower part of the walls is usually more massive than the walls of the upper floors, due to the fact that it must bear the weight of the overlying floors and walls. For example, the basement of a cottage can be made of ceramic bricks 510 mm thick, and the second floor can have thinner walls - 380 mm. Thus, the walls should play the role of a supporting structure and a heat-insulating, enclosing one.

When using a frameless frame, the walls can be made of bricks, reinforced concrete blocks, lightweight concrete blocks, stone, wood, and so on. The thickness of the bearing walls, depending on the material, can be from 250 mm to 700 mm. The thickness of curtain walls and partitions is from 100 mm. Floor slabs are usually made prefabricated or monolithic, with a thickness of 150 mm.

The frameless load-bearing frame can be of three types: with longitudinal load-bearing walls, transverse, or with both at the same time.

In the first case, the base of the frame is the load-bearing walls, which are located along the long side of the house, the floors are laid across the house, that is, perpendicular to the walls. The stability and rigidity of such buildings is ensured by flights of stairs, end and transverse walls, the ceilings play the role of a rigid horizontal diaphragm. The spacing of the longitudinal walls in such houses is usually equal to the length of the floor slab (4.2 m; 5.4 m; 6 m). This type of frame is used in houses with an elongated shape.

When using transverse load-bearing walls, they are located along the smaller side of the house, and the floors are laid on them. Walls along the long side of the house can be made non-bearing or self-supporting, but they must be thermally insulating. A frame with transverse load-bearing walls, in comparison with a load-bearing frame with longitudinal load-bearing walls, has greater transverse rigidity and stability. The disadvantage of such a system is that it is impossible to vary the width of the living quarters, which will finally be limited by the transverse load-bearing walls.

In construction with both longitudinal and transverse load-bearing walls, the frame is a combination of these load-bearing walls. In this case, the overlaps are laid in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. Such schemes are applicable for cottages in which the architectural form is difficult to solve using only longitudinal or only transverse load-bearing walls. That is, when the cottage has an unusual shape in plan and it is difficult to solve the space exclusively with longitudinal or transverse walls. The rigidity and stability of the bearing frame in such houses is ensured by the interconnection of walls and floors, stair flights made of monolithic reinforced concrete or metal and rigidly connected to the bearing elements of the frame.

Types of walls by type of material

As mentioned above, walls can be made of various materials. At the same time, the choice of wall material depends on the financial capabilities of the customer and on the building project. Let's consider them in more detail.

Wood

Wood is a traditional material for the walls of low-rise buildings; houses are not built from this material above two floors. The most comfortable in terms of sanitary and hygienic requirements are cobbled and chopped walls made of coniferous wood. As their disadvantages, it is worth noting sedimentary deformation in the first 1.5–2 years and low fire resistance.

Frame walls are justified in the presence of lumber and effective insulation. At the same time, frame walls do not require massive foundations, and, unlike chopped ones, do not give post-construction deformations. The fire resistance and solidity of frame walls can be increased if they are lined with bricks. In order for wooden walls to serve for a long time, it is necessary to take care of the quality of the material. Its level can be determined by blowing the butt of an ax - a clear and clear sound indicates good quality. By design, wooden walls of heated buildings are divided into chopped from logs or beams, frame, panel board and frame-panel board.

Chopped log walls are a structure of logs stacked on top of each other in horizontal rows and connected at the corners by cuts. Such walls are distinguished by high strength and good heat-shielding qualities, as well as durability under favorable operating conditions. The disadvantage is the fact that log processing and walling is a laborious process that requires a lot of wood.

Cobblestone walls are erected from horizontally laid beams. Their use excludes manual processing of logs, cutting of mates of corners, abutments of walls and makes it possible to switch to mechanized procurement of wall elements. You can effectively protect the cobbled walls from atmospheric influences using boarding or brick cladding. This will protect the walls from moisture, increase heat protection, and reduce the effect of wind. In addition, fire resistance increases with brick cladding.

It is recommended that log and cobbled walls be sheathed or veneered no earlier than 1–1.5 years after construction, after they have completely settled. Frame walls require less wood than log or block walls, are less labor intensive and therefore more economical. The basis of the frame walls is a load-bearing wooden frame, sheathed on both sides with sheet or molded materials. Frame walls, due to their lightness, are practically not subject to shrinkage and this allows them to be sheathed or veneered immediately after construction. Frame walls must be protected from atmospheric moisture by performing external cladding with overlapping vertical and horizontal joints and arranging drains from protruding wall elements. Protection from water vapor is provided by arranging a vapor barrier made of synthetic film, glassine or using other types of vapor barrier, laying them between the inner lining and insulation.

In addition to the frame walls, shield walls are distinguished. Their difference lies in the fact that their main structural parts consist of enlarged elements of shields, as a rule, manufactured at the plant. The process of erecting panel houses is reduced to installation at the construction site and finishing work. This reduces the labor intensity of the work. In wooden panel houses, the base of the walls is the lower strapping made of antiseptic wooden beams, laid along the base of the building and attached to it with the help of anchor bolts. Wall shields are installed on the harness. From above, the wall panels are fastened with the upper strapping laid on them, on which the attic floor rests. Wall panels are made internal and external, which, in turn, are subdivided into deaf, window and door. The height of the boards is equal to the height of the floor. The shields consist of a cobbled strapping and sheathing, internal and external, between which a heater is placed. When arranging the basement and cornice units, it is necessary to take measures to protect them from freezing by arranging an insulated base and an insulated frieze belt at the cornice, as well as from humidifying the internal air with vaporous moisture, arranging for this purpose a vapor barrier. Under the basement, the underground is not made insulated. The underground must be cold and well-ventilated, and the structure of the ceiling above the underground and especially the basement unit must have reliable insulation and vapor barrier, laid on top under the structure of the clean floor. To protect against freezing at the level of the overlap, an insulated belt is arranged outside.

Stone

By design and method of construction, stone walls are divided into masonry (from small or large stones), monolithic and large-panel. Masonry is a structure that is made of separate stones, the seams between which are filled with mortars.

For the structure to function properly, a wall of individual stones must meet stringent requirements. First, the stones in the wall should be arranged in horizontal rows, that is, perpendicular to the main acting forces. Secondly, the stones in the rows should be separated by vertical seams - longitudinal and transverse. Vertical seams in rows adjacent in height must not match. This arrangement of stones is called suture dressing. This ensures that the stones work together in the wall and that the load is evenly distributed. The transverse dressing at the level of one row is arranged with stones laid with the long side across the wall (with pokes), and the longitudinal dressing with stones laid along the wall (with spoons), in some types of masonry - and with pokes. Lime or complex mortars (cement-lime) are used for grouting, and cement mortars are used for basement and basement walls. Masonry is made of small or large stones. From small stones - mainly hand-made, from large - industrial masonry using various mechanisms, primarily cranes. Today, monolithic concrete walls are gaining popularity. The concrete is laid in the mold formed by the formwork. This method is very industrial, which is determined by the types of formwork (sliding, movable, mobile, etc.).

Large-panel walls are called walls mounted from large-size prefabricated slabs-panels. This type of wall is the most progressive.

Brick

Finally, consider one of the most common materials in construction - brick. Brick walls are made of clay (red) or silicate bricks. A multi-hole clay brick is widely used, the thickness of which is 138 mm and the mass of one stone is 4 kg. Silicate brick is more economical than clay brick, since all the processes of its manufacture are mechanized. In dry conditions, sand-lime brick is used for building walls along with ordinary clay. It is not recommended to use silicate bricks for laying the basement and underground parts of buildings, since in groundwater containing carbon dioxide, silicate brick is short-lived.

According to their constructive relationship, brick walls are divided into solid (homogeneous) and lightweight (layered). The former are made of solid, hollow or lightweight (porous) bricks. Lightweight include in thickness, in addition to brick, layers of other, less heat-conducting materials. Solid walls made of solid clay or silicate bricks have great strength, but at the same time high thermal conductivity, that is, low heat-shielding qualities. That is why the thickness of such walls is assigned according to the heat engineering calculation, but in this case they have excessive strength. Solid masonry is advisable for the arrangement of the basement and first floor of buildings, and lightweight masonry should be used for the upper floors of multi-storey buildings.

In modern mass construction, two brick masonry systems are used: chain and multi-row. In the first case, each spoon row of masonry alternates with one butt row. This type of masonry is often called double-row. With multi-row (spoon) dressing, several spoon rows are overlapped with one butt. Such masonry is six-row (made of ordinary bricks) and five-row (made of effective bricks).

Important to remember

Erection of walls is an important stage in construction work, since walls perform important functions of protection from the adverse effects of the external environment and thermal insulation of a building, and also determine its appearance. It is necessary to correctly take into account the purpose of the premises and, in this regard, design the building, choosing the materials correctly. And last but not least, when moving on to the construction of walls, remember to comply with fire resistance and fire safety standards, so that the house becomes really strong, warm and durable.

Any architectural and construction project consists of three parts: architectural, design and engineering. This is a document without which the developer will not receive permission to start construction.

The main part of the project is the architectural and design sections. If the customer is sure that there are intelligent specialists in engineering networks in the construction team, then the development of this part of the project in a specialized company can be abandoned. But you need to understand that the architect, designer and engineer are working on the project together and such moments as, for example, grooves and openings in the walls for laying pipes and wires, are provided by them in advance.

The engineering part of the project is divided into several parts

• Water supply and sewerage (VK)

1. water supply scheme
2. sewerage scheme
3. general view of the system.

Before proceeding with the design, it is necessary to decide what kind of communication will be - individual or connected to a centralized system.

Individual water supply gives complete independence from external conditions. But it must be remembered that you will need your own water sources, and drilling a well will cost a decent amount.

Connecting to a centralized system will require the development of the project in accordance with the technical specifications of the existing network and obtaining permission for the tie-in.

When connecting the sewage system to a centralized system, the procedure is the same as when connecting the water supply: filling out a request to the relevant services, developing a project, obtaining permission to insert into the system. If you decide to organize an individual sewer system, then from time to time you will have to invite a sewer service.

• Heating and ventilation (RH)

1. heating scheme: calculation of the required power of equipment, distribution schemes for heating mains, location of pipes and radiators
2. ventilation scheme: connection to power electrical equipment, ventilation communications and shafts, gangways and, if necessary, the location of stoves and fireplaces
3. boiler piping (if necessary)
4. general instructions and recommendations for the section.

If the ventilation system is always an individual design, then heating can be either individual (stove, air, water, electric), or connected to centralized networks.

• Power supply (ETR)

1. lighting layout
2. distribution of power networks
3. ASU scheme
4. grounding system
5. detailed description and characteristics of all elements of the system.

Electrical systems can be categorized as mandatory and optional. The obligatory ones include indoor and outdoor lighting, ventilation, air conditioning and electric heating systems. Additional systems include "Warm floor" or automated gate control.

IMPORTANT

• Each of the parts of the engineering section of the project should contain general and technical descriptions, specifications of materials and necessary equipment.
• Drawings of elements of all systems and floor electrical wiring are carried out on a scale of 1: 100.

Price: from 100 rubles. per m²

Package "Engineering networks"

The project of engineering networks will make it possible to competently lay communications and make the house truly comfortable and modern.

• Price: from 100 rubles. per m²

Making changes to the project

Often the question arises before the customer: choose a standard house project and save money, while losing on the originality of future housing, or order an individual project, but for a lot of money.

Our company offers a compromise option. You order a standard project, and we make changes to it, taking into account all your wishes as much as possible. Of course, this implies additional costs, but, in any case, such a project will cost much less than work for a specific order. And we will take care of making your house look original.

You can make the following changes to the house project:

move wall partitions. But only if they are not carriers. Such an operation will allow you to change the size and purpose of the rooms.

the transfer of window and door openings will allow you to change the illumination of rooms and organize convenient access to the rooms you need

changing the type of floors and walls will allow you to fully realize your own ideas about economical and rational housing

change the height of the ceilings. Although all our houses are designed with an optimal room height of 2.8 m, some customers believe that high ceilings are additional coziness and comfort.

converting the attic into a living space will give you the opportunity to expand your own living space

it is worth changing the angle of inclination of the roof and awnings taking into account the climatic conditions of a particular region

it is necessary to change the type of foundation, taking into account the engineering and geological parameters of the soil. It is also possible to add or modify a basement or basement.

you can add, remove, change a garage or a terrace, in accordance with your ideas about the functionality of housing

changes in the structural composition, building and finishing materials will allow you to economically manage your own financial resources

the project in a mirror image will organically fit the house into the surrounding landscape.

The changes made should not affect the safety of the home.

Too many changes usually do not improve the design. If you could not choose a suitable house in the catalogs, then it may be worth ordering an individual project housing from an architect.

Price: from 2000 rubles.

Making changes to the project

A house built according to a standard design may look original

• Price: from 2,000 rubles.

BIMx model

We keep up with the times and today we offer you the opportunity to receive along with the project documentation BIMx model - based on technology that provides simultaneous navigation through 2D documentation and 3D building models.

Now you can "twist, walk inside, see your future House from all sides" View all sizes and heights, specifications of openings, etc. You will receive a file that will be your reliable, convenient assistant for construction control.

* You receive the file electronically and use it using the BIMX application on Apple and Android mobile devices

The BIMX app is available for free in the Play Market, App store

Demonstration BiMx

BIMx model

BIMx model - interactive viewing of a three-dimensional model of your house. Now you can "twist, walk inside, see your future Home from all sides"

• Price RUB 10,500

Foundation Adaptation Package

When a typical house project is being developed, then some averaged soil parameters are taken as a basis. But, without having accurate data from geological expertise, it is difficult to take into account all the nuances in the design. Therefore, often the engineering and geological characteristics of a real site differ significantly from those originally laid down in the project. And this means that the foundation - the foundation of the whole house - will need to be finalized in order for it to turn out to be strong and reliable.

To completely eliminate all problems when laying the foundation, the specialists of our company have developed a package "Adaptation of the foundation". When implementing the package, not only technical characteristics are taken into account, but also the wishes of the customer.

This package includes:

• selection of the type of foundation
• calculation of technical parameters:

Depth of laying the bottom of the foundation
- load bearing capacity
- indicators of soil stress under the base of the foundation
- cross-sectional area of ​​working reinforcement, etc.

• detailed drawings of the zero cycle
• statement of costs of building materials.

The adaptation of the foundation gives a complete guarantee of its strength, and hence the reliability of the entire building. You are guaranteed to get rid of problems such as shrinkage and cracks during the operation of an already finished home. Moreover, often the adapted foundation turns out to be cheaper than the option originally laid down in the project. And this will help save materials and financial resources.

Price: 14,000 rubles.

Foundation Adaptation Package

Carefully prepared foundation project - a strong and reliable home

• Price RUB 14,000

Individual design

If you decide to build a house, then you have your own idea of ​​what your dream home should be like. And if none of the typical projects suits you, it makes sense to think about an individual project. In addition, all your wishes will be taken into account as much as possible: the level of comfort, the composition of the family, even the view from the window. It is clear that such a project will not be cheap. But you will know for sure that there is no other such thing.
Sometimes, however, you have to resort to individual design forcibly. For example, a developer got a plot of land with a non-standard configuration, and not a single standard project simply fits into it. And it also happens that the number of changes made by the customer is such that it is easier and cheaper to design a house from scratch.

Stages of work on an individual project:

• development of technical specifications for designing a house
• contract for design work
• preparation of a draft design: linking the building to the terrain, external and internal views, layouts, sections
• detailed study of sections of the project.

In addition, you can also order:

• projects of additional structures - garage, workshop, baths, etc.
• visualization of the project in 3D format.

Ultimately, the customer receives a package of design documentation, consisting of architectural and structural sections.

The project presents:

• General plan of the house with reference to the boundaries of the site.
• Floor plans, which indicate the thickness of the walls, lintels and partitions, the area of ​​the premises, the specification of windows and doorways.
• Facade plans with indication of finishing materials and color schemes.
• Sections of the building and main units.
• Drawings and sections of the foundation, bill of materials.
• Calculation of overlap, roof truss system, roof insulation and waterproofing units.

You can decide on the style of your future home in the "Individual Design" catalog.

Price: from 450 rubles. / m²

Individual design

Realize your personality!

• Price: from 450 rubles. / m²

Package "Tender proposal"

For any developer, a question from a funny nursery rhyme "what should we build a house ...?" far from idle. Moreover, the cost of building a house depends on many factors. Therefore, it is not necessary to estimate the costs "by eye". Without complete information, it will not work to count everything to the smallest detail and, in the end, it will cost itself more. And, besides, a careful calculation of the cost of materials and work affects not only your finances, but also the timing of building a house.

You can calculate the construction costs with maximum accuracy using the "Tender Offer" service developed by our specialists. In fact, this is a document that provides a complete list of all building materials and works, indicating their volumes.

The presence of a tender offer allows:

• get a real picture of the costs of the upcoming construction
• attract a construction company that is able to offer the most favorable conditions for the performance of work
• not only understand the essence of the construction process, but also competently control the consumption of building materials, independently adjusting prices for each item
• competently control the actions of contractors at all stages of construction

a tender proposal, supported by information on the cost of materials and construction work, is a serious argument for obtaining credit from a bank.

Package "Tender proposal"

Tender proposal:

Order a detailed quote. Build profitably for yourself!

• Price RUB 10,500

Anti-ice package

Drifts and ice on the roof of your house in winter are a lot of trouble. You can, of course, climb onto the roof and wave a shovel in the cold for 2-3 hours - business. But effective systems of snow melting and anti-icing have long been invented and widely used. They are based on heating cables. The system is organized according to the same principle as the "warm floor". Only more powerful and less cable laying step.

The "Antiled" package is developed taking into account the peculiarities of the power supply of the house:

for roofs and gutters: snow melting in gutters, at the edge of the roof in order to prevent the formation of icicles and ice in pipes

for the entrance group: heating of steps, paths and open areas

for the entrance to the garage: heated driveways

in addition, sometimes the Antiled system is used for heating the soil in greenhouses, and for landscape heating of flower beds, lawns and lawns, as well as for heating sports facilities.

During the design process, the minimum power consumption is calculated and fire safety is ensured. When creating the Anti-Ice system, it is recommended to use only certified self-heating elements that do not support combustion. In addition, the system is equipped with an overtemperature shutdown device or a differential circuit breaker to automatically shutdown the system when energy loss is detected. If the system turns out to be too large, it is broken down into smaller sections. It's easier to manage her work this way.

Important:

for a multi-pitched roof, the Antiled system will be designed by our company's specialists according to an individual order.

Price: 4500 rub.

Anti-ice package

Your comfort and safety in winter

• Price RUB 4,500

Lightning protection package

Often, developers do not attach much importance to protecting their own homes from lightning: someone saves, someone thinks, someone hopes for "maybe". But 3-4 years after the construction of the house, many people remember about lightning protection. During a thunderstorm, a neighbor's roofing felts all household appliances burned out, or statistics on how many lightning fires occur in a year.

We propose to solve the issue immediately: to provide for protection already at the design stage of the house. It is worth thinking about this, if only for purely aesthetic reasons - it will not be necessary to hammer the walls of the house once again and pull the down conductor along the facade, disrupting the well-thought-out appearance of the building.

Home lightning protection is a system of devices located both outside the home and indoors. External lightning protection prevents lightning from entering the house, internal - protects the power grid from sudden voltage surges. And special devices protect electrical engineering from sudden changes in the electromagnetic field in the radius of a lightning strike.

The Lightning Protection package includes

• layout diagram of the location of lightning rods that absorb direct lightning strikes
• sectional diagram of the down conductor that carries the current from the lightning rod to the ground
• scheme of the ground loop, which distributes lightning energy in the soil, ensuring complete safety
• averaged resistance calculations
• detailed list of required materials
• recommendations for the implementation of the project.

The Dom4M Lightning Protection package guarantees you the safety of your home even in the worst thunderstorm.

Lightning protection package

Lightning protection: think about safety in advance

• Price 3 100 rubles.

Central vacuum cleaner package

"Central vacuum cleaner" is a kind of aspiration system(removal of small particles by sucking them in an air stream).

The system consists of:

• vacuum cleaner(installed in a technical room);
• duct system, along which the dust-air mass moves (more often hidden installation is carried out in the preparation of the floor or in the space behind the false ceiling);
• wall inlets and pneumatic hoses(a flexible hose with a telescopic bar and a nozzle is connected to the first, as in a regular vacuum cleaner, the latter are designed for express cleaning, usually in the kitchen).

Pros:

• removable dusty no air enters back into the room, and "thrown out" after the unit into the street;
• No noise in the cleaned rooms.
• Convenience of cleaning without "pulling" the vacuum cleaner from room to room, without using extension cords.
• Concealed installation system, there is nothing in the room except a wall inlet.

Project price: from 3100 rubles.

Central vacuum cleaner package

"An integral part of a modern home is comfort, cleanliness and fresh air."

• Project price: from 3 100 rubles.

Comfort home package

Explanatory dictionaries claim that comfort is a combination of household amenities, without which life is unthinkable.
modern man in a modern house. Most of these amenities are laid down at the design stage. But we are ready to expand their list and help clients make their own home as comfortable as possible.

Therefore, our company Dom4m has developed a "Comfortable Home" package for you, which will allow you to make your home cooler on a hot summer day, and cozy and warm in winter cold.

The Comfort House package includes

• Underfloor heating project. This is a modern home heating technology. It can be used by connecting to both local and centralized heating systems. In addition, underfloor heating can be both the main and additional heat source in the room. The main advantage of the system is that it creates a uniform thermal regime, does not dry the air, and at the same time fits organically into any interior.
• Ventilation system design with recuperation. Unlike traditional systems, recuperation ventilation offers significant operational savings. The essence of the system is that the exhaust air passing through the recuperator gives off its heat to the cold stream coming from the street. All ingenious is simple. This system allows you to significantly reduce heating costs. Savings up to 80%. And, in addition, the load on the network is reduced. In the summertime, the recuperative ventilation system can cool the warm outdoor air. And here you are already reaping the savings from reduced energy consumption when air-conditioning your home.
• Air conditioning system project. Such a project offers you a choice of a duct air conditioner with air distribution throughout the premises or a multi-split system that allows you to connect several indoor units to an external unit at once.

Today you will learn about the possibilities of modifying one of the most widespread series of residential buildings in Moscow I-700.

Serial houses I-700A differ from other standard houses not only in technical characteristics, but also in appearance. These are tall tower-type buildings. These houses are often considered blocky due to their appearance, but in fact, panel technology was used in the construction of this series. Lightweight panels made it possible not only to increase the number of storeys to 22-23 floors, but also to make the houses warm.

The I-700A series was recognized as successful and was actively built in large cities from 1980 to 1990, until it was replaced by more modern counterparts. 700A has many advantages, such as a sufficient area of ​​apartments, isolated rooms, a loggia in each apartment and the absence of internal main walls (with the exception of three-room apartments). All load-bearing walls are located along the perimeter of the apartment, which allows for large-scale redevelopment, and we will now demonstrate its possible reconstruction options using the example of a two-room apartment.

The apartment with a total area of ​​50.3 meters consists of a kitchen (8.5 sq. M), a separated bathroom, an entrance hall, two living rooms and a loggia. The apartment has two ventilation shafts, which are located in the main walls. Also, the original layout in the corridor provides built-in wardrobes.

First option. No demolition.

The initial characteristics of the apartment are acceptable, so it is possible to create a comfortable living environment without redevelopment.

A large room was chosen for the living room, and a bedroom is located in the smaller one. Pay attention to the bed, however. Its size is 1600x1900, which is the minimum standard size of the mattress, and if this size is inconvenient for you, then it is worth reversing the purpose of the rooms.

In the bathroom, everything is unchanged, and a small sink has been added to the bathroom, which will ensure compliance with sanitary standards.

The built-in wardrobe in the hallway will fulfill its function if you replace the old opening doors with new sliding doors with a mirror. Sliding doors for the closet are convenient in that they do not need space to open them and they will not block the door to the bathroom when open.

Second option. Like the first one, but more interesting.

If you make a minor redevelopment, then you can use the space more efficiently: organize hidden wardrobes in the bedroom and enlarge the bathroom.

An increase in the bathroom due to non-residential space is permissible, and we, using the permission, not only enlarged the bathroom and organized a full-fledged second bathroom, but also found a place for a laundry room: to the left of the sink, you can place all equipment for washing and drying, as well as for ironing and storage of clothes.

Kitchen equipment is located along narrow walls, which allows not only organizing storage space, but also placing the dining table by the window.

The third option. Maximum possibilities.

The non-residential part of the apartment is slightly smaller than the residential part, and in a specific situation this is a great advantage, since it allows you to re-equip the apartment and not violate the housing legislation. We believe that the space should be organized efficiently, so instead of a large bathroom, as in the second option, we place a kitchen in the corridor, which is permissible. Dismantling part of the partition of the old kitchen will allow you to combine the space and fill it with light from the window. In place of the old kitchen, we have a living room and a storage room. Even a bicycle can fit in the latter.

A partition was moved in the living rooms, which made it possible to create premises of the required area.

In the third option, there is one drawback - a combined bathroom, which can provoke domestic conflicts. But they can be avoided by organizing a second toilet on the site of the storeroom, especially since the necessary communications pass there: water, sewage and an exhaust hood.

The walls of private houses, cottages and other low-rise buildings are made, as a rule, in two or three layers with an insulating layer. The insulation layer is located on the load-bearing part of the wall made of bricks or small-format blocks. Developers often ask questions:
"Is it possible to save on wall thickness?"
“Why not make the load-bearing part of the wall of the house thinner than that of a neighbor or than envisaged by the project?

On construction sites and in projects, see a load-bearing wall of 250 bricks mm., and from blocks - even 200 mm... became commonplace.

The wall was too thin for this house.

Loads and impacts on the walls of the house

Design standards (SNiP II-22-81 "Stone and reinforced masonry structures"), regardless of the calculation results, limit the minimum thickness of the bearing stone walls for masonry in the range from 1/20 to 1/25 of the floor height.

Thus, with a floor height of 2.5 ... 3 m. wall thickness in any case should be more than 120 - 150 mm.

The load-bearing wall is subjected to a vertical compressive load from the weight of the wall itself and overlying structures (walls, ceilings, roofs, snow, operational load). The design compressive strength of brick and block masonry depends on the grade of the brick or the class of blocks in terms of compressive strength and the grade of the mortar.

For low-rise buildings, as calculations show, the compressive strength of a wall with a thickness of 200-250 mm made of bricks is provided with a large margin. For a wall made of blocks, with the appropriate choice of the class of blocks, there are usually no problems either.

In addition to vertical loads, horizontal loads act on the wall (section of the wall), caused, for example, by the pressure of the wind or the transmission of the thrust from the roof truss system.

Besides, torques act on the wall, who seek to rotate a section of the wall. These moments are due to the fact that the load on the wall, for example, from floor slabs or from a layer of insulation and facade cladding, is not applied in the center of the wall, but is offset to the side faces. The walls themselves have deviations from the vertical and straightness of the masonry, which also leads to additional stresses in the wall material.

Horizontal loads and torques create bending load in the material at each section of the load-bearing wall.

How to make walls strong and stable

Strength, stability of walls 200-250 thick mm and less, it does not have a large margin for bending loads. Therefore, the stability of the walls of the specified thickness for a particular building must necessarily be confirmed by calculation.

To build a house with walls of this thickness, you must choose a ready-made project with the appropriate thickness and material of the walls. The adjustment of the project with other parameters for the selected thickness and material of the walls must be entrusted to specialists.

The practice of design and construction of residential low-rise buildings has shown that load-bearing walls made of bricks or blocks with a thickness of more than 350 - 400 mm... have a good margin of safety and resistance to both compressive and bending loads in the vast majority of building designs.

The walls of the house, external and internal, resting on the foundation, together with the foundation and the overlap, form a single spatial structure (frame), which together resists loads and influences.

Creating a durable and economical building frame is an engineering task that requires high qualifications, pedantry and culture from the participants in the construction.

A house with thin walls is more sensitive to deviations from the project, from the building codes.

The developer needs to understand that strength, stability of walls decreases if:

• the thickness of the wall decreases;
• the height of the wall increases;
• the area of ​​the openings in the wall increases;
• the width of the wall between the openings decreases;
• the length of the free section of the wall, which does not have a backing, increases the length of the interface with the transverse wall;
• channels or niches are arranged in the wall;

The strength, stability of the walls changes in one direction or another if:

• change the material of the walls;
• change the type of overlap;
• change the type, dimensions of the foundation;

Defects that reduce the strength, stability of the walls

Violations and deviations from the requirements of the project, norms and rules of construction, which builders allow (in the absence of proper control from the developer), reducing the strength, stability of walls:

• wall material (brick, blocks, mortar) with reduced strength compared to the requirements of the project is used.
• no anchoring of floors (slabs, beams) with walls with metal ties is performed according to the project;
• deviations of the masonry from the vertical, the displacement of the wall axis exceed the established technological standards;
• deviations of the straightness of the masonry surface exceed the established technological standards;
• the masonry seams are not completely filled with mortar. The thickness of the seams exceeds the established norms.
• too many halves of bricks, blocks with chips are used in the masonry;
• insufficient dressing of the masonry of the inner walls with the outer ones;
• omissions of mesh reinforcement of the masonry;

The developer must, in all of the above cases of changes in the dimensions or materials of walls and ceilings, be sure to contact professional designers to make changes to the design documentation. Changes in the project must be certified by their signature.

Suggestions of your foreman like “let's make it easier” must be coordinated with a professional designer. Monitor the quality of construction work done by contractors. When performing work on your own, do not allow the above construction defects.

The norms of the rules for the production and acceptance of work (SNiP 3.03.01-87) allow: deviations of the walls by displacement of the axes (10 mm), by a deviation of one floor from the vertical (10 mm), according to the displacement of the floor slab supports in the plan (6 ... 8 mm), etc.

The thinner the walls, the more loaded they are, the less their safety margin. The load on the wall multiplied by the "mistakes" of the designers and builders may turn out to be excessive (pictured).

The processes of wall destruction do not always appear immediately, it happens - years after the completion of construction.

House of blocks with a wall thickness of 180 mm.

The principles of designing a house with a minimum wall thickness are clearly visible in the following photos. Monolithic reinforced concrete elements are widely used in the construction of a house with thin walls.

The simple architectural form of the house allows the use of commonly available materials for construction and helps to optimize construction costs.

The house has 114 m 2 useful area and is designed for a family of 4-5 people. The attic has three bedrooms and a bathroom.

On the ground floor, along the south facade with large windows, there is a spacious living room combined with a dining room and kitchen. In the other part there is an office, a bathroom and a technical room.

For the masonry of the exterior walls of the house, silicate blocks were used. Wall thickness 180 mm. Thin walls increase the usable area of ​​the house.

The house is designed so that it has no internal load-bearing walls. Inside the house there is a load-bearing beam, which is supported by two columns inside and two columns embedded in the masonry of the outer walls. The beam itself and the columns are made of monolithic reinforced concrete. This solution allows for a free layout of the premises on the floor.

To increase the resistance of the walls to loads, there is a monolithic reinforced concrete belt at the floor level of the first floor. The section of the wall with wide, high windows and narrow walls on the southern facade is also made of monolithic reinforced concrete.

The roof of the house rests on a monolithic reinforced concrete belt over the walls of the attic. In the attic walls of the attic, on which the roof Mauerlat rests, reinforced concrete columns are arranged. The need for a device in the outer walls of the columns is due to the fact that these walls do not have cross-links inside the attic. The absence of transverse walls allows for a free layout of the attic rooms.

Formwork for the installation of a monolithic column in the outer wall of the house. The column serves as a support for the load-bearing beam inside the house.

Formwork for monolithic columns at the edges of wide window openings.

In the background is the column formwork inside the house. The two columns on the inside are on the same axis with the columns embedded in the outer walls.

The floors in the house are prefabricated monolithic, often ribbed, are in the same level with the monolithic reinforced concrete belt of the walls.

The monolithic ceiling, made at the same time with the monolithic belt of the walls, creates, together with the walls, a single and durable spatial structure - the skeleton of the house.

Attic walls of the attic with a height of 1.3 m. on which the roof Mauerlat rests are reinforced with monolithic columns built into the masonry.

Formwork for the construction of monolithic columns and attic walls.
South facade of the house with openings for high large windows. Inside, a monolithic beam is visible, which rests on two columns inside and two columns embedded in the masonry of the outer walls.

The rafters of each roof slope at the top rest on a truss, the ends of which, in turn, lie on the opposite gable walls of the attic. This decision made it possible to abandon the intermediate racks of the ridge beam. As a result, the space inside the attic is free for planning. The angle of inclination of the roof slopes is 42 °.

House foundation- monolithic reinforced concrete slab 250 mm. The foundation slab rests on a layer of insulation. Fixed formwork made of insulation. Insulation plates are laid along the perimeter of the foundation, under the blind area. This solution excludes freezing of the soil under the foundation.

Wall thickness 200-250 mm from bricks or blocks, it is certainly advisable to choose for a one-story house or for the upper floor of a multi-storey one.

House in two or three floors with wall thickness 200-250 mm. build if you have a ready-made project at your disposal, tied to the soil conditions of the construction site, qualified builders, and independent technical supervision of the construction.

In other conditions, for the lower floors of two-three-storey houses, walls with a thickness of at least 350 are more reliable mm.

To ensure the strength and stability of a private house with a minimum wall thickness, the construction of a monolithic reinforced concrete belt has become the standard. The belt is placed on top of the external and internal load-bearing walls on each floor of the house. Beams and floor slabs, Mauerlat roofs must be connected (anchored) with metal ties to a reinforced concrete belt on the walls of the house.

How to make load-bearing walls only 190 thick mm.,

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