How to alleviate the consequences. Nicotine withdrawal syndrome: side effects of addiction control. Effectively, with arrangement

Cancer is a malignant neoplasm that can be localized in any organ or system of the body. A pathological tumor can develop in absolutely any person, regardless of gender and age. Nowadays there are a lot of types of cancer, all of them require at the very initial stage of development and.

Important! The specific reasons that can provoke the formation of a malignant neoplasm in the body have not yet been established, so it is necessary to be very careful about the predisposing factors. Such factors are: smoking, various biological viruses, carcinogens, ultraviolet radiation. Of course, one should not forget about the most important predisposing factor - genetic predisposition. If there were cases of cancer pathologies in the family (meaning the closest environment), then the risk of getting sick doubles.

As for the symptomatic manifestations of oncology, the clinical picture of the disease will directly depend on the location of the tumor, its size, and the stage of its course. As a rule, almost all types of cancer pathologies at the initial stages of development are absolutely asymptomatic, which significantly complicates early diagnosis. Sometimes a person learns that he has cancer during a routine check-up with a specialist. The later a malignant neoplasm is detected, the less chances for a complete cure of the patient. It is very important that each person is attentive to their health, regularly undergoes examinations by specialists, this is the only way to achieve high-quality prevention of cancer.

The role of chemotherapy and radiation therapy in the complex treatment of oncology

Chemotherapy (CT) is one of the main methods of fighting cancer and is the use of anticancer drugs, which can be accompanied by certain consequences for the patient's body. Most often, this method is prescribed in combination with other types of cancer treatment, such as surgery and radiation therapy. Much less often, it is used as the only treatment. Despite the fact that after the use of chemotherapy the patient has consequences, it is a fairly effective method of struggle, and the complications are certainly less than the benefits. It is used by:

• for the complete elimination of malignant formation;
• in order to slow down the growth of a tumor, as well as destroy abnormal cells capable of spreading and multiplying;
• to reduce the volume of pathological education before surgery;
• it is prescribed after the operation in order to destroy possible remaining cancer cells.

Chemistry can be used in two ways - taking pills and using intravenous injection. The choice of this or that option depends on the attending physician, namely, on the general condition of the patient and possible contraindications. It is worth noting that regardless of the option for taking anticancer drugs, the consequences of chemotherapy will be the same.

Radiation therapy is another method of fighting cancer, but through the use of ionizing radiation, which can be X-rays, beta or gamma rays. Such rays, acting on pathological cells, lead to the destruction of their structure and, accordingly, to death. There are two types of radiotherapy:

1. distance therapy - when the radiation source is localized not inside the patient's body, but at a certain distance;
2. brachytherapy - when a radiation source is located inside the body in the immediate vicinity of a malignant tumor.

This method is also extremely rarely used, as the only option for influencing the pathological process, most often in combination with surgery and chemotherapy.

Complications after cancer treatment

Surely, everyone knows that chemotherapy and radiation therapy have consequences, but it is worth noting that correctly selected concomitant drugs can significantly alleviate complications. So what are the consequences after chemotherapy? If we talk about common side effects, then they include:

• nausea, vomiting, diarrhea;
• baldness;
• anemia;
• defenselessness against various infections.

If we talk separately about the side effects of chemotherapy in women and in the stronger half, then they have some differences. For women, the main complication of the treatment course is not only baldness, but also disorders in the work of the ovaries. Menses are intermittent or disappear altogether, which leads to temporary infertility. Of course, doctors are trying to preserve the reproductive function in women, for the period of its recovery it will take a certain time, there are no specific terms, everything will depend on the specific case.

As for the side effects of chemotherapy in men, they also boil down to their reproductive function and incorrect functioning of the penis. After the treatment course, the number of spermatozoa decreases significantly, as well as their activity, which can lead to infertility. Against this background, men often experience such complications after chemotherapy as depression and stress, which can lead to loss of libido and, naturally, erection. It is worth noting that after completing the treatment course, a man must use condoms for another year, since if conception occurs, then there is a high probability that the child may be with deviations and various disorders.

If we talk separately about the consequences, then they are almost identical in other oncological diseases, but in this case, the most frequent complication is inhibition of hematopoiesis. Therefore, it is necessary to take a blood test every week during treatment and for another two weeks after its completion.

For experienced smokers, when quitting smoking, there is an abstinence syndrome, reminiscent of the withdrawal of a drug addict when they do not receive the next drug dose.

Nicotine withdrawal syndrome is a failure of some organic systems, provoked by the absence (decrease) of the dose of psychoactive substances, which, with constant intake, are addictive. In most cases, withdrawal symptoms are manifested by the nervous system, but the functions of the urinary and digestive organs may also be impaired.

After quitting smoking, health problems depend on the individual response of a person, smoking history, history of chronic diseases.

The essence of withdrawal symptoms in smoking cessation

After quitting smoking, experienced smokers - and sometimes those who "smoked" for 2-3 years - in most cases develop health problems. Tobacco causes the same psychological and physiological dependence as alcohol and drugs.

In the early days "Healthy lifestyle" there is a strong painful desire to smoke, and due to the inability to do this, there are: irritability, anxiety, headache, inability to concentrate, insomnia, dizziness, unpleasant taste in the mouth, convulsions ...

This is due to the fact that tobacco alkaloids - in particular nicotine - entering the bloodstream, stimulated the production of dopamine, the hormone of pleasure. A reflex has been developed: if you smoke, you get pleasure. A psychological dependence has formed, and the nervous system reacts rather negatively to the termination of constant stimulation of the pleasure center in the brain.

Nicotine affects not only the central nervous system, but also the peripheral, participates in all processes that occur in the body. The endocrine glands are excited, including the pituitary gland, metabolic processes are accelerated, the secretory functions of the digestive organs change, and the vessels dilate.

Quit smoking symptoms

Physiological manifestations after quitting smoking can be quite serious:

• shaking hands;
• convulsions;
• blood pressure surges;
• shortness of breath;
• upset digestion.

Withdrawal symptoms can be quite difficult - all organic systems can malfunction at the same time. The body experiences stress, which causes quite serious painful symptoms - in the first days, the immune status of a person who quit smoking is significantly reduced.

At this stage, there is an increased susceptibility to pathogenic flora of all types - ulcers appear in the mouth, you can get ARVI, which will give complications to the respiratory organs. Constantly occurring: nasal congestion, cough.

It would seem that it should be the other way around. The load on the respiratory system decreases, and in the period of adaptation, an improvement should come sharply - the smoker's cough, shortness of breath disappear, but it turns out the other way around. Why?

Side effects of smoking - persistent spasm of blood vessels and bronchioles, the body protects itself, tries to protect itself from damage. When you give up the bad habit, the body relaxes, the spasm is removed, and they are not used to breathing "deeply" - the immunity has temporarily decreased. Until the secretory function is stabilized, diseases will follow one after another.

On the part of the digestive organs, side effects also appear when quitting smoking. In smokers, the acetylcholine receptors responsible for intestinal motility gradually lose their sensitivity. Now the contractions of smooth muscles also become dependent on the intake of nicotine. In its absence, the intestinal tone decreases, and disorders begin - severe constipation or diarrhea.

Interestingly, the weight gain by former smokers after quitting a bad habit is caused not so much by the restoration of the secretory function of the stomach and pancreas and taste buds - a considerable amount of time must pass before they stabilize - but rather by depression.

Depression is caused by the lack of pleasant moments associated with smoking and constant physical discomfort and malaise. In order to somehow alleviate their condition, to get short-term pleasure, they begin to "seize" in a bad mood. Again, a reflex arises: something tasty - the production of dopamine. The smoker replaces one addiction with another. As long as the withdrawal syndrome lasts, you can significantly recover.

Is it possible to quit smoking without stress for the body, or at least speed up the adaptation period?

How can you alleviate the consequences of quitting smoking?

You can get up on Monday, throw a pack of cigarettes in the trash, and swear to yourself "never touch" tobacco. This may well work for those who are strong in spirit and have excellent health - it has not yet been destroyed by a long-term addiction to tobacco smoking. However, even for these people, quitting smoking will cause consequences - physical and psychological discomfort.

How the smoking cessation syndrome will manifest itself, and how long it lasts, largely depends on the person himself. To reduce the symptoms of those who quit smoking, you need to tune in psychologically.

If there is a history of chronic diseases - especially at the stage of exacerbation - then, when quitting smoking, it is desirable to be under medical supervision. The most necessary medical assistance, suffering from diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

In this case, it is not recommended to quit smoking abruptly. It is necessary first to gradually reduce the dose, then use aids to help the body adapt to the new condition - nicotine patches, special chewing gum, and the like. Transfusion therapy may be required - a similar method of cleansing the body is resorted to to relieve alcohol intoxication.

Currently, a method of using nicotinic receptor antagonists has appeared. These measures help restore organic functions and eliminate withdrawal symptoms in just a few days. You will still have to get rid of psychological dependence on your own.

To improve the condition, the following measures are taken:

1. drugs are administered to relieve withdrawal symptoms, antidepressants, tranquilizers, and sedatives are prescribed.
2. to eliminate the symptoms of psychological dependence, psychotherapeutic sessions are conducted, groups of patients with similar problems are gathered, and alternative measures are offered to help distract from their own experiences.
3. during the adaptation period, it is necessary to pay great attention to good nutrition - to balance the diet, to make sure that it contains foods with a high content of nutrients that do not overload the body. The calorie content of the daily menu should be reduced.

If, when quitting smoking, unpleasant symptoms appear, health deterioration is so pronounced that an appeal to official medicine is required, then we can conclude that an abstinence syndrome has appeared. In this case, it is impossible to cope with the transition to a healthy lifestyle on your own.

The joint actions of a former smoker, others and - maybe - doctors should be aimed at creating conditions under which conditions are created for the rapid cleansing of the body of toxins, elimination of withdrawal symptoms and restoration of psychological comfort. The greater the patient's desire to get rid of nicotine addiction, the faster the adaptation period will end.

Cancer cells are quite aggressive and have a high rate of division. To slow down this growth and destroy cancer cells, treatment with chemical medicines is used. The consequences of chemotherapy in men are mostly the same as in the fairer sex, but in the light of physiological differences, there are also differences. The drugs used significantly affect the function of the genitals of a strong half of humanity. After carrying out medical procedures, reproductive capacity decreases, as the number and activity of spermatozoa decreases. This becomes a factor in temporary infertility. With a favorable outcome, after a certain period of time, the sex cells are restored, their number is normalized.

Another, purely psychological problem, may be the loss of libido and erection. Here, the support of the second half of the patient is of great importance in helping to restore "lost" functions. Over time, in the vast majority of cases, erection and attraction to the opposite sex returns. During chemotherapy and for a year after it, during intercourse, a man should use condoms, since there is a high probability of conceiving a child with developmental disabilities.

Consequences of chemotherapy in women

The cancer is behind us, and now we have to face the consequences of chemotherapy in women. The very lifestyle after the hospital, some have to change radically.

• You need to be more careful about your health.
• A more thorough approach to a balanced diet.
• Raw and stewed vegetables and fruits should form the basis of the table.
• Don't forget about meat and fish.
• Positive emotions are also a medicine that will help the patient go through the rehabilitation process in the shortest possible time.
• Sleep and walks in the fresh air.
• Minimize physical activity.

The consequences after chemotherapy in women can result in disruption of the ovaries. In this regard, menstruation becomes irregular or even capable of disappearing for a while. This factor is the reason for the temporary infertility of a woman. Over time, all reproductive functions should be restored. The term depends on the characteristics of the physiology of a particular woman. Symptoms akin to menopause may occur. But this is also all passing.

If, during chemotherapy, the attending physician is concerned about protecting the woman's ovaries, this will give her the opportunity to become a mother in the future. If a malignant tumor is recognized at the time when the fair sex is pregnant, doctors may, if possible, postpone chemotherapy until the postpartum period. During the procedure, sexual partners need to use contraception, since pregnancy is unacceptable during this period. The consequences of exposure to chemicals can affect the development of a small person.

Consequences of chemotherapy in children

Many parents understand that the effectiveness of chemotherapy in killing malignant cells is beyond doubt, but the consequences of chemotherapy in children can be significant and manifest with varying degrees of severity. Little people after such a procedure need increased attention from their parents and special care. Something will have to be limited. All the complications that adults experience are also inherent in young patients with the only difference that, due to the imperfection of the immune system, they tolerate them much more acutely. Therefore, parents need to know a few simple rules that will help the baby to go through the procedures more easily and survive their consequences.

• To avoid or reduce the severity of vomiting or diarrhea, you should not give your baby spicy, sweet, or fatty foods. Food intake should be fractional, in small portions. The child needs to drink enough fluids. You should not feed your baby three to four hours before the procedure. If these complications nevertheless manifest themselves in a rather severe form, it is necessary to notify the oncologist, who will prescribe medications that relieve this problem.
• The child needs to brush the teeth with a soft brush so as not to damage the mucous membrane. In case of dryness in the oral cavity, rinse with medicinal infusions, rinses or sprays into the hygiene complex.
• When shampooing, you must use a mild shampoo, when brushing - not a hard comb. When going outside, the baby's head should be covered with a panama hat, hat or scarf. Older children should buy a wig after discussing the color and hairstyle so that they feel more comfortable in it.
• The baby needs to drink enough fluids so that there is no delay in the removal of urine from the body.
• It is necessary to monitor the baby's nutrition. It should be varied and must contain products that help restore the level of hemoglobin in the blood.
• If during the rehabilitation process any symptoms of a disease of any genesis have arisen, it is necessary to immediately notify the child's attending physician.
• Often, the baby's consequences after chemotherapy can manifest themselves in years. Most often, reproductive and cardiovascular functions can be affected. Therefore, such children are kept under control by a cardiologist.

How can the effects of chemotherapy be alleviated?

Chemotherapy is an effective technique in the fight against cancerous tumors, but it brings with it complications that patients have to deal with during rehabilitation. How can the effects of chemotherapy be alleviated? This question is asked by any person who is faced with these problems.

Sorbents will help to stop many complications after chemotherapy. They sorb (take over) toxins and, with the help of the urinary system, remove them from the body, thereby reducing the aggressiveness of complications, making them less noticeable. Enterosgel is one of the sorbents used in this situation.

Enterosgel. The course of admission is purely individual. On average, it is from a week to two, and in more severe cases of intoxication with an interval of three days, the cycle is repeated. The drug is available in the form of a paste. Apply it internally with a decent amount of water. The medicine is drunk two hours before or after a meal. The daily dosage for adults is 45 g, divided into three doses (one time - 15 g or one tablespoon).

• at the age of three years - twice a day, one teaspoon or 5g per dose.
• babies three to five years old - a teaspoon three times a day.
• children from five to 14 years old - one dessert spoon three times a day. In total - 30 g daily.

A contraindication to the use of the drug is only acute intestinal obstruction.

Antineoplastic drugs do not distinguish between where the cancer cell is and where it is normal, destroying with the same effort. Thanks to such a defeat, the immune system suffers significantly, creating an excellent soil for pathogenic flora and viruses. If the temperature rises and other signs of the disease appear, it is necessary to consult an oncologist and start treating the progressive disease. The doctor may prescribe antibiotics.

The nutrition of such a patient should be balanced, enriched with a vitamin and mineral complex. Meals - in fractional, small portions, five to six times a day. Dairy products that can fill the need for a weakened body with calcium are highly indicated.

In order to maintain liver function, hepaprotectors, such as phospholipids, are attributed to the cancer patient during the recovery period. This drug is used intravenously at a dosage of 0.5-1 g, two to three droppers per day, previously diluted in 250-300 ml of 5% dextrose solution (or with the patient's blood in a ratio of 1: 1). Duration of admission is up to three months.

The drug is contraindicated for use only in case of hypersensitivity to its components.

In any case, only a doctor should prescribe all drugs! And in everyday life, the patient will need to adjust his habits.

• Diet and food restrictions are discussed by the attending physician.
• Reduce physical activity.
• Relax in nature more.
• If the kidneys have not suffered significant damage, then they can be supported by an abundant intake of slightly alkaline mineral water (without gas). It perfectly cleanses the body, displaying the results of cellular decay.
• To normalize blood pressure - take diuretic herbs.

Many patients are so tired of injections and pills that they prefer traditional methods of recovery. For example, to increase the number of white blood cells (leukocytes), they drink infusions of angelica roots, chicory flowers, and sweet clover. But tincture of Eleutherococcus, nettle, yarrow, golden root will help to raise hemoglobin, platelet and red blood cell count. To quickly restore the hairline on the head, it was recommended to wash it even by our grandmothers with infusions of burdock root or hops.

If desired, the patient can undergo rehabilitation support in a specialized dispensary or sanatorium.

Consequences after chemotherapy for lung cancer

Any anti-cancer drug is toxic to the body. Medicine and pharmacology have not yet managed to obtain such a drug that would effectively destroy cancer cells and bypass healthy ones. Therefore, the most common consequences after chemotherapy for lung cancer are hair loss, nausea and vomiting. How to deal with these symptoms is described above.

After chemotherapy for lung cancer, the patient needs to control the blood components for a long time, since the inhibition of hematopoiesis can be attributed to the complications of the late period.

Modern medicine offers a fairly wide range of antiemetic drugs that are excellent for relieving nausea. There are innovative methods of dealing with hair loss - consult your doctor and he will tell you what to do.

Consequences after chemotherapy for ovarian cancer

To date, there are no more effective methods of preventing ovarian cancer than preventive examinations of women by a gynecologist. In case of suspicion of a disease, an ultrasound tomography is also prescribed and, when the diagnosis is confirmed (whether it is a malignant or benign tumor), it is removed, quite often together with the ovaries.

The latest techniques in the field of oncology allow you to be more gentle with the patient's body than a few years ago, while the main thing is to choose the correct dosage of the drug and the protocol for their administration. The consequences after chemotherapy for ovarian cancer are quite diverse and similar to the complications that patients receive after chemotherapy of other organs. Although doctors try to keep them to a minimum.

Complications after chemotherapy:

• Loss of hair, which psychologically hits the woman.
• Nausea with manifestations of vomiting, diarrhea.
• Infectious diseases due to a decrease in the body's defenses.
• Pathology of blood formations.
• Anemia.
• Urinary problems.
• Puffiness.

The methods used in the recovery period directly depend on the results of the biopsy and other clinical studies. And, first of all, it is necessary to accelerate as much as possible the process of enhancing the protective properties of the organism, which are significantly weakened by the action of chemicals. Chemotherapy in the case of cancer patients is one hundred percent justified, since it is, at times, the only way to give the patient hope for life.

Most often, relapses of this disease appear after treatment in the first one and a half to two years. Most of the affected cells are localized in the area of ​​the rectum - uterus space. Therefore, you should not ignore preventive visits to a gynecologist.

Consequences after chemotherapy for lymphoma

All types of cytostatics of the latest generation are quite selective, directing the maximum effect on the cells affected by cancer, while being more gentle on healthy cells. But they are still exposed to this toxic effect, which translates into complications that are of the same type for the consequences of chemotherapy with the localization of the tumor in other organs. Therefore, if we list the consequences after chemotherapy for lymphoma, then they are, in many respects, the same as described earlier.

But medicine does not stand still, and drugs (monoclonal antibodies) appear that selectively destroy only B-cells, albeit of both tumor classification and normal B-lymphocytes. Complications appear during the drug administration procedure, or after it, but they are still more narrowly focused. It's easier to fight with such. At the level of laboratory research, there are drugs that specifically destroy only cancer cells - this is just a breakthrough in oncology. Having received such a medicine, the patient will be almost completely devoid of the consequences after chemotherapy. But so far it may not be distant, but still the future.

When prescribing a treatment course, the oncologist considers the prospects for possible complications and relapses. For example, if this type of lymphoma is aggressive and has a severe course, then the risk of using chemotherapy, with all the resulting complications, is justified. It is better to treat the consequences than to lose your life.

Consequences after chemotherapy for leukemia

The most common consequences after chemotherapy for leukemia can be distinguished as bleeding, nausea, in severe cases, vomiting, and hair loss. The reason for their manifestation is inhibition or slowdown in the growth of rapidly dividing healthy cells in the body.

Infertility can be a consequence of chemotherapy for some types of leukemia. Moreover, this can also relate to the prospect of not having children later in young patients. If an adult man who is indicated for chemotherapy still plans to have heirs, the attending physician suggests freezing sperm before starting the course of treatment (later it can be used for reproduction). This is suggested because after exposure to anti-cancer drugs, the male genital organs cease to reproduce sperm, becoming infertile. Over time, this function may recover, or it may remain lost forever.

In the case of women, the ovaries are affected. Such a pathology entails disruptions in the menstrual cycle, manifestations of menopause are possible. As with men, a woman after chemotherapy has a high probability of infertility, therefore, if she ever wants to know the joy of motherhood, she needs to carry out the procedure of removing and cryo-freezing an egg before the treatment course.

The consequences after chemotherapy are quite different. It all depends on the physiological characteristics of each patient, the severity of the disease, the dosage of the drugs taken and the time spectrum of treatment.

Consequences after red chemotherapy

Medical professionals often refer to breast cancer as red chemotherapy. And it is not necessary to assume that this pathology applies only to women. Yes, their number among patients with this diagnosis in percentage terms is greater than that of men. But the disease does not distinguish by gender.

The consequences after red chemotherapy are mostly temporary. Some of them, with little effort on the part of the patient, go away on their own, and some require medication.

In addition to nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and other complications discussed above, flaky areas appear on the skin of the body and on the nail plates, a venous pattern can be contoured, and inflammatory processes can appear. It is desirable to expose such lesions as little as possible to direct sunlight. It would be nice if the underwear and clothing were made from natural materials (preferably cotton and linen).

After a course of chemotherapy, a patient is obliged to eliminate contact with aggressive chemicals and household chemicals. A woman will have to do without cosmetics for some time, since there is a possibility of an allergic reaction to the components of the substance, even if there were no such occurrences before the treatment.

Hair loss and brittle nails are psychologically unpleasant, but fixable. There are manifestations of a more severe degree, when the nail plate is simply removed, moving away from the skin. This allows pathogenic bacteria and viruses to enter the weakened body. In this case, the marigolds must be cut short, it is forbidden to use varnish and false nails. Otherwise, the restoration of the nail will be much slower. It is advisable to carry out household chores wearing gloves. Until your hair grows back, you will have to do with a wig.

Complications after chemotherapy in breast cancer are usually unpleasant, but not severe and, with adequate therapy, go away quickly enough, allowing the woman to return to her usual rhythm and daily routine.

Long-term effects of chemotherapy

Long-term effects of chemotherapy are rare, but they do appear. After undergoing a course of treatment using the method of chemical action on a cancer cell, there is a small chance that the anticancer drugs used may eventually cause the appearance of other types of cancers. The percentage of such relapses is small (1 - 2%). But anyway. Usually this "déjà vu" appears after ten years.

In some cases, the consequence of the use of chemistry may be the infertility of the patient who has undergone treatment. To enable patients to become parents later, the attending oncologist proposes to undergo the procedure of removal and freezing: for men - sperm, and for women - eggs.

Rehabilitation, or recovery, which a patient with an oncological disease must undergo in order to eliminate the consequences after chemotherapy, can take a considerable period of time (from six months to two years). Only a complete restoration of all body functions can we say unequivocally that this stage is completed. But no matter how frightening chemotherapy with all its complications is, sometimes it is the only saving straw that can bring the patient back to life. Whatever the diagnosis - you need to fight for life! And go to the end in this struggle!

Treating the effects of chemotherapy

Strange as it may sound, but after the treatment course of cancer, oncologists have to start the next stage - treatment of the consequences of chemotherapy. From the action of anticancer drugs, the gastrointestinal tract and the body's immune system are exposed to the greatest destructive effect. Therefore, the doctor ascribes to his patient drugs that are able to stabilize and maintain the function of the gastrointestinal tract. It is also worth increasing the consumption of lactic acid products. Not the last place is occupied by pomegranate with liver, with daily consumption of which the patient's hemoglobin rises.

• Loperamide

This drug is indicated for acute diarrhea that often accompanies chemotherapy.

For babies, this medicine is prescribed:

• toddlers two to five years old - three times a day, 1 mg each,
• children from six to eight years old - twice a day, 2 mg each,
• children from nine to twelve - 2 mg three times a day.

If the diarrhea does not stop on the second day, the dose is increased to 2 mg after each bowel movement. The daily amount of the drug is determined at the rate of no more than 6 mg for every 20 kg of the child's weight.

An adult is given a starting dose of 4 mg, and then each bowel movement is another 2 mg (gradually decreasing the dosage). The maintenance daily volume of the drug is 4 - 8 mg, the maximum dosage per day is 16 mg.

In case of chronic manifestation of symptoms, the starting dosage remains the same, then the maintenance dose is calculated depending on the daily stool frequency (the consistency of the feces should be normal). If the toilet is calculated in one or two trips, then the drug intake is 2-12 mg per day.

Side effects are manifested only with prolonged use of the drug.

• Diarol

The drug is prescribed for children over 12 years old and for adults 2 caplets immediately after the first case of liquid bowel movement. Further, one drop after each bowel movement, but not exceeding 4 pieces per day.

• from nine to eleven years (with a weight of 27–43 kg) - 1 piece after the first loose stool and half after each next trip to the toilet (no more than 3 pieces per day).
• from six to eight years (with a weight of 21-26 kg) - the dosage is the same as for older children, with the exception that no more than 2 caplets are taken per day. Taking the drug for no more than two days.

Contraindications: children under the age of 6 years, individual intolerance to the components of the drug, diarrhea with high fever and if blood and mucus are visible in the stool.

To raise the patient's immunity, a vitamin-mineral complex is prescribed in tandem with food products rich in trace elements and vitamins.

One of the unpleasant consequences after chemotherapy is the appearance on the oral mucosa of small but painful ulcers - stomatitis. Usually it goes away on its own within a few days, but in order to speed up this process, at home you need to rinse your mouth with medicinal rinses and balms several times a day. You can rinse with decoctions of herbs that have antiseptic properties: calendula, oak bark, sage, chamomile ... It is advisable to brush the teeth with a soft brush so as not to injure the gum tissue, and the toothpaste used should not contain sodium lauryl sulfate and calcium carbonate, which are a rather coarse abrasive ... It is great when it is made on the basis of silicon dioxide and contains antiseptics and fluorides.

Against the background of chemotherapy, the patient often has nausea and vomiting. Modern medicine can offer a fairly wide range of drugs that can solve this problem, but only the attending physician should prescribe them. For example:

• Zofran

The doctor can prescribe the drug for an adult once in a vein or intramuscularly, in an amount of 8 mg before the procedure or 8 - 32 mg dissolved in 100 ml 0.9% sodium chloride solution, through a dropper after chemistry.

Children aged six months to 17 years:

• if the child's body area is less than 0.6 m2, then the starting dose is given intravenously in the amount of 5 mg / m2 before chemotherapy. Then 2 mg every 12 hours for five days.
• if the surface area falls within the range of 0.6 - 12 m2, the drug is administered in the same dose before the procedure, and then 4 mg every 12 hours for five days.
• the child's surface area is more than 12 m2, the starting dosage is 8 mg before the procedure and the same amount every 12 hours for five days.

• Ativan

This drug is injected into a muscle or vein. The bottle is diluted just before the injection. The solution is obtained by mixing the contents of the vial of Ativan with 5% saline solution for injection. The injection rate should not exceed 2 mg per minute. This drug is not injected into an artery. It cannot be attributed to people suffering from an allergic reaction to the constituent drugs, if they have breathing problems during sleep, functional disorders in the kidneys and liver and other diseases (for a more complete list of contraindications, see the instructions for this drug).

Baldness is perhaps one of the most psychologically unpleasant consequences after chemotherapy, especially for women. This phenomenon can be attributed to temporary inconvenience. Over time, the hairline will recover on its own, and during the rehabilitation period, you can use the services of a wig. To partially prevent, and subsequently reanimate hair, you must adhere to a number of simple rules:

• Wash your hair with a mild baby shampoo.
• Do not use curlers or tongs.
• Do not blow dry your hair.
• Be sure to wear a hat outside.

In the process, and for a long time after chemotherapy, the patient's body is in a weakened state, the immune system is depressed, and cannot fight the pathogenic flora and viral infections. Therefore, during this period, it is necessary to minimize the patient's contacts with others, including relatives. The fewer people a patient communicates with, the more chances he has to avoid infection and complications after the disease. The disease can arise from its own bacteria, which are necessarily present in any organism (for example, such as thrush).

• Diflucan

This medication is available in capsules and tablets. They drink it half an hour before meals. The dosage and dosage regimen can only be prescribed by the attending physician.

• in case of thrush in the oral cavity - the reception is carried out for one to two weeks at a dosage of 50 - 100 mg.
• for skin manifestations - once a week, 150 mg. The duration of treatment is from two to six weeks. The duration depends on the severity of the disease.

It is also necessary, in order to increase the immune forces of the body, to connect a mineral and vitamin complex and a rationally balanced diet.

Another consequence after chemotherapy is anemia, which is manifested by a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the blood plasma and the level of hemoglobin. To bring these parameters back to normal, the attending physician ascribes iron-containing drugs to his patient, such as maltofer, ferlatum and others.

• Ferlatum

The drug is taken before or after meals. For adults, the dosage is 15-30 ml daily. For children, it is prescribed individually at the rate of 1.5 ml per kilogram of the child's weight. After stabilizing the norm of hemoglobin in the blood, the strengthening action continues for another two to three months.

• This drug is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to component substances, if the patient suffers from chronic pancreatitis, cirrhosis ...

• Maltofer

The medicine in drops or syrup is dissolved in juice or any drink (only not alcohol). The tablets are simply washed down with a glass of water or the same liquid. The term of admission and dosage is prescribed by the doctor.

Dosage:

• For babies up to a year - once a day, 25-50 mg. Prevention - 15 - 25 mg.
• For babies from one to twelve years old - once a day, 50-100 mg of the drug, prophylactically - 25-50 mg.
• For adolescents over 12 years old and adults - 100-300 mg once a day. Prophylactically - 50 - 100 mg daily.

Duration of admission is five to seven months.

It is advisable not to take this drug for people with individual sensitivity to the components of the drug, as well as for problems with the function of excreting iron.

Thrombophlebitis is another consequence after chemotherapy. Inflammation of the vein walls, it can occur:

• As a result of taking drugs used in chemotherapy.
• Due to the use of hormonal drugs.
• It can develop after a long presence of a catheter in a blood vessel.
• Injuries.
• Genetic or acquired tendency to form blood clots.

Such complications are rare, but should not be discounted.

• Wobenzym

Prophylactically - three tablets three times a day for one and a half months.

For babies from five to twelve years old, the daily dosage is calculated as one tablet per kilogram of the child's weight. For adolescents over 12 years of age - the regimen is prescribed as for adults. The course of treatment is assigned by the attending physician individually to each patient.

The drug is drunk half an hour before meals with a glass of clean water.

Good afternoon. Ideally, of course, go to a drug treatment clinic and undergo treatment. Well, if at home, then · Fresh air. Do not lock yourself in the apartment during the withdrawal period. Your body needs fresh air (oxygen). Also, do not forget to ventilate the room where you are. - (Corvalol, motherwort tincture, novo-passit, etc.) is useful for calming the nervous system, with pain in the heart, for normalizing sleep. 20-30 drops per 100 grams of water 2-3 times a day, preferably after meals. Valerian has a mild sedative effect, which somewhat smoothes the manifestation of withdrawal symptoms. Motherwort broth: 1 tablespoon cut into a glass of boiled water. Insist 1 hour. Take 1/4 cup 3 times a day. Decoction of valerian rhizomes: 2 teaspoons of crushed rhizomes are poured with 200 grams of boiling water (in an enamel bowl), covered with a lid and heated in a water bath for 30 minutes. Cool for 10 minutes, filter. Take 1 tablespoon 4 times a day. Vitamins are needed for the body. It is necessary to stock up on (vitamin C), and preferably multi-vitamins, since in addition to vitamin C, B vitamins will be needed, which are necessary to restore the energy balance in the body. Recommended multivitamins: Revit, Dekamevit, Undevit. Take ascorbic acid 4-5 times a day. Multivitamins - 1-2 tablets per day. is a choleretic drug. Long-term drug use is accompanied by stagnation of bile in the liver and gallbladder. This is especially recommended for those who suffer from chronic hepatitis. In order to facilitate and support the liver, we recommend taking allochol 1 tablet 2 times a day. For the same purpose, you can take herbal decoctions and infusions - infusion of knotweed, infusion of plantain leaves, infusion, infusion (syrup) of rose hips (rose hips also contain a lot of vitamin C), as well as pumpkin and corn silk. Infusions of mint, lemon balm, thyme - have a calming and hypnotic effect. Brew and drink at night. - (baralgin, tempalgin, ketanov and other analgesics) - are recommended for the development of pain syndrome to reduce pain. However, they should not be abused, since these substances irritate the gastric mucosa and inhibit hematopoiesis. If 1-2 tablets of analgin do not relieve pain, you need to call an ambulance. - Aerovit and cerucal - with dizziness and vomiting. Do not get carried away with taking synthetic medications, as their assimilation is an additional burden on a weakened body. Try to limit yourself to the proposed list, especially pay attention to medicinal plants - infusions of motherwort (valerian), mint, knotweed, rose hips. Experienced drug users have shown that traditional medicine can significantly alleviate the suffering of withdrawal symptoms. Force yourself to eat despite your lack of appetite. eat as many vegetables and fruits as possible. Remember that during the withdrawal period it is very important to eat easily digestible sweet foods (glucose and other sugars are necessary for the normal functioning of the brain) - jams, sweet tea. Cakes, cakes and sweets are not recommended - such food irritates the stomach and intestines, provoking diarrhea or, conversely, constipation. Don't forget about salty food (in moderation). Salt is one that can help reduce the symptoms of poisoning and dehydration. Refrain from fatty foods. The food should be simple. A good effect is given by slimy porridges: oatmeal (a valuable source of energy), rice (rice helps cleanse the intestines). It is necessary to drink on average up to 3 liters of fluid per day, but no more, since a large amount of fluid you drink can impair kidney function. Avoid drinking raw tap water. There are contraindications, it is necessary to consult a doctor. The most effective way is to contact a narcologist, open a certificate of incapacity for work (since the efficiency factor in your case is approaching 0%), undergo treatment, and then continue to take medications that will reduce the craving for the drug. Remember the importance of attending self-help groups - Narcotics Anonymous. If that write. Respectfully yours, psychiatrist-narcologist Oleg Surmach.

However, not everything is so dramatic, experts say, if cancer treatment is carried out against the background of supportive therapy.

The floor is given to our experts - Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Head of the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care of the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Russian Cancer Research Center. N.N.Blokhin RAMS Alexander Saltanova and Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Department for the Study of New Anticancer Drugs at the N.N. NN Blokhina, Chairman of the Working Group on Supportive Therapy of the Professional Society of Oncologists-Chemotherapists (RUSSCO) Anton Snegovoy.

Effectively, with arrangement

Nausea, vomiting, headaches ... Almost everyone who has been or is being treated with cytostatic drugs that suppress cancer cells is faced with these and other unpleasant symptoms.

Doctors do not see anything unusual in this: this is the body's defensive reaction to aggressive anticancer treatment. And although modern chemotherapy has become more targeted and individualized, alas, it is impossible to completely do without side effects.

But the toxic medicinal effect on an organism exhausted by a serious illness can be reduced. How? On this account in the Russian Oncology Center. N.N.Blokhin and other leading oncological institutions of our country have accumulated successful experience.

To begin with, doctors calculate the possible risks of the patient's upcoming chemotherapy. Before taking him for complex and expensive treatment, oncologists assess everything: the patient's age, his general condition, the work of internal organs, the stage of the disease, nutritional (nutritional) status. Indeed, in order to defeat the disease, oncologists are increasingly resorting to intensive, so-called dose-packed treatment regimens, at short intervals, which not every patient can withstand.

When prescribing chemotherapy, patients are divided into two groups: those who receive it in an adjuvant (prophylactic) regimen, after radical therapeutic effects (surgery, radiation therapy), and those who receive medications in a therapeutic regimen. Doctors monitor the first group especially closely - to preserve the result achieved by their predecessors (surgeons, radiologists).

With the support

Doctors are trying to overcome the inevitable side reactions in patients to anticancer therapy in different ways: with medicinal support for the blood system, bone tissue, kidneys, liver, which take on the greatest toxic load.

Oncologists also attach great importance to the nutritional (nutritional) support of patients, without which it is difficult to conduct chemotherapy in full. Indeed, as a result of the disease itself and aggressive treatment, the work of the gastrointestinal tract can be disrupted in patients, and it becomes problematic for them to take ordinary food. Not to mention the fact that it is quite difficult to replenish the energy balance required in the fight against a serious illness in this way.

In addition, in some cases, patients develop the so-called anorexia-cachexia syndrome, from which one in four out of 20 cancer patients dies. Suffering from this syndrome, the need for food is turned off, all metabolic processes are disturbed (assimilation of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals), and the person dies from exhaustion and insufficient work of internal organs.

To cope with this situation, the appointment of special artificial mixtures enterally (through the mouth) or parenterally (that is, intravenously), which cancer patients, while in the hospital, receive free of charge, helps.

Experts say that correct nutritional support under the supervision of a doctor helps not only to maintain the normal functioning of the patient's key systems, but also to reduce the toxic effects of chemotherapy, survive it with minimal losses, and increase the likelihood of receiving an effect from anticancer treatment.

No casualties

In order to successfully undergo chemotherapy and not physically collapse, cancer patients need not only supportive therapy, but also adherence to certain rules of life.

First of all, it is important to maintain physical activity. The generally accepted point of view that the cancer patient should rest, in the opinion of doctors, is pernicious. Oncologists recommend their patients to walk more. After all, legs are our second heart.

Do not limit yourself too strictly in nutrition. At the time of chemotherapy, doctors only ask to reduce the use of products that irritate the gastrointestinal tract - spicy, salty, spicy. Reduce, but not refuse. After all, these products stimulate appetite, which is often reduced in cancer patients.

And of course, you shouldn't treat chemotherapy as torture. The time of hard trials will pass. You just need to be patient. Extensive clinical experience shows that good contact with the attending physician and an internal readiness to go through this difficult path increase a person's resources and give him more strength to fight the disease.