Residential buildings of series 1 335. Layout of the apartment “Khrushchev. Layout "Khrushchev": the history of the "Khrushchev" layout of apartments

The "Khrushchev" layout in the advertisements of the popular newspapers "Prezent", "Hand in Hands" or the magazine "Vse Real Estate" of apartments and houses of the 1-335 series is designated as the layout "Khrushchev", "Khrushch" or simply "xp" - h what is hidden behind these names and abbreviations?

Layout "Khrushchev": the history of the "Khrushchev" layout of apartments

Large-panel layout of Khrushchevka series 1-335 is the most common layout of houses in Russia. The largest number of them was built in St. Petersburg, but now Omsk is the leader in the number of operated houses of this layout.

This layout of houses also provides for houses insulated with mineral wool, which outwardly differ in fine facade decoration. ceramic tiles and are blue in color. This difference makes them a little more attractive externally, but inside they are ordinary "Khrushchev".

The layout of the house "Khrushchev" series 1-335 has resemblance with a series of houses 1-507, which have the popular name "brezhnevka", with a more successful layout of apartments and a kitchen with an area of ​​​​about 7 square meters. meters.

It is noteworthy that the construction of Khrushchev houses, which began in 1959, which were intended for Moscow and St. Petersburg, was suspended in 1966, due to inconsistencies with climatic conditions. But oddly enough, this did not stop these series of houses (1-335AK and 1-335D, 1-335K, 1-335A) from being modernized and erected throughout the country, regardless of climatic conditions until the end of the 1980s.

At present, in the same Moscow, according to some experts, the demolition of Khrushchev houses will be completed around 2015 or 2017. In neighboring St. Petersburg, houses of this series are being overhauled, some are also sent for demolition.

As for Khabarovsk, most likely the layout of the apartments of this type a sufficient amount of time will remain relevant, because it is unprofitable to demolish their business ...

Location of houses in Khabarovsk with a Khrushchev layout

In the layout of apartments "Khrushchev" there is also, perhaps, the most dense building on the territory of the 1st Microdistrict. There are also at DOSs, in the Khabarovsk-2 district, school districts 38 and 51, in the Southern microdistrict and others.

Characteristics of the layout of the house "Khrushchev"

Wide double-leaf, looking square windows of apartments, iron 4 pitched roof(something like a technical floor), it can also be generally flat and without an attic (there is no technical floor), or flat-pitched (a kind of hybrid).

Windows on the end panels. The fire escape, without a common fire-prevention balcony, adjoins the end of the Khrushchev house. The layout of the house provides for the location of four apartments on the site. Layout of apartments: 1-room, 2-room. 3-room apartments with a ceiling height of about 2.55 meters.

The layout of the apartment is provided in such a way that the central room of the "Khrushchev" is always a walk-through. Toilet and bathroom in "Khrushchev" are combined. Heat supply and water supply - centralized. The layout of the house does not provide for the presence of a garbage chute and an elevator. The number of floors of "Khrushchev" - in addition to 5 floors, there are also 7 and 9-story houses, houses with 3 and 4 floors are less common.

In the kitchens of "Khrushchev" installed gas stoves, sometimes geysers. The ventilation provided by the layout of the apartments in the "Khrushchev" is natural exhaust. The layout of the house includes balconies.

As an advantage of the layout of the apartment, in addition to the balcony, can be considered a pantry. Thermal insulation is not very good, because. the panels from which the house is assembled are hollow, filled with glass wool. The number of entrances in the house, provided for by the layout, is from three.

All apartments, except for the corner ones, according to the layout of the house, face one side. Exterior design of the house is either lined with small ceramic tiles (color options: white-blue, light gray), or unlined (color options: gray, white, yellow, beige).

Appearance of the layout of the house series 1-335 "Khrushchev" photo:

For reference

In the Soviet period, in 1961, the cost of building large-panel frame houses with the Khrushchev layout was the lowest in history and amounted to 96 rubles per square meter.

The layout of the Khrushchev houses of the 1-335 series was recognized by some experts as the most unsuccessful of all developed under Khrushchev.

Advantages of planning

• Storage rooms and balconies.

In fact, there may be more advantages, although the layout is typical. but there's always a twist.

This section will be supplemented as feedback is received from readers who live in houses and apartments of this layout. I'm sure they have something positive to say :)

Disadvantages of planning

• Very low thermal insulation of the walls, especially sensitive in our climate. Thin partitions between rooms;
• Ceilings also have a little sound insulation;
• Combined bath with toilet;
• Close hallways;
• Small overall footage;
• Ground floors without balconies;
• Small kitchens;
• No isolated rooms

Some of the shortcomings of the layout of the apartment in Khrushchev can be redone - expand the kitchen, make the rooms isolated, if their location allows.

Photo p layouts of apartments in Khrushchev

The layout of the apartments consists of 1-room, 2-room and 3- room apartments with the following area characteristics:

1-room "Khrushchev" - total area: 30 sq.m., living area: 18 sq.m., kitchen area: 6.3 sq.m.

Layout of a 1-room apartment "Khrushchev" photo:

2-room "Khrushchev" (var. 1) - total area: 41 sq.m., living area: 26 sq.m., kitchen area: 6.9 sq.m.

Layout of a 2-room apartment "Khrushchev" photo:

2-room "Khrushchev" (var. 2) - total area: 45 sq.m., living area: 35 sq.m., kitchen area: 6.3 sq.m.

Layout of a 2-room apartment "Khrushchev" photo:

3-room "Khrushchev" (var. 1) - total area: 55 sq.m., living area: 42 sq.m., kitchen area: 6.3 sq.m.

3-room "Khrushchev" (var. 2) - total area: 58 sq.m., living area: 48 sq.m., kitchen area: 6.3 sq.m.

Layout of a 3-room apartment "Khrushchev" photo:

Who is interested in the floor layout of apartments in the "Khrushchev", you can look at this standard plan.

Layout of apartments on the floor of the Khrushchev house:

As a result of considering the layout of the house of series 1-335 of the "Khrushchev" type, we can conclude that at one time it was a popular and relevant housing, because. the majority of the population huddled in wooden barracks and communal apartments.

By the way, they still huddle now, but already smaller. And the demand for housing continues to be high, which leaves Khrushchev apartments in demand to this day.

Polina Dedyukhova

Series 1-335 with an incomplete frame is a residential building of 5 floors with longitudinal load-bearing walls. The structures were made at the factories of prefabricated reinforced concrete of the Ministry of Transport of the USSR. Designs of the 335th series were produced at the DSC from 1960 to 1968.

The series is widely distributed in space former USSR. The first house of this series was built in Cherepovets. In Moscow, the 335 series were built from imported structures; in block buildings it occurs in the form of individual inclusions.

The largest number of houses in this series was built in St. Petersburg, where they were produced by Polustrovsky DSK - 289 buildings, in total 1442 sections in the Krasnogvardeisky and Kalininsky districts of the city. In Omsk, 170 houses of the I-335PK series with an incomplete frame are operated (more than 2% of the total volume of this series in the country). The most massive series of residential buildings in Kazakhstan.

In Tula, it was initially decided to build houses of a nominal series, the builders faced a number of technological difficulties. Therefore, it was decided to introduce our own panels for construction, so the 1-335AT series (Tula) was born. Panels for it were produced at two factories - Aleksinsky Concrete Products and ZKD (Large Parts Plant). Proletarsky became the first district where these houses were built.

The appearance of 1-335 is characterized by wide apartment windows (two-leaf windows look square), elongated windows on the stairwells, almost the entire height of the panel. The end walls consist of 4 panels with windows on the outer ones. Usually there is an external fire escape at one of the ends of the house. For houses built in Moscow, an iron 4-pitched roof is typical. In another modification, including the one built by the Polyustrovskiy DSK (it is also found in the Moscow region), there may be flat roof no attic at all.

Bearing walls are longitudinal (as indicated by the I in the title of the series). The number of sections in the original modification is 3,4,5,6,8,10. There are 4 apartments on the site. 1,2,3-room apartments, ceiling height - 2.55 m. The central room in a 3-room apartment is a walk-through. Bathroom combined. Water and heat supply is centralized. There is no elevator or garbage chute.

1-335 Partial Frame Specifications

In support of the thesis that in frame-panel buildings it does not matter what parts and elements the frame is made of, and the normative durability will be determined by the attachment point of horizontal structures to the fence, let's consider an example with a large-panel building of the 1-335 series with an incomplete frame. By appearance it belongs to the industrial series with a durability of 150 years. However, the very design of such residential buildings, built since the beginning of the 60s of the last century, and most importantly, the qualities shown during long-term operation, make it possible to attribute such structures to the frame-panel capital group.

Appearance of the 1-335 series with partial frame	end plan typical section latitude orientation
Plan and section series 1-335 with partial frame	Plan of an ordinary typical section of latitudinal orientation

In the course of the implementation of complex development in the 60s of the last century, these buildings were erected as a frame for a built-up residential area, they were also placed inside the microdistrict, but at the place where the high-rise dominant - the future 9 storey houses with elevators and garbage chutes, the mass commissioning of which began in 1968.

In the 60s of the last century, in the conditions of " cold war”, there was a state housing program, during which each locality, in addition to the mobile resettlement fund, had a set of structures for large-panel housing, assembled according to the frame-panel type.

It was believed that the five-story structures used in the course of mass construction would be in operation for no more than 15 years. Then they had to be dismantled and reassembled in another place already with a decrease in the number of storeys - as three-story buildings.

After 10 years of operation, they were to be transported to countryside and assemble in the form of two-story one-story and two-story cottages with a durability of 150 years.

In order to facilitate assembly and disassembly in these houses, columns were not installed along the outer longitudinal walls. A number of columns for supporting the crossbar of floor slabs went only along the inner longitudinal wall.

Thus, the crossbars, resting on the columns of the inner row at one end (highlighted in red in the figure), at the other end rested directly on the fence panel.

Here it is necessary to understand. Why is the frame-panel system in Russia (where heating season 9 months on average) has such a low standard durability, regardless of what in this case is assembled from fully assembled durable elements designed for three assembly-dismantling cycles.

As we know the heat in the room is understood upwards. Thermal engineering calculation is reduced to determining the thickness of the fence behind the end of the floor structures.

In this case, two-layer panels 150 mm thick were used as enclosing structures. What did not pass according to the requirements of heat engineering calculation. The crossbar-outer fencing panel assembly was constantly frozen. The calculation was that for the planned durability, the physical wear of the fencing panels during the freeze-thaw cycles would not exceed the permissible maintainable level.

However, in practice it happened differently. The changed policy did not allow the planned operation of these peculiar "prefabricated" structures to continue. At a construction site, where in the estimates of the Soviet era there was an article "Temporary buildings and structures", which included buildings up to three floors, it is customary to say: "There is nothing more permanent than something temporary."

Of course, the original idea of ​​resettling housing in 15-10 years was utopian in itself, given that buildings with a normative durability of 150 years were chosen as the main instrument of housing policy.

As a result, structures with a durability of 30 years, which should have been dismantled and reassembled back in the mid-70s of the last century, are still standing among structures with normal durability, not differing in any way from them.

There are 46 such houses in Izhevsk, they stand right among similar houses, where columns are exposed along the outer walls, so their standard durability is far from being exhausted, and the building itself has a normal microclimate.

Today, residential large-panel buildings with an incomplete frame pose a huge threat to residents.

By the end of the 1980s, all these structures were in a pre-emergency state. The destruction of these buildings can occur at any time according to an unpredictable scenario - due to the brittle fracture of metal embedded parts that have significantly corroded over the period of operation. Such buildings were supposed to be reconstructed in the first place in the mid-80s of the last century.

At present, they have not yet been reconstructed, although all the allowable dates have been missed. At the same time, the authorities are deliberately demolishing not these houses, but similar ones that have normative term 150 years old, but located in more attractive places for modern development.

According to the results of external examinations carried out in Soviet time, the indicators of standard durability for horizontal protruding elements were significantly reduced - up to 25 years. These are peaks, balconies and loggias.

In the first mass series, it was used metal fence protruding elements. Practice has shown that in the process of heat exchange it is on contact with the "cold bridges", which will be all metal constructions, the main concentration of freezing condensing moisture occurs. When freezing, condensate droplets expand, forming shells and cavities. After 10-15 heating seasons, irreversible damage occurs.

Without taking into account these data, today attempts are being made to strengthen the protruding reinforced concrete elements precisely with the use of metal parts and reinforcement structures.

The main advantages of the 1-335 series

The minimum number of load-bearing internal elements, which allows the principle of "flexible planning" to be implemented;

High manufacturability of manufacturing and installation of structures;

Designing a technical underground, which made it possible to put housing into operation rhythmically throughout the year in the northern regions of the country.

General information about houses of the 1-335 series

Description load-bearing structures series 1-335

Disadvantages of the 1-335 series

Insufficient rigidity of the embedding unit of the balcony slab in the wall panel, floor slabs;


Wrong arrangement of layers in a two-layer wall panel;


Unreliable waterproofing of the seams of wall panels, due to which the examination confirmed the leakage of the seams;


Discrepancy between space-planning and constructive solutions apartments to modern requirements.

AT this moment these structures are no longer subject to disassembly and require urgent reconstruction measures with the strengthening of the entire building as a whole:

External frame devices with fastening of the crossbar support unit for strengthening and unloading the existing building frame;


Cutting worn out balcony slabs;


Expansion of openings in external wall panels, sealing of vertical and horizontal platform joints in them;


floor replacements, window frames, door frames.

In addition, the planned reconstruction of the entrance groups with the arrangement of ramps for baby and wheelchairs, the installation of attached passenger elevators and garbage chutes is required.

In the course of reconstruction work, all residents would receive significant benefits, except for the residents of the first floors. For them, back in Soviet times, special reconstruction projects were developed with the arrangement of separate entrance groups.

It is easy to see that the installation of attached entrance groups with elevators and garbage chutes, attached loggias along the contour of the building - expands the body, allows you to unfasten the frozen junction of the crossbar to the fence.

Such a solution allows not only to strengthen the incomplete frame, but also to create new heat-efficient enclosing structures, dry and repair old fence structures, and restore a normal microclimate in the building.

Projects of redevelopment of the 1-335 series with an incomplete frame during reconstruction with the installation of attached entrance groups with elevators and garbage chutes and attached loggias

Exist various solutions, providing for partial disassembly of the fencing panels and the installation of attached structures that expand the body of the structure along the entire longitudinal contour. There are more economical options, where only attached entrance groups and attached loggias reinforcing the incomplete frame of the building from the outside.

When expanding the building, problems arise with insolation of the premises due to the low floor height of the first mass series. However, this issue is resolved with the construction of two-level apartments with a hall having a "second light".

Reconstruction project of the microdistrict of large-block houses building in 1964 in Izhevsk with a significant compaction of buildings by connecting three residential buildings in the most worn-out end part - into a single residential ensemble with two-level apartments

The current approaches to the reconstruction of large-panel buildings with external insulation did not give positive changes. In the structures, an increased growth of black mold was observed in the upper corners of the living quarters, that is, the process of freezing and destruction of structures did not slow down, but intensified.

Attempts to strengthen the angle of support of the crossbar on outer panel fences from within, with similarity device inner frame- didn't work either. In Soviet times, there were attempts to strengthen these nodes with the help of logs installed in the corners.

Internal frame without own foundation, based on floor slabs, only cosmetically solves the problem of a frozen one, provided that it is upholstered with sheets of drywall. It should be borne in mind that most of the examined crossbars had an unacceptable deflection back in the 80s.

In structures of the semi-frame type of the series 1-335 during the installation of attached loggias, it was planned to perform a fastening unit for the crossbar head to transfer the load from worn units to the outer frame along the perimeter of the entire structure. Due to the fact that the reconstruction activities scheduled for the end of the 80s were not completed, currently in the course of reconstruction activities balcony slabs and visors must be dismantled.

The device of heated loggias had to perform the following functions:

- creation additional belt thermal protection before repair and sealing of panel joints;
- improved insolation interior spaces due to three-sided natural lighting;
- improving the comfort of living quarters;
- creation of a rigid outer frame around the entire perimeter of the building.

All these activities must be carried out in short terms With complete eviction of residents on a permanent or temporary basis. Their implementation would contribute to reducing social tension in society and solving the housing problem in an economical way, beneficial for all participants in the reconstruction process.

My text. So, the further evolution of the design of residential buildings led to the emergence of a "half-frame" scheme, and the Leningrad branch of Gorstroyproekt developed the 1-335 series according to this principle, which was destined to become a "hit". It is not difficult to distinguish the series, it is enough 1) to look at the end of the house and note the location of the windows. 2) look at the house from the stairs. Continuous glazing of stairwells (4 rows of frames per panel or glass blocks) - also feature 1-335. These houses were built everywhere from Kaliningrad to the Pacific Ocean. For each climatic and seismic zone, its own modification of the project was developed. Oddly enough, in Moscow 1-335 is a very rare guest. Only 20 photos.

Photo 1 house series 1-335 under construction

In the capitals, the house was built in a slightly different guise (moreover, concrete goods were brought to Moscow from other regions). Outwardly, differences in the structure of the roof.
Photo 2. St. Petersburg. The roof is flat, its device is identical to the OD series. Most houses are finished with gray ceramics.

Photo 3. 1-335 in Moscow. Roof - gable. Panels are always painted.

The cost of construction of 1 sq.m of living space for frame-panel houses of the 1-335 series was 95 rubles. in 1961 prices - the lowest figure among the entire history of industrial housing construction in the USSR. What is a "half-frame" can be seen from the drawing. The longitudinal load-bearing wall was replaced by columns with load-bearing beams. Internal partitions the same (except for inter-apartment) - light, made of gypsum concrete. Moreover, the section of the columns during the evolution of the series was reduced (1-335 k)
Photo 4. "Semi-frame" scheme of series 1-335

The layout of the apartments is a "step back" in relation to K-7 (od). 2-room and part of 3-room apartments with walk-through rooms, bathrooms combined. Height ceiling - required hygienic minimum of 250 cm. True, in all apartments - balconies. Starting from 1-335, the definition of “mother-in-law’s room” appeared in the lexicon of a Soviet person - this is a pantry in “kopeck pieces” and “three rubles” - it is enough big size.
Photo 5. Layout 1-335.

Photo 6

Photo 7. Furnishing option 1-335 from designers. I note that the common (passing room) is conceived as non-residential.

They tried to diversify the houses of the 1-335 series and “revive” the quarter with artistic coloring of houses and simple decor (along the “red” line of streets)
Photo 8.

Or the use of mosaic panels in houses with ceramic finishes facade panels
Photo 9.

Or the use of glass blocks in the glazing of stairs
Photo 10.

In the process of evolution of the series, the end windows moved closer to the center of the building (there are no such houses in Moscow or St. Petersburg).
Photo 11 "transitional" version 1-335 in Tomsk

Photo 12. Project 1-335A-2. The windows of the butt "fixed" in a new place.

Trouble 1-335 - the destruction of the slabs of the balconies was also defeated
Photo 13. Brick consoles of balconies

Back in the days of the USSR, the operation of houses of the 1-335 series of some DSKs revealed serious problems with the quality of reinforced concrete products
Photo 14. Lamination of facade panels

What needed a major overhaul
Photo 15.

Discussion and Additional Information on the forum -

Residential apartment house Series 1-335 have a frame and panel design. The project belongs to the developers of the design bureau of Leningrad, the design was finally improved and put into construction by the LenZNIIEP scientific institute.

House series 1-335 has 5 floors. The facade is recognizable by the four-leaf windows on landings, ends, consisting of four panels, as well as windows in two rows.

In the history of Khrushchev housing construction, this series is characterized by the lowest cost, equal to 95 rubles. Panel houses are located in different Moscow districts, all of them are in disrepair. According to experts - the worst construction project of all Khrushchev's structural series.

Characteristics of a panel house 1-335

The number of entrances of the house starts from 3 or more. There is no elevator in the houses. Each apartment, except for the 1st floor, has a balcony. The design does not provide for a built-in garbage chute, there are no emergency balconies on the stairs. The roof has four-slope design. The ceilings were made of solid reinforced concrete slabs. Inter-apartment and inter-room partitions are made of gypsum concrete panels. Bearing walls are made according to constructive scheme frame is incomplete. Type of bearing wall- layered: reinforced concrete outside, and foam concrete insulation inside. The facade is tiled in light shades.

On the floors there are one-, two- and three-room apartments. Apartments are small. The area of ​​a one-room apartment is no more than 31 m2, of which 19 m2 is residential space. AT two-room apartment total area ranges from 40 to 45m2 (about 35 - living area). Treshkas are 10-12m2 larger (about 55m2), with a living space of 44-48m2. Kitchens have a standard square for any apartment - 6.3 m2. Ceilings are low - 2.5 meters. The apartments are equipped with storage rooms.

Among the shortcomings of the panel "five-story building" note the combination of a toilet and a bathroom. External walls they are extremely poorly insulated, so it is cool in the apartments during the heating season. Interior partitions thin, which increases the audibility from neighbors.