Making curls. We make the window frame area of \u200b\u200bapplication and materials

- this is internal organization Deaf frame, or opening sash, which divides the window to separate parts. Sometimes under this title implies the entire design of the window, including frames, sash, imposts and decorative strips. The height and width of the device mainly depends on the height of the room itself, as well as the required amount of light.

To date, two series of intertures for residential premises are produced. These are separate and paired structures, the thickness of the bars of 44 mm.

Window binding performs such functions:

1. Providing certain climatic conditions in room.
2. Heat insulation and air insulation.
3. Lighting the building.
4. Decorative design.

Scope and materials

The lattice separation devices are used in the works of software and terraces. They are manufactured both in a co-form and with built-in former.

Thanks to such a device, you can mount double glazing large sizes. In civil engineering mainly apply tween binders. They consist of internal and external elements bonded with screws-tie screws.

In the manufacture of window bindings, only the highest quality and durable dry bars use. They may have a square, or rectangular shape. The bars themselves are made of ate, pine, larch and cedar. Through wooden bars There may be a lot of heat out of the room, so they must pass a special processing and have a flat plane.

Device

Main components:

1. Box.
2. Right vertical lump bar.
3. Left vertical lump lump.
4. Folder.
5. Horizontal hill under the window.
6. Fortochka.
7. Transom.
8. The loop.
9. Sash without a window.
10. Horizontal impost.
11. Vertical impost.

The window consists of such parts: the windowsill, movable and fixed part. The movable component includes the binding together with glass. A window box, or frame belongs to the fixed part.

In turn, the window box can be general and separate. As for the windowsill, it serves overlap for the lower part of the window opening. Via window boardThe indoor window acquires an aesthetic appearance.

The presence of a separation device in the window depends on the type of glazing. For example, the pair window has double glazing, respectively, it will also have two separators (internal and outdoor).

There are several types of paired window designs. These are windows with double and separate devices that can be opened both outside and inside. The separating element of the window must comply with very many requirements. To prevent the outlet of the heat from the room, the premises of structures should be tightly connected.

Types and designs

In its destination, window bindings can be:

Nathers

There are simple finished designs and a window. They are used in modern residential premises and in public premises.

Deaf

They are used in low-rise residential buildings and in the utility rooms. They consist of such elements: general strapping frame and hill. The latter, divide the lumen of the frame on separate elements square form. The strength of the binding depends on the amount of horses in it.

Lifting

Such window structures Do not take additional space when opening, since all manipulations pass in the same plane. Due to its device, the flaps move purely in the vertical direction. Lifting windows are mainly used in the design of a classic style.

There are many different designs Window bakes. First of all, their device depends on architectural solutions developers and from the taste of the most owners.

In some structures, the fastening of the glass occurs with the help of special staps. You can strengthen the glass using rubber gaskets and covered strokes. Window bounds can be steel and wooden.

Steel structures manufacture from bent profiles, rolling method. The fastening of glasses is carried out with the help of curvators. All strengthening elements must be treated with lubricant.

Construction themselves are strengthened by bolts. Wooden bindings can be both single and twisted. They consist of a box with deaf sash.

Installation and repair

The assembly of window bindings is carried out in manual mode.

The installation of the binding occurs in two stages:

1. Pre-assembly. It lies in fitting spikes, trimming corners and removal of various squeaks. Initially, hubbles and the middle house are harvested, after which they are connected to the longitudinal bar. Further, the spikes are collected by the second bar. In the process preliminary assembly, Binding design does not need to clamp in the bats.
2. Final assembly. Already the finished device is crimped to glue and after checking on rectangles, fixed in the corners. After drying the glue, it is necessary to remove all the protruding sections of the brazers. Next, there is a clamping of the flaps with a clamping bracket of the workbench. The polished design and lines are attached to the outer binding, while creating its outer edges.

Box build work is on the workbench, or Vaima. Initially, it is necessary to assemble the inner frame, and then the outer. The surface of the connection of both frames should be prolifened and after that they can be pinned them with nails, pressing each other.

Over time, the nodes of the separation device may dismiss, rot and succumb to the deformation. In this case, there is a need to repair the window binding.

Repairs

Elements:

1. Installing a new gasket.
2. Replacing the sash strapping bar.
3. Replacing strokes ..
4. Replacing low tide.
5. Stripening the top bar of the window.
6. Rake sticker after dried strapping.
7. Replacing loops, window handles.
8. Strengthening window binding by coal.

In the process of repair, it is necessary to remove the design with the hinge of the sash and pull out the glass. All rotten ends are cut to the appearance of durable wood. All old plum details are replaced with new ones. In older bars it is necessary to make holes for the faces. After that, all the details should be copped with waterproof glue, followed by stepwise.

When binding dissipates, you need to remove its bias. If a gap was formed on the device's sequence, then all the hinges of the sash must be removed and stacked on them the bar. In turn, the Planck should be thicker than the gap itself, about 2 mm. After dismantling, the loops need to hang back and attach the design to the place.

If the repairs need a box, then it is pre-made their billets of a certain length. Then, rotten areas are screaming with a hacksaw and are cleaned of various garbage.

Released from the boxes of the place should be treated with an antiseptic. When using new wood, it also needs to be covered with an antiseptic and dry thoroughly.

New sites are connected to the old, hardwood. The ends of the inserted vertical bars should be adjusted to the horizontal ends on the layer of putty. The putty in turn protects the places of compounds from moisture, which can form when flowing off the water from the windows.

Coloring

After dismantling separate designs, they always need painting. Initially, all surfaces that are to be painted must be wiped with a damp cloth and dry.

When coloring the corners, you first need to strike the brush to the causta, and then it should be chopping it in bars. To prevent blurred windows, paper on a special glue passes along the bars.

Also, you can apply a polymer sticky film.

The color process takes place in several steps:

1. Application of paint on the surface faced by the building. Such manipulations should be carried out with closed windows.
2. Staining butt surfaces.
3. Coloring outdoor surfaces.

Window binders of kitchen premises most often stain in white color. To obtain good result, Painting needs to spend several times. The gap between the first and subsequent staining should be two days. For proper application Paints, the surface should be smooth, shiny and without incl.

The coloring of window dividing structures should be made with flots (brush with multiple width). When applying the first layer, the paint must be rubbed across the fibers. At the same time, you need to ensure that the paint lay down to the smooth layer, otherwise the windows will be badly open.

Good afternoon!

Today, a little, but very interesting.

I do a false binding for windows with your own hands, quite a budget optionAnd I'll tell you to this can be done.

Before you plastic window Consisting of 4 parts. The total dimensions of the window of about 2000 mm per 1500.

The cost of the material, taking into account the necessary strips for the separation of 375 rubles. The total length of 30 meters, took with a reserve, as it is necessary to take a few more windows. And so the required length is 24 meters. Funny price, compared with the original false bindings that cost 300 rubles per meter)).

And so bend.

Necessary materials:

• Acetone, it is necessary for us to degrease the surface of the glass and the binding themselves, as they are without two third-party skotcha.
• Accordingly, two third-party tapes.
• And the Cable Channel, but it was not that you didn't hear a channel cable with dimensions 20 to 10. Choose a good one tightly closes and to be soft and slightly gave a blue, such a cable canal does not shine.
• Well, good acute knife with boosers.

We make marking with a roulette and calculate the required number of sections on which we want to share.

We take a cable channel, measure the glass and cut the windows. And at the end it is closed with a lid and then cut off at the place with a knife. The more neat do it. The less jokes will be visible. I got almost visible.

Result on face. Stylish, beautiful and gently. And most importantly cheap.

Will write questions feel free. There is one nuance, I haven't watched a street yet))), well, I think if the floor is high, then in principle it will not be bad.

And that's what Valery writes

« Hello I am about false binding. In short, Scotch took the car 3m, on which the deflectors are fixed, cable channels Ecoplast 20 * 10, the manufacturer assures that they are added to the same "non-teased pigments" as in the glass profile. Summer was very sunny while nothing yellowed. At the point of intersection of cable channels, I also adhesive tape, it turned out in general such a kind of overhead lattice, which is quite firmly held on the window profile, and it does not apply to glass and, accordingly, does not spoil it, the entire design can be quickly dismantled, and not quiet Scotch. I all degreased White Spirit and at the end phenyl each connection. Photo I send))) «

Thank you for the new experience)).

Good luck and do not be afraid to experiment.

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Through the window openings from the room outlook, there is quite a lot of heat, so on the manufacture of bindings and their glazing should be paid serious attention.

From wood blanks prepare the bars of the desired shape and size, strictly necessarily for a fugomenon. They can be smooth or with selected climbs. The swirls and other defects drill or cut into a chisel, giving holes a round or diamond shape and close up inserts on the glue.

Corner connections in bindings are performed by two spikes. Hubbles with strapping and bars of the vessels make on one spike. To enhance the angular mating, in addition to glue, it is used from the calculation of one step on one compound.

To perform these compounds and folds on the bars, they are risks with reysmus or comb, and on these risks, spikes and eyelashes are kept, selecting folds. If necessary, cut off the wood "on the Us" in nodes for a dense adjoining, pre-occupying the cutting line of the cut line.

External flaps width more than 700mm, with a height of more than 1800 mm, often fasten with metal coal from the interconnect space, and sometimes with outdoor. Summer bindings, coolers put indoors.

The dimensions of bars and hills of binding are of different sectionsthat depends on the size of the curbbing sash. With the width of the beds 700 and the height of 1200 mm, the side bars of the strapping must be a cross section of 44 x 65mm, and with a width of 700-800mm, height 1200-1800mm - 54 x 65mm.

The total width of the 54 x 61mm brucks from two bars should be 110mm, in the windows in the windows with the impost - up to 140mm, in the bakes with a movement - 150mm. The middle bars of the strapping are made to make a 4mm width less than the width of the side bars, which allows to reduce the width of the medium-signed. The hill in bindings make the same thickness as bars of strapping; The minimum width of pine hill is 25mm. In the binding of large sizes, the width of the hill may be more than 30mm. For the manufacture of ordinary in size of the vessels take the bars 44mm width and thickness 34 and 44mm, for the vessels with an outlook - 51mm width.

The shape of bars and hills can be simple and profiled.

However, in all cases, they must have SCOS 1:10, which comes from glass to the front of the binding, which is necessary for the flow of condensate from the glasses.

In addition, the sash tightly covered and easily opened, the squeezes are made in the outer side edges of the sash and the forces.

On the outer edges of the binding strapping, Framug and the submarines choose small quarters or folders, in which the glasses are then inserted. The size of these folds depends on the thickness of the bars of the strapping and hills, as well as whether the glass is lulpted or closed by strokes - thin wooden rails, smooth or with kalevkov. The latter require wider folds. With the thickness of the bars of the strapping of 54mm, the depth of folds should be 14-15mm, and the width is 8-13mm, with a thickness of bars 44mm, respectively, 13 and 10mm. The decrease in the size of the folds is undesirable to avoid purging through them cold wind. It is better to make false a little wider than already.

Deaf bake

This deaf cover is designed for three glasses (Fig. 44, a). It can be collected from six rectangular bars of the same cross section, although the middle bars - horses - it is better to make more subtle.

Prepare two long and four short bar desired size (For example, in Fig. 44, 6, four bars of the same size are shown). The circuit of the economical markup of the bars is shown in Fig. 44, c. On each bar it is necessary to place spikes, eyeles, nests and folds. At the ends of the long bars, the strapping performs eyelashes, in the middle - through or deaf nests for the horizontal hill spikes, which will have spikes at the ends, and in the middle - the socket in which the spike vertical hill will enter. At the top bar at the ends, spikes remain, at the bottom - at the ends of the eye, in the middle - the nests for the vertical hill. At the ends of the vertical hill, only spikes remain.

Brucks with markup fasten in the workbench in a vertical position. Then fine-skinned saw carefully stuff the spikes and eyeles. This process was described in detail in the chapter "Performing thickening connections".

Strict requirements are presented to accuracy of spike compounds. Minor skewers of the spike or eye will spoil the entire binding. Spike, which is thicker than the width of the nest or the holes of the eye, the split broom, and more subtle than necessary, creates a weak compound. Corner connections of bars, spikes and eyeles must be performed accurately, without additional clearing the chisel.

Pawing spikes and eyelashes, proceed to further processing. Sold parts are spined with cheeks and hang out wood in spikes and eyes or nests. Drain accurately on the markup and necessarily on both sides, followed by trimming and stripping individual roughness. After removing all the roughness, Falzhegel, or Zenzubel, select False, in this case wide and deep (Fig. 44, d).

After the selection of folds, the width of the spikes and the faces on the bruises of the binding remains different, which complicates their assembly or connection and requires cutting the cheeks. Therefore, spikes and eyelets are better to make the same width, spilling speakers (Fig. 44, e). So that bars and hills are tightly adjacent to each other, the protruding part of the bar need to cut off "on the mustache." To do this, we cut the sharp chisel to the chamfer, at a risk at an angle of 45 ° and hit it by the image (Fig. 44, e).

False make a width of one or two thickens of spike. In this case, the folds pass along the edge of the spike, which makes it easier to connect the parts and does not require additional drinking and trimming.

Prepare all the bars, proceed to the binding assembly dry. So that the spikes are easier to enter the eyes and did not temper, remove small chamdes. The spikes included in the tenders are tight, with great effort, must be required by the chisel. Nests in bars make equal width and thickness of spike.

All parts in the nodes should be tightly adjacent to each other. However, when driving the edge still remains torn, and it is necessary to cut it through the chisel. The looseness also occurs in the places of peeling of the spike detail to the eye, because the shoulders do not always have a smooth line. Therefore, they put the coated and the chisel to cut part of the wood with a troops inside (subband).

At the collected dry binding necessarily check the accuracy of the adjuncing parts and rectangles - the coal in the corners, the rail diagonally. Please note that the binding folds are at one level or in the same plane. Then the glass lays down more tightly.

Checking the binding, mark all the details, disassemble and proceed to gluing. First, assemble the bars of 3,4,5, insert them into the bar 1, then insert the bar 2 and put on the strapping bar 1 (Fig. 44, g). Spikes and eyeles need to be smeared with glue directly during the assembly.

Put the collected binding in the livea, check the carbon and rack to rectangle and squeeze the wedges in the nodes to the dense adjuncing to each other. Then, in the corners, drill holes with a diameter of 10-12mm (Fig. 44, s) and hammer in them onto glue. After that, the binding can be removed from Vaim and leave for drying for 2-3 days, and then clean the stitching parts of the spikes and heaters.

Clearing the binding, proceed to the low tide device on the lower and middle brucks of the outdoor binding. The formal form may be different, but a semicircular groove children is always suitable under them. rectangular cross section, having it at a distance of 10mm from the outer edge. Length is usually equal to the width of the binding (Fig. 44, and).

To mount the popular in the lower bruke of binding at a distance of 10 mm from the fold choose a groove in a depth of 10 mm. The width of the groove should be equal to the thickness of the low tide, for which the comb is left, equal to the length of the lower bar or the groove performed. Suck out the grooves corner connections It is not recommended to avoid their weakening. If sometimes drank in the grooves, then a depth of no more than 3mm. Put down on the waterproof glue and additionally attach nails that are driven into nodal compounds and 1-2 in the middle of the lowest. The ends of the mound in unopened intertresses and the fraumug are left straight or cut off from opening bindings at an angle of 45 °, in the focus - at 60 °.

Binding with former

Footings can be arranged in any binding, regardless of the profile of the supplied bars and horses. The fortroom, which opens in the room, should be larger in winter binding than in the summer, otherwise you will not open it.

In the manufacture of binding with the window to the above-described binding, an additional hill is fixed with an appropriate form. It is put between the bars of the strapping and the vertical hill (Fig. 45, a). Mountains are performed with a quarter for the window and folder for glass (Fig. 45, b).

To arrange a quarter for the window opening inside the room (Fig. 45, c), to the previously selected folds, you can nail with nails or arrive with screws of overhead bars. If the vessels open out, then bars and hill are chosen deeper quarters, increasing the seeds of the available folds. In this case, the overhead bars do not nourish (Fig. 45, d).

The submerction may be smooth (Fig. 45, e), as well as with a quarter or from the outlook, which are arranged to reduce the injection. Quarter and applements are littered along the vehicle brushes after its manufacture. Flavar can be arranged from the fastening of the loops (Fig. 45, e). The window is more often done on a single spike, but you can and on double. The spikes are performed on horizontal (longer) bars, and the eyes are on the vertical.

Folded binders

Such bounds (Fig. 45, g) do with the window and without it. The dimensions of the sash and fraamuga can be the most different. The figure shows a binding with climbs and two sings. One tide is put at the bottom of Framuga, the other - at the bottom of the leaf with cut on the cone. Folded reps are made in such a sequence. Plane bars strapping under the square. Place the places of spikes, faces, folds and clocks. They wash the spikes and eyelashes, selected folders and calautes, choose wood from spikes and lylish, that is, preparing bars of strapping. In the lower bar, Framugets and the lower vessels of the flaps choose grooves for tumps. Then bars are harvested dry and correct all inaccuracies, checking on the diagonal and the coal.

Folds produce 10-15mm high height than shown in the drawing. In addition, one sash is made on 10-15mm wider. These allowances are needed for sampling quarters between the sash, as well as sash and framuga. Often, the height of fraumuga increases for this purpose. The focus is performed by Zenzubel, securing the sash or fraamuga in the sidebar of the workbench.

The River leaves the gap 2mm for the paint layer, otherwise after staining the sash is poorly closed. The ends of the mound in the fraumuga are leaving at right angles; At the ends of the sash, they are cut "on the Us" at an angle of 45 °, and in the focus - at an angle of 60 °.

Framuhuh and flaps are harvested dry, check, then disassemble, glue, laid in the livea, check diagonally rake, in the corners - the square. Then it is compressed, drilled in the corners of the hole and put it with the glue. After drying, it is cleaned and installed on a liner.

The easiest window block

Real window profiles Possess a very complex form. They must be made in compliance exact sizesOtherwise, the window will not be sealed. Even the foals are quite complex in the manufacture. But you can make a simpler window option. It, of course, will not be as sealed as the factory, but can be successfully applied in the balconies, in country houses, in attics, verandas, etc.

The described window consists of a box attached in the opening, to which the frame is mounted with glasses. For the manufacture of the box, select the boards with a cross section of 50 x 150mm. For the frame, you can use a timing segment of 50 x 50mm. The linear dimensions of the source materials are chosen based on the size of the window opening.

The box is made of a good dried planed board. In the board you need to choose a quarter of 130mm long and a depth of 15mm, so that the crest formed on the end. This comb is needed for the tightness of the window. After that, the board must be placed in accordance with the size of the future box and cut into four parts. Parts are fastened with each other by conventional straight spikes with fixation of anticipation.

The assembly is conducted as described above. In the finished product on the ends of the box, you can attach metal window corners to give the design additional strength.

The second stage will be the assembly of the sash with glasses. It is done as well as a box, and the use of napillates and corners must be sure that the sash does not flip in the open state. The dimensions of the sash should be such that there is 1-2mm gap between it and the box.

At the bottom of the bar of the strapping, a response groove to the window box 20 and 15mm high is selected. Upper grooves can be two or one, depending on the number of glasses. Their width is 14mm, and the height is 10mm in the sizes of the bar of 50 x 50mm. At the same time, the strokes should be 10x10mm; Glass thickness 4mm.

For the manufacture of profiles, Zenzubel, Kalaveka, Electrolake, or manual frezer. The profile is collected on the part. Then thoring connections with a length of spikes at least 3 cm are made, the binding is collected and glued. Glass is fastened with a stroke. After that, it remains only to attach a loop, other accessories and hang out the sash. At the end, you can stick around the perimeter of the constructor.

Binding of the book has a double purpose: the service is to fasten the sheets into the block and protect them from damage, carry the most necessary information about the book (author, name, volume number) and aesthetic - decorate a book, give her an attractive appearance. The boundaries in the usual form appeared until the invention of typography and for this long period, their design almost did not change. The technology of the manufacture of interturbes changed: directly on the book block, separately from the book block, which made it possible to produce binders to large parties with less consideration time, and finally the manufacture of bindings in modern printing houses on automatic lines. Materials changed from which repersiges were made: wooden boards, parchment, leather, paper, binding fabrics, synthetic polymer materials. The styles and the appearance of the binding changed. They were decorated with a plug-in flat or embossed embossed, grazing with gold thin and elegant ornaments, ivory, skillfully engraved precious metal, precious stonesused to use soft brightly painted skin (safyan), velvet, passing, embroidery, decorative paper. The aesthetics of binding has always been paid and paying great attention. It is not by chance that the book P. Simonony, published in 1903, is called: "The experience of a collection of information on the history and technique of book filter art in Russia", and the book L.N. Simonova, published in 1897 in St. Petersburg - "Binding Mastery and art of jewelry of binding ... "

Along with books in expensive, luxury bindings, at the beginning of the XVII century. Began to produce for the purpose of saving the skin composite binding: the binding root and the corners were sealed with skin, but sides - decorative paper. Later, the decorative paper began to use for the manufacture of forboat.

The design of the bindings of rare books published in countries Western EuropeThey differed in a large variety, which, however, can be reduced to two types: binding with a deaf root and a backbone.

In the binding with a deaf root material, which is covered with a binding cover, are glued directly to the root of the block. When the book is open, the material that is saved the root, bends the arc along with the root of the block.

In the backstage, the binding material is glued only to the binding lids, leaving the root of the block free. When opening the book of the root of the block bends the arc, and the binding root retains its form: straight or rounded. Cover with a retaining can be made separately or mounted on the block. Meet various options Cleaves with a detachment: all-lifting, composite, with edging, edged, with a stubble, with bandages, with false bandages, binding on the sleeve.

Many types of bindings have been preserved so far. Most often in libraries, the following types of modern bindings are found: Binding No. 7 - solid allotypes with edging, root round or straight; Binding number 8 is a composite, solid with edging, root round or straight; Books of sore-glued bonding, brochures, magazines in paper covers. The timely making of the new binding and the restoration of the old are among the most important activities to ensure the safety of books.

The manufacture of the new binding is necessary in cases where the book does not have it or it is badly damaged when the old binding of the old, cannot perform its service function, but is a historical or artistic value and should be saved. It is removed and after appropriate treatment is glued to the new binding. Knowledge technology manual manufacture Cleaves are also necessary for their restoration, it is more expedient to start poto with the description of the technology of manufacturing the binding.

The main binding elements are shown in Fig.

Manufacturing and installation of door frames

Boxes for stone and similar buildings make a thickness of 50 - 60 mm thick, 100 mm wide and more .. billets are plane in size, they choose a quarter of the door thickness and a width of 15 - 30 mm. Details are connected to each other with straight or oblique spikes strictly into the square.

Install the box in the same way as in the window openings. Lower bar must be strictly horizontally. Vertical bars are installed on the carbon, wraver or level. The aligned box is fixed with wedges, and then with rods, drive them into the laying seams or wooden bolsters.

Wooden boxes for chopped wooden buildings make square bars square or rectangular shape. They are plane to the desired size; In vertical bars, quench, grooves, spikes and eyeles are chosen.

Down the doorway usually lays a thicker log, which serves as the lower bar or threshold. Before laying, the top of it is shy strictly horizontally and choose. Quantity. The walls cut down the ridges, and the nests are hammered in the lower log, where bars are inserted. In the upper ends of the vertical bars make eyelashes, and in the upper bar - spikes. Install details door box Just like the window. The top bar is temporarily secured by wedges, and the gaps are pacles. The box is checked by a outer or level; It should be assembled precisely to the square.

Boxes for interior doors - less. Massive. They can consist of three or four bars. Fasten them to racks, most often nails. If a box of three bars, then the vertical at the bottom is fixed to the beam or to the floor with spikes. The slots between the boxes and walls or partitions are covered with platbands.

The bounds can be deaf (in the form of a whole frame) and open, with the windows and without them, consist of only two sash or two sashs and fraamuga.

Fig. 62. Brusque slaughter sequence

Fig. 63. Deaf binding (frame) and its details:

but. b, in -nodes; one, 4 - hill; 2, 3 -bruks; five - falves

Made the bars from bars and hills, more often rectangular and less frequently square shape with selected folders (quarters of small size) for glass. Connect bars with each other with eyeles and spikes.

Prepare bars so. First plasten one side, then the flights are risks on the second and third parties and they plane on them the fourth side. After that, under the carbon plasten the second side and risks are applied to the risks of a third party (Fig. 62).

The bindings are presented particularly strict requirements, since even through well-made protesters leaves the room a lot of heat.

The shells of the binding should help as close as possible to each other or quarters of the box. Ship connections Brucks should also be dense. The nests under the loop you are-reserve exactly that the loops fit into them tightly.

Falves of the bindings need to be located in the same plane so that the glass laid tightly lightened to them. In this case, with glazing on a single smear, heat loss does not occur. With glazing on a double putty, the latter requires much less.

Deaf ups from rectangular bars consist of upper, lower, two side bars and two hills (horizontal and vertical), which divide the binding to separate parts (Fig. 63). In nodes ive.bruks are connected by spikes and eyeles, and in the node b.- spike and nest.

Fig. 64. Holding rinks on binding bars:

a - risks; b - holding rink by reysmus; in- holding rinks with a comb; g -holding in the coal; 1 - risks for trimming "on the mustache"; 2 - risks for ships and lying risks; 3 - risks for sampling of fold; 4 - pins; 5 - Risk

Fig. 65. Procedure for dumping spikes and faces:

1 - spookil; 2 - Saw blade; 3 - detail of the eye; 4 - risks; 5 - detail of spike

Fig. 66. Singing Faltsev

Risks (Fig. 64) are applied on the sided bars for spikes, faces, nests, folds, determine the width of the trimming of bars "on the Us" in the places of their adjoining to each other. In the width of the bar, the risks are applied with the help of a square, along the length - with the help of a flight or a comb - a piece of bar with a cut and nailed nails. In the vertical bars it is customary to do eyelands, in horizontal - spikes.

Risks are healing spikes and eyes. Much depends on the accuracy of the shock. It is impossible, for example, to allow distortions or thicker than the width of the faces, spikes, as it can lead to the splitting of the bar. If the spikes are thinner, the connection will be fragile.

When the teeth of the saw blade should be risks, but the risk itself should not be affected. The saw should go from the risks of 1/4 of its thickness (approximately 0.1 mm). When stamped spikes, the cut line should go from the outside, and during the dish, with the inner (Fig. 65).

Washing the spikes and eyelets from the side of each spike detail, spill the cheeks and hollow out unnecessary wood, removing the chips with a thickness of no more than 5 mm. Then cleaned the nests; Drains, spikes, selected folders, and if required, and calevice. The width of the folds must correspond to the edge of the spike and eyelashes, and they themselves should be in the same plane and do not require additional corrections (Fig. 66).

After the selection of folds, the width of the faces and spikes becomes different, so they are loosely adjacent to each other. To avoid this, protruding in the places of spikes and sings of the wood cut off "on the Us" at an angle of 45 ° (Fig. 67).

Fig. 67. Cutting cheeks and trimming "on the Us":

a - Cut the cheeks; B - trimming "on the Us" surface detail; in -finished spike detail

Fig. 68. Brucks from bars with shot fabrication:

but. - general form bar; b - holding rice; in- Putil lines; g.- spike and processed details; d -assembly node; 1 - puting lines; 2 - spike; 3- - eyelet; 4 - Falves

If the spikes are tightly included in the eyes, they are slightly screwed down by the chisel, the chamfer is removed. After the assembly, the binding is checked on the rectangle of the coated and rack, applying them diagonally. Details of the binding are taken, disassemble and collected again, but already on the glue. Then the binding is checked by the coated, fixed in the squeezes, drilled in the holes of the hole with a diameter of 8 - 10 mm and scored in them on the adhesive. Drown in a few hours of compressive, the bindings are dried by two-three days, then cleaned, cutting out protruding brazenings, customize the folds that should be strictly in the same plane.

From the outdoor side of the lower bar of the binding or sash, they put flexible to remove water from the walls. At the bottom of the mound choose a groove-tear, placing it with 10 mm from the edge.

You can choose a shallow groove in Bruke and put the tide not on the glue, but on the oil dense paint, attaching it with screws. It is more firmly, and water does not penetrate through the gap.

Fig. 69. Forks with a window:

a-binding with the window; 6 - overhead bar in binding; in -selection of a fold; g -fixes: d-fortochka; 1, 3, 4 - Mountains for the window; 2 - quarter for the window. 5, 6- overhead bars; 7 - Fortochka with a smooth entrance; 8 - fortoper with a quarter; 9 - fortoper with flood

Brucks from the facial removed (Fig. 68.) are manufactured in such a sequence. At the prepared rectangular bruks, risks for spikes, faces, nests, folds and chamdes are applied. Wash the spikes, eyelands and select the folds, choose wood from spikes and lylish, dump sockets and only after that they remove the champions or take calens. The remaining work is performed in the same sequence as when assembling deaf bindings. Forks with a window (Fig. 69) are manufactured as other bounds, and only for the window is installed an additional bar. For the forth the window you need a quarter. If the velocities are opening inside the room, a quarter can be made overhead, attaching the rails-mappings or screws (Fig. 69.6). If you need a fortietha, opening outwards that are in the binding False deepen the chisel to the sizes of the window and put an additional bar (Fig. 69, B).

Fig. 70. Folding binding:

1 - lowers; 2 - transom; 3 - Fortochka; 4 - sash; 5 - Nachchelik

Fig. 71. Feed Sophies

Footings have a smooth primer, C-quarter or from the outlook (Fig. 69, d), which reduces purge. Quarter is painted, and the flowfield is stuffed from individual regions. The fortage fit on single, but better on double spikes, which are also suitable in horizontal bars. The sizes of the window and the general view of it are shown in Figure 69, d.

Footings opening in different sides, have the same dimensions, and one way (inside) in the summer binding should be less than in the winter.

Fit-tops(Fig. 70) consist of two sash or two sash and fraamuga. May be with the windows and without them. On the lower vessels of the sash and on Framuget, they put foals. In the manufacture, special attention is paid to the device (Fig. 71), on the accuracy of which the degree of purgeness depends on the accuracy. Naschelniks are additionally attached to the feeders. The sizes should be 10-15 mm more than those specified in the drawing, and one sash to the same value is wider. This is necessary to obtain a gap, which in the middle has a 2 mm gap, and at the edges - 1 mm.

After gluing and drying, the sash and framuhu are cleaned, the fasteners are torn, and then the grooves for low tide. At the ends of the flaps are cut off "on the US" at an angle of 45 °, in the focus - at an angle of 60 °, in gramuga - at right angles.

The lattice bounds (Fig. 72) are used for glazing terraces and other structures. Allow the use of small size glasses. Reps can be deaf and finished, with forwarders and without them. When assembling, first connect the porridge-ki, on which the bars of the knuckle are then put on.

Fig. 72. Decorations:

a - binding; b.- Mountains and their connection