Sizes of a bar for a house in the national style. Wooden beams on the floor for a large span Timber dimensions 50x50

Various timber

Building a house from a bar raises a lot of questions from readers. Most often they ask how to choose a material for construction. There are more varieties of timber every year, which one is better to use and how to distinguish high-quality material. How to choose a bar for building a house, we will tell those readers who do not want to waste money and want to purchase quality material. Which timber to choose - profiled, glued, simple, section and grade of timber in one article.

For building a house, timber is chosen from three main types: simple, profiled or glued. In terms of its heat-saving and sound-insulating qualities, it surpasses brick. The only thing that is inferior is fire resistance. But using special formulations for processing, you can reduce the indicator at times. It is environmentally friendly and outperforms brick and rounded logs at a price. And with the onset of a difficult economic situation in the country, the material generally took the first positions in the choice of buyers. Each type has its own pros and cons for building.

Simple edged material

A rectangular bar of various sections. Produced in chamber drying and natural humidity. By the price category, the timber of natural moisture is the cheapest. When choosing natural humidity for building your home, you need to understand that additional costs will be required for external and internal decoration, for example, siding or clapboard. The fact is that when it dries, the material will crack and lose its aesthetically pleasing appearance. Some of the heat-saving qualities will be lost during cracking, so you will have to insulate the walls with mineral wool or any other material. Choosing a chamber-drying timber, you can count on the minimum shrinkage of the house. But the walls will still not be attractive, since a tape insulation is laid between the links. We recommend choosing a simple chamber drying for the construction of a small country house, so you can save on material, and the structure will turn out to be environmentally friendly, and you can assemble it yourself. For the frame construction of a residential structure, it is more profitable to acquire a simple edged look, since the walls will still have to be closed. If, nevertheless, natural humidity is chosen for building a house, then it is necessary to prepare for additional waste.

Profiled view

The second in quality is the profiled beam. It also comes in natural moisture and chamber drying. It has two technical sides with a lock connection - a tongue-and-groove. With the help of a lock, it is easy to fit and connect to each other. Houses from it turn out to be warmer, since the walls will not be blown through. The quality and type of the castle joint determines how warm the walls will be. The warmest is the “comb”, where there are more than two thorns. A simple lock is less resistant to winds, especially in the corners of the masonry of the house. Choosing natural humidity, cracking of the walls cannot be avoided, and over the years, you will still have to use the finishing material. It will not be possible to reinsert the walls a second time, since the castle connection will not allow the work to be performed efficiently. After the walls are assembled, the profiled chamber drying can be simply sanded and coated with antiseptic and protective compounds. Other finishing is not necessary. Suitable for the construction of residential buildings of any size, so the shrinkage will not be large, only 3-4%. The main disadvantage is the high price for chamber drying.

Glued look

Glued laminated timber is considered the most suitable for the construction of a residential building. It consists of dried lamellas that are glued together under a press. The strength of the material is higher than that of a profiled or plain one, since the lamellas are connected in the opposite direction of the fibers. The more lamellas, the stronger the material. Internal lamellas can be spliced ​​or solid, the second option is more expensive and better in quality. Among the main advantages of the glued look are its high heat-insulating characteristics. So, a cross-section of 150x150 mm is equal in thermal conductivity to an edged bar 250x250 mm. It is easier to build a house from such material, since the weight of each bar is less. How to choose a timber for building a glued-type house, you can watch the video:

Among the shortcomings, one can single out not entirely environmental friendliness of the material. The fact is that the adhesive composition for gluing the lamellas is different. The safest is expensive and domestic manufacturers do not use it. The second and not unimportant drawback is the high price of the material.

Unusual timber

One of the newer species on the market is the D-shape. Build a house from a D-shaped view in the same way as from a profiled one. Its difference is in the rounded front side. There is a material with two rounded sides - the front and the inside. Outwardly, the house resembles a log house, but in terms of thermal characteristics it is the same as from a glued one. There is no need to decorate the walls and facade. A new type of materials - warm timber.

Building a house from it is called Maxhouse. Inside, the timber is filled with a layer of insulation made of cellulose or polyurethane foam. The heat-saving properties of the material are higher, but environmental friendliness drops significantly. The main advantage is the low price. The outer and inner sides of a warm look can be made of expensive wood, such as larch or aspen. And the price is 3-4 times lower than for a full-fledged view.

Grade of construction lumber

When choosing construction lumber, you need to pay attention to its grade. Moreover, there are no definite rules for determining one grade from another, therefore, in different manufacturing companies, you can find timber of the same quality, but of a different grade. For the construction of your house, we recommend using grades A or Extra, AB and B. The rest of the lower quality grades may have irregularities and damage by bugs, blue. You can distinguish one variety from another by knowing some of the characteristic features of the bar. Readers can get acquainted with them in more detail in the table:

It is not worth using the BC and C timber in the construction of a house for permanent residence. For a garden house or frame construction, in order to save money, you can buy cheaper varieties. But first you need to look at the material in several companies at once.

Varieties of cross-section of a bar

The thickness of the building beam is taken from 100 mm, but traditionally a section of 200x200 mm is used for the construction of a residential building. For the construction of your house, a cross-section of 150x150 mm is selected. If the house is being built as a summer cottage in the southern region, then you can buy less than 100 mm. For a house of permanent residence in central Russia, you can choose glued or warm material with a section of 150x150 mm or 100x150 mm, where the working side will be large. Simple and profiled is selected with a section from 150x150 to 200x200 mm.

You can use a rectangular section of 150x200 mm, where the large side is working. If you use a simple edged timber of natural moisture and in the future the walls will be insulated, then you can use a section of 100x150 mm. It is important to choose the right thickness of the timber, since if you build a house from a profiled chamber drying and do not take into account thermal conductivity, then it will be cold in the house in winter. As a result, the walls will have to be insulated and it makes no sense to acquire a profiled chamber drying. The price of the material will envy from the choice of the section. Consider the price for a different section of a bar in the form of a table:

Choosing the right material for building your house is not the cheapest, good quality material, with a thickness of 200 mm or more.

Basic rules on how to choose a bar for building a house

From the foregoing, we can conclude how to choose a bar for building a house. Let's list the basic rules:

1. For the construction of a house, a bar with a thickness of 200 mm is chosen.
2. For the construction of a country house, you can take a simple natural humidity, for a residential building, glued or profiled chamber drying.
3. Choosing a chamber drying, you can not be afraid of large shrinkage and cracking of the walls, taking natural moisture, it is necessary to plan the costs of finishing the facade and interior.
4. The shape of the material must be correct, distortions and irregularities in color are unacceptable. Buy grades A and AB, B.
5. The D-shaped profile can be selected instead of the rounded log.
6. Warm timber is less expensive, but in appearance it is hardly distinguishable from glued timber.

When choosing a material, you need to purchase it only from trusted manufacturing companies. You should not take suspiciously cheap material, especially when it comes to the glued form. Only in this way the construction of the house will be made of high-quality and correct timber.

Sizes of lumber are set by state standards. The calculation of the parameters of semi-finished products is carried out based on the scope of their application for the needs of the domestic market and product exports.

When performing construction work and forming homemade structures, it is useful to know the standard sizes of semi-finished products. GOST defines the technical requirements for products from coniferous and deciduous trees intended for export and the domestic market.

High-quality wood and the right processing method allow you to cut a large amount of productive material. Semi-finished products are of the following types:

• edged and unedged boards;
• bars.

Coniferous wood is divided into 5 types, and deciduous wood - into 3. According to the requirements of GOST, the name is formed from the following parts:

• Name of production;
• digital designation of the corresponding type;
• wood species;
• cross-section and length dimensions;
• designation of the standard.

The highest quality lumber is called selected, and their marking is carried out with a horizontal strip or the letter "O". Other grades of materials are designated by numbers from 1 to 4 or the corresponding number of dots.

Suitability and compliance is analyzed by edge or flawed side. The grade is determined by the presence of cracks, deformation, and the quality of processing.

For sawn softwood, the dimensions and maximum deviations from the norm are regulated by GOST 24454-80. By agreement with the consumer, deviations in the length of materials established by additional standards are allowed for the domestic market.

Material specifications

Raw materials for the manufacture of lumber, the size of the boards, the quality of processing are provided in the standards. According to the quality of material processing, there are 5 types of boards and 4 types of beams.

Selected grades of sawn timber are produced:

• dry with an allowable moisture content within 22%;
• from raw wood - moisture content above 22%;
• from material treated with antiseptics.

For grade 4 sawn timber, moisture content is not regulated by standards. Requirements for surface roughness are established by GOST 7016.

Depending on the purpose of the lumber, additional parameters are established that characterize the quality of raw materials. For example, for the structure of ships, the number, size and nature of the placement of intergrown knots on a 1 meter section of the length of lumber are taken into account.

For the manufacture of flooring, cracks and cores are possible in the material. The assessment of the suitability of the material is carried out on the best side.

Defect Regulatory Limitations

The table of norms of restrictions on the defects of wood material in accordance with GOST 2140-81 provides for the presence of knots. Their size is calculated as a fraction of the width of the boards and the amount per 1 running meter. For bars, standards are not established.

To characterize the quality of the boards, they are distinguished:

• rib knots;
• rotten and edging;
• thickness of 40 mm or more.

The permissible defect rates are calculated based on the parameters specified in the standards. The measurement of the diameter of the knots is carried out along a contour drawn parallel to the longitudinal axis of the material.

The permissible presence of cracks in a semi-finished product depends on the integrity and conditions of material preservation. There are through cracks, deep and shallow, reaching the end.

In the manufacture of boards and beams, defects in raw materials are taken into account, including the inclination of fibers, pockets, the shape and size of the core, traces of wood diseases.

The damage to the harvesting by mushrooms is analyzed separately. As a result of their impact, poisonous stains and rot are formed on the tree, which affect the quality of the material. As a result of wood processing, mechanical damage can occur.

Foreign inclusions in the form of wire, fragments are not allowed in semi-finished products. Biological damage by a wormhole is calculated in pieces per 1 m of the workpiece and should not exceed 2-6 shallow defects.

Standard parameters

Lumber sizes GOST 24454-80 for conifers are specified in certain standards. The optimal parameters for the height and width of trimmed semi-finished products should correspond to the data in the table.

For example, for semi-finished products with a thickness of 50 mm, lengths from 75 to 275 mm are allowed in increments of 25 mm. Taking into account the demand of consumers, it is allowed to manufacture sawn timber with dimensions that differ from the standard.

The actual dimensions of semi-finished products made from wood with a moisture content above 22% should be slightly larger. The indicator should take into account the change in size as a result of shrinkage.

The optimal parameters are set for the domestic market and export from 1 to 6.5 m. The parameters of the material intended for the manufacture of container boards are from 0.5 m with a graduation of 0.1 m.

For the formation of bridge beams, the length of the semi-finished products is 3.25 m. The dimensions of the semi-finished product intended for export are from 0.9 to 6.3 m with a gradation of 0.3 m.

Deviations from the indicated dimensions are calculated separately for each type of product.

The dimensions of the cross-section of the edged material and the length of the boards are determined by GOST 8486-86. For example, for a board with a length of 6.5 m, a gradation of 0.25 m is established. Most often, the size of 6 m is in demand among consumers, which has already become the standard.

In this case, the width of the material is from 75 to 275 mm, and the thickness is 16.19, 22, 25, 32, 40, 44, 50, 60 or 75 mm. The parameters of the height, width and length of the board determine the number of pieces in 1 m³.

The weight of finished semi-finished products is calculated by multiplying the volume by the density of the material, which depends on the degree of moisture, the type of tree, and the conditions for its growth. The technical parameters of wood are taken into account when transporting it.

GOST 24454-80

Group K21

INTERSTATE STANDARD

CONIFEROUS LUMBERS

Dimensions (edit)

Coniferous sawn timber. Sizes

ISS 79.040
OKP 53 3100

Date of introduction 1981-01-01

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Ministry of Forestry, Pulp and Paper and Woodworking Industry of the USSR

2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED INTO EFFECT by the Resolution of the USSR State Committee for Standards of November 10, 1980 N 5731

3. The standard corresponds to ST SEV 1264-78, ST SEV 1265-78, ST SEV 1147-78, ST SEV 1266-78

4. REPLACE GOST 8486-66, Section 1 in terms of dimensions

5. REFERENCE REGULATORY AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS

6. The limitation of the validity period has been removed according to the protocol N 4-93 of the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (IUS 4-94)

7. EDITION (September 2007) with Amendments N 1, 2, approved in December 1986, November 1987 (IUS 2-87, 2-88)

1. This standard applies to edged and unedged sawn timber of coniferous species and establishes requirements for the size of sawn timber used for the needs of the national economy and export.

The standard does not apply to resonant and aircraft lumber, as well as softwood graded in the Black Sea.

The standard fully complies with ST SEV 1264-78, ST SEV 1265-78, ST SEV 1147-78, ST SEV 1266-78 and takes into account ISO 3179-74 and ISO 738-81.

Terms and definitions of sawn timber - according to GOST 18288.

2. The nominal dimensions of the thickness and width of edged sawn timber with parallel edges and the thickness of unedged and edged sawn timber with non-parallel edges must correspond to those indicated in the table.

Nominal dimensions of thickness and width

Note. At the request of the consumer, it is allowed to produce sawn timber with dimensions not indicated in the table.

3. The width of the narrow face, measured anywhere in the length of unedged sawn timber, should be for thicknesses:

The width of the face of edged sawn timber with non-parallel edges at the narrow end should be for the thicknesses:

(Modified edition, Amendment N 1).

4. Lumber must also be manufactured with the following cross-sectional dimensions:

for export - 63x160; 90x90; 90x125; 50x300; 63x300; 75x300; 100x300 mm. By agreement with the consumer, lumber of the indicated cross-sections can be produced for the domestic market;

for truck platforms - 40x180; 70x150 mm;

for beams of oil rigs - 400x400; 360x360; 200x400; 180x350; 150x300; 300x300;

for bridge beams - 200x240; 220x260 mm;

for auto and car building - 110 and 130 mm wide.

5. The nominal dimensions of lumber in thickness and width are set for wood with a moisture content of 20%. When the moisture content of the wood is more or less 20%, the actual dimensions of the thickness and width should be more or less than the nominal dimensions by the corresponding amount of shrinkage in accordance with GOST 6782.1.

6. The nominal dimensions of the length of lumber are set:

for the domestic market and export - from 1.0 to 6.5 m with a gradation of 0.25 m;

for the manufacture of containers - from 0.5 m with a graduation of 0.1 m;

for bridge beams - 3.25 m;

for export - from 0.9 to 6.3 m with a graduation of 0.3 m.

7. Limit deviations from the nominal dimensions of sawn timber are set, mm:

by thickness:

in width for edged sawn timber:

For lumber less than 1.5 m in length, limit deviations in length are not established.

7a. By agreement with the consumer, for the domestic market, lumber is allowed with a gradation in length of 0.3 m and maximum deviations in thickness and width in accordance with GOST 26002.

(Introduced additionally, Rev. N 2).

8. Measurement of the dimensions of sawn timber - in accordance with GOST 6564.

(Introduced additionally, Rev. N 1).



Electronic text of the document
prepared by JSC "Kodeks" and verified by:
official publication
Lumber. Specifications:

Sat. GOSTs. - M .: Standartinform, 2007

It is useful to know the standard sizes of wood both when doing various homemade products with your own hands and during solid construction. Sizes of lumber are regulated by GOST and the products of each sawmill are focused on standardized sizes. Lumber can be edged, unedged, boards, bars and beams, etc.

Wood quality

Deciduous wood species are divided into three varieties, conifers - into five. The best grade sawn timber is called selective (marked with a horizontal strip or the letter "O"), the rest of the varieties denote numbers 1-4(marked with the corresponding number of dots, vertical stripes or just a number).

The quality of lumber is assessed by the worst side or edge. The grade is determined by the presence / absence of knots, rot, cracks, warping and deformations, wormholes, the degree of accuracy of machining (the non-parallelism of the planes and edges regulates GOST 24454-80).

Wood 1st grade It is used for the manufacture of elements of building structures, windows, doors, stairs (for standard dimensions of staircase elements, see. in this article), finishing of the floor and walls.

2nd grade goes to the decks supporting building structures ( II category) formwork, battens and planed parts ( GOST 8442-75 and GOST 475-78).

3rd grade used for the manufacture of supporting structures ( III category).

4th grade suitable for the manufacture of containers, small workpieces.

The permissible humidity of the 4th grade is not standardized. Humidity of other varieties should not exceed 22%... When this value is exceeded, the lumber is called "raw" - there is a significant loss of its strength.

Symbols

In the designation, the material (board, bar, bar) is written in plain text, then the number indicating the variety, species of wood (hardwood - conifers or individual species - pine, spruce, larch, cedar, fir), cross-sectional size in mm. and designation of the regulatory standard.

Example: Plank - 2 - pine - 40 x 150 - GOST 8486-86

Responsible manufacturers also indicate the length and cubic capacity in the price lists, i.e.: Board - 2 - pine - 40 x 150 x 6000 - GOST 8486-86 Quantity in a cube: 27 pcs

The length of lumber and blanks is fixed at the smallest distance between the ends, and the width is anywhere, but retreating 150 mm from the ends.

Thickness is measured in the same way at an arbitrary point with an indent 150 mm... The width of unedged lumber is determined in the middle of the length (excluding bark). The volume can be determined in cubic meters based on the dimensions of the specified GOST 5306 - 83.

Edged boards. Dimensions. The weight. Tables

Cross-sectional dimensions ( a x b) and length ( L) edged boards are defined GOST 8486-86

Interstate standard. GOST for sawn softwood see here >>>

Length 1 - 6.5 m. With a graduation of 0.25 m. Today, more and more often the consumer is offered sawn timber with a length of exactly 6 m, which has already become the standard.

Dimension a (width) edged boards: 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275 mm.

b (thickness) 16, 19, 22, 25, 32, 40, 44, 50, 60, 75 mm.

Table of how many boards are 1 cube (pieces / meters)

Find out the number of meters of edged board in 1 cube very simple. If we multiply the number of boards in a cube (third column of the table) by the length of the board (in table 6m), then we find out how many usual linear meters of the board are in 1m3.

How much does the cube of the board weigh?

Weight is calculated using a simple formula: M = V * P

M- the weight.

V- volume

P- the density of wood depends on the type of wood, its moisture content, the place of growth, the specific part of the trunk from which the board is sawn.

Did you know?

Weight 1m3 freshly sawn edged lumber (pine) depends on many factors.

If timber 18 * 18 lighter than a board 0,025*0,18 , because the core of the trunk itself is looser and the board that is cut, as a rule, from the edges of the trunk, is denser.

The forest (pine) sometimes comes across "tied" ie This is the forest from which resin was once collected (there was an organization "Himles") lumber is not rotten, not blue, but it can be almost twice as light.

Forest (pine) harvested in winter after January will be lighter by about 10-20%

Lumber is always of the exact length, for example, if a beam is considered 6 meters then, as a rule, it has a length of 6.05 to 6.25 and maybe more, depends mainly on the sobriety of the "gooseberry"

From the number of knots on the lumber.

From many different mass measurement standards 1m3 lumber.

Density of wood

Calculation example:

For example, we need to find out the weight of one cube of a pine board:

m= 1m3 * 520kg / m3 = 520kg at 12% humidity(the physical and mechanical properties of wood are determined with this indicator )

For absolutely dry wood, the density will be lower (equilibrium moisture content of wood for indoor use 6-8% ), and higher for natural humidity.

Natural humidity is not standardized and can be from 30% to 80%... When wood is used in contact with the external environment (any external wooden elements of the house, wooden window frames, outside cladding, etc.), we get exactly in 12% humidity for which the table above is given.

Construction timber. Dimensions (edit)

A beam is a board whose dimensions correspond to the inequality: a / b< 2

The length of the timber is the same as the length of the edged board. Other sizes can always be made for you on request.

Dimension a (width) of the bar: 50, 60, 75, 100, 130, 150, 180, 200, 20, 250 mm.

b (thickness) 130, 150, 180, 200, 220, 250 mm.

When ordering lumber, as a rule, the issue of transporting the required amount is acute. The table shows the volume of a bar length 10m conifers. ( m 3)

Find out how to save money when buying lumber

Edged board of the working section. Professionals have known this trick for a long time and they use it with might and main for the benefit of the wallet. Why are we worse? The so-called "edged board of the working section" is produced in an assortment of similar sawn timber according to GOST 8486-86, but has a smaller cross-sectional size ( 5 mm).

The quality of the board matches the edged board 1st grade, however, with the same number of boards 1m 3 will be cheaper by 10-15% than edged board by GOST.

As an owner, you can apply for a felling quota to the village council. After agreement with the foresters, we deliver the wood to the sawmill and get the required amount of lumber at reasonable prices.

In winter, in the off-season, sometimes it is possible to "catch" excellent discounts both for processing at the sawmill and from sellers who are not able to store lumber not sold in the warm season. Use it!

It is widely used in the construction industry, being one of the most important elements of raw materials. If in the old days it was enough to make a 4-sided bar for a bar, today higher requirements are imposed on this product.

Modern industry produces 3 types of timber:

• whole;
• profiled;
• glued.

In shape, each of these types of timber has an ideal 4-sided surface along all edges. In this case, glued timber can be solid and with a profile plane. For the production of timber, not all types of wood are used. Recognized as fit: spruce, pine, larch, fir and cedar. They can also use birch and aspen, but these types of wood are used much less than conifers.

The length of the timber can reach 3 - 9 meters, depending on the purpose of the order. But the most common is a bar of 3 and 6 meters in length. In cross-section, the timber can be from 100 mm to 300 mm. If we are talking about a square section, then the dimensions are as follows:

• 100 X 100 mm
• 150 X 150 mm
• 200 X 200 mm
• 300 X 300 mm.

• 100 X 150 mm;
• 150 X 200 mm;
• 250 X 300 mm.

It is noteworthy that the standard dimensions of the timber are mandatory for mass production, which produces products in accordance with GOSTs. For individual orders can be made timber of other sizes.

Solid timber is the most common compared to the rest of the categories. In its production, inexpensive and easy-to-use equipment is used. For this reason, the cost of the timber remains relatively low. One-piece timber has been widely used in the construction of residential buildings, baths, country houses, country houses, since it is distinguished by an acceptable price and good operational properties.

Profiled timber (or timber) is obtained from solid logs. On two lateral sides, flat surfaces (planes) are made, and on the other (upper and lower), a groove and a ledge are made. This is done so that when laying, the timber completely coincides between the rows. The shape and number of grooves are chosen depending on the intended purpose and characteristics of the future construction site.

It should be noted that the profiled timber is more economical, since the walls are not required to be sealed during the construction of the house. In addition, experts note increased level of adhesion of the timber to each other. At the same time, construction time is significantly reduced, which is very important when fulfilling any order.

Glued wooden beams appeared on the domestic market relatively recently, about 30 years ago. When making it, there is no need to use solid tree trunks. To obtain the desired size of timber, it is necessary to use the appropriate number of boards, which, as a result of pressure, are pressed according to a certain technology. This type of timber is resistant to deformation, resistant to mechanical stress and reliable in operation. Wooden beams are produced in profiled forms.

The technology for the production of laminated veneer lumber belongs to the class of environmentally friendly, since it does not cause significant damage to the environment. It will take only 3-4 weeks to build a house from laminated veneer lumber.