Common use order. "The Order of the Common Benefit": An Experience of Historical Commentary. Formation of the Black Sea Cossack army

Administrative and territorial structure

Black Sea coast at the end of the 18th century

The issues of administrative and territorial transformations in the Black Sea region did not go unnoticed by the Kuban scientists. At the same time, this topic was not the subject of a special study (excluding, perhaps, the extremely fruitful work of G.N. Shevchenko) and historians worked only with the main legislative acts, analyzing the main stages of transformations only on them.

Our goal is to track how the practical implementation of these legal provisions proceeded on the ground, paying special attention to the middle and lower levels of the administrative system, some of which simply went unnoticed by researchers.

The Black Sea Cossack army was not only a military, but also a socio-economic, political and ethnocultural organism.

The specificity of internal control in the army (and then in the lands of the army - Chernomoria) consisted in poorly defined boundaries between administrative, judicial and military power. In many cases, we can talk about the absence of such boundaries at all. Any person in the Black Sea army who possessed any kind of military power actually possessed administrative, police, and judicial power.

At the time of its formation, the army took over to some extent the "Cossack district" of the former Zaporozhye army. At the very top of the pyramid of power was the koshevoy (military) chieftain. It was he who fully combined military, administrative and economic power in his person. The second person after the chieftain was a military judge. He was in charge of civil and criminal cases, and he was also responsible for judicial duties. At the same time, the judge was considered an assistant to the chieftain and also carried out administrative and military affairs, and conducted the military economy. At the third step of the hierarchical ladder was the military clerk, who was in charge of the office of the army, kept accounts, and sent out orders. The military esaul combined the most various duties: he monitored the execution of the orders of the ataman and the judge, carried out inquiries and investigations, observed order and decency. In a number of documents of the late 18th century. these four persons are assigned to a separate group of "military" foreman.

The military colonels commanded regiments, individual commands or administrative districts, and in the area entrusted to them had full power. From the experienced and authoritative Cossacks, kuren atamans were chosen, who had significant rights and responsibilities in their kuren.

Subscribing to the opinion of G.N. Shevchenko, we note that the central governing body of the Black Sea Army was Kosh, which was in charge of administrative, military, financial, judicial and other affairs of the troops (personally, as it seems to us, Kosh represented a triumvirate in the person of the military chieftain, judge, clerk). At the same time, it should be noted that at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century. the term "Kosh" carried other semantic meanings: headquarters, main camp, camp, residence, "capital" of the army; in a number of cases, as it seems, the entire administrative apparatus of the first persons of the army (the so-called Chancellery).

The resettlement of the Black Sea Cossack army to the Kuban as part of large and organized parties took place in 1792 - 1794. ... A different system of administrative bodies is being formed in Chernomoria. There are two structures that differ from each other - rural and urban (of course, while maintaining the combined-arms administrative apparatus).

The first settlers founded many temporary settlements in the Kuban, where Cossacks, assigned to various kurens, lived. In August 1793, all the villages near the border were transferred to the jurisdiction of cordon elders, while the inhabitants were ordered to elect chieftains and clerks. Every seven days the ataman was obliged to report "the well-being" to the cordon chief, the latter to the "private" chief of the cordon (the cordon line was divided into two parts at that time), and the latter to the koshev chieftain.

However, already on November 19, all cordon elders were removed from the command of the villages, the residents were ordered for the second time "to elect honest people atamans and serviceable clerks among themselves." Atamans of the villages were obliged to inform the commander of their unit of the cordon about thefts, murders, theft every Saturday. At the same time, residents were forbidden, bypassing their chieftain and private commander, "to work the main team about all the quarrels and fights." All litigations were to be dealt with by the chieftain, who had gathered the whole society. This is how the institute of rural chieftains arose in the Black Sea region.

The first administrative-territorial entities in the Black Sea region were the Phanagoria and Yeisk palanques. The first historians of the Black Sea army, Ya. G. Kukharenko and A. M. Turenko, report this event as follows: “Following this (it was about the installation of cordons - author), the orders along the border established palanquas - the first in Taman, where the prime minister was appointed as a colonel. Major Savva Bely, and the second on the Ee River, in a quarantine building, under the direction of Colonel Semyon Pismenny, ... this department has received fishing trades on the coastal spits of Yeisk, Dolgaya, Kamyshevataya. "

The territorial division into palanques and distances existed in the army during the war years in the interfluve of the Bug and Dniester rivers. For example, in April 1792 M. Gulik reported in Kosh about the atrocities perpetrated by the foremen of the Kinburn palanca. Captain Pyotr Burnos reported in the same year: "My distance in the Korotkaya and Nezavvertai settlements ... between the army and the villagers is safe."

The most important step towards the creation of a clear administrative-territorial structure of the Black Sea region was the adoption on January 1, 1794 of the "Order of the Common Benefit" - a document regulating the management, resettlement and land use in the Black Sea army. This document has been repeatedly analyzed from the most varied positions. Based on the purpose and objectives of our work, we will try to focus only on the key points and those that have passed the attention of researchers.

First of all, let us note that Order is not an independent and original document in legal terms, created only by the intellectual efforts of the local Cossack elite. It is based on all-Russian acts: "Institutions for the administration of provinces" and "Charter of the deanery". In this regard, it seems that the leading role in the creation of the "Order of Common Benefit" was played by the military judge A.A. ...

The first clause of "Order" was established by the Army Government, "managing the army on the exact and unshakable basis of All-Russian laws." It consisted of a koshevoy chieftain, a military judge and a military clerk. Thus, Kosh - as the main command and control body of the army - was transformed into a military government. In the meaning of "the main camp of the army", Kosh was used for many years even in all-Russian legislative acts.

It is important to note the following circumstance - the establishment of the Military Government was, in fact, a formal act that consolidated what had long existed in life. The fact is that the papers signed by the Military Government are found long before 1794. During the same period, documents entitled "From the kosh of the faithful Cossacks of the Black Sea" and "From the military government to the troops ..." appear in parallel. The "order of the common good" only eliminated this ambiguity. In fact, it was a local by-law act, since the existence of the Military Government was legally legalized by Catherine II's charter of June 30, 1792.

At the same time, one cannot but say that the government itself already at the end of the 18th century. considered itself existing since 1794 and did not take any responsibility for decisions of an earlier period.

In Yekaterinodar, for the "refuge of homeless Cossacks", it was planned to build forty kurens, and settle kuren villages along the borders of the army. In the kurens, the kuren chieftains were elected for a period of one year, who were obliged to have a "permanent stay" at the kuren. Their function was: "according to the orders of the superiors for the service of the Cossacks, to fix the immediate exposure and unimportant quarrels and fights that occur between smokers and fights to disassemble unfounded and reconcile, giving the offended side just pleasure, and for an important crime to submit to the military government under legal judgment."

For the "establishment and approval of an improved order" the military land was divided into five districts with the following district boards at the head: Yekaterinodar, Fanagoria, Beisugskoe, Yeisk, Grigorievskoe. “The first, by the Kuban River, between the Cossack Erik and the Ust-Labinsk Fortress, the second, from the Black Sea to the Black Erik on Fanagoria Island, the third, from Achuev up the Sea of ​​Azov to the Chelbas River, on the left side of the Beisu River, at its mouth , the fourth, from the Chelbas River to the Yeya River, at its mouth, and the fifth at the border from the side of the Caucasian governorship, by delimiting the lands. " It should be noted that the district boards of the Black Sea region were nothing more than the zemstvo police. In a number of documents of 1794 there are such formulations: "... for better management of the zemstvo police ... the military land is divided into five districts."

Zemskaya (or rural police) in the form of the so-called lower zemstvo court was created on the basis of the "Institution for the administration of the province", published in 1775. The court performed administrative, police and judicial functions on the territory of the county, was elective and collegial, consisted of 4 5 people, headed by the zemstvo police chief.

In the Black Sea region, the district boards included a colonel, a clerk, an esaul, and a cornet. The "Order of the Common Benefit" did not clearly state in what way the district boards were to be formed - by elective or by order. Subsequent documents leave no doubt that there could be no question of any election - all these persons were appointed by the Military Government. The head of the district board in official documents was most often referred to as "Colonel of the Yeisk district." However, he was often called simply the "chief" or "commander" of the district.

The responsibilities of the district boards of the Black Sea region were broadly similar to those of the rural police. The responsibilities of the district boards included the following:

To take care of “the establishment by the inhabitants of arable farming, mills, forests, grape orchards, cattle breeding, fishing factories, merchants and other arts;

Preserve existing forests from deforestation and fire;

- “unsubstantiated” to sort out quarrels and fights, to defend the offended, to help widows and orphans in everything, to teach the lazy to diligence, to “induce” singles to marry, to fine those who disobey the authorities, and to send criminals to the military government for legal condemnation;

Send the main team seven-day reports on the well-being of all military residents, and in case of an emergency, send a report at the same hour;

Regularly inspect if ferries, bridges, gatis are in good working order;

Look after residents, cleanliness in cities and villages, and in case of fire, check if there is water and tools for extinguishing;

Catch and send thieves and robbers to "legal condemnation";

In the event of an infectious disease, separate the infected from the healthy, surround them with a guard and report to the military government "where did this evil begin?"

Inform the military government about cases of livestock deaths.

A purely local feature was the observation of the general and constant armament of the inhabitants.

The intermediate link between the military government, the middle and lower levels of power was occupied by the military esaul. "Order" imputed to him the functions of monitoring the execution of the orders of the ataman and the government by district officials and cordon elders. The instruction to the military esaul, in particular, prescribed:

- "To represent those who are not executors of the law and the established procedure ... to the authorities";

- “To sort out minor and criminal cases in the department of this army, what happened, not excluding those places where over the military residents and private commanders are determined ... to send the guilty foremen ... to government decisions, and to fine the privates in the same place as they are guilty ...”. Important cases were ordered to be sent to the government or the nearest district government.

- “Where there will be ... a bunch of thieves and robbers, let the government know about them, and go with the required number of teams to that place, try to catch everyone; and then, upon questioning on the spot ... taking them under guard, the property of all of them to describe without a trace ... themselves perpetrated an evil deed ... to deliver to the government for judgment according to the laws ”;

Monitor the deforestation, the serviceability of bridges, the cleanliness of streets and courtyards, and fire-fighting measures;

Observe measures and weights. Sellers with false measures and weights are taken on guard and delivered to the government, their goods are sealed;

The fugitives and those without passports should be taken into custody and transferred to the military government; "To bring overexposurers to judgment in accordance with the laws"

For the "Order of the Common Benefit" a special "Staff for the post of koshevoy chieftain and military government" was developed. The state provided for the creation of the following expeditions and departments: passports and tickets, military, government and civil affairs, cases for various publications. In total, the staff of the government and the chieftain consisted of 18 people, the cost of salaries, stationery and firewood was set at 2,000 rubles. It should be noted that there is a different point of view on the structure of the Military Government. In the certificate of 1822, prepared for the "Rules for the management of the Black Sea Troops" (developed by A.P. Yermolov), it was stated that the Military Government in 1794 consisted of a military chieftain with two judges, a secretary, a recorder and consisted of three upgrades and a registry ... The indicated composition of the government by documents of the end of the XVIII century. not confirmed.

It was far from immediately possible to "establish" district boards, appointed by the "Order of the Common Benefit". In September 1794, a military judge A.A. Golovaty reported to the government that the "Order of Common Benefit" proposed five district boards, of which only two were open: Fanagoria (headed by Colonel I. Yuzbasha) and Yeisk (Colonel E. Chepega). The military judge personally appointed K. Bely, A. Mirgorodsky and I. Kulik as colonels in the Yekaterinodar, Beysug and Grigoriev administrations. After informing the government about this, A. Golovaty suggested that he divide the land into five districts. Thus, we can conclude that for eight months from the date of the decision, no practical measures were taken to delimit the military land.

On September 26, 1794, a meeting of the Military Government took place, where it ordered the division of the army's lands into 5 districts, while their boundaries were clarified and somewhat differed from those indicated by the "Order".

In the Kuban historiography, it seems, has not yet come across a message that in August 1793 a special command was created in the Black Sea region "to map the military lands". Perhaps it was her data that made it possible to divide the Black Sea region into districts and allocate the proposed places for the settlement of kurenny settlements. Subsequently, the boundaries of the districts became the subject of long and fierce disputes, but this is a topic for a separate study.

On their territory, the District Colonels wielded considerable power. They introduced new positions: bazaar, coastal foremen, special caretakers in remote villages, tracts, spits, fish factories.

In addition to the "Order of the General Benefit", the duties of the district administrations, the military chieftain and the kuren atamans were determined by special instructions. For the district administrations, a special "Instruction from the military Black Sea government" was prepared, created on the basis of the "Charter of the Deanery" and only slightly corrected in the local way. The duties of the colonels of the boards largely coincided with the powers of the zemstvo police officers or captains recorded in the "Institution for the administration of provinces" (November 7, 1775).

It is more difficult to understand the competence of the kuren and village chieftains and the village superintendent. From the "Instructions" for the kuren atamans of the military chieftain T. Kotlyarevsky dated February 10, 1799, we learn that the chieftain of the kurenna was considered to be the main thing in this triad, and the rural one acted as his assistant, carrying out all his orders on the spot in the kuren settlement.

Thus, at the end of the 18th century. the administrative apparatus of Chernomoria (without Yekaterinodar) was represented by the Army government, the military chieftain, district boards, kurens and village atamans, special caretakers, bailiffs and ten's villages and various officials responsible for some narrow area of ​​work (for example, the "coastal foreman" ).

In conclusion, a few words about the creation of administrative structures in the military city of Yekaterinodar. On October 20, 1793, the koshevoy ataman Z. Chepega appointed D.S.Volkorez as the first mayor of Yekaterinodar. The governor, according to the "Institution for the management of provinces" was the head of the administration and police of the county town. Its functions were determined by a special instruction, in many respects similar to the instruction of the police captain of the lower zemstvo court. The duties of the mayor of Yekaterinodar were determined by the order of the koshevoy ataman Z. Chepega on November 19, 1793. This document has been quoted quite often in the historical literature and there is no point in dwelling on it. We can only note the appearance in the city of the quarter. Documents from this period testify to the existence of a "city government": the mayor, his assistant, clerk.

In August 1798, ataman T. Kotlyarevsky ordered the mayor captain Tansky to have two quarterly and two horse messengers under the “city administration”, and to elect ten officers and watchmen from the city's citizens.

Thus, the procedure for organizing administrative and police power in Yekaterinodar at the end of the 18th century. can be represented as follows: the Black Sea military government, the governor, assistant governor, clerk and his assistant, quarter overseers, ten's officers, watchmen. It should only be noted one urban feature: each Cossack who lived in Yekaterinodar, but being assigned to his kuren, obeyed not only the city authorities, but also his kuren ataman.

Let's summarize. By the end of the 18th century. in the Black Sea region, a fairly harmonious and relatively efficient administrative system has developed. Its middle and lower levels find their counterparts in the all-Russian one, naturally having some local peculiarities. The military government is the highest executive power and deals with military, economic, cultural, social, religious issues. At the same time, at the local level, it also possesses some legislative rights (which is due to the relative autonomy of the Cossack army), and a significant share of judicial power, being the highest court in the Black Sea region. At the same time, all-Russian laws are very flexibly interpreted and adapted to the old Cossack customs.

A distinctive feature of the administrative apparatus of the Black Sea region at the end of the 18th century was its pronounced military-police character.

Size, national and social composition

Black Sea Cossack army at the end of the 18th century

In the first months of their existence, the volunteer teams created by order of Prince G.A.Potemkin were replenished very slowly. By the end of 1787, there were only 600 people in the “free Zaporozhye command” (several names of this military contingent were used at the same time). By an order dated January 2, 1788, Potemkin called on SI Bely "to use every possible diligence to increase the Cossacks." The January documents already use the expression "army of loyal Cossacks", whose military chieftain was appointed SI Bely. The name "army" is still too pretentious for such a small group of people. In this case, the legal and psychological consequences of this decision were taken into account.

The dynamics of the growth of the number of troops looked like this. In February 1788 it consisted of 732 people, by the end of March - 1343, in May - 1812, in June - 2095. In June 1788, the lineup of the troops was as follows: one military chieftain, one military chieftain, 5 colonels, esaulov, cornet, 6 regimental foremen, 38 kuren atamans and one artilleryman, 104 gunners and 1973 rank-and-file Cossacks.

It should immediately be noted that any statistics regarding the Cossack army is largely relative. A considerable number of Cossacks were constantly in legal and illegal absences. Some just ran away, others went to work. Part of the Cossacks returned from service to their homes, and were engaged in the household, many were on "house leave" for various reasons. For example, in August 1788, the rowing flotilla numbered 2,245 people, and only 1,621 were available.

This, rather unusual for us, picture is illustrated by the following document. In a report addressed to military judge A.A. Golovaty, the regimental cornet Nochevny reported that 41 people were being recruited into the army. At the same time, he is forced to report that he brought only 13 with him, and 28 remained in the houses "in accordance with the current working hours."

According to the September payroll, the total strength of the army was estimated at 4104 people. For the winter, most of the Cossacks were dismissed to their homes and to work. It turned out to be extremely difficult to collect them, and only by the summer of 1789 did the number of troops reach the level of the previous year. It should be noted that the sources are extremely contradictory. According to the June statement, there were 3143 people on the foot team, and according to Golovaty's report to Prince G.A. Potemkin, more than five thousand people. In any case, the number of people did not justify the calculations of the prince. On October 4, he once again orders: "the army of loyal Black Sea Cossacks is allowed to receive all free people ...". By the end of the year, the army had already more than 7 thousand people on the payroll, including about 2300 cavalry.

In 1790, approximately the same figures appear in the documents. The composition of the troops increased significantly in the next 1791. In the report on November 30, 1791, the number of Black Sea residents was 12,620 people. This number included 4 military foremen (military: ataman, judge, clerk, esaul), 27 colonels, 12 bunchuk comrades, 15 regimental foremen, 171 regimental esaul with the rank of lieutenant, 34 regimental esaul with the rank of second lieutenant, 321 regimental cornet (warrant officers) , 148 petty officers without army ranks (i.e. a total of 732 petty officers) and 11888 atamans (kurens and cannoners), gunners, Cossacks. Of these, 335 petty officers and 7165 Cossacks were actually in the service. By March 1792, the total payroll of the army was reduced to 10 thousand people. In the same year, the resettlement of the Black Sea Cossacks to the Kuban began.

There is no consensus in the historical literature about the number of settlers in 1792-1794. A. Skalkovsky wrote about 5803 Cossacks. M. Mandrika believed that 8,200 people moved to the Kuban, and 4,400 remained for various reasons. ID Popko pointed to 13 thousand combatant Cossacks and "with them up to five thousand female souls." PP Korolenko and FA Shcherbina spoke about 17,000 male souls.

In a number of cases, these disagreements are understandable. In the sources, it is not always possible to make out the meaning of this or that figure (and you can trust the sources with very great caution). Are we talking only about men, or about women too? Are only combatants listed among the Cossacks, or are combatants together with the elderly and young? In addition, it is impossible to establish a clear time limit for the end of resettlement. The transition to the Kuban of large organized Cossack parties was completed in 1793. However, the data for 1794 is so different from the data for 1793 that we can talk about a real flow of immigrants and fugitives to the Black Sea region. Therefore, the indication of the number of displaced persons must necessarily be tied to a specific time.

At the beginning of 1793, there were 3947 Cossacks and foremen on Taman, but about a thousand of them went to work in the Tauride region. Ataman Z. A. Chepega set out on a campaign with a team of slightly more than two thousand people. In the columns of A.A. Golovaty there were a little more than 7 thousand people. Consequently, by September 1793, about 13 thousand people had moved to the Kuban. But from the detachments of Chepega and Golovaty, some of the people also went to work, some returned for their families (in both cases, many Cossacks did not return), some of the Cossacks moved to the lands of the Donskoy army and settled there.

According to the report on December 1, 1793 to the governor S.S.Zhegulin, the number of troops was shown at 11,677 people. Of this number, 3682 Cossacks were absent. The reports of 1793 give the impression of formal replies. For several months, the same numbers are indicated. Indeed, who could at least relatively accurately count the Cossacks who came to the Black Sea region at different times, as part of different detachments and parties, and settled spontaneously and chaotically. Literally 4 years later (in 1797) ataman T. T. Kotlyarevsky, in a note addressed to the emperor, argued that in 1793 "passed to this land ... among the male sex up to 16 thousand."

According to the census conducted by Lieutenant Mirgorodsky and Cornet Demidovich in the winter of 1793-1794. (completed by March 1, 1794) 12,645 Cossacks lived in the Black Sea region. In the reports to the higher authorities for July 1794, the number of the troops was shown as 12,544 people. Of these, 7,761 are adults and fit for service. The rest are elderly, sick, and minors. By October 1794, the combatant personnel reached 10 408 people, the total - 14 516, by December - 16 222. Thus, in the second half of 1794, the composition of the Black Sea army increased by almost 4 thousand (it is quite possible that such a significant increase is explained not only by an influx from outside, but also by a more accurate accounting of the Black Sea people scattered over flocks, fish factories, floodplains).

In the second half of 1795 and in 1796, there is a tendency towards a decrease in the population. On the one hand, this was a consequence of the decisive measures taken by the authorities to suppress the flight of serfs to the Black Sea region, on the other, there is a certain outflow of the Cossacks to the places of their former residence. Diseases also made a terrible contribution. According to February 1797, the total strength of the Black Sea troops was 14,416 people. Cossacks, fit for service, 9 498, elderly and sick - 1594, minors - 3 308. In a December note of 1797, Ataman Kotlyarevsky wrote: up to 13,500 males in total ”.

The list of the state of the army for July 1798 already showed 18,618 Cossacks (ie, an increase of 5,000 in six months) and 7,988 women. Fit for service - 12,543, elderly - 1,454, minors - 4,091. But literally two months later, the "statement of the welfare of the troops" of September 30 presents us with a completely different picture. Men - 13,173, women - 5,846. - 8 702, elderly - 774, minors - 3 687. Such a significant discrepancy is most likely explained by the costs of the information collection system. Deliberate falsification of data is not excluded.

The 1800 census registered 23,474 men and 9,135 women in the Black Sea Region. Fit for service 15 573, elderly - 2446, youngsters - 5 415. According to an additional census made by order of General II. Michelson, more than two thousand vagrants have come to light.

One of the meetings of the Military Chancellery in 1801 speaks volumes about how “accurate” the population censuses were in the Black Sea region: “According to the censuses made again this year, there were more in all kurens there are more than 11 thousand 653 souls, including 8 693 males, 2 960 females, which, considering the former, will make up all 32657 ... This is proof of how much people need to have the surest score ”.

Thus, we can state with caution that over 7 years of residence in the Kuban, the number of Cossacks of the Black Sea army, in comparison with its original composition at the time of the organized resettlement (1792-1793), has almost tripled.

The volunteer teams that laid the foundation for the Black Sea Army were originally recruited from the Cossacks who served in the former Zaporizhzhya Sich. VA Golobutsky identified four groups among the former Cossacks, who for one reason or another entered the new army. Before the foreman and the propertied Cossacks, the prospects for an official career and obtaining land opened up. Cossacks of average income sought to restore their property and free themselves from the lordly guardianship. The former Zaporozhye poor, who owned a tiny farm, tried to free themselves from serfdom. The fourth group consisted of completely indigent people - seroma, which at that time consisted of serfs and homeless barge haulers.

The permission to accept all free people willing to join the Cossacks dramatically changes the appearance of the army. Social elements, representing various class groups of Russian society, rushed into it. The Black Sea army was joined by small-scale and homeless Ukrainian nobles. Often such an introduction was pure fiction. The newly assigned Cossack continued to live quietly at home, even outside the territory of the army, having received documents on indefinite leave or dressed up from this mercenary. These people were attracted by the economic benefits associated with joining the army.

Merchants and noblemen who hunted in trade sought to get under the patronage of the troops. Having entered the Cossacks, they left the tax-paying estate, and by putting a mercenary in their place, they also excluded the tragic vicissitudes of an abusive life.

Representatives of other Cossack troops also entered the new army. These are, first of all, the former registered Cossacks of the Left Bank, who tried to escape from the landowners. In the list of Cossacks in 1793, we meet the expression in almost every kuren: “from the hetman Cossacks”, “from the Little Russian Cossacks”. The Don and Chuguev Cossacks are also mentioned here. There is evidence of the admission of the Bug regiment Cossacks to the Black Sea men.

Quite a few of the Black Sea Cossacks are found "zholner" who left the Polish service. There are frequent cases of enrollment in the Cossacks of retired soldiers and officers of the Russian army. A significant group in the army was made up of raznochintsy.

In the lists of the Cossacks, there are often “villagers” of the state department, people of “muzhik rank” and “no one knows what rank”. This is not surprising, since only by one order of G.A. A large number of fugitives from different regions of Russia were identified by V.A.Golobutsky. For these people, joining the Cossacks meant legalizing their position. The bulk of the fugitives were serfs, but there were criminals and deserters.

The practice of manning the troops "from above" has reached considerable proportions. The Cossacks included people of various social origins, not only by orders of G.A. Potemkin, but also by Major General de Ribas, Prince N.V. Repnin, M.I.Kutuzov and other military leaders of the Russian army. Therefore, it is appropriate to ask the question: how many former Cossacks were in the Black Sea army?

According to IV Bentkovsky's calculations, in 1795 there were only 30% of "true Sich", 40% of free people "hunters", and 30% of "others". The method for obtaining these numbers is not entirely clear and, possibly, not entirely correct. FA Shcherbina simply stated: "... many people who had no connection with Sich enrolled in the Black Sea army."

The materials of the census of 1793-1794 mentioned by us can provide some help in resolving this issue. Of the 12,645 Cossacks of the former Cossacks, 5,503 people are shown in it, that is, approximately 43%. These numbers are, of course, relative. Undoubtedly, there are many fugitives among the "Cossacks" (this is easily confirmed by documents) who have created more or less convincing legends for themselves. The influx of fugitives to the Kuban, which at times, according to VA Golobutsky, took "the features of organized resettlement", was to steadily reduce the percentage of former Cossacks among the Black Sea Cossacks.

The sources of recruitment and replenishment of the Black Sea Cossack army determined its multinational composition. According to F. A. Shcherbina, Great Russians, Poles, Lithuanians, Moldovans, Tatars, Greeks, Germans, and Jews entered the multi-tribal army gathered from different places. V.A.Golobutsky noted cases of admission to the Cossacks of Bulgarians, Serbs, Albanians. We find confirmation of the words of historians in many documents that came out of the Cossack environment. For example, at a meeting of the Military Government on March 16, 1794, it was said: "The elders and Cossacks at the meeting of this army entered the service from different parts of the Russian Empire and the Polish region."

In the higher echelons of the Black Sea foreman, we meet the "Polish breed" of the military clerk and. Podlesetskiy. The history of the well-known Black Sea family of Burnos is noteworthy. The founder of the family Pyotr Burnos is the Pole Pinchinsky. At the beginning of the XIX century. he adopted an Abadzekh boy. The native son of Peter Burnos, Korney, took a Jewish boy into his family. Several decades later, P. Burnos's adopted son wrote: "Vasil Korneevich Burnos is a Pole, I am a Circassian, Starovelichkovsky Burnos is a Jew."

A significant number of documents have been preserved about the admission of Adygs, Jews, Armenians, Greeks and representatives of other nationalities to the Cossacks. However, recognizing the multiethnic composition of the army, we are in complete solidarity with F. A. Shcherbina, who argued that representatives of other nationalities simply "drowned" among the Little Russian population.

The Little Russian origin of most of the Black Sea Cossacks is indirectly confirmed by kuren and regimental lists, where Ukrainian surnames clearly predominate. True, it should be noted that surnames (nicknames, nicknames) do not always serve as a reliable guide. The real name of military colonel Alexei Vysochin turned out to be Tsven (in a number of documents - Tsvenenko), colonel Ivan Pavlovich the Great - Gubar. A certain Moldovan signed up under the name of Melnichenko, and the father of the centennial esaul Grednev was the "Prussian Edelman Greif".

One should not trust such ethno-marking surnames as Bessarab, Gypsy, Bulgarian, Litvin, etc. Captain Lyakh's real surname was Shanka. The ethnonym "Lytvyn" could mean (depending on who drew up the document) both a resident of northern Ukraine and a Belarusian, less often a Pole, or even just a Catholic.

But the percentage of such errors is small. The Little Russian origin of the overwhelming number of Black Sea Cossacks is confirmed by a huge number of documentary sources containing the following standard wording: "... he is a Little Russian breed, the title of Cossack."

Three-stage resettlement to the Kuban in the first half of the 19th century. more than one hundred thousand Little Russian Cossacks (actually peasants) finally determined the ethnic face of the Black Sea Cossacks.

Conclusion

The resettlement of the Black Sea Cossack army to the Kuban cannot be classified as an ordinary event in Russian history at the end of the 18th century. Paradoxically, but we do not formulate documented reasons that gave rise to this event. The weakness of the source base forces researchers to act within the framework of formal logic and resort to the method of extrapolation. Let us name several, in our opinion, "obvious" reasons: the need for a permanent Russian military presence in the Northwest Caucasus, the creation of a defensive line along the new southern border of the empire; colonization and economic development of the Kuban lands; removal from the western border of the restless elements who were in constant contact with the Turkish Cossacks; destruction of the Zabuzhsky "bridge" (the term of V. A. Golobutsky) for the fugitive population of the right-bank and left-bank Ukraine; the redistribution of lands in the Bug-Dniester interfluve and, in this regard, the search for a new territory for the army ... A number of other reasons can be cited, but in fact, they can acquire the status of "obvious" only from a non-representative source base. Unfortunately, even today the words of Golobutsky, expressed half a century ago, remain relevant: "What specific considerations turned out to be decisive in the question of relocating troops from across the Bug to the Kuban is difficult to say." So far, we hardly understand the logic of decision-making in the highest echelons of power and the algorithm for their implementation.

Obviously, in the initial draft of the government, it was about the allocation of only "Taman Islands" to the Black Sea residents. When the wording “Taman with its environs” first appeared, who is its author, how these “environs” were localized - there is still no exact answer to these questions.

We can quite definitely say that the decision to allocate lands to the army had already been made, and only after that the order was sent to Kosh to send a deputation to the capital in order to receive a diploma for these lands. At the same time, the elaboration of a petition in the name of the empress and instructions to the head of the delegation in Koshe clearly indicate the amorphousness of the government's plan and the real chances of the Cossacks to introduce more favorable conditions into it.

In Kuban historiography, AA Golovaty's diplomatic activity in St. Petersburg, overflowing with borrowings from fiction, strongly resembles an adventure novel. As is clear from the letters of the military judge himself, he did not conduct any negotiations with the empress; the interests of the army were represented by V.S.Popov. At the same time, we are not inclined to underestimate the role of the head of the deputation in the success of the military diplomatic mission. The dexterous and resourceful military judge AA Golovaty had extensive contacts in the capital, knew how to get along with the "powerful" of this world, and therefore could indirectly influence the course of decision-making.

A significant body of sources on the history of the rowing Cossack flotilla made it possible to establish all the main stages of its preparation for resettlement. To his merits, the author can attribute the clarification of the place and time of the flotilla sailing to Taman, the analysis of its quantitative and qualitative composition (by types of ships), the development of the problem of the number of the first landing.

An analysis of the documents of the land migrant parties made it possible to identify the initial resettlement plan, which provides for the transfer of the detachment of the ataman Z.A. Chepega through the Crimea to Taman. The rejection of this route and the choice of the northern direction of the route of movement was due to a number of "technical" problems. By the way, it was the ataman's detachment, and not K. Kordovsky's at all, that became the second resettlement party. Recreated (after P.P. Korolenko) is a real - in terms of the timing and sequence of departure - a picture of the movement of resettlement parties, completely distorted by FA Shcherbina.

With particular interest, the author wrote the section "Founding kurens' villages". The collection of materials for him continued for a good 15 years - after all, this is not the main topic of our scientific interests. And only after having looked (literally in a row) all the files of this period stored in the SACC, the author read his extracts, summarized them and came to conclusions that were unexpected for him. It turned out that in the spring and summer of 1794 the kurens' villages (in any case, the overwhelming majority of them) had not yet been founded. Moreover, the establishment of villages along the eastern border in 1794 seems unlikely. So far, we have not found direct documentary evidence of their real existence this year. On the other hand, at least two kurensk villages existed even before 1794. In our opinion, it is appropriate to talk about the legal (1794) and actual foundation of kurensk villages. Such a gradation seems appropriate also because many of the kuren villages are located in already existing settlements (settlements). Only the name changed, and the settlement itself has been functioning since 1792 or 1793. However, the issue remains controversial.

The question of the place where the first kuren villages were founded turned out to be even more complicated and, moreover, falsified. All the information given in the historical literature goes back to the statement of the end of 1795. But the documents clearly indicate the transfer of a significant number of villages during 1795 to new places.

Thus, the author has updated many small gaps and "white spots" in the history of the migration of the Black Sea Cossacks to the Northwest Caucasus. It seems that the general outline of these events in Russian history at the end of the 18th century has been known for a long time, but the "mosaic" of the historical process seems unclear without specifying every little detail. If the author for the reader was able to clarify at least some fact of the early history of the Black Sea Cossacks, he considers his goal fulfilled.

Materials (edit)

prepared for publication:

T.I.Serzhanova, V.G. Markaryan

Notes (edit)

1. Shcherbina FA History of the Kuban Cossack Host. T. 1, 2. Ekaterinodar, 1910, 1913; Shevchenko G.N. Black Sea Cossacks at the end of the 18th - first half of the 19th century. Krasnodar, 1993; Essays on the history of the Kuban (edited by V. N. Ratushnyak). Krasnodar, 1996.

2. Bondar NI Kuban Cossacks (ethnosocial aspect) // Kuban Cossacks. History, ethnography, folklore. M., 1995.S. 10.

3. Shcherbina F. A. Decree. Op. T. 1.P. 505.

4. Shevchenko G. N. Decree. Op. P. 12.

5. Korolenko PP Ancestors of the Black Sea Cossacks on the Dniester. B / m, b / g.

6. He's the same. The initial settlement of the Kuban land by the Black Sea Cossacks // News OLIKO. Issue 1. Ekaterinodar, 1899.

7. Dmitrenko II Collection of historical materials on the history of the Kuban Cossack army. T. 3.SPb, 1896.S. 673.

8. SACC. F. 249. Op. 1.D. 296.Sheet 1.

9. Turenko AM Historical notes about the Black Sea army. Kiev antiquity. 1887.Vol. 17 (March). P. 510.

10. SACC. F. 396. Op. 1.D. 161.L. 59.

11. SACC. F. 249. Op. 1.D. 169.L. 13.

12. PSZ. T. 27.1802.SPb, 1830. Art. 20508.

13. Copies of Imperial letters and other written acts belonging to the Kuban Cossack army // Kuban collection. T. 8. Ekaterinodar, 1901, p. 287.

14. SACC. F. 249. Op. 1.D. 338.L. 3.

troops onKuban/ B. E. Frolov. - S. 43-46. - ... Kolesov. - Krasnodar, 2005. - Issue. 4: RelocationBlack SeaCossacktroopsonKuban/ B. E. Frolov. - S. 36-41. - ...

Self-government in the Black Sea Cossack army from the end of the 18th century. to 1860

List of sources and literature used

1.Organization of power and administration in the Kuban

After the fall of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, the Cossacks dispersed across the territory of Little Russia. In 1780, while touring the subordinate lands, Prince G. Potemkin noticed that many areas of the borders of Russia with Turkey, Crimea and Poland were weakly fortified. It was then that he remembered the former "free partnership", which with a chain of outposts covered the entire South of Russia from the enemy. There was a need to restore it. For this purpose, on July 1, 1783, the following proclamation was issued: "... koi served in the former army of Zaporozhye and ... to invite hunters from them to serve in the Cossack rank ..." 384... By 1784, 5300 people of the "most excellent army" had gathered, who expressed a desire to be accepted into the service. 385... The army was built on the model of the Donskoy and received the name Black Sea. In 1787, he was already made up of the empress's escort when she visited the southern regions of Russia, and they "delighted everyone with their dexterity and youth." The outbreak of the war with Turkey in 1787-1791 showed how much Cossack detachments were needed. General Dashkov wrote: "The Black Sea Cossacks, driven by the spirit of zeal ... in various actions against the enemy, many courageous exploits have shown their excellent courage and competition for the benefit of the service." In this war, the Cossacks lost the first Black Sea koshevoy S. Bely, and Z. Chepega was appointed instead. From 1784 to 1792, the former Cossacks appealed to the central government with a request to determine a place for cohabitation, several times they sent delegations to St. Petersburg.

Finally, in 1790, the Black Sea army was assigned land between the Dniester and Bug rivers, here the Cossacks founded 25 settlements and many farms. The administrative center was located in the village of Slobodze, where the chieftain, judge, clerk, esaul were located. Three palanquas were also established: Berezanskaya, Podnistryanskaya, Kinburnskaya. The Cossacks did not live here for long, about three years. Already in 1792, the Black Sea residents received permission to move from across the Bug to the Taman or Phanagoria peninsula. They acquired these lands thanks to their cares, repeated petitions to G.A. Potemkin, Catherine II, deputy delegations led by A. Golovaty to St. Petersburg. Together with the new territories, the Cossacks received privileges for the use of fisheries, salt extraction, farming and cattle breeding.

Before the resettlement of the former Cossacks to the Kuban, the administrative structure of the Troops had no legal expression in the central legislation. Only after the publication of the Certificate of Merit by Catherine II of June 30, 1792, the period of legal registration of the organization of power and administration began. F. Shcherbina wrote: "... in this letter were expressed those principles that later formed the basis of the communal self-government of the Black Sea Cossacks ...". On the basis of the above document, the Army was a legal entity with land given into collective ownership, whose duty was to protect new border lines. The states and annual salaries were approved to the Cossacks, privileges were assigned in the form of free internal trade, the sale of wine. Troop kleinods were bestowed: a banner and a timpani. Administratively, the order of command and control of the Army was determined. On the military side, it was subordinate to the Tavrichesk governor, who had to submit a two-week report "on the welfare of the Army and on all important incidents", but at the same time the Black Sea residents had their own military government, consisting of an ataman, a judge, a clerk. The order of internal government had to be in accordance with the "Institutions for the administration of provinces." At the same time, the jurisdiction of the military government was the court and punishment for minor crimes. Serious offenses were considered in the office of the Tavrichesky governor, where the final verdict was passed under the existing laws. The following conclusions can be drawn from this document: the requirement to bring the administration of the Army in line with the institutions of the provinces did not give the slightest hope of restoring the self-government that existed in the Zaporizhzhya Sich. At the same time, the absence of an indication of the procedure for filling positions and the nature of local administration allowed some forms of democracy. Consequently, the government allowed certain elements of self-government, while retaining the freedom to bring them into line with the "Institutions for the Governance of Provinces" at any time.

In 1794, a koshev ataman Zakhary Chepega, a military judge Anton Golovaty, and a clerk Terenty Kotlyarevsky developed a document called "The Order of the Common Benefit." He defined the organization of internal administration in the Black Sea region, the territorial structure, the conditions for military service. The document drawn up by the Cossack foreman received approval in government circles. According to this act, a government was established to control the Army, "in which the chieftain of the koshevoy, the military judge and the military clerk should sit," i.e. the compilers of the "Order of the General Benefit". In addition, five district boards were created, which were subordinate to the military government and were appointed by them. In each district board, one colonel, clerk, esaul and cornet was appointed. Under their leadership, there were five districts, into which the military territory was administratively divided: Yekaterinodar, Tamano-Fanagoria, Beisugsky, Yeysky, Grigorievsky. The duties of the district boards included control and protection of the orders established by the foreman in the Army. Every seven days they were obliged to give a report on the "welfare" of the inhabitants of the district to the military chieftain. The "Order of the Common Benefit" prescribed to the district boards: "care for the establishment by residents of arable farming, mills, forests, orchards, grapes, cattle breeding, fishing factories ... also between people, quarrels and fights are unfounded to dismantle, defend the offended, tame the ferocious, correct the evil, orphans and widows to intercede and help in everything ... to fine those who do not obey the authorities and do not respect the elders, as the crime progresses, but to send those who have committed an important crime to a legal judgment to the military government. "

The activities of the district boards were regulated not only by the "Order of General Benefit", but also by a special instruction drawn up on the basis and some duplication of the "Charter of Deanery and Penalty". So, their duty included: “First, to have a vigil, so that decency, good nature and order were preserved in the district; second, that what is prescribed by laws is useful throughout the district to be executed and preserved; and third, the one district government in the district has the right to give effect to the command of this government. " In addition to control over economic affairs, trade, “so that no one trades prohibited in the district and does not carry the forbidden through the district,” regulating the prices of food products, the district administrations were supposed to perform police functions, to observe “so that no one would accept fugitives in the district, did not hold or cover ”. These articles largely repeated the all-Russian decrees - "Institutions for the administration of provinces" and "Charter of the deanery".

The instructions also defined the rights and duties of the colonel as the chief chief of the district administration in the Troops, which coincided with the powers of the provincial zemstvo police chief or captain.

The "Order of the Common Benefit" envisaged the construction of four district centers: Fanagoria, Beisuga, Yeisk, Grigorievsk. The military capital was the city of Yekaterinodar with forty kurens-barracks "for the sake of gathering the Army, the establishment of order and refuge for homeless Cossacks" 402... It was headed by a kurenna ataman who was supposed to "stay in it forever" and perform military-administrative functions, acting as an intermediary between the Black Sea government and the local administration. He was elected by the residents of Yekaterinodar once a year "from the worthy people" of the city.

Each district board had its own seal (Yekaterinodarskoe - "a Cossack who planted a ratification in the ground"; Fanagoria - a "boat"; Beysugskoe - a "fish"; Yeisk - "a Cossack standing with a gun on guard"; Grigorievskoe - "a Cossack sitting on a horse ").

Thus, the "Order of the Common Benefit" in many ways met the interests of the Black Sea foreman, consolidating her property and legal superiority over the mass of ordinary Cossacks. He concentrated in their hands the economic and political power: the right of hereditary ownership of the Kuban lands, farms, mills, fishing factories; exploitation of the common people; election to higher military posts. The elements of self-government affected only the lower levels of the military and administrative sphere, in particular, the election of the chieftain of the kuren (we will talk about this later).

However, the orders in force in the Black Sea army did not always fit into the framework of the above document. The Kuban historian of the early XX century I. Dmitrenko noticed that in 1795, who was in the Polish campaign, Koshevoy Z. Chepega, on his own and the foremen's name, agrees to the choice of the Esaul to the society that remained in the Kuban, represented by foremen and chief officers. The procedure for electing foremen to positions that existed for some time cannot be considered a sign of self-government in the Army, since the right to be elected to local government bodies belonged only to persons of the nobility who were promoted to officer ranks, and this corresponded to the law “Institutions on the management of provinces”. In accordance with this document, on May 17, 1795, A. Golovaty received an order, according to which all the Cossacks who lived in the Kuban were to be issued passports for the right to travel outside the Chernomoria. This act equated the position of the Cossacks with the rest of the population of Russia.

Thus, the central government kept constant control over the actions of the military government. Giving the Black Sea foreman some independence in matters of the internal structure, she introduced restrictions in the field of Cossack self-government. Such a system met the interests of the tsarist apparatus and did not have any fundamental differences from the general Russian provisions.

With the coming to power of Paul I, significant changes took place in the public life of the Kuban. By order of the emperor of February 18, 1801, the military government was abolished. Instead of him, in order to "ensure that the administration of affairs before this ... perceived in the best way ..." was established a military chancellery, subdivided into six expeditions: the first - for "criminal cases", the second - for "civil and grave", the third - for "State officials", the fourth - for the "boundary", the fifth - for the "police" and the sixth - "detective bosses, corresponding to the zemstvo court." The Chancellery received the rights of provincial government, its members were a military chieftain, two officers from the Army, a prosecutor and a general from the government, who was entrusted with the duties of the first present. Further changes were aimed at unifying the command and control of the Cossack troops in order to adapt them to the interests of the empire. “Talented and trustworthy people” from the noble society were appointed to judicial positions every year. 406... Based on the law under consideration, the top management of the Black Sea Army was concentrated in the hands of a certain social group of the Cossacks - foremen and officers. The Senate was in charge of the civil matters, where a report on the state of affairs in the military chancellery was sent annually, and for the military, it was submitted to the Military Collegium. Management in the Black Sea region was built on "the basis of the general legalizations of the All-Russian Empire."

Important changes have taken place in the determination of persons for the position of the military chieftain. After the death of Zakhary Chepegi, the Cossacks, according to their old custom at the communal council, proclaimed A. Golovaty as their head, but he died in the Persian campaign, never learning about his purpose. By decree of the tsar of June 27, 1797, Lieutenant Colonel T.T. Kotlyarevsky, who became the first chieftain of the Black Sea army, chosen by the emperor, and not elected among the partnership. The Cossacks did not agree with this candidacy for a long time (T. Kotlyarevsky stayed in this position for two years, after him F. Bursak was appointed), they made their choice of elders at spontaneous gatherings, although the reason for discontent lay not in the personality of the ataman, but in the very fact of the appointment of the Black Sea government above. To eliminate additional causes of unrest in the ranks of the simple Cossacks, Paul I abolished the ranks of the military clerk and judge. The Kubans had to come to terms with this decree.

The appointment of representatives of the central government to the Black Sea Chancellery, in addition to the distrust expressed by this very fact, tied the local authorities in the field of independent actions and undertakings. Leading posts in the Army continued to belong to the foremen and a group of the Kuban nobility that stood out against the general background, which chose from among its midst two officers - members of the chancellery. So, on April 4, 1801, Lieutenant Colonels Kardovsky and Eremeev were elected. The elections in the expedition were held in a similar way. Thus, the military government in 1801 included 12 people, all of them were representatives of the nobility. In addition to them, the emperor appointed the Black Sea Ataman Lieutenant Colonel F. Bursak and Lieutenant General Kirayev to this authority. Elements of self-government remained only in the kurensk government.

In the tsar's letters of 1801, the privileges of the Army for fishing, hunting, salt extraction, "the right to use free internal trade and the free sale of wine on the lands of the army belonging to ..." were confirmed.

Changes carried out by Paul I in the organization of management in the Kuban contributed to the growth of abuses by the elite. Since the number of officials has increased, and a system of control over their actions has not been created. This led to bribery, willfulness, the accumulation of unsolved cases, etc. For exceeding his powers, Lieutenant General Kirayev, who was first present in the military chancellery, was dismissed. Instead of him, the infantry general Dashkov was appointed, who in 1801 reported to the Senate about the "waste of a notable amount of military sums and other fees ...", as well as about a large number of unsolved cases in the Black Sea Chancellery and other public places. Such serious violations could not go unnoticed, so the government followed orders with the requirements "to carry out the most rigorous examination, in common with the military chancellery ... bringing all these abuses into clarity ...". Work has begun to eradicate the shortcomings, as evidenced by the denunciations collected in the State Archives of the Krasnodar Territory on the abuse of the local power elite, written by ordinary Cossacks. All of the above required major changes to the existing order.

By the decree of Emperor Alexander I of March 20, 1802, the military rule in the Kuban was reorganized according to the model of the control of the Don army. Now it consisted of a chieftain, two permanent members and six assessors. The presence of a special government general was canceled. The military prosecutor of Chernomoria was subordinate to the Taurida provincial prosecutor. For the civilian part, the Cossacks were under the jurisdiction of the Senate, and for the military - the military collegium. The new management procedure introduced the election by the Congress of officers of two indispensable members and four assessors, that is, it provided for an elective beginning. On May 12, 1802, elections were held in Yekaterinodar, which brought together 159 officers, among whom were representatives of Alexander I - General Dashkov and the military prosecutor Tarnovsky. By a majority of votes, Lieutenant Colonels E. Chepega and K. Kordovsky were elected as permanent members, and Captains G. Kukharenko, Zhivotovsky, Kifa and Lieutenant Poryvay were elected as assessors.

On the basis of these transformations, Chernomoria was divided into four zemstvo detective authorities: Ekaterinodar, Beysugskoe, Yeisk and Tamanskoe, and the fifth, Grigorievskoe, was liquidated. By July 8, these departments were staffed with a staff of officials, consisting of a chief, two members and a secretary. In the reorganized military chancellery, all expeditions were liquidated, with the exception of the "deanery" of the police, which was entrusted with broad powers from "monitoring order" to "taking pleasure in increasing arable farming." She was under "the exact and only department of the military chieftain." Such an organization of power and administration in the Kuban existed for 25 years.

As a token of gratitude for the protection of the borders from the Trans-Kuban peoples, the emperor considered it necessary to present the Black Sea people with the banner and the highest diploma of July 27, 1803, Alexander I confirmed the rights given to the Cossacks by Catherine II and Paul I to: land, use of its subsoil (hunting, fishing, salt mining) , free domestic trade, free sale of wine. Thus, we can talk about the preservation of the elements of self-government in the form of privileges granted to the Army.

Until 1820, the Black Sea government was subordinate to the Crimean inspector in military terms, and in civil matters it was in the department of the Tauride provincial authorities. By the decree of the Senate of April 11, 1820, civil administration was concentrated in the hands of the Caucasian provincial authorities, and the military was subordinated to the head of the Separate Georgian Corps.

As a result of all these transformations in the Kuban, the bureaucratic apparatus has increased several times, and at the same time, red tape, bribery, embezzlement, and administrative disturbances that exceed "any imagination" have increased. This can be seen from the report of the commander of the Separate Caucasian Corps, General of Infantry A.P. Ermolov, who audited the Black Sea troops in 1821. All these violations, in his opinion, stemmed from "a lack of established rules that must be followed by every official ...". Therefore, in 1821, under the leadership of A.P. Ermolov, the "Draft Statute on the Management of the Black Sea Army" was developed, which on August 13, 1824 was submitted for the highest approval to the Governing Senate. But the socio-political situation in the country, in particular, the uprising of the Decembrists, postponed the adoption of the law. On April 26, 1827, a new administration was introduced in the Kuban, reflecting the strengthening of feudal-serf reaction after the well-known events. From the proposals of General A.P. Ermolov had to refuse on many issues. Under the new regulation, the administration of the region was transferred to the military chancellery, to which four zemstvo chiefs and the police of the city of Yekaterinodar were subordinate. The office consisted of a military chieftain - a chairman, two indispensable members, three assessors, seven clerks, a journalist, a treasurer and an executor. Two secretaries were appointed to assist them. The office was divided into two expeditions: a military one, in charge of police affairs and questions of the Army; economic, dealing with economic problems. In such a structure, there was a similarity with the management established by Nicholas I in the center. In addition, the military chieftain had a special office under the direct supervision of the commander of the Special Caucasian Corps. She was engaged in secret, border and other matters. As a result of these changes, the bureaucratic apparatus in the Black Sea region has increased several times.

The regulation of 1827 introduced a "special" military and civil court, according to which the city police were allowed to bring sentences to execution and punish the inhabitants of the Army (but not from the nobility) for willfulness, violation of public order, theft in the amount of 20 to 100 rubles and other minor offenses ... The punishments could be as follows: a fine not exceeding 25 rubles, detention for up to seven days, community service for no more than fourteen days, corporal punishment up to one hundred blows with rods. All important crimes were transferred to the Caucasian Regional Court.

Local government was also transformed. Instead of the three chiefs that existed earlier in each kuren - the caretaker, the village chieftain and the kuren chieftain, there remained one kuren, to help which two judges and a clerk were appointed. Their responsibility included the decision of administrative, judicial and treasury cases. The head of the village administration was elected once a year from the Cossack environment and was subject to approval by the Black Sea chancellery.

"Regulations" regulated the appointment of a military chieftain by the tsar, and the indispensable members and chief of police of the city of Yekaterinodar - the commander of a separate Caucasian corps. Assessors were elected by officials every three years. General A.D. Bloodless, participant in the Patriotic War of 1812. By order of October 2, 1827, Emperor Nicholas I, in "a commemoration of special benevolence towards the Cossack troops," appointed the heir to the throne "ataman of all Cossack troops", and A. Bezkrovny was renamed from a military to an order ataman. This title was also borne by his successors.

Changes in management did not change the difficult conditions of service and life of the Cossacks, did not save them from the riots rooted in the Army. General A.D. Bloodless with abrupt administrative measures to eliminate abuses among officials led to the removal from office of the orderly chieftain himself. Count N.F. Paskevich, who took the side of the "thieving elite", on November 11, 1830 removed the unfairly slandered ataman from his post. In his place was appointed General N.S. Zavodovsky, who was highly valued by Nicholas I for his participation on the side of the government in the events of December 14, 1825.

Deteriorating living conditions in the Kuban demanded deeper changes in the management of the Cossack army. The question of its transformation was raised back in 1829, when for this purpose a special commission was created in the city of Stavropol, although it did not announce itself with any sensible proposals. Three years later, in 1832, by decree of the emperor, a committee was formed, whose task was to develop a new regulation on the management of the Black Sea region.

It included: Major General Shipov, state councilors Vysotsky, Ushakov, Chekalov, the ruler of the seventh class affairs Chuikevich and the collegiate secretary Pchelinsky. The Commission did a tremendous job: it collected all the information about the state of the Army, looked through a huge number of government documents, reviewed the state of affairs in public places, and accepted complaints from ordinary Cossacks about violations in the bureaucratic environment. As a result, the most complete and legally substantiated act of Cossack legislation was created. The "Regulation on the Black Sea Cossack Host" was approved by Nicholas I and entered into force on July 1, 1842.

The document was divided into four parts: first - the general composition, duties and advantages of the Cossack army; the second is the military and civilian government combined; the third is military, and the fourth is civil administration. The "Regulations" were based on the rights of the Cossacks to the land: "The army owns the lands belonging to it according to charters, granted at different times." It was officially recognized that the population of the Black Sea region, in addition to the Cossacks, consisted of courtyard people belonging to officials, immigrants from the Crimea and the Kuban, living in the villages of Ada and Angelinskaya.

Militarily and civilly, the Army was subordinate to the Ministry of War, the Department of Military Settlements, as well as the commander on the Caucasian line and in the Black Sea region. The immediate commander in the Kuban was the chief chieftain appointed by the order of the emperor and the Governing Senate. On the military side, he had the rights of the head of a division, and on the civil side, he had the rights of the governor. Every year, the orderly chieftain presented a report on the state of the Troops to the Ministry of War (RGIA preserved such reports, see F. 1286.). The closest assistant to the chieftain was the chief of staff, who was part of the military watch, where they also met: the duty headquarters officer, senior adjutant, chief auditor. In addition to them, the military administration included: the commission of the military court, district and village authorities. On the part of the civil administration, a military administration headed by an orderly chieftain, a medical council, a post office, a commercial verbal court, a prosecutor and the police of the city of Yekaterinodar were appointed. The board was divided into four expeditions: executive, economic, land, and civil. An assessor and a controller sat in each of them.

The territory of the Kuban was subdivided into three districts: Tamansky, numbering 21 villages with a population of 19,334 people, Yekaterinodarsky - 20 villages, 21064 people, Yeisk - 19 villages, 19083 people. Thus, in Chernomoria there were only 60 villages with a total population of 59,481 people. The district board consisted of the court, the detective authorities, the verbal magistrate's court, the district solicitors.

The "Regulations" of 1842 and the additions to it of 1848 streamlined the forms of command and control of the Army, introduced a clear distinction between civil and military power, and strengthened control over the actions of officials. However, this did not lead to a significant reduction in abuse in their environment. The chief of the military headquarters, who played the role of the order ataman, General G.A. Rasp for ten years kept a whip on the wall of his office, with which he tried to pacify the bribe-takers. But even with such peculiar measures, it was impossible to fight the officials, since the latter relied on the support of the higher administration.

In February 1860, a new administrative unit appeared on the map of the Russian Empire - the Kuban Region. Without explaining the reasons for its formation, Emperor Alexander II commanded: the right wing of the Caucasian line (the space from the northeastern coast of the Black Sea to the upper reaches of the Malka River) to be called the Kuban region, the left one - the Terek, and the entire space of these newly formed regions and the Stavropol province should be called the North Caucasus ( the Caucasian line itself was abolished). On November 19, 1860, a new order from the emperor followed: the Black Sea army should be renamed into the Kuban Cossack army, with the inclusion in its composition of a part of the Line Army and lands that had not previously belonged to the Black Sea people. These transformations pursued the following goals: to simplify the multi-stage and cumbersome management system that had developed before 1860, to make it more flexible, as well as to streamline the territorial boundaries under the jurisdiction of specific legal entities. The boundaries of the region were finally established in 1864. In the west, it was washed by the Sea of ​​Azov, the Kerch Strait and part of the Black Sea; in the south it was separated by the Main Caucasian ridge from the Black Sea coast and the Kutaisi province; in the east - Elbrus and its spurs from the Tersk region, and also bordered on the Stavropol province, from which it was separated by its river Kugoeya, and in the north - with the Don army. The administrative structure of the Kuban region was based on the army's ownership of land.

Thus, the issues of organizing power and managing the Black Sea region occupied not only the local administration, but also the government. Beginning in 1797, the central government abolished the procedure for electing a military chieftain and other officials. Officials loyal to him were appointed to all major posts by the order of the emperor. This was a direct encroachment on the foundations of communal self-government that existed in the Zaporozhye Sich and in the first years of the life of the Cossacks in the Kuban. All further government decrees ("Regulations ..." 1801, 1802, 1827, 1842) had the goal of bringing the management of the Black Sea region in line with the all-Russian legislation. The established military chancellery and other offices of the Kuban were overflowing with officials who obediently pursued a policy that expressed the interests of the monarchy. This led to unrest in management, red tape, bribery, which was inherent in all of Russia in the mid-50s of the 19th century.

Zaporizhzhya Cossack Kuban Black Sea army

2.Kurennoye (stanichnoe) and farm management in the Black Sea coast

The organization of power and control in the Black Sea Cossack army has already been discussed in this work. Now let us dwell on the question of kuren, farm management at the end of the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries.

The lowest military-administrative unit in the Kuban was kuren. Until the end of 1793, the Black Sea villages were subordinate to the cordon chiefs. Busy with the protection of the border line along the Kuban River, they did not delve into the affairs of the Cossack villages. The complaints of the Black Sea residents said that the cordon chiefs "oppress them in various ways and thus lead to ruin."

November 1793 by a special "Order" of the koshevoy ataman Zakhariy Chepega, military officials were relieved of command of rural territories and the procedure for electing kuren atamans from among the Cossack society was determined in their place. The "Order of the Common Benefit" legalized the election of the village head "from worthy people" of kuren for a period of one year. Every year on June 29, the day of the holy apostles Peter and Paul, the re-election of the ataman took place and he was sworn in.

Thus, based on the above document, self-government was allowed in the Kuban only in the selection of the kuren ataman - the lowest level of the Cossack administration. The latter had to "stay forever" in their village, and "according to the orders of their superiors for the service of the Cossacks, they were to immediately be exhibited." Also, their duty was to sort out "unfounded" quarrels and fights between members of rural society, to reconcile them, "to give the offended party just pleasure." The ataman presented important crimes "under the lawful judgment of the military government." Consequently, the stanitsa chiefs, carrying out mobilization and other military-administrative orders of the military administration, were also judges and executors of their decisions in relation to the Cossacks of the subordinate kuren. The Black Sea government supported the authority of the village head, obliging even “elders without a position, no matter what rank,” to obey him.

After the death of Z. Chepegi, by order of the tsar, T.T. Kotlyarevsky, who, on December 18, 1798, developed instructions for the election of rural heads, which said that a kuren (village) ataman could become "a polite, agile, understanding the fear of God, the fear of the sovereign ..." a foreman or a Cossack. The re-election took place on January 1, when "the whole society of that village" was supposed to appear. With a large number of absent Cossacks, such a meeting was not held, but postponed to another date. The villagers who did not appear were threatened with punishment. After the elections, the kurennaya chieftain wrote a warrant addressed to the military chieftain, which indicated the name and surname of the new chosen one and attached lists of Cossacks and foremen who expressed their consent and disagreement when choosing a candidate for the village head. Quite often at such meetings, quarrels broke out, as, for example, on January 1, 1799 in the Vasyurinsky kuren, the Cossack Prokop Orlyansky, being “filled with displeasure for some insults, with various disgusting interpretations about the choice of the chieftain, corrupted many Cossacks who listened to him, left the circle ... ", And when he returned, he" scolded the previous chieftains. " The same case happened in 1799 in Pereyaslovskiy kuren, when the Cossack Savva Drok “did not agree to sign” in the warrant for the appointment of the chieftain. The military administration headed by T. Kotlyarevsky suggested punishing the "evil-minded" members of the community who showed bad behavior: rudeness, intimidation, profanity, bribery at village meetings. In the report of the captain of the Yekaterinodar district government Chistophat dated January 29, 1799, it was said about bribery of the inhabitants of the village of Dzherelievsky, who were sent letters of the following content: there, the priest M. Dubitsky "... inspires them (the Cossacks - IB), so that no one would sign the elections ...". All the above facts tell us that the elections played an important role in the life of ordinary Black Sea residents, who, perhaps, did not always express their opinions in a correct form and thus fought for their rights in managing the village. So, in the place of the deceased ataman of Kalnibolotsky kuren at a meeting of the village society in 1799, the "trustworthy" Cossack Stepan Bernatsky was elected "without the knowledge of the district government", when the latter wanted to influence the results of the vote, it met with stubborn resistance from the villagers.

The position of the Black Sea people as a military class and border population determined the great role of the ataman in the social and economic life of the kuren. In his hands was the regulation of the order of service and the fulfillment of all duties, which opened up opportunities for abuse. In 1797, a petition was received from the Vasyurinsky society for the re-election of the chieftain of the kurens, foreman Ivan Taranovsky, who not only squandered rural property, but, “in addition, for what purpose he takes bribes from the Cossacks and protects from service, the same in the military burdens through which they people living in the village carry a considerable burden. " It should be noted that such cases are not isolated, and this situation existed in the following decades. The abuses of representatives of the lower authorities were supported by the higher administration. In 1821, General A.P. Ermolov in a letter to Prince P.M. Volkonsky, Chief of Staff E.I.V. wrote that "... the duties between the Cossacks are distributed unevenly, the Cossacks' outfits for cordon service are carried out in addition to the queue, the Cossacks, who had a strong hand in the kuren administration, are at home, doing household chores ...". There were cases when the village administration accepted fugitive people, attributed them to a kuren, but in fact they worked on the ataman's farm as farm laborers or provided him with other services.

Seeing all these violations, ordinary Cossacks tried to fight them, reported them to the higher authorities, re-elected administrators who showed themselves from the dishonest side at the village meetings. Such an active position of the rural society (some researchers compare it with the rude or bad behavior of the latter) largely reduced the number of abuses, and at the same time made it possible to preserve the principle of election, which, according to F. Shcherbina, “protected the Cossacks from all evils”. This privilege, which was the main one in customary law, developed in the first years of the partnership in the Kuban and continued to operate throughout the entire period of the existence of the Black Sea army.

At the beginning of the reign of Alexander I, the military-administrative unit - kuren, was abolished. The functions of local leaders were divided between three chiefs: a village chief, a kuren chieftain, and a superintendent. Their task was to regulate the order of serving the service, carrying out the duties of the Cossacks, monitoring the economic state of the villages, and so on. The management of rural areas in the Kuban was based on the same principles as for state peasants.

From the documents stored in the archives of the Committee of Ministers of the Russian State Historical Archive, which lists lists of kuren atamans for 1802, it is indicated that out of forty village heads, only seven officials held this post. Thus, in the community environment, “good-minded” personalities from ordinary “Cossack brothers”, and not from the military elders who lived in the village, enjoyed great respect and trust of the community. Moreover, this picture can be traced back to 1842.

In 1821, a draft of the "Rules for the kuren administrations" was prepared, according to which the village head was elected "according to balatization" by the society of the villages and "no matter what title he was" was the "master in the kuren". His duties included: monitoring the order of the settlement entrusted to him; fair handling of complaints; observance of priority and honesty in the appointment of orders for the service of the Cossacks; immediate implementation of superior decrees; vigilant surveillance of fugitives and deserters; keeping the stanitsa treasury in proper form. To help the chieftain, judges were appointed, who were also elected by the rural society. Their competence included the analysis, together with the chieftain, of cases of all kinds of violations of public order on the basis of laws, but "not assuming the rights of the above authority given." The statement of claim under consideration should not have exceeded 25 rubles, if the amount was indicated more, then the case was transferred to the zemstvo authorities. At the village meeting, it was also supposed to elect a clerk, who had to keep all the village documentation in order, keep a strict record of incoming orders and outgoing papers.

Thus, the draft "Rules for smoking administrations" determined the scope of activity of each member of the village administration. They show how great a role was assigned to the village chieftain, who concentrated unlimited power in his hands. In this regard, the village meetings became important, at which the election of the head and his assistants from the Cossack environment of the settlement was held, since their own well-being depended on their opinion. The existence of such a model of governance at the level of the rural administration would make it possible to speak with full right of the preservation of democratic traditions among the Black Sea residents, after the adoption of the above document.

The regulation of April 26, 1827, approved by Nicholas I, transformed the stanitsa government. Now, instead of the village and kuren atamans, one kurennaya was introduced, which was re-elected annually on January 1 from three candidates for "honorary Cossacks or officials dismissed from military service" at a general meeting of the village society. The selected applicant was subject to approval by the military chancellery. The representative of the zemstvo administration had to be present at the meeting to observe the observance of the election procedure. To help the chieftain, two judges and a clerk were appointed in the same way. The regulation stipulated the possibility of extending the powers of the kuren elite, “if they satisfied society,” but only when a meeting of the Cossacks was held. The law determined the reporting of the village chieftain to the zemstvo authorities on the expenditure and receipt of the village sums, the state of the smoking area, and so on. At the end of the year or when the position was transferred to other hands, the deputies elected from the kuren society checked all the work of the ataman. It was necessary to report the found inaccuracies or abuses to the zemstvo authorities.

Particular attention in the "Regulations" was given to the rural court. The latter was allowed, on the basis of customary law, to deal with minor crimes: light beatings, insults, fights, quarrels, free absence from the village, a claim for which did not exceed 50 rubles. The punishments awarded to violators could be as follows: a fine of up to 5 rubles, detention for no more than 7 days, conviction for three days of community service, flogging of no more than 50 blows. Dissatisfied with the decision of the kurenny court, they could bring a complaint to the detective authorities within four weeks. Such cases were rare, since the final verdict of a higher judicial body, due to the large number of unresolved cases accumulated there, had to wait for years. Thus, the Cossack Sokolovsky, "who stole two horses from the Azov bourgeois Kuznetsov, was held in custody for more than a year," without having a judicial opinion in his hands. On the other hand, the stanitsa judges (mostly “honorable old men”) treated their work with great trepidation. They even had a saying: "It is better to free ten guilty than to torture one innocent."

Thus, this "Regulation" streamlined the management system of the village, created the possibility of an alternative choice, while there was a real opportunity to take the post of ataman to one of the members of the Cossack society. The introduced system of accountability of the village head to the residents of kuren confirmed the understanding by the central government of the importance and necessity of the system of self-government existing there. The reform of the judiciary deserves special attention, which allowed, albeit for minor offenses, to punish the guilty on the basis of customary law, which became widespread in the Black Sea environment.

In practice, the introduced changes in local government turned out to be "contrary to the welfare of the troops," therefore, on June 28, 1828, new rules were adopted "consistent with the duties of the chieftains of the kurens."

The first paragraph of this document considered the powers of the village head. He had to observe order, consider complaints from the inhabitants of the village, draw up lists of Cossacks for military service. In addition, he was entrusted with police functions: every month to go around the territories under his jurisdiction and watch "so that there is no overexposure to fugitive deserters and unwritten people." Specially selected people helped the chieftain in this. All violations had to be reported to the authorities.

The second paragraph of the rules dealt with the duties of smoking judges. They were the chief assistants of the chieftain in resolving controversial procedural issues, and recorded the course of the court session in special journals. Their jurisdiction included cases in which the claim did not exceed 25 rubles. More serious crimes were considered by the zemstvo authorities.

According to the fourth paragraph of the rules, a new electoral position was introduced in the village administration - tenth "so that through them any local government could act and open all incidents and disorders." The ten men were supposed to report to the chieftain about all incidents in the kuren, monitor the cleanliness and tidiness of the villagers' houses and their observance of public order. In addition, the rules listed the responsibilities of the village administrations as a whole: drawing up lists and orders of Cossacks for service, monitoring the duties of the community members in the Army, internal service, smoking service, preparing minors for service, spreading arable farming, haymaking, and distributing village income.

The above changes did not affect the improvement of the economic situation of the Cossacks. The latter continued to be in need. In 1830, Count N.F. Paskevich noted that the majority of ordinary Black Sea residents were distinguished by "excessive poverty ... many of them did not have either bread or clothes ...". The reason for this was the "abuse and bribery" of some representatives of the village administration. When the work of the commission began to draw up a new law on management in the Kuban in 1832, its chairman, Major General Shipov, asked the military chieftain N.S. Zavodovsky on the problem of assistance in collecting information about the state of life in kurens. The members of the committee were especially interested in issues related to: the management of the village, the internal service of the Black Sea residents, smoking positions, the distribution of salaries, the income and expenses of the villages, the privileges granted to the Cossacks. As a result, a lot of violations of the law were revealed, expressed in the unfair distribution of youngsters to the service, falsification of the lists of Cossacks that were weak for health reasons, as this made it possible to get a resignation from service. The committee received many complaints from the Black Sea residents against officials. Thus, the inhabitants of the Baturyn kuren, "being surrounded by the farmsteads of officials who drive cattle to grain and steppe meadows," did not have the opportunity to feed their living creatures, they often killed them altogether. They turned to the commission, seeking protection, since their requests to the smoking government and the detective authorities were unsuccessful. The Cossack of the Novokorsunsky kuren, Andrei Klyushnik, complained about the beating of the Cherny Esaul. Ivan Pecheritsa, a resident of the Novotitarovsky rural district, reported that the chieftain of the kurens Veretsya, taking the saddle from him, "announced that it was a thief," then summoned him and his son Foma to the board, where he interrogated and held them for three days, demanding 20 rubles from both " ... There are many such examples. Even the central regulations were often violated by representatives of the military administration. Contrary to the privileges granted to the Black Sea residents for duty-free trade, they collected monetary amounts for the exported honey, fish, skins and more.

This behavior of the Kuban elite was largely due to the low annual salary sent from Moscow. For example, in 1850, the order chieftain received two thousand rubles, while the civil governor received six thousand. The cornet's salary (71 rubles 55 kopecks) did not allow the latter to purchase even a military uniform, the cost of which exceeded 150 rubles. In a note by General Khomutov on April 18, 1835 about the state of the Black Sea army, the reason for the low standard of living in the Cossack environment was the problem of the constant absence of the male population (which, as you know, was the main labor force) due to military service. Whereas it was "most graciously granted" after "a year's field service" to appoint two years of "rest" to the Black Sea people in their settlement, where the latter could do his everyday duties. But this resolution, the general concluded, for various reasons "was never carried out in this army."

Having considered the above problems, in 1842 the members of the committee developed a new Regulation on the Black Sea Army, on the basis of which the local executive power was made up of the village administrations, which included military and civilian units. The competence of this institution included: the police, guardianship of the poor, the administration of duties, court, village fees, economic issues. The villages were given the right to elect "from among themselves" the chieftain, two judges, assessors to the criminal and civil district courts, as well as to the detective authorities, for a period of three years. The selected candidates were approved by the Chief Ataman. The rural government consisted of a chieftain, two judges and a clerk. If the head of the kuren did not have an official rank, then at the time of the performance of this position he received the rank of cornet. The entire population of the village was punished "unquestioningly" to carry out the orders of the local government.

The scope of duties of the village fees was determined in accordance with the "Regulations on the management of the Don army" (1835). Based on it, the latter was allowed to judge and punish members of society for minor offenses. Guided by paragraph 115 of the "separate rules for the mandate of civil administration", the stanitsa assemblies were supposed to ensure that "public property ... remained inviolable; general benefit ... preferred over private; all the townsfolk were content with the benefits of an equalizing ...; the source that could bring income to the village was not overlooked; exacting measures served to the unremitting preservation and approval of ancient customs ... ". This document also spoke about the observance of the foundations of morality in families, respect for elders, helping the weak and orphans, refusal to harbor runaways and vagabonds. Actually, the issues to be discussed at the village meetings could be divided into two categories. Such as "orders for land allowances, appointment of guardians, determination of the measure of corporal punishment ...", were decided by at least two-thirds of the votes of all residents of the settlement. And the analysis of quarrels, fights, riot, disobedience of elders, alcohol abuse could be carried out even with incomplete collections.

Proceeding from the "Regulations ..." of 1842, the judiciary was also determined by the village administrations. The competence of the village administrations included the consideration of cases “not involving an important crime” a claim for which did not exceed 50 rubles. After that, the decision made by the village administration was passed on to the public court, which, in turn, "having checked the circumstances of the case, either agreed with the opinion of the chieftain and the judges, or made its own decision."

Thus, the functions of the village court were distributed between the village government and the assembly of community members. Moreover, the former performed the work of the preliminary investigative authority, and the latter - the highest court.

Developed in the Kuban, taking into account the peculiarities of local life, "Position ..." reflected many aspects of the traditional Cossack way of life. The competence of the village council was increasing, which was entrusted with making the final decision on many issues of the economic life of the village, holding elections for the board, which included the best representatives of the rural community, and deputies for sitting in district courts, detective authorities, where they were the defenders of the interests of ordinary Cossacks. The stanitsa court also received great rights, except for which, according to custom, the court of intermediaries or arbitration remained.

Thus, the bill of 1842 officially enshrined the existence of communal self-government in the villages and farms of the Black Sea Army. This is evidenced by the following fact. September 16, 1848 acting. Chief Ataman Major General G.A. Rasp, gave the village councils a circular order to re-elect the village administration in connection with the end of its three-year term of office. In this document, he demanded adherence to the procedure for holding elections, and described the village gathering in Novonizhesteblievskaya, where, when choosing a village head, the society was divided into two groups: officials and Cossacks. Victory remained with the latter, although there were demands to cancel the voting results. This example confirms our conclusion that the desire of the common people, their choice remained decisive in any dispute, and they were ready to defend it and defend their position before higher authorities. In 1853, the management procedure in stanitsa societies was changed on the basis of the law on civil administration of the Don army, where the work of village fees was structured differently.

Having considered the issue of self-government of the villages and farms of the Black Sea Army in the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries, we note that many elements of the democratic way of life, laid down during the existence of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, were preserved in the Kuban. This is confirmed by the following facts:

1. the election of the village government from the Cossack environment through an open community vote;
2. gathering activity (at different times it was called differently: glad, circle, gathering, gathering ...), where the population decided the most important issues of life in the villages;
3. the presence of a court in which, on the basis of the norms of the usual

rights (the framework of admissibility, the application of which was stipulated by government orders) underwent legal operations, albeit for "minor" crimes;

4) the presence of deputies (they were also elected at the village meetings) at meetings of district courts and detective authorities, which gave the latter the right to defend the interests of the Cossack society in them;

5) the existence of the rights and privileges granted to the Black Sea residents to land (within the borders of the Army), free movement across the territory of the Kuban, the use of its subsoil (fishing, hunting, salt extraction (at a later time - oil)), duty-free trade with residents of Russian provinces and Trans-Kuban peoples.

In the conclusion of the chapter, it should be noted that since the end of the XVIII century. By 1860, reforms were carried out in the control system of the Army, which largely corresponded to the interests of the tsarist government and the bureaucratic apparatus of the Black Sea region. These changes were closely related to the domestic and foreign policy of the central authorities, who saw the Cossacks as a tool for achieving their goals (strengthening positions in the North Caucasus, the Black Sea region and in the Transcaucasia). The government placed the main support in resolving these issues on the representatives of the elders' elite of the Cossacks, who "for their dedicated service" received army officer ranks, key posts in the management of the Army, lifelong land holdings, and various privileges. The elements of self-government, laid down during the existence of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, continued to exist at the level of the villages. They were expressed in the election of the local administration from the Cossacks of the settlement, the activities of the people's assembly, the court, the existence of rights and privileges determined by the state.

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The "Order of the Common Benefit" was adopted, the Ekaterinodar District Court was established, Yu.S. was born. Grechko, a Cooperative Market was organized, etc.

1794 year. The "Order of Common Benefit" was adopted - a document regulating the management, resettlement and land use in the Black Sea Cossack army. In this act, the name and status of the city were officially fixed: it was recorded, in particular, that it was decided to arrange a military residence in the Karasunsky kut in the Kuban and call it “the city of Yekaterinodar”. In addition, the entire territory of the Black Sea region was divided into five districts, including Ekatsrinodar. The Yekaterinodar district government was assigned a seal (with the image of a Cossack who planted a ratification in the ground), which, obviously, can be considered the first seal associated with the name of the city.

1848 year... In Yekaterinodar, a land survey commission began to work, created on the basis of the "Rules on the demarcation of the lands of the Black Sea Cossack army of April 12, 1847. Lieutenant Colonel of the General Staff for the corps of topographers Pyotr Vasilyevich Nemirovich-Danchenko was appointed its chairman. One of the first actions of the land survey commission was the drawing up of plans for the city of Yekaterinodar.

1867 year... The population of Yekaterinodar was 14 167 people, including the Cossack class 9632, other classes 4535. Educational institutions in the city: spiritual, parish, Yeisk district (temporarily transferred from Yeisk due to lack of premises), Mariinskoe female, Pospolitakinskoe female, Dmitrievskoe parish , Armenian-Gregorian; an artillery and two music schools, as well as a school for military bandmasters. There were already three pharmacies: military, free (private) and prison. There was also a "telegraph office" in the city.

1871 year... Established. Abolished in 1920.

1876 The Ekaterinodar Mutual Credit Society, the first in the city, was opened. The initiator of the creation of this banking institution was FU Palimpsestov, a notary of the Yekaterinodar District Court. Initially, the society united nine people - representatives of the Yekaterinodar bourgeoisie and had a fixed capital of 13,050 rubles. V. I. Kanatov - chairman, F. U. Palimpsestov and P. I. Yakuninsky - directors were elected to the board. In accordance with the charter, members of the society could put their savings in it and receive a loan for trade and industrial turnover with the contribution of 10% to the fixed capital fund. The management of affairs was carried out by the general meeting, council, board and selection committee. The general meeting was convened once a year, elected the chairman, board members, deputies to the council, members of the audit commission, approved expenses and receipts, and distributed profits. The council of the company consisted of six deputies, elected for three years, the chairman of the board and directors. The admissions committee considered applications for joining the society.

1882 year. The first in the region private newspaper "Kuban" (public, literary and political) began to be published. Editor-publisher N.G. Moiseenko. She came out one to two times a week, published a lot of local history material. Its last issue was published on October 1, 1885, and until 1905 no private newspapers were published in the city.

1886 year... The population of Yekaterinodar is 37 871 people (21 468 men and 16 403 women). Over the past year, it increased by more than 6 thousand people, and about half of the increase was due to nonresident who came to work (2976 people). The natural increase during this time was 260 people.

1895 year... The population of Yekaterinodar was 79,327 people, including 47,789 indigenous people, 10,024 nonresident who have settled (that is, owning real estate) and 21 514 who have no settled. The estates of the population: 2377 nobles, 173 clergy, 305 honorary citizens, 2021 merchants, 52,732 bourgeois, 9331 peasants, 11 986 Cossacks. In addition, 350 foreign nationals, 27 highlanders and 34 representatives of other groups of the population lived in the city.

1914 year. The first issue of the weekly military-public and literary magazine "Kuban Cossack Herald" (1914-1917) was published. The magazine was a continuation of the "Kuban Cossack List", published in 1911-1912. as an appendix to the "Kuban regional vedomosti", and in 1912 independently, and had a right direction. Since 1916, it bore the subtitle "Military Church Social and Literary Magazine". Its editor was E. S. Orlov.

1922 year. An exhibition of Japanese prints has opened on Krasnaya Street “under the Winter Theater”. It was organized by the professors of the Pedagogical Institute G.G. Grigor and R.K. The exhibition featured 200 exhibits, most of them originals: engravings, silk sewing, carpets, and porcelain. Some of the engravings were kept in an art gallery, others were taken by the Cheka from among those selected during the period of "infringement of the bourgeoisie" (among them works of the private collection of N. I. Vorobyov, brother of the famous mineralogist V. I. Vorobyov). Art lovers were able to see the wonderful works of representatives of the Japanese school of painting and woodcut ukiyo-e Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849) and Kitagawa Utamaro (1753/54? -1806), the creator of exquisitely poetic female images ... Subsequently, in 1924, these engravings came to the fund of the art museum and are kept there to this day. Having been restored in the late 1970s in the I.E. Grabar Central Art Studios (Moscow), they have been exhibited in Krasnodar many times and with constant success (including in 1982, 1983, 1988, 1990); in 1980 exhibited at the Moscow Olympic Games; have also visited many prestigious exhibitions in Tallinn, Kiev, Chisinau, Elista, and abroad.

1948 year. Yu.S. was born. Grechko, poet, journalist. Member of the Writers' Union of the USSR. Member of the Union of Russian Writers. Laureate of the All-Union Literary Prize named after M. Gorky. Author of the books: "Ferry through the summer" (Krasnodar, 1979), "Draft version" (Moscow, 1983), "Earth foundations" (Krasnodar, 1988), "View from the slope" (Krasnodar, 2004).

1960 The "Chaika" porcelain factory was put into operation, the construction of which began in 1956. A group of workers (50 people) had preliminary training at the Leningrad Research Ceramic Institute, and then practice at the Dulevo Porcelain Factory. This is how the core of the team was formed, which was to master this new production for Krasnodar. In March 1960 the enterprise produced the first batch of porcelain dishes, in 1964 it began to produce earthenware products, and already in 1966 the exhibition and sale of Kuban porcelain took place not only in the regional center, but also in Moscow. The "Seagull" also gained wide popularity thanks to unique art products (exhibition services of L. N. Pavlova "Zori Kuban", "Lunny", etc.), exhibited at various exhibitions; in the 1960s, an art school was formed here, through which many remarkable masters have passed. It should be noted that in the future, ceramics found application in the design of public buildings in Krasnodar (reliefs by A. A. Apollonov "Medicine" above the entrance to the pharmacy No. 4, "Seasons" - a frieze of the facade of the former regional exhibition of achievements of the national economy; S.N. Demkina at the Tekstilshchik Palace of Culture, etc.).

1961 year. The New Market was abolished, a Cooperative Market was organized on its territory.

1. Calendar of significant dates for the Krasnodar Territory for 2013 / Krasnodar. edges. universal scientific. b-ka them. A.S. Pushkin; department of local history; [comp. G.E. Khlopatnev]. - Krasnodar, 2012 .-- 120 p.
2. Calendar of significant dates for the Krasnodar Territory for 2012 / Krasnodar. edges. universal scientific. b-ka them. A.S. Pushkin; [comp. G. Ye. Khlopatneva]. - Krasnodar, 2011.
3. Calendar of significant dates for the Krasnodar Territory for 2011 / Krasnodar. edges. station wagon. scientific. b-ka them. A.S. Pushkin, Dept. local history; [comp. G. Ye. Khlopatneva]. - Krasnodar, 2010.
4. History of the Kuban in dates, events, facts / V. N. Ratushnyak. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - Krasnodar: Tradition, 2010 .-- 432 p. ISBN 978-5-903578-93-1
5. Ekaterinodar-Krasnodar: Two centuries of the city in dates, events, memories ... Materials for the Chronicle.-Krasnodar: Book. publishing house, 1993.
6. Kuban during the Great Patriotic War. 1941 - 1945: declassified documents; chronicle of events: in 2 books. / Control. for the archives of the Krasnodar Territory; Control. Feder. the security services of Russia in the Krasnodar Territory; Center for Documentation of the Contemporary History of the Krasnodar Territory; State archive of the Krasnodar Territory; comp. A.M. Belyaev, I.Yu. Cooper. - 3rd ed. - Krasnodar: Range-B, 2011. - (History without myths).

I, having placed border guards along the Kuban River, am with the government over it at the Karasunsky Kut tract, where I found a place under a military city ... ( Koshevoy Ataman 3.A. Chepega)

On January 14, 1794, a by-law was adopted in the Black Sea Cossack Host, regulating management, settlement and land use. As Fyodor Shcherbina writes in The History of the Kuban Cossack Host, this military government published in the name of "gentlemen colonels, bunchuk partnership, regimental foremen, kuren atamans and the entire army." "Order of general benefit" consisted of a short preamble and 25 paragraphs, it consolidated the name and status of the city of Yekaterinodar. According to this important historical document, the entire territory of the Black Sea Cossack Army was divided into five districts. District boards were assigned seals with special images. For example, on the seal of the Yekaterinodar government, a Cossack was depicted, hoisting a ratification in the ground and shooting at the enemy.

All the foremen, the document claimed, no matter what rank they were, and the Cossacks who make up the kuren together, "let them obey the chieftain and the comradeship," and the comradeship and chieftains, for their part, must honor the foremen and honored Cossacks.

The "Order of the Common Benefit" made high moral demands on the Cossacks. And our ancestors took them very seriously. The document gave rise to the publication of "Instructions from the military Black Sea government to the Yekaterinodar district government." This kind of instruction contained extracts from the "Order ..." and all-Russian legal provisions (in particular, from the "Charter of the Deanery"), slightly corrected in the local way. In the "Instruction ..." it was said:

“If someone will teach a certain position for the sake of business to demand, or take, or take from someone a payment, or a gift, or a promise, or other bribery or bribes, to deliver like a covetous person to the government.

If someone is evil in drunkenness, drunk continuously, or drunk for more than a year rather than sober, such will be sent to the government to be determined for abstinence.

If someone in a public place or with a noble or higher rank, or older in years, or with sedate people, or with a woman's sex, uses abusive or obscene words, from that to collect foam, half-day detention in a restraining house and (take) him into custody, will not pay.

Whoever learns to repair witchcraft, or sorcery, or any other similar deception, originating from superstition, or ignorance, or fraud ..., he will be sent to the government. "

The "instruction ..." was strictly followed. The reports of the Yekaterinodar governor about the arrest of those guilty for swearing and "dwelling in a drunken state" have survived to this day. In fairness, it should be noted that there were few violators. Thus, the "Order of the Common Benefit" in this respect justified its name.

So why am I writing that .. Yekaterinodar, then return the Cossacks.

It is not so much the owner needs the good as the good needs the owner.