Tracks and platforms. Various ways of arrangement. Coatings made of concrete tiles Selection of material for tracks and sites

The tracks are the main element of the garden composition; They create a perspective, closer to the visual perception of the site.

The tracking device is the desired element of the garden improvement. The tracks are separated and at the same time bind the functional areas of the site. It is from the application of a road trip and the site planning begins. Like any other element of the garden, the track device completely obeys the general style decision of the site. In the case of a regular layout of the track, in the intersections, forming small platforms, often decorated with small architectural forms. Winding tracks, smoothly enveling lawn, flower bed or landscape group of decorative shrubs, correspond to landscape layout. Catching areas should not occupy more than 10% of the country's territory, it is not necessary to penetrate it with the tracks running around in different directions and cover with stone plates.

For example, from the entrance to the site to the site at the porch of the house usually pave a fairly wide front track. Be sure to device track from the porch to a gazebo or platform with barbecue, summer kitchens, baths or some other business buildings. Do not make a track leading to the garden or to a green lawn with a hammock. And the device of the track to flower beds, water or alpinaria is necessary, since these objects are pleased to consider from closely. Designing the device tracks, it is important to be guided not only to utilitarian, but also aesthetic considerations.

Many people think that the tracks must be laid in a straight line, that is, the shortest distance between the objects. For the device of garden tracks in a number of cases, this solution is not too suitable. It is much more interesting and more convenient to lay a major closed track that comes around the whole territory of the garden. It is important that the track does not cross the space of the central lawn, the view of the most decorative corners of the garden should be opened from it. If one track is not enough, then you can make additional branches to approach specific objects. Thus, you get rid of numerous corners, inevitably generated in the crossroads and inevitably pulled out due to the inexperienced habits of people to reduce the path. Of course, it will not be possible to do without corners without the corners, but to reduce their quantity is quite real. In order not to dry out available angles, they are made up with corner flower beds, decorative groups of wood plants, low curbs, borders. For a larger guarantee, behind the flower bed or the decorative group are stacked at a distance of the tile, according to which, if desired, you can pass without damaging the lawn.

Depending on the intensity of the load and the functional purpose, a solid coating of a pavement, bridge stone, tiles on a concrete or sandy base or a soft coating of gravel, granite evidence or brick crumbs are used. The simplest tracks are ground, sandy. Another type of coating is a garden parquet or flooring from a tree - usually in the form of square shields, but there are a variety of designs, up to wooden circles. However, the tree rotates quickly even with a special processing, so the shields are recommended for winter dry and remove not raw room.

Separate type of tracks - paths with not solid coating. Sometimes such paths are very convenient, they are packed in those places where the track is needed, but they are rarely used. For example, from time to time, it becomes necessary to approach the flower bed, a water and an alpine slide to plant a new plant, put the weeds or crop out the blurred perennial. Obviously, the device of a constant track in this case is not necessary. It is better with the distance to the pitch to the seat of the delicate turf to lay separate tiles, flat stones or wood wrecks - Spiel of thick logs. Under the tiles, the gravel layer and the layer of sand are plundered, with such a calculation so that the track is slightly lower than the lawn level, then it will not interfere with the cat. Another advantage of such a path - for the unnecessary tile can be easily and quickly removed, the remaining recesses fall asleep with vegetable soil and falling out the seeds of lawn grass. After some time, there will be no trace from tiles.

Some variety and unusual give the garden combined coatings combining different types of materials. For example, gravel is perfectly combined with colored tiles, tight and garden parquet; Clinker brick - with natural boulders and a paving, mosaic ceramic tile - with breccia or tile. Do not lose sight of the color of the road surface. The pavement stone besides a traditional gray or reddish-burgundy color can be black or green. Inhomogeneous river pebbles usually made, and small gravel has shades from white to yellowish. The color of the lad depends on the rock from which it is made, and is also very diverse: from almost black, burgundy to a light with a pinkish or yellowish tinge. The main thing is not to be afraid to combine. When choosing a material for the construction of a track, you should think about the intensity of its use. Soft coating (gravel, sand, brick crumb) is intended only for pedestrian walkways, even a heavier car or a baby stroller can leave on such a wheel track. The tile with sandy bellows is more reliable, and laid on a concrete or dry cement mixture, withstand light garden technique.

The coating of pedestrian tracks should not be slippery in crude weather, so it is not necessary to use smooth tile, fragments of polished granite or marble. All tracks for better graze and prevent the appearance of puddles are made with a bias of 2% of the middle to the edges and 0.5 - 1.5% along the track for each meter. The design paths are applied to a plan according to scale. It is better to make several options and choose from them the most suitable. In low-rise country construction, the newest materials and more modern technologies are often used. For example, electrically heated travel canvas. In this case, the tracks quickly enhance after the rain, and in the winter period they do not accumulate snow and ice. Currently, not only well-known road tiles, but also a special mosaic ceramic, which looks particularly well in the courtyards and on open terraces is used. Decorative concrete technology is used for the device of garden tracks. Its essence lies in the fact that the concrete canvas is covered with a special polymer material, on which one or another pattern is imprinted using the matrix, simulating various types of natural stone. The polymer can be painted in one color at the request of the owner of the site. The technology is quite expensive, but it justifies itself.

The choice of device of the device and material for their coating.

The technology of the track device can be divided into four types: hard, soft, combined, special.

Hard tracks are tracks with a coating of monolithic concrete or from separate coverage elements.

Soft tracks are tracks with a coating of materials such as gravel, dropping, crushed stone, as well as the bark of trees

Special - these are tracks with decorative concrete coating

Combined tracks are the coating of pavement tiles and bulk materials.

Material tracks:

A natural stone

Natural stone - granite, marble, basalt, limestone, sandstone.

The advantages of such a material like a natural stone is:

The durability of the diversity of the textures and forms of natural stone makes it possible to use it for the device tracks, both in large gardens or courtyards, as well as on small areas

The disadvantages of such a material include: the price, relative to other materials, the safety of movement on such paths - for example, the marble tracks look great, but when the surface of such tracks is covered with even a thin "glacier", then the movement becomes unsafe, it turns out a peculiar rink .

Note: For tracks with such a coated, experts recommend using electrically heating - a warm floor.

Artificial material

Artificial material - concrete, asphalt, cheek stone, paving slabs.

Advantages: Resistance to ultraviolet rays, to an aggressive environment. Practicality of the material, a variety of forms, which allows you to implement various design solutions when device tracks.

Disadvantages: with poor-quality manufacture of such materials, the service life is reduced - wear of the surface of materials, cracks, resistance to mechanical effects is reduced, the surface of the coating can crack - this refers to the asphalt coating and to the monolithic concrete, piece materials - for example, paving slabs, It may have an uneven precipitate, which makes the surface of the track not convenient for movement and requires surface repair.

Bulk materials

Bulk materials - gravel, pebbles, crushed stone, sand, dropping.

Advantages: Low price in relation to the coating of natural and artificial stone does not need high time costs when the tracks are not required to create a bias when the track device, the moisture goes well through the track surface made from such a material and does not accumulate on the surface of the track.

Note: The device of a bulk material is saving not only material means, but also time. Unlike the device, the tracks of stone or paving slabs, which need to be laid on a specially prepared substrate from gravel and sand - the tracks from bulk materials do not require special preparation and the material used, for example, gravel and crushed stone, can be placed directly to the surface of the soil.

Disadvantages: difficulties may occur during cleaning - garbage, snow, sprouting grass if there are small children in the house, then on the tracks from pebbles or gravel, it will be somewhat difficult to roll the stroller, on the sides of such paths there is a need for the borders to make a bulk material The perimeter of the tracks, it is also necessary that rubble, gravel or pebbles have small sizes, otherwise the density of the material shrinkage will be small, which will create certain inconvenience when moving through such paths.

Wood tracks

Tree - boards, sawdust, bark, logs.

Device tracks from sawdust or bark: It is necessary to remove the top layer of the soil, a depth of about 25 cm into the finished kittyboard to fall asleep with a layer of rubble or gravel, a thickness of about 10 cm and the ravarius will be drainage, along the edges of the track, to the bottom of the bottom, to install enclosing borders, which Will hinder sawdust or crust to crumble outside the track. The height of the border must be at least 20 cm, with a thickness of the walking layer of the track 15 cm. After installing curbs on both sides of the path over the entire length of the track, over the rubble, fall asleep sawdust or bark and tamper.

Device tracks from sawdust or bark

Note: When walking along the paths from the bark or wood, the central part of the track will be seen, for this it is necessary to plunge the sawdust or the bark on the location of the track.

The advantages of such a material: this material, gives the bundle of the yard, bringing closer with nature the simplicity and ease of device tracks from this material

Disadvantages: Boards require special processing with antiseptics, but at the same time their life is no more than 10-15 years. Also, the boards are susceptible to hygroscopicity, which can create inconvenience of movement on such paths of sawdust, tree bark, calculated only on a small load when walking This coverage is best to have shoes on a solid sole - without heels, as well as during the device from gravel or sand paths, you need to make borders on the sides of the tracks

Of all possible options for garden tracks, perhaps the simplest and cheaper is a sandy coating path. However, the path from the sand has a number of significant flaws. The main ones are softness and sweep during melting of snow and protracted rains. After short-term rains, they will dry quickly, because they have the ability to absorb water, but this does not occur during the melting of snow, because the lower layers of the soil are still freezing.

During drought and strong winds over such paths, dust flows. In addition, the malicious weeds often germinate on them, which you have to pour or pull out, thereby destroying the path of the track. Hence the inevitable conclusion: the paths with a sandy coating require constant attention - they need to be careful, to leve out, water in dry weather and point.

If you decide to build a path from sand, then it is necessary to do it carefully and very carefully. First you need to place the location of the expected track. Then between the notes to remove the soil to a depth of about 20 cm, having received a kind of mini-pitual for the future track. Further, the base should be tamped and put on top of the soil with a layer of 5-7 cm. Large gravel, pebbles, crushed stone, broken brick, small concrete waste or other suitable materials.

This layer also needs to be thoroughly tumped, and on top of it, put another layer of smaller gravel, rubble, slag, ash or old layer layer 2-5 cm. These layers should be poured with water and put the sand layer on top of them, and even better - the mixture from sand, stone crumbs and dry il. Again to ravage, dissolve and drop. All - the track is ready. To prevent land from entering the track, it should be shielded by the edges of a border of stone, concrete or bricks. The border must rise above the track by 5-7 cm.

At one time, when mastering the site, the base of this track was prepared. Therefore, it is necessary to restore only the top layer, it will take river sand for this.

Calculation of the necessary sand:

The area of \u200b\u200bthe recoverable track is 36.25 square meters.

The thickness of the saturated layer of sand 0.05m

Required amount of sand: 36,25 Credit meters Multiply 0.05m \u003d 1, cubic meter.

Thus, to restore the road surface of the garden path, it is necessary to purchase 1.8 cubic meter of sand and scatter to the previously prepared base with a layer 0.05m.

When planning any object of improvement, it is impossible to do without the main elements - tracks that are intended for walks and sites - places to relax. Do not forget that they can carry an important function and remove the storm and melting water.

Types of gardening tracks

Taken to divide tracks on the 5 classes:

— first-class path - the main. It is on them that the main function is entrusted - to make the greatest number of people;

— walkth of the second class - Perform auxiliary role. All of them depart from the main, they are created in order for visitors evenly disperse in the territory;

— third-class track - they fill the entire territory, are elements that collect disparate elements into a single picture - separate platforms, important points with opening species;

— fourth Class track - Most likely, you already guessed that these are narrow paths created to retire;

— fifth grade tracks - They perform a supporting role, exist to ensure the economic needs related to the departure of green plantings, built buildings, in the presence of catering sites - for the exhaust food, and, of course, bring the necessary building materials with their help, etc.

If we consider the parks in the city feature and forestarks, then without much difficulty you can find all 5 classes.
For boulevards, gardens with limited territories, the squares are more often used by the first 3 class.
In urban microdistricts, 3 and 4 grades are most common.
In the percentage ratio of alleys and roads at the facility cover the area from 5-25% of the entire territory.

Depending on the functions assigned in the territory, the number of visitors, create the necessary number of roads, a certain class and their respective structures.
The most accepted size of the main roads is the width of 15 meters and more. For grade 2 - from 4.5 to 15m, 3rd grade - from 2.5 to 5 meters. Without a doubt, it is necessary to take into account the area of \u200b\u200beach individual object. It is important that everything is in harmony.

In order for the tracks to perform the role of drainage, they are made with a slope, which depends on the material used when placing the material path. For high-quality coatings, with ease of coping with the task, the transverse bias are made small.
If it is concrete, tile or asphalt, then bias take 0.015-0.02. Small crushed stone - from 0.03 to 0.06 - We must take into account the width of the road. When professionals are engaged in covering coverage, they make them convex:
1. with two-tie;
2. Single-table profile.

The first option is used for roads 1-2 classes.
The second is most often used for roads arranged on the slopes.
Do not forget that there is a restriction for a longitudinal slope on the road that cannot exceed the figure at 0.07 - it is understood that for every 10 meters the length of the territory, the relief difference is 70 centimeters. If there is an excess of the specified norm, then there are stairs to facilitate movement, there are stairs.

When designing roads, it is necessary to competently solve them to connect to sites where green plantings are present. For areas that have abundant sediments, it is recommended to make tracks below or at least at the same level with a landscaped territory.

There must be trays on the entire length of the roads in which water will be gathering. This makes it possible to avoid the accumulation of excessive water, which may entail a slowdown in the rise of plantings and lead to the roaming of the site.

In areas with a smaller amount of precipitation, it is necessary to make roads a little higher than the rest of the area and without trays for collecting water. Thus, plants receive additional moisture, so necessary for full growth and development.

Types of gardening parks

Places - An integral element when creating a gardening project. They perform various functions, are used both for quiet pastime and for noisy events, etc.
When it comes to a platform for recreation, it may differ in its functionality:
— playground (Experts recommend placing them on small, dry, located on hill, territories);

- for leisure adult people (the most developed type of platforms);

- for economic needs (suitable on large objects of landscaping);

- Places or glads where mass festivities or games are passing.

Main types of tracks and platforms

Tracks in gardens and parks, like playgrounds, consist of:

1. Land blades.
2. Clothes.
3. Treatment.

1. Land blades - This is a deepening formed after the ground is removed in a strict framework, corresponding to the size of the planned tracks, sites and the height of the roads.

2. Road clothing In turn, has several components:
- underlying layer;
- base;
- coating.

Locking layer - For it, sand is used, as a material with good abilities to skip excess water, softens the loads rendered by people when moving them.

Base - It is this element that is the most important thing, depending on what the foundation for road clothing will be selected, its service life can be calculated. Thanks to the base, it is regulated - how even the load on the ground canvas will be distributed. The material for the base is most often chosen:
- crushed stone;
- broken brick;
- crushed granite;
- Metallurgical slags.

3. Coating - The upper part of the road clothing design, which takes on the main "blow". When choosing a coating, the basic requirements for it should be taken into account:

- not exposed to intact in wet weather;
- not forming dust into arid weather;
- must be durable;
- Enjoy a decorative species.

In turn, the road surface is divided into:

— simplest (from rubble, gravel, soil mixture with cement powder);

— advanced (Made from concrete, stone, ceramic plates, bricks, under certain conditions use concrete and asphalt monolith).

As it becomes clear from the material used in the advanced road surfaces, they are placed in places where the largest number of people will be held, so they must steal all loads.
Now you can see that the preferences are given to coatings collected from individual elements. They are considered simple and convenient when used, while improving the territory microclimate, because water is well seeping in the seams between the tiles and there is air access, in contrast to the dense layer of concrete or asphalt coating.

The leading position among the most durable, with high decorative characteristics of materials, occupy plates from natural stone. Plates of stone and diverse design of styling give picturesque such coatings.
It is logical to use it exactly where it is mined - this will significantly minimize material costs, while creating a luxurious element of improvement.

Decorative, durable, but relatively expensive are coatings of red building bricks or clinker.

Many objects of landscaping arrange coatings from concrete or stone slabs of the wrong shape - "Bracchievo" paving.

The coating of prefabricated elements is usually made on the basis of a well-striking crushed stone, or simply on the sand base is not thick< 10 сантиметров. На главных дорожках плиты обычно укладывают на цементный раствор по щебеночному основанию, оставляя минимальные зазоры между ними. На дорожках, выполняющих роль второго плана и вспомогательных, на площадках для отдыха, плиты можно укладывать не вплотную, а с промежутками в 2 – 3 см. Швы между плитками в этом случае заполняют растительной землей и засеивают семенами газонных трав. Выросшую траву скашивают одновременно со скашиванием газона. Такое покрытие в сочетании с газоном, цветниками и насаждениями отличается высокой декоративностью. Кроме того, оно более экономично по сравнению с покрытием, где плитки уложены впритык.

The coatings of the simplest type are usually provided on the minor tracks. The tracks with such coatings have a number of disadvantages: in rainy weather they swell and therefore it is difficult to pass, in dry weather, dusty and require constant moisture.

Clothing of tracks and sites with the simplest coating should consist of four layers. The thickness of the lower layer is taken at least 6 cm, and the crushed stone of large fractions (the diameter of grains 2 cm) is taken. The layer of the top coating from the extinguishes should be arranged with a thickness of at least 1 - 2 cm.

Tracks and playgrounds - Mandatory element of improvement. The road-path network provides comfortable movement over the site, connecting various elements of the garden among themselves: a house, bathhouse, household buildings, parking, etc. The sites are organized in the parking lots of cars, in the recreation areas, in sports and playgrounds, under the arbors and pools.

Road trip Must be practical. All major buildings on the site must be associated with the crossed distance by straight paths. The width of the tracks should be sufficient for the passage of one or two people. In the garden you can organize narrow winding paths.

Depending on the functional purpose, the relief of the area, the characteristics of the soil, the level of groundwater, planned loads and the financial capabilities of the customer, the construction of tracks and sites are carried out by various technologies from a wide variety of materials.

Parkovka For heavy cars and access roads are made from asphalt or concrete on a solid "pillow" from sand and rubble. The main material for ordinary standings and main tracks use paving slabs stacked on a sandy or sand-cement base. Secondary paths in the garden are made with solid or step-by-step from tiles, natural stone, rubble, sand, bricks, boards, plastic modules, spins of trees and other materials.

The so-called "pillow" for the tracks on which the pavement material is placed is formed from two main layers: drainage and leveling. The drainage layer, 5 to 35 cm thick, is made of rubble, PGS or claying, leveling - thickness from 5 to 30 cm from the rammed sand or sand-cement. The layers of sand and rubble are separated from each other and from the ground geotextile. To increase strength along the edges of tracks and platforms, a curb stone is installed. To prevent the formation of puddles, wide tracks and sites make with a slight bias.

Paving tile - The main material used for the pavement of garden tracks and sites. It is beautiful, durable and durable. When choosing paving slabs, you should pay attention to the method of its production, quality of raw materials, thickness, size, shape, color, drawing, surface texture and cost. Preference should be given by vibropressed pavetling tiles made at a plant from high-quality cement and fittings without extraneous impurities and inclusions. Budget vibration tile is often manufactured by a handicraft method and does not always meet the requirements of the customer. It depends on the thickness of the tile. The surface texture affects comfort when walking (on a smooth tile, you can slip, and the rough is harder to quiet). The size and shape of the sidewalk tile is a taste. It is only necessary to take into account that the smaller and the more interesting in the form of the tile, the harder and more expensive to lay it. When choosing a color, preference should be given to calm colors, since the bright with a complex pattern of the track and the site is difficult to harmoniously enter into the surrounding landscape.

To categoriarity: Garden-Park Construction

Device of garden and park tracks and sites

Classification of tracks and sites

The paths and platforms are one of the main elements of the laying object layout. Tracks serve for walks, and visitors are resting on the courts. Tracks and sites are also designed to remove surface shepherd and melting water.

Types of garden tracks. The dimensions and length of the road-path network are determined by the assignment of the gardening object. There are only five classes of garden and park tracks.

The first class includes the main tracks, which are distributed by the basic flows of visitors, to the second class - the secondary tracks intended for a more uniform distribution of visitors through the territory of the object and connecting the main tracks with each other. The third class is additional tracks that, as it were, "permeate" the entire territory, connect separate elements of the planning with each other (platform, species points, etc.). The fourth grade includes trails intended for a single movement of visitors. Fifth Class - Economic Roads, on which transport movement is carried out in order to carry materials and equipment for the repair of plantations or structures, as well as food products for canteens, cafes, etc.

For urban parks and forest parks, all five classes of roads and tracks are characteristic. On the boulevards, in the squares, small gardens arrange the paths of the first three classes. The microdistric territories lay the tracks of the secondary and fourth grades, playing the role of connecting individual elements of the planning with each other. In the general balance of the distribution of the territory of the object, the alleys and the tracks can take from 5 to 20% of its area.

In accordance with the appointment of certain sections of the object and its attendance, the class of tracks is determined, as well as the types of their designs. An important indicator is the load from the movement of visitors, which are not even uniformly distributed over the object. The main paths with intense movement should be in moderation wide and have durable little and durable designs. In addition, they must meet the aesthetic and sanitary and hygienic requirements. It is very important (even at the design stage) to determine a sufficient width of the track. Often, too narrow track provided for in the visited part of the object leads to a pulling of lawn rods and damage to plantations.

Fig. 1. Types of profiles of garden tracks and their design A - single-table, with a concrete open tray; b - double

In large parks, the width of the main tracks depending on attendance can be 15-20 m or more, the width of secondary, pleasure, is usually taken within 4.5-15 m, and additional tracks - 2.5-5 m. The width of the path can be from 0.5 to 1.5 m, depending on the planning features of the plots.

Since the tracks play the role of drainage, their surfaces give certain slopes depending on the materials from which coatings are made. The more perfect materials from which the coating is made, the easier it will be a flow of water from the track and the less should be a transverse bias. So, for coatings of solid materials - concrete, asphalt, tiles - the slope is taken in the amount of 0.015-0.02, for coatings from fine rubble - in the amount of 0.03-0.06 (depending on the width of the track). All tracks are arranged with a convex duplex or a single-table profile. The convex bantal profile is usually done on the first and second classes walking tracks. The single-table profile is provided on the tracks designed on the slopes (Fig. 1).

During the device, longitudinal slopes are important. The maximum allowable longitudinal slope of the track is 0.07 (i.e., for every 10 m length of the area, the relief difference is 70 cm). Under the slopes of more than 0.07 (for the convenience of movement), garden-park staircases are arranged.

Mattering tracks with the surrounding areas of plantations is important. In the northern, northwestern and central regions of the country where there is a significant amount of precipitation, the tracks are usually arranged below or at one level with the surrounding area, while open trays for collecting water are arranged along the tracks along their borders. This is necessary to drain the sections and the collection of excessive surface moisture, which contributes to better growth and development of vegetation and the prevention of the territorialness of the territories.

In the southern and southeastern regions of the country, where precipitation falls relatively little, the tracks are arranged slightly above the surrounding area and without open trays. This allows you to remove atmospheric water from the surface of the track to the areas of plantations that need moisture. In both cases, the tracks should have a convex duplex or a single profile.

Types of garden parking sites. The platforms are important elements of the planning of the gardening object and are intended for recreation, mass events and economic needs. All garden-parking platforms can be divided into two categories: platforms for recreation and shopping grounds. Sports sites are allocated to a special category (see below).

The platforms for recreation, in turn, are divided into several types depending on their use of various age groups of visitors. So, the following types of sites are distinguished: children's, sites for quiet recreation of adult visitors, sites (or glads) for mass games and festivities.

The sites for the quiet adult recreation are characteristic of all objects of landscaping. Household squares are arranged at various objects of landscaping.

All platforms, especially children, are recommended to arrange on dry, slightly elevated places. The surface of the platforms should be smooth and have a bias in one or two directions of at least 0.006 and not more than 0.03. Such slopes, firstly, create favorable conditions for the surface drain of rain and melt waters, and, secondly, are convenient for movement and recreation. It is believed that the slopes are cooler 0.03 are already unfavorable for permanent movement and staying on the site.

In some cases, in areas with a high level of groundwater standing, platform drainage is provided. Top-lean stock is organized so that the water is quickly rejected into the stand-raid wells and then into the storm sewer.

The main types of tracks and platforms. Garden and park tracks and sites consist of an earthen canvase, clothes and drainage (Fig. 1).

An earthwood cannal is called a deepening prepared by the ground removal in accordance with the size of the tracks and sites and the thickness of road clothing. The earth canvas is a support of all elements of clothing and perceives the load from the movement of pedestrians, transmitting them to the earth's surface. Roadwear consists of a fitting layer, base and coating. The underlying layer is arranged from sand and serves to reduce the loads arising from the movement of pedestrians, and also serves as a drainage, especially on the ground-dimensional soils.

The base is the main structural element of clothing, which is the main carrier part and determining the degree of durability and strength. The base serves to a uniform distribution of loads from clothing and external loads on the earth canvas. As a rule, the base is made from rubble, which is used as a broken brick, crushed granite or metallurgical slags.

Coating - upper structural element of clothing, directly perceiving loads from movement; An important qualities of coatings are their durability, decorativeness, lack of dust in dry weather, sweeping during rain.

Coatings of roads, tracks and sites depending on the materials are improved and simplest. Advanced coatings include coatings of stone, concrete and ceramic plates, as well as clinker, brick and in some cases - from monolithic concrete or asphalt. The simplest coatings are rubberized, gravel, soaked in a mixture with cement powder. In fig. 2 shows the design of the tracks with the simplest coating of rubberized materials.

Advanced coatings are usually planned on tracks and sites in the most visited and responsible parts of the gardening object. Currently, coatings from prefabricated or "piece" elements are widespread in gardens and parks (Fig. 3). Such coatings are very convenient and economical. The use of various plates and sizes made by the industrial method makes it possible to create the necessary decorative effect (Fig. 4, 5). The advantage of precast coatings from concrete and ceramic plates is that the plates do not soften, like asphalt, in hot weather, the coatings of them are not dusty, and during the rain do not become slippery.

Fig. 2. Designs of garden tracks A - with the coating of the simplest type and rover from the soil; B - the same, with curblon

The tile coating is not solid as asphalt, and through the gaps between the tiles air and moisture come into the soil, thereby improving the microclimate of the site.

Currently, various plates in the USSR are produced in the USSR, used both for road street coatings and for coatings of sites, paths in gardens and parks. Installed state standard for concrete slabs. The standard stoves are provided: Square 25x25, 37.5x37.5, 50 × 50 cm; rectangular 37.5x25, 50x25, 50 × 37.5, 75 × 37.5, 75 × 50 cm; Hexagonal 25x43.2, 37.5 × 64.8, 50 × 86.5 cm. Plate thickness varies depending on the nature of the load and the thickness of the base and is 5-6 cm. For secondary park tracks, the manufacturer of 20x20 cm plates and thickness is allowed 3.5 cm. For squares, boulevards and plots in public tiles centers are available in various colors - with dyes.

Fig. 3. Types of layouts plates on garden tracks

Fig. 4. General view of the garden track from tiles with seams filled with soil and seed seeds

Fig. 5. General view of a lawn tiled platform

The distribution is also obtained by ceramic tiles of 20x20 cm and 1.5 cm thick. Such tiles can be created solid decorative coatings of various colors and patterns.

Highly elective and durable are coatings from plates made of natural stone. They are distributed in areas where the stone is local, accessible to the construction of the material.

Brick crumb in pure form for coatings can not be applied, as the coating is obtained by "moving", dust, paints footwear shoes.

An important auxiliary element of tracks and sites are drainage structures. An open tray of the simplest type is called a structure intended for collecting and removing surface water into rains and consisting of onboard stones and part of clothes track or platform. Open trays of more complex types can be arranged from bricks, lined with plafhmy along the boundaries of the track, or from special concrete products. The trays of the simplest type are arranged on most of the secondary and additional tracks, and more complex types - on tracks with a pronounced relief, on the slopes, slopes and retaining walls, etc.

As a curb, stones are used correct shapes, chopped from granite or made in special forms of concrete. On the simple tracks instead of the border, brings are arranged from soil and turf. Onboard stone and brocci are elements of pairing between the path or the venue and the adjacent areas of the lawn.

Method of construction tracks and sites

The device of the tracks of the tracks is carried out with the help of motor graders or bulldozers (Fig. 7). The bottom of the canvas give a convex profile with transverse slopes. The bottom of the bottom of the trough is checked with a special wooden template, and longitudinal slopes - geodesic instruments.

The bottom of the troughs is seal with a rink weighing up to 5 t, ranging from the edges to the middle of the canvas with a 50-30 chat challenge overlap. Sand and sampling soils are sealing moistened (watering at the rate of 5 l per 1 m2 surface).

The underlying layer of sand (10-20 cm) is scattered along the bottom, then it is planned and compacted with a rink. It should be borne in mind that the sand seal coefficient is 1.1-1.15, so the layer must be larger than 4-5 cm than the project, taking into account the future seal. After that, it is embarks on the device or border.

Fig. 7. Work on the device of the floor of the garden path

When the main tracks or border or border are installed on their edges. The minor and additional tracks are arranged without a border, but with the arrow. When the project is transferred to nature, it is necessary to clearly designate the boundaries of tracks and sites. Brows arrange strictly along the cord along the boundaries by sub produce the layer of plant land. Earth is evenly spread and planned. Then, the soil seal is carried out using rubbing and the "trimming" of the brow on the line of the shovel. The height of the bell is established by the project and should be at least 10 cm above the surface of the coating. The finished excavation brow is penetrated.

Before installing the side stone, they make a breakdown of areas along the boundaries using special metal pins and cord. After breakdown, the grooves and depth of the width and depth, depending on the size of the side stone. In the grooves, cement mortar or concrete mixture are placed. Following this, the onboard stone is placed on the solution or the mixture. The laying is performed strictly according to the breakdown. The onboard stone is inserted into the solution or the mixture and "hesitate" with the help of wooden rubbing (Fig. 8). For a durable compounding of onboard stones, the seams are poured with a solution, and a concrete mixture is sweeping from the bases from the bases. After laying onboard stone, the base is proceeded.

The device is conducted in a specific sequence. First bring rubble and carry out layer laying, layout and checking transverse slopes. Then stuck crushed stone rolled as a rink. After Radin, Nekhcho-Dimo again check the slope.

Fig. 8. Installation of border stone A - Installation on a concrete basis; B - "Deposition" with the help of wooden traam

It should be borne in mind that first laid a layer of rubble with large fractions, and then the second layer. Each layer is riveted 8-10 times, passing one trace and overlapping it by 0.2-0.3 width of the cylinder roller from the edges to the middle. When the Retail should simultaneously water the path of the track based on the calculation of 5 liters per 1 m2. A sign of the end of the header is the absence of a noticeable trace after the passage of the rink, as well as the mobility of the rubble. If the rubble grain rink was thrown under the rear cylinder size 3-4 cm easily go on the base, then the punch should be continued. Then proceed to the coating device.

Coatings from the plates can be arranged on the basis of rubble or sand, in which the dry cement is added (the ratio of cement and sand 1:10); The sand-cement base is made by a layer of 10-12 cm. When laying the plate "hesitate" with special wooden traamies and are in a sandy-tent mixture about 1/3 of their thickness. Subsequently, at moisturizing the base, the cement plates occurs, and the coating is made durable. Small tiles are laid by hand, large plates - truck crane. In order to avoid erosion of tiled seams of rainwater, tile coating tracks should always have a one-sided bias without any fractures of their profile. When laying the plates, it should be ensured that the coating is smooth and the plates did not protrude with their faces above the surface. To do this, they are placed using a special rail or a wooden template, which is tested by the correct installation and the slopes of the surface of the entire coating in different directions.

Coatings made of special mixtures (evidence of construction waste, granite and brick crumb, hawked lime, soil and sand, etc.) laid into one layer based on rubble, plan and check the template. Then the surface is watered and after drying after 2--3 days they are riveted with a light rink weighing 1-2 tons. Top sprinkled with sand 1 cm and rolled up with a light rink.

The coatings made of primer are arranged directly on a compacted earth canvase on the same principle. At the same time, one part of cement is added to 10 parts of the soil. Then the moisturizing, careful profiling and the surface of the surface of the tracks and sites are made.

Fig. 9. Works on laying plates on garden tracks and sites A, B - laying plates for base; B, G - laying and seal, checking the slope and aligning the surface pattern

Gravel and sand paths are arranged in cases where the appropriate materials of the required quality are available, for example, if there is a quarry with gravel and sand next to the object,

In the device of the ground paths, the fertile layer of the soil is cut off, and at the resulting "trough" is poured a non-flowing soil. Then, in accordance with the project, a profiling is carried out and the subsequent punch of the web. If the soil is fruitless, then the paths of the tracks are loosened in its boundaries, and then profiled and rigged. In bulk sandy soil, add a dry grinding clay at the rate of 0.2 m3 per 1 m2 in order to increase the connection of particles, and sand or gravel is added to heavy clay to reduce sliding.

Coatings from the ends of the tree or clinker are arranged on a well-prepared and planned sandy-cement base with a thickness of 10-15 cm. Ends or bricks are inserted into the base, slightly tapping a sledgehammer. Alignment is carried out by a wooden slaughter. The ends are put close to each other, the seams fall asleep with cement. Bricks are placed on the edge close to each other and the seam is poured with cement mortar.

One of the most important elements of the landscaping of the site are garden paths and platforms for recreation. Competently designed garden tracks combine all the buildings and zones of the site into a single harmonious composition. At the same time, special attention should be paid to the functional purpose of the road trip. So the main and most frequently visited elements located on the territory: residential building, parking, the wicket must be connected to each other by the shortest distance, while the width of the tracks should provide for the possibility of a free passage of two people.

If the site contains technical premises, structures, then it is also necessary to provide a passage in the form of a track.

The decorative garden zones are better to combine with winding paths, which are "bypass" the central part, in order to create a maximum trajectory for a walk in the garden. At the same time, with such pleasure paths, the best visibility should be opened on the entire site, depending on the idea of \u200b\u200bdesign, immediately or fragmentary.

Materials for the device of garden tracks can be the most varied. Their choice is determined by: Landscaping style, the functional purpose of solid coverage and the financial capabilities of the customer.

Among the variety of methods of solid coatings can be distinguished by several basic:

1. Concrete base device

followed by a facing of various materials (natural stone with sawn or torn edges, ceramic-granite street tiles, natural granite or marble, polymer plates, etc.) The advantage of such solid coatings is their reliability, the versatility of use in various functional areas, an infinite variety of forms and Configurations with accurate repetition of plans of lines, a huge variety of facing materials. However, this method of creating solid coatings for the garden is very time consuming, long and financially expensive.

2. Paving tile

One of the most popular methods of the device of garden tracks and sites is the use of paving slabs. In this case, the pavement border is installed along the paving contour, and the paths and sites themselves are laid out by paving tiles on a special base. Methods for making paving slabs can be diverse, but the tiles made according to vibropressive technology are considered the most reliable. A wide variety of shapes, colors and types of styling of drawing, as well as the low cost of materials and works make coatings from paving slabs among the most sought-after territories in the improvement of territories.

3. Bruster

The classic method of paving for solid garden coatings is the laying of granite blocks. It is characterized by special durability and decorativeness. However, the high cost and rigor of design limit its use in landscape improvement. In addition to granite, other materials for the manufacture of blocks, such as special concrete or polymers, are often used.

4. Tracks and gravel sites

One of the most simple and budget ways to create solid coatings is to filling out their gravel on the prepared primer base with the subsequent traam. Here you can apply the inclusions of natural stone for steps and key sections. It should be borne in mind that this version of solid coatings is not desirable for parking zones and the main approaches to the house.

5. Step-by-step paths and paving with lawn extender

In decorative garden zones, not solid solid coatings are often used, and the intermittent linations of the stone into the green coating are the so-called "step-by-step paths". They are loved due to their unobtrusiveness and naturalness, and simplicity of the device technology allows you to make a walkway with your own hands.

In addition to the main methods and types of the device of garden tracks, there are many other technologies and materials suitable for various functional zones and design solutions. For example, for playgrounds often use rubberized coatings, color gravel, wooden paving; For zones with water elements - pools or ponds, deranged, terraced natural wood, polymer tile; For parking, you can apply a special concrete lattice with spoons of the lawn. In the style of modern design, a special painted concrete is often used, various plastic materials.

Thus, having decided to make tracks in the garden, it is necessary to first determine the functional zoning of the site, the garden style and determine its financial capabilities. If you have special skills, you can try to make a path with your own hands, but it is better to contact the specialists and hire a landscape designer in advance.