3 dialect words and their meaning. What are dialectisms - specific examples of their meaning. Oral vocabulary

... Stylistic differentiation of the vocabulary of the Russian language.
The vocabulary is neutral (interstyle).

But most words in any explanatory dictionary do not have stylistic labels. These are neutral, interstyle words: man, head, tree, table, clock, streets, good, new, Moscow, easy, fun, simple, me, mine, ours, eight, one hundred, etc. These words are used in any kind of speech, in any style of speech in fiction, etc. therefore, such vocabulary is called interstyle, i.e. serving all styles of speech or neutral. Neutral vocabulary is called because it is devoid of a special stylistic coloring. This includes most nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, pronouns. All numerals belong to interstyle words. Only interjections are not interstyle words. (since there are styles where interjections do not occur, for example, scientific style, formal business style.)

Oral vocabulary.

The vocabulary of oral speech includes words that are characteristic of oral varieties of the language, primarily for casual conversation. These words are not used in scientific style, business papers, official documents, etc. Speaking vocabulary is not uniform. This group is divided into Colloquial Vocabulary and Colloquial Vocabulary .

Colloquial vocabulary include words that give speech a touch of informality, ease, but not rude. Colloquial vocabulary does not go beyond the vocabulary of the literary language. Common language vocabulary goes beyond strictly standardized literary speech (these words are distinguished by rude expressions, abusive nature) they are not recommended for use in the speech of cultured people, in scientific and technical literature. The vernacular vocabulary itself, also called common, resembles the dialect and differs from the latter in that regional words are assigned to a certain territory, and vernacular are used in different regions of Russia (both in the city and in the countryside).

Writing vocabulary.

The vocabulary of written speech includes words that are used mainly in written varieties of the literary language, in scientific articles, textbooks, business papers, in official documents, and not used (or rarely used) in casual conversations, in everyday everyday speech. In the scientific style, a significant role is played by a special vocabulary, or terminology consisting of terms, words with a precisely defined meaning. Each branch of science has its own terms, for example: sine, cosine, tangent, conjugation, (grammatical terms), etc. The main thing in scientific works is the exact expression of thought, therefore, emotional vocabulary is much rare here. In the scientific style, complex sentences are widely used, introductory words indicating the order of thought, etc., allowing you to accurately and clearly express a thought. In newspapers and magazine articles, in speeches on socio-political topics (this is a journalistic style), naturally, a large place is occupied by socio-political vocabulary, for example: state, democracy, referendum, reform, deputy, mobilize, masses, active, and many others. In journalism, words and phrases are widely used, colored by the emotions of solemnity, sympathy, irony, indignation, etc. All kinds of phraseological combinations, proverbs, sayings, interjections, exclamation and interrogative sentences, and addresses are used.

The style of fiction occupies a special place in the literary language. In a work of fiction, words not only carry certain information (inform about something), but also serve to aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.

33. Stylistic use in speech of vocabulary of a limited scope.

Dialectisms, their types. Russian folk dialects, or dialects (gr. Dialektos - adverb, dialect), include a significant number of original folk words, known only in a certain area. Dialects differ from the national national language in various ways - phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely original words unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group the dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common features.

1. Lexical dialectisms - words that are known only to the speakers of the dialect and beyond it, which do not have either phonetic or derivational variants. For example, in the southern Russian dialects, the words buryak (beet), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (speak) are used; in the north - sash (belt), basque (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that call identical objects, concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.

2. Ethnographic dialectisms - words that name objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki - "pies prepared in a special way", shingles - "special potato pancakes", nardek - "watermelon syrup", manarka - "a kind of outerwear", poneva - "variety skirts ", etc. Ethnographisms do not have and cannot have synonyms in the common language, since the objects themselves, designated by these words, have local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothing, food, plants, etc.

3. Lexical-semantic dialectisms - words that have an unusual meaning in the dialect: bridge - "floor in the hut", lips - "mushrooms of all varieties except white", shout (someone) - "call", himself - "master, husband", etc. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.

4. Phonetic dialectisms - words that received a special phonetic design in the dialect tsai (chai), chep (chain) - the consequences of "clinking" and "clinking" characteristic of northern dialects; bamaga (paper), passport (passport), zhist (life), etc.

5. Word-formation dialectisms- words that have received a special affix design in the dialect: darma (for free), always (always), otkul (from where), pokeda (bye), evonny (his), theirs (theirs), etc.

6. Morphological dialectisms- inflectional forms not characteristic of the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person (go, go); the ending -am for nouns in the instrumental plural (under the pillars); the ending e of personal pronouns in the genitive singular case: at me, at you, etc.

Each area of ​​knowledge has its own terminological system.

Terms - words or phrases that name special concepts of any sphere of production, science, art. Each term is necessarily based on the definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate and at the same time succinct description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of knowledge operates with its own terms, which constitute the essence of the terminological system of this science.

Jargon - a social type of speech used by a narrow circle of native speakers united by a common interest, occupation, position in society. In modern Russian, youth jargon, or slang (English, slang - words and expressions used by people of certain professions or age groups) are distinguished, professional jargons, and camp jargon is also used in places of imprisonment.

34. Stylistic use of passive language vocabulary in speech.
Archaisms can be: lexico-phonetic, lexico-derivational, proper lexical, grammatical archaisms, semantic.

Obsolete words in modern literary language can perform various stylistic functions.

1.Archaisms, and especially Old Slavicisms, replenished the passive vocabulary, give speech a sublime, solemn sound : Rise, prophet, and see, and listen, fulfill my will, and, going around the seas and lands, burn the hearts of people with a verb! (NS.).

Archaisms were the source of the national-patriotic sound of the freedom-loving lyrics of Pushkin, the poetry of the Decembrists. The tradition of writers turning to outdated high vocabulary in works of civil-patriotic themes is retained in the Russian literary language in our time.

2.Archaisms and historicisms are used in works of art about the historical past of our country to recreate the flavor of the era ;

3. Obsolete words can be a means of speech characterization of characters , for example, worshipers, monarchs.

4.Archaisms, and especially Old Slavicisms, are used to recreate the ancient oriental flavor , which is explained by the closeness of the Old Slavonic speech culture to biblical imagery. Examples are also easy to find in the poetry of Pushkin ("Imitations of the Koran", "Gabrieliad") and other writers ("Shulamith" by A. I. Kuprin).

5. Highly outdated vocabulary can be subject to ironic rethinking and act as a means of humor, sate ... The comic sounding of obsolete words is noted even in the everyday story and satire of the 17th century, and later in epigrams, jokes, parodies, which were written by participants in the linguistic polemic of the early 19th century. (members of the "Arzamas" society), who opposed the archaization of the Russian literary language.

Occasionalisms acting as a means of artistic expression of speech, do not lose their freshness and novelty over the centuries. We meet them in Russian folklore [The carpenters of the best-nosed felts cut down a bezel-bezel - (riddle)], in the works of every distinctive writer, for example, in G.R. Derzhavin: juicy yellow fruits, a fire-starry ocean, densely curly gloomy spruce, A.S. Pushkin: a heavy-voiced galloping, And idle thinking was a joy to me, I am in love, I am fascinated, in a word, I am fired; N.V. Gogol: Eyelids, painted with long, like arrows, eyelashes, whether you were born like a bear, or meddling led you into a provincial life, etc. Motivated by context, individual stylistic neologisms do not go beyond its limits, however, this does not mean their "lifelessness", they give the text expressiveness, vivid imagery, force to rethink well-known words or phrases, thereby creating that unique flavor of the language that distinguishes great artists.

Have any incidents happened to you when, reading the works of Russian classics, you did not understand what they were writing about? Most likely, this was not due to your inattention to the plot of the work, but because of the writer's syllable, which includes outdated words, dialectisms.

V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, M. Sholokhov, N. Nekrasov, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Shukshin, S. Yesenin liked to use words of this type. And this is only a small part of them.

Dialectisms: what is it and how many types exist

Dialect words are words whose area of ​​distribution and use is limited to some territory. They are widely used in the vocabulary of the rural population.

Examples of dialectisms in the Russian language show that they are characterized by individual characteristics concerning phonetics, morphology, vocabulary:

1. Phonetic dialectisms.

2. Morphological dialectisms.

3. Lexical:

• proper lexical;
• lexical and semantic;

4. Ethnographic dialectisms.

5. Word-formation dialectisms.

Dialectisms are also found at the syntactic and phraseological levels.

Types of dialectisms as separate features of the original Russian people

In order to find out the distinctive features of the dialectic of the Russian people, it is necessary to consider dialectisms in more detail.

Examples of dialectisms:

• Replacement of one or several letters in a word is typical for phonetic dialectisms: pshono - millet; Khvedor - Fedor.
• Changes in words, which are not the norm from the point of view of the agreement of words in sentences, are characteristic of morphological dialectisms: at me; spoke with smart people (substitution of cases, plural and singular).
• Words and expressions that are found only in a certain area, do not have phonetic and derivational analogues. Words, the meaning of which can only be understood from the context, are called lexical dialectisms. In general, in the well-known vocabulary use, they have equivalent words that are understandable and known to everyone. The following dialectisms (examples) are characteristic of the southern regions of Russia: beet - beet; tsibulya - onion.
• Words that are used only in a specific region, which have no analogues in the language due to their correlation with the peculiarities of the life of the population, are called "ethnographic dialectisms." Examples: shanga, shanga, shaneshka, shanechka - dialectism, denoting a certain type of cheesecake with a top potato layer. These delicacies are widespread only in a certain region, in one word from the general use they cannot be characterized.
• Dialectisms that have arisen due to the special affixal design are called derivational: guska - goose, pokeda - for now.

Lexical dialectisms as a separate group

Due to their heterogeneity, lexical dialectisms are divided into the following types:

• Actually lexical: dialectisms that have a common meaning with general literary ones, but differ from them in spelling. They can be called a kind of synonyms for commonly understood and well-known words: beet - sweet potato; stitch - track.
• Lexico-semantic. Almost the complete opposite of lexical dialectisms proper: they have a common spelling and pronunciation, but differ in meaning. By correlating them, one can characterize them as homonyms in relation to each other.

For example, the word "cheerful" in different parts of the country can have two meanings.

1. Literary: energetic, full of energy.
2. Dialect meaning (Ryazan): smart, neat.

Thinking about the purpose of dialectisms in the Russian language, it can be assumed that, despite the differences with general literary words, they, along with them, replenish the stocks of the Russian literary word fund.

The role of dialectisms

The role of dialectisms for the Russian language is varied, but first of all they are important for the inhabitants of the country.

Functions of dialectisms:

1. Dialectisms are one of the most important means of oral communication for people living in the same territory. It was from oral sources that they penetrated the written ones, giving rise to the following function.
2. Dialectisms used at the level of district, regional newspapers contribute to a more accessible presentation of the information presented.
3. Fiction takes information about dialectisms from the colloquial speech of residents of specific regions and from the press. They are used to convey local characteristics of speech, and also contribute to a more vivid transmission of the character of the heroes.

Some expressions slowly but surely fall into the general literature collection. They become known and understood by everyone.

Study of the functions of dialectisms by researchers

P.G. Pustovoit, exploring the work of Turgenev, focused on dialectisms, examples of words and their meaning, he names the following functions:

• characterological;
• cognitive;
• dynamization of speech;
• cumulation.

V.V. Vinogradov based on the works of N.V. Gogol distinguishes the following series of functions:

• characterological (reflective) - it contributes to coloring the speech of characters;
• nominative (naming) - manifests itself when using ethnographic and lexical dialectisms.

The most complete classification of functions was developed by Professor L.G. Samotic. Lyudmila Grigorievna identified 7 functions for which dialectisms in a work of fiction are responsible:

Modeling;

Nominative;

Emotive;

Culminating;

Aesthetic;

Phatic;

Characterological.

Literature and Dialectisms: What is the Threat of Abuse?

Over time, the popularity of dialectisms, even at the oral level, decreases. Therefore, writers and correspondents should use them in moderation in their work. Otherwise, the perception of the meaning of the work will be difficult.

Dialectisms. Examples of inappropriate use

When working on a work, you need to think over the relevance of each word. First of all, one should think about the appropriateness of the use of dialectal vocabulary.

For example, instead of the dialect-regional word "kosteril" it is better to use the general literary "scolded". Instead of "promised" - "promised."

The main thing is to always understand the line of moderate and appropriate use of dialect words.

Dialectisms should help the perception of the work, and not complicate it. To understand how to correctly use this figure of the Russian language, you can ask for help from the masters of the word: A.S. Pushkin, N.A. Nekrasov, V.G. Rasputin, N.S. Leskov. They skillfully, and most importantly, used dialectisms in moderation.

The use of dialectisms in fiction: I.S. Turgenev and V.G. Rasputin

Some works of I.S. Turgenev are difficult to read. Studying them, you need to think not only about the general meaning of the literary heritage of the writer's work, but also about almost every word.

For example, in the story "Bezhin Meadow" we can find the following sentence:

“With quick steps I walked a long“ area ”of bushes, climbed a hill and, instead of this familiar plain ˂ ... ˃ I saw completely different, unknown places to me”

The attentive reader has a logical question: "Why did Ivan Sergeevich put the seemingly common and appropriate word" square "in brackets?"

The writer personally answers it in another work "Khor and Kalinich": "" Squares "are called in the Oryol province large solid masses of bushes."

It becomes clear that this word is widespread only in the Oryol region. Therefore, it can be safely attributed to the group of "dialectisms".

Examples of sentences using terms of a narrow stylistic orientation used in the speech of residents of certain regions of Russia can be seen in the stories of V.G. Rasputin. They help him show the originality of the character. In addition, the personality of the hero, his character is reproduced precisely through such expressions.

Examples of dialectisms from the works of Rasputin:

• Chill - chill.
• To golevan - to rage.
• Pocul - bye.
• To borrow - to contact.

It is noteworthy that the meaning of many dialectisms is impossible to understand without context.

Every native speaker of the Russian language knows and uses common words in speech. These words are familiar to everyone, and determining their meaning is straightforward. Every linguist knows that the language includes dialects. They are limited geographically. And the meaning of this or that dialectism is not always clear. From the article you will learn what words are called dialectisms and their types, and you will also provide examples of sentences from speech and literary texts with dialectisms.

Definition and types of dialectisms

Before giving an explanation of dialectism, it is necessary to say about the type of vocabulary to which these words belong. In other words, dialect vocabulary is regional words that are limited in use on a territorial basis.

Among the dialectisms, there are subspecies:

1. Phonetic dialect words: fresh meat (must be fresh), do (must be doing). They are distinguished by a special phonetic design.
2. Dialect words by grammatical basis: along (along). These words are distinguished by the combination of a root with an unusual or.
3. Lexical: wire rods (felt boots). They always have a synonymous word in the literary language with a different root.

All lexical dialectisms can be conditionally divided into several subgroups:

• Actually dialectal linguistic units. They have words equivalent in meaning in the literary language, but not of the same root. Example: hooker (broth).
• Semantic. This group is made up of lexemes that have a different meaning in the literary language. For example, greedy for work (diligent, diligent).
• Ethnographic. That is, used in everyday life in a given area: razletayka (light jacket).
• Phraseologisms. These are indivisible phrases. For example: "The mind is there - the tyama is not enough."

Examples of lexical dialectisms:

Dialectisms of artistic speech

As already noted, dialect words are used as words known to a certain circle of people. For this reason, a natural question arises as to how dialectisms can be used in artistic speech.

The answer to the question posed will be the works themselves. The author uses dialect words for various artistic purposes. They can emphasize the theme of a story or novel, typical character traits and worldview of the protagonist, the skill of the writer:

• Kokoshnik, kichka, paneva, amshannik, greenery, trunk, pushing, prodding - in the works of I. Turgenev.
• Gorenka, konik, hamman, captive, gudoven - in the works of I. Nikitin
• Zaplot, dubas, stance, feet, belly, battle - in the works of D. Mamin-Sibiryak.
• A story, a log, pimas, gnus, juice, kerzhak, urem - in the works of P. Bazhov.
• Elan - "Pantry of the Sun" M. Prishvin.
• Okoyom - from "Meshcherskaya side" by K. Paustovsky.
• Shout - from the poem "Homeland" by A. Surkov.

For example, he uses dialect words to convey the peculiarities of the speech of peasants. Sometimes in his texts dialectisms belong to the speech of the author. This is done in order to emphasize the aesthetics and originality of the language of Lev Nikolaevich.

Dialectisms are used to show the area of ​​their use. It is noteworthy that in the works of Turgenev, all such words are provided with an interpretation. Thus, Ivan Sergeevich tries to show that dialectisms are not a component of the vocabulary of the Russian literary language.

Konstantin Paustovsky uses dialect words in his own works in order to individualize his characters. Using them, Konstantin Paustovsky achieves ethnographic authenticity and artistic persuasiveness in his works.

Modern writers also use dialect words everywhere. They do this in order to create a kind of allusion to the text. Moreover, they do not give an interpretation to such words.

In modern journalism, the use of dialect words is often enough to emphasize local peculiarities, as well as the peculiarities of the speech of the hero of the essay.

It is worth remembering! Journalism should strive for a careful selection of linguistic means, therefore, the use of dialect words should always be justified to the maximum.

Sentences with dialect words:

• Peter cooked plum porridge over the fire.
• Lyagva always shouts for a reason.
• Nadys I spent the night with my aunt.
• I cooked a cauldron of potatoes.
• The food is boring, already sweet.
• Stood by the side of the market square.
• Friends treated him like a stoop.
• The grandmother could not cope with the grip in any way.
• Voiced songs were sung by the girls in the evenings.
• Lush shangi lay on a towel.
• It is necessary to run faster so that the thunderstorm does not catch.
• The dog ran along the road along the road.
• Chupakha-chuapahoy.
• Infected, I share the mow.
• It is necessary to knock out the Lithuanian so that it will be admired.
• He walks around the courtyard.

Dialectisms in literature:

Dictionary of dialect words

Dialect words are quite an interesting phenomenon in the lexical system of the language. In order not to lose them, special dictionaries are created.

Collecting dialect words began in the 19th century. The "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" edited by V.I. Dahl included a great variety of dialect words and phraseological units.

In the 20th century, D. Ushakov's dictionary was published. It also has a lot of dialectisms.

After that, the systematization of quotation cards from the works of Russian writers and poets took place. As a result of this painstaking work, the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language was created.

Note! To date, the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects has survived 13 editions.

The ZABGU of Chita published the "Dictionary of Transbaikalia Dialects" edited by V.A. Pashchenko.

Dialect words in "Quiet Don"

Perhaps the most striking from the standpoint of the use of dialectisms is the epic novel by M. Sholokhov "". In 2003, the Drofa Publishing House published a dictionary of dialect words found in the Quiet Don.

Consider quotes from this work:

• Gutaril about him on a wonderful farm.
• What are you, claw.
• Evdokeya, prepare a snack.
• At the imperial review.
• What kind of weapon went.
• The forehead is in the roof.
• For their Natalia.
• Can go into the ground.
• Do not be afraid to part.
• Catfish thumped on the water.
• Until Cherkassky will not roll over.
• We will push your Baba into the ground.
• Gnawed on a chicken cobarga.
• Grigory came out with empty hands.
• The sky is gray in autumn.
• I was not a sick woman.
• Punish Grishka to come today.
• She already winds up during the day.
• I went to visit Mokhova.
• With a cucumber, what women are left for seeds.
• Mishatka didn’t neglect you?

This article talks about dialectisms. The definition of this concept is given. Examples of individual dialectisms and sentences with such words are given.

In general, speaking about dialectal vocabulary, it is worth remembering that it is an adornment of lively Russian speech.

Today, in the school course of literature and history, regional dialectisms are included for the study. This is done in order to preserve and pass on to the descendants the heritage of the language of the people.

Useful video

Let's summarize

In conclusion, I would like to cite lines from a poem by the Trans-Baikal poetess G.P. Zharkova:

But as before, quiet and pleasant,
Heard like a summer breeze
Different from everyone else, incredible
Transbaikalians of our talk.
“Soaring, hear, I can smell the storm,
We can mow now, wait,
After that, let's start. Let's spend the night
But tomorrow it will be, we'll see. "

In contact with

The concept of dialectisms

In modern linguistics, very little attention is paid to dialects. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the literary language lends itself to a clear and structured classification. Dialects are sometimes distinctive and unique for each locality. To give them a detailed description requires a lot of work. In addition, the literary language is very limited in nature, because it contains concepts such as norm and usus. Dialects are not limited by anything and can exist in any form and with any speech characteristics and styles. Sometimes dialects even disappear altogether if villages and villages disappear due to the urbanization of the population.

There are many definitions of the concept "dialectisms"... It is necessary to make a start from what dialects are in general. These are words, phrases and stable phrases common in a certain area. Such word forms are strongly tied to the territory and are rarely found elsewhere.

Ozhegov, as well as Chernyshev and Filin, wrote about dialectisms. Their opinions agree that dialectisms are part of the literary language, its variety... Hence the definition: words that are part of the literary language, but are not part of its lexical composition, but belong to a certain dialect or dialect.

Types of dialectisms

Lexical dialectisms

Lexical dialectisms- these are words and word combinations common only in some dialect or locality.

The difference between lexical dialectisms from all other types is that they have synonyms in common language. For example, the word beet exists in southern Russian dialects, but in the literary language has a synonym - beet... And the word golitsy from the northern dialect synonymous with the word mittens.

Ethnographic dialectisms

Ethnographic dialectisms- these are words that belong to a certain area and are assigned only to it.

Such words, unlike lexical dialectisms, cannot have synonyms and are strongly tied to the locality and dialect: nardek(watermelon molasses), ponyova(a kind of skirt).

Native speakers of the common language will not be able to understand the meanings of these words. Most often, words characterizing everyday life, cuisine and local traditions can be attributed to ethnographic dialectisms.

Lexico-semantic dialectisms

Words of this type are homonyms to common words. Their peculiarity is that they spread the meanings of different words. For example, the word shout has the meaning "speak loudly"... And in some dialects this word has acquired another meaning - "call someone"(shout out to Aunt Galya!).

We see the same picture in the word lips... The main meaning that everyone understands is "part of the mouth"... Narrow, dialectal meaning - "all mushrooms except porcini".

Phonetic dialectisms

These words have acquired a special pronunciation in the language. In the dialect, they form from the common word its new version with a different sound composition: passport - passport, life - zhist, farm - hverma etc.

As you know, the phonetic features of each dialect are different, therefore, several dialect variants can be formed from some words of the common literary language at once.

Derivative dialectisms

These are words that have acquired a special morphological design in some dialect. Most often this happens with the help of various affixes.

Classic example: pronouns him, their in some dialects took shape as evony and theirs respectively. This group also includes nouns: song(rooster), guska(goose), heifer(calf), strawberry(strawberries), etc.

Jargon can also be formed with the help of suffixes: bro(brother).

Morphological dialectisms

Words that are in forms that are not typical for common language. For example, 3-person plural verbs have a soft sign in the endings: ride, cut, kill... Also, in the instrumental case of nouns, an ending that is not suitable for this form appears "-am-": under pillars.

A similar ending is found in 2-person plural forms of verbs (instead of we know it - we all know).

In some dialects, there is also a noticeable change in the use of pronouns: for me - for me; at you - at you etc.

In the genitive case of some plural nouns, instead of a combination "ov" is replaced by "OU"(instead of no cows - no koro; tired of mosquitoes - tired of mosquitoes).

Examples of dialect words and their meaning

There are a lot of dialect words in the language. They are used by bearers of different cultures and social statuses. Several meanings of dialectisms can be distinguished. For example, they can express an emotional, ironic attitude of the speaker to the subject or the interlocutor ( bayat - talk, zenki - eyes, ruff - slob).

Also, dialectisms characterize everyday phenomena characteristic of a particular area: the names of objects ( grit - sand, koshul - shirt, spindle - spinning, spout - handkerchief). In addition, dialectisms can be used to characterize or describe human actions ( early - earlier, start - why, steal - dissuade, alternate - establish some kind of order).

It should be said that dialectisms themselves can be either social or territorial. Social should be understood as those words that serve a certain class of people. For example, the prison vocabulary. It has its own special manner of communication. And in each area it will be different. Or a frequent sphere of existence of dialectisms - the lexicon of housewives. Each item can be named differently, based on the preferences of people in a particular area.

Territorial ones, on the other hand, are classified on the basis of belonging to a particular city or region. Scientists identify many such areas that are objects for research: Stavropol, Kirov, Rostov-on-Don, etc.

Dialect words in fiction. Examples.

Fiction texts are a huge base for the use of dialectisms. Many prominent figures of literature and art have resorted to this form of expression of thoughts. For example, Turgenev often used dialectisms. In his story "Biryuk" a brief description of the protagonist is given. It turns out that Biryuk is not a name, but a nickname that people gave Foma (this is actually the name of the character). In the comments of the author it is said: "Biryuk is called a lonely and gloomy man in the Oryol province."

M. Prishvin in the story "The Pantry of the Sun" resorts to a dialectal word: "And yet it was here, in this clearing, that the interweaving of plants stopped altogether, there was a fir tree, the same thing as an ice-hole in a pond in winter." Here the author explains that Elan is a swampy place in a swamp.

Other famous writers such as Bazhov, Gogol and Sholokhov often used dialects in artistic speech.

The meaning of dialectisms

The meaning of dialect words for the language is enormous.... In addition to the fact that they enrich modern speech, providing the language with a large number of synonyms, antonyms and homonyms, they also become the basis for creating imagery, and in some cases play an important role in understanding the key idea of ​​the work. That is why the authors of various texts deliberately actively use dialectisms.

Using a dialect word at times it is also possible to convey the peculiarities of the life and life of the people in a specific historical era, in a specific area. Therefore, dialectisms often help many researchers of history, ethnography, geography to restore a complete picture of the events of interest to them.

(gr. dialectos - adverb, dialect), have in their composition a significant number of original folk words, known only in a certain area. So, in the south of Russia, stag is called grip, clay pot - swoop, bench - service etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in the oral speech of the peasant population; in an official setting, speakers of dialects usually switch to the common language, the conductors of which are schools, radio, television, and literature.

The dialects captured the original language of the Russian people, in some features of local dialects relic forms of Old Russian speech have been preserved, which are the most important source of restoration of historical processes that once affected our language.

Dialects differ from the national national language in various ways - phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely original words unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group the dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common features.

1. Lexical dialectisms- words that are known only to the speakers of the dialect and beyond it, which do not have either phonetic or derivational variants. For example, in the South Russian dialects there are words beet (beet), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (speak), in the north - sash (belt), basque (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that call identical objects, concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.

2. Ethnographic dialectisms - words that name objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki - "pies prepared in a special way", shingles - "special potato pancakes", nardek - "watermelon syrup", l / anarka - "a kind of outerwear", poneva - "a kind of skirt", etc. Ethnographisms do not have and cannot have synonyms in the common language, since the objects themselves, designated by these words, have local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothing, food, plants, etc.

3. Lexico-semantic dialectisms - words with an unusual meaning in the dialect: bridge- "the floor in the hut", lips - "mushrooms of all varieties, except for white", scream (anyone)- "call for", myself- "master, husband", etc. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for the words of the whole people, used with their inherent meaning in the language.

4. Phonetic dialectisms - words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect tsai(tea), chain(chain) - the consequences of "clinking" and "clinking" inherent in northern dialects; hverma(farm), bamaga(paper), passport(passport), zhist(life).

5. Derivative dialectisms - words that have received a special affix design in the dialect: song(rooster), guska(goose), heifer(calf), strawberry(strawberries), bro(brother), shuryak(brother-in-law), darma(for nothing) forever(always), otkul(where), pokeda(while), evon(his), theirs(them), etc.

6. Morphological dialectisms - inflectional forms not characteristic of the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person ( go, go), the ending - am for nouns in the instrumental plural ( under the pillars), the ending e for personal pronouns in singular genitive: at me, at you and etc.

Dialectal features are also characteristic for the syntactic level and for the phraseological level, but they do not constitute the subject of study of the lexical system of the language.