Building materials and their application. The main types of building materials. Ancillary equipment and personal protective equipment

To make it easier to navigate in the variety of building materials, they are classified by purpose, based on the working conditions of materials in structures or on a technological basis, taking into account the type of raw material from which the material is obtained and the manufacturing method.

According to their purpose, materials can be conditionally divided into two groups:

structural and materials special purpose.

Construction materials, mainly used for supporting structures, the following are distinguished:

Natural stone materials.

Inorganic binders.

Artificial stone obtained:

by homogenization with binders (concrete, reinforced concrete, mortars);

sintering (ceramic materials);

melting (glass).

Metals (steel, cast iron, aluminum, alloys).

Polymers and Plastics.

Wood.

Composite (asbestos cement, fiberglass, ...).

Construction Materials special purpose necessary to protect structures from harmful environmental influences or to increase operational properties and create comfort, are as follows:

Heat insulating.

Acoustic.

Waterproofing, roofing, sealing.

Finishing.

Anti-corrosion.

Refractory.

Radiation protection materials, etc.

Each material has a complex of various properties that determine its area of ​​application and the possibility of combining with other materials.

It is known that the properties of building materials determine their field of application. Only with a correct and high-quality assessment of the properties of materials, strong and durable building structures of buildings and structures can be obtained.

Property- ability of a material to react in a certain wayon a separate or most often acting in conjunction with othersexternal or internal factor. The action of one factor or another is due to both the composition and structure of the material, and the operating conditions of the material in the construction of buildings and structures.

FACTORS INFLUENCING BEHAVIOR

BUILDING MATERIALS IN FIRE

Operational factors:

In order for a building or structure to fulfill its purpose and to be durable, it is necessary to clearly imagine the operating conditions in which each structure made by them will work. Knowing these conditions, it is possible to establish what properties the material intended for the manufacture of a given structure should have.

For example, the main requirement for the materials from which the supporting structures are made is their ability to resist well change in shape and destruction under the action of loads, as well as, in some cases, low thermal conductivity and sound permeability (for example, for enclosing structures).

Operational factors include:

Scope of the material.

Operating conditions.

Fire factors:

Temperature regime and duration of the fire.

Fire-fighting equipment.

Aggressive environment in case of fire (toxicity of combustion products, destroying materials).

The category of general construction materials includes a list of irreplaceable products that are widely used in various construction industries. They are used in the construction of new facilities and the reconstruction of existing ones, therefore they are extremely in demand. Materials for general construction purposes are the basic basis of any construction, therefore, the highest requirements are imposed on them in terms of strength, reliability, as well as service life.

• reinforced concrete products;
• bricks;
• blocks;
• loose and bulk materials.

The first group - concrete goods... Reinforced concrete products are structures made in the factory by injection molding with subsequent hardening. This production method allows you to control the quality of products and carry out a series of tests of the material for compliance with regulatory requirements. This group includes slabs, piles, curbs, foundation blocks and many other products. They are used at all stages of construction

The next category is bricks... The products are artificial stones of regular shape made of mineral materials (clay, silicate compounds, adobe and others). They are used as the main material for the construction of objects. As for the blocks, they are used for the construction of external enclosing structures of residential, public, industrial and agricultural facilities with a normal temperature and humidity regime of the inner space. They can be made of aerated concrete, lime-sand mixture and other composite materials.

The last group - bulk substances... These include sand, expanded clay, gravel and many others. They differ in fraction (granule size), density and strength. They are used for various purposes - as a filler for compositions and mixtures, an insulating layer, as well as bulk material for arranging a pillow.

The reliability and durability of the structure depends on their quality. Therefore, if necessary, it is necessary to contact companies offering only certified products.

Building materials, natural and artificial materials and products used in the construction and repair of buildings and structures. According to the totality of technological and operational characteristics, it is customary to subdivide building materials into the following main groups.

Natural stone materials - rocks subjected to mechanical processing (facing slabs, wall stones, crushed stone, gravel, rubble stone, etc.). The introduction of advanced methods of extraction and processing of stone (for example, diamond sawing, heat treatment) significantly reduces the complexity of manufacturing and the cost of stone materials and expands the scope of their use in construction.

Forest materials and products - Building materials obtained mainly by mechanical processing of wood (round timber, lumber and blanks, parquet, plywood, etc.). In modern construction, lumber and blanks are used on a large scale for various joinery, built-in equipment of buildings, molded products (baseboards, handrails, linings, etc.). Glued wood products are promising (see Glued structures).

Ceramic materials and products made from clay-containing raw materials by molding, drying and firing. A wide range, high strength and durability of ceramic building materials determine various areas of their application in construction: as wall materials (bricks, ceramic stones) and sanitary ware, for external and internal cladding of buildings (ceramic tiles), etc. To ceramic Building materials also include a porous aggregate for lightweight concrete - expanded clay.

Inorganic binders - mainly powdery materials (cements of various types, gypsum, lime, etc.), which, when mixed with water, form a plastic dough, which then acquires a stone-like state. One of the most important inorganic binders is Portland cement and its varieties.

Concrete and mortars - artificial stone materials with a wide range of physical, mechanical and chemical properties, obtained from a mixture of binder, water and aggregates. The main type of concrete is cement concrete. Along with it, silicate concrete products are used in modern construction. Lightweight concretes used for the manufacture of large-sized prefabricated structures and products are very effective. To increase the bending and tensile strength of structural elements, a material is used that is a combination of concrete with steel reinforcement - reinforced concrete. Concrete and mortars are used directly at construction sites (monolithic concrete), as well as for the manufacture of building products in the factory (precast concrete). The same group Building materials includes asbestos-cement products and structures obtained from cement paste reinforced with asbestos fiber.

Metals ... Mostly rolled steel is used in construction. Steel is used for the manufacture of reinforcement in reinforced concrete, building frames, span structures of bridges, pipelines, heating devices, as a roofing material (roofing steel), etc. Aluminum alloys are widely used as construction and finishing materials.

Heat insulating materials - Building materials used for thermal insulation of the enclosing structures of buildings, structures, industrial equipment, pipelines. This group includes a large number of materials of various composition and structure: mineral wool and products from it, cellular concrete, asbestos materials, foam glass, expanded perlite and vermiculite, fiberboards, reeds, fibrolite, etc. The use of heat-insulating Building materials in enclosing structures allows significantly reduce the mass of the latter, reduce the total consumption of materials and reduce energy consumption to maintain the required thermal regime of the building (structure). Some thermal insulation materials are used as acoustic materials.

Glass. It is mainly used for the construction of translucent barriers. Along with ordinary sheet glass, special-purpose glass (reinforced, tempered, heat-shielding, etc.) and glass products (glass blocks, glass profiles, glass facing tiles, etc.) are produced. The use of glass for exterior decoration of buildings (stemalit, etc.) is promising. In terms of technological characteristics, glass materials also include stone casting, sitalls and slag-sitalls.

Organic binders and waterproofing materials - bitumen, tar and asphalt concrete, roofing felt, roofing felt and other materials obtained on their basis; this group also includes building materials polymer binders used to obtain polymer concretes. For the needs of prefabricated housing, they produce sealing materials in the form of mastics and elastic gaskets (hernite, isol, poroizol, etc.), as well as waterproofing polymer films.

Polymer building materials - a large group of materials based on synthetic polymers. They are distinguished by high mechanical and decorative properties, water and chemical resistance, and manufacturability. Their main areas of application: as materials for flooring (linoleum, relin, PVC tiles, etc.), construction and finishing materials (laminated plastic, fiberglass, chipboards, decorative films, etc.), heat and sound insulation materials (foam , honeycomb), molded construction products.

Varnishes and paints - finishing building materials based on organic and inorganic binders, forming decorative and protective coatings on the surface of the structure to be painted. Synthetic paints and varnishes and water-based paints on a polymer binder are widely used.

Metal and hard alloy, composite materials (reinforced concrete)

Non-metallic materials, fibrous, monolithic (insulation)

Wood

Natural stone (limestone, sandstone, marble, granite)

Ceramics and silicate masonry materials

Concrete-material obtained by mixing a binder, cement, lime, clay with inert additives (sand, gravel, crushed stone)

Glass and translucent materials

Liquids

Soil base

Backfill (crushed stone, sand)

Building materials and products used in the construction, reconstruction and repair of various buildings and structures are divided into natural and artificial, which, in turn, are subdivided into two main categories. The first category includes general-purpose building materials: brick, concrete, cement, timber, roofing material, etc. They are used in the construction of various elements of buildings (walls, ceilings, coatings, roofs, floors). The second category includes special purposes: waterproofing, heat-insulating, fireproof, acoustic, etc.

The main types of building materials and products are: natural stone building materials and products from them; inorganic and organic binders; artificial stone materials and products and prefabricated structures; forest materials and products from them; metal products, synthetic resins and plastics. Depending on the purpose, conditions of construction and operation of buildings and structures, appropriate building materials, products and structures are selected that have certain qualities and protective properties against the effects of various external environments. Given these features, any building material must have certain building and technical properties. So, for example, the material for the outer walls of buildings (bricks, concrete and ceramic blocks) should have the lowest thermal conductivity with sufficient strength to protect the premises from the external cold and withstand the loads transmitted to the walls from other structures (floors, roof); the material of structures for irrigation and drainage purposes (lining of canals, trays, pipes, etc.) - waterproof and resistant to alternating moisture (in the field season) and drying (in between floods); the material for road surfacing (asphalt, concrete) must have sufficient strength and low abrasion to withstand the loads from passing traffic and not be destroyed from the systematic effects of water, temperature extremes and frost.

Starting to study the section "Building materials and products", it is necessary to understand that all building materials and products can be classified into groups according to various classification criteria: types of products (piece, roll, mastic, etc.); the main raw materials used (ceramic, based on mineral binders, polymer); production methods (pressed, roll-calender, extrusion, etc.); purpose (constructional, constructional-finishing, decorative-finishing); specific areas of application (wall, roofing, thermal insulation); origin (natural or natural, artificial, mineral and organic).

Building materials are divided into raw materials (lime, cement, gypsum, untreated wood), semi-finished materials (fiberboard and chipboard, plywood, beams, metal profiles, two-component mastics) and ready-to-use materials (bricks, ceramic tiles, floor tiles and acoustic suspended ceilings).

Products include joinery (window and door blocks, panel parquet, etc.), hardware (locks, handles, other joinery accessories, etc.), electrical (lighting fixtures, sockets, switches, etc.) etc.), sanitary ware (baths, sinks, sinks and fittings for them, etc.). The products include details of building structures - concrete and reinforced concrete wall and foundation blocks, beams, columns, floor slabs and other products of reinforced concrete products combines and construction industry enterprises.

When classifying materials and products, it must be remembered that they must have good properties and quality. Property - a characteristic of a material (product), manifested in the process of its processing, application or operation. Quality - a set of properties of a material (product) that determine its ability to meet certain requirements in accordance with its purpose.

The properties of building materials and products are classified into three main groups - physical, mechanical, and chemical. Important properties that affect the choice of the method for the production of building materials are manufacturability, i.e. simplicity and ease of processing or processing them to obtain products of the desired shape and size, and energy intensity - the amount of energy required to extract raw materials and obtain building material and products from it.

When assessing the economic efficiency of building materials, in addition to the indicated properties, the durability of the material is very important, which is characterized by its service life in the structure without repair and restoration or replacement.

If materials are obtained near the construction site, they are called local building materials. The cost of such materials is significantly reduced due to the savings in transportation costs.

Lightweight steel thin-walled structures have good thermal performance, low cost, and ease of construction. LSTK technology allows building prefabricated houses, cottages, apartment buildings, etc.

Currently, there are a huge amount of building materials on the market. All of them are divided according to one or another criterion into several groups. The classification of building materials can be made by origin, degree of readiness, technological characteristics and purpose.

If you look at the modern market, you can immediately see some differences even within the same group. The classification of building materials and products is the division of all their types according to one or another criterion.

Some features

If we go directly to the consideration of certain groups, then it is worth starting with a division according to the degree of readiness. Two types are distinguished here. The first one is directly building materials and products. The second type is already finished products that are fixed at the place of work. As for building materials, before using them, they must be subjected to certain processing.

Products in this regard are much simpler. They can be used directly as they are on the market. The classification of materials and products according to the degree of readiness is based on these two concepts.

Now we can talk about their separation by origin. They are divided into natural and artificial. The first type is quite widespread. Natural building materials differ in that they are obtained directly from natural products through minor processing. Of course, every person in his life had the opportunity to see structures made of wood or natural stone. At the same time, their structure and composition do not change during processing.

Artificial materials include all those that are obtained by certain manipulations with natural and chemical substances. Here it is worth talking about changing the structure and properties. The result is a product that combines all the positive properties of natural material and artificial additives. It is worth talking in more detail about the classification of materials and products by purpose.

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Classification by purpose

1. Construction materials are quite widespread. They are used specifically for the perception of the load and its redistribution. They are used in the construction of buildings and structures to make them more reliable and durable.
2. Thermal insulation materials.

Insulation has long been used to create warmth and comfort in the home. Thermal insulation materials are required to ensure the minimum heat energy drain. That is, they create a reliable layer between the inner structure and its outer part. Due to this, you can easily regulate the thermal regime inside the room.

Currently, there are many different types of thermal insulation materials. Some of them are dense structure, and some come in the form of cotton wool. Today, even bulk insulation can be found on the market. They all have the same function - keeping the house warm.

Some types can be used independently, while others involve the use of additional protective measures. An example is waterproofing, which is necessary to keep moisture out of the material. The most widespread is mineral wool.

It comes in a wide variety of forms. Can be used directly in its straight form or can be sealed mats or slabs. The latter options are most widespread, since they allow you to maintain a sufficiently high degree of tightness.

1. Acoustic materials. They are used to reduce the noise level in the room. Almost every modern apartment contains similar materials. They allow a person to be constantly in silence. For a big city, this is just a necessity.
2. Waterproofing. Today, almost no construction is complete without such materials. This is due to the fact that most of the structures when interacting with moisture are gradually destroyed. This applies to almost all materials. Most of them form oxides as a result of interaction. They are neoplasms that do not always carry positive characteristics. Waterproofing allows you to separate one material from another, and can create a reliable layer that perfectly prevents water from entering one of them. Currently, there are a huge number of waterproofers on the market. Some of them are used to maintain the integrity of the foundation, while others protect walls and floors from liquid. Almost no modern construction is complete without their use.
3. Roofing materials. This is the type that fits directly onto the roof of the building. Today, there is a huge amount of roofing materials. These are metal tiles, slate and others. Their main task is to exclude water leaks into the residential part of the building.
4. Sealing materials. The classification of building materials and products implies the use of this type. They are used to eliminate gaps in the joints of prefabricated structures. It is also a fairly common type that is always used by a person in practice.

Decoration Materials. Today the market is simply overflowing with such options. They are specially designed to enhance the exterior of the building and the interior. Do not forget about its benefits. It protects heat-insulating, sound-insulating and waterproofing layers from external aggressive factors. There are many examples.

If we talk about external finishing, then here we can highlight such popular materials as siding, wall paneling, natural stone. When it comes to materials for interior decoration, then it is worth talking about plaster, primer.

Special purpose materials. This type is used in the construction of special structures. An example is acid resistant or refractory materials.

Some materials that exist in nature and obtained by artificial means cannot be attributed to any specific group. They can be used either in their pure form or present as one of the components of those that still exist on the market. They are called general purpose materials. There are a huge number of them.

It is worth noting the fact that the classification of materials and products by purpose is rather complicated. This is due to the fact that the same species can belong to different groups. For example, concrete in its direct form is used as a structural material. There is a form of it that has increased lightness.

In this case, concrete is used as a heat insulator. In some cases, it can represent a heavy structure. Such material is used to ensure radiation safety in special rooms.

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Classification of materials and products by technological basis

Depending on what type of raw material is used to make the material, it is divided into certain groups.

1. Natural stone. For their manufacture, rocks are used. This type includes wall blocks, facing tiles, crushed stone, gravel, and so on.
2. Ceramic materials and products. Most often, ceramics are used for facing work. This material is made from clay by special processing. This can be annealing, firing, drying and other manipulations. By the way, brick also belongs to this group.
3. Products from mineral melts. This includes materials that are made from glass and other similar substances.
4. Inorganic binders. They are mainly powdery components that, when interacting with water, form a viscous structure. Over time, it tends to harden. This includes various cements. This group also includes lime and gypsum.
5. Concrete. They are allocated in a separate group. They are obtained by mixing astringent components, water and additional elements. The result is a fairly strong structure. Most often used to create foundations. If concrete is supplemented with reinforcement, then this structure will be called reinforced concrete.
6. Wood materials and products. They are obtained by mechanical processing of wood. It can be a variety of materials. This includes boards, lining.
7. Metallic substances. They are widely used in construction. Ferrous metals and their alloys are especially popular. They are used in a wide variety of sectors of the national economy. As for non-ferrous metals, they have a longer service life. This is achieved thanks to their structure. They do not interact with the liquid and therefore do not corrode.

Directly non-ferrous metals and alloys are used in the manufacture of wires, various electronic components, plumbing systems. Today, the application of such materials to ferrous metals is widely used. In this case, a protective film is obtained, which prevents the interaction of the base material with the environment.

This practice is widely used in construction today. Galvanized sheets, which are known to almost everyone, are obtained in this way.

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Natural and artificial materials

Striking representatives of this category are natural and artificial stone. These materials are used everywhere. They can be used both for finishing works and for construction.

Natural stone has long been used by people. This material has a number of properties for which it is appreciated. It has excellent strength and hardness characteristics. This makes the person buy it as a facing material. Today, natural stone is quite expensive. Only wealthy people can afford it. This is the only material that is used universally.

The beauty of natural stone is incomparable. Granite and marble are actively used as the main building material. This is not strange. Time has done everything with him so that really high-quality material reaches the person in the end.

As for the artificial stone, it is also quite widespread. This is due to the fact that almost everyone can afford it. Its cost, in comparison with natural material, is very low. Moreover, the price differs by an order of magnitude. If we talk about production, then special chemical catalysts are used here. They accelerate the growth of stones.

If we talk about the strength characteristics, then they are slightly lower than that of their older counterparts. Each person chooses one or another option for himself. If we talk about the installation of a stone, then this process is very difficult. Many people hire specialists for these purposes.

These are the brightest representatives of this class. They differ in composition and properties, but at the same time they look approximately the same. There are often cases when natural stone cannot be visually distinguished from artificial.

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Natural wood and its substitutes

If we talk about other representatives of this group of elements, then we can distinguish natural wood and its plastic substitutes. Today, in this regard, we can talk about siding.

Natural wood is an environmentally friendly product.

It is used almost everywhere. Its undeniable advantage is its beauty. In whatever form it is presented, it will still look just fine. Do not forget about other properties of this material.

The tree has excellent resistance to various external climatic influences. Of course, this should be talked about only when it is processed with the help of special antiseptics.

The strength of the tree is quite high. That is why there is still no better material for arranging your own home. The main disadvantage of this material is that it is quite expensive. That is why many are beginning to switch to its artificial counterparts. An example is siding, which is embedded just under the tree. Outwardly, it differs little from a natural product.

However, the structure of the material is fundamentally different. It is most often plastic panels that are easy to install. A person may well do all the work alone on their own. If we talk about natural wood, then everything is a little different. One person cannot completely decorate a house. Of course, the strength characteristics of plastic are somewhat lower than that of wood. The cost of wood siding can please everyone. It costs much less than natural material.

What materials should I prefer? Everyone decides this issue for himself. Natural ones have more positive characteristics, but at the same time they are much more expensive. This is forcing more and more people to switch to artificial analogs.