Ecology of premises and indoor plants. Indoor Plants Improving Ecological Background Project Resource Provision

Dark colors dark colors (burgundy, brown, bottle-green, dark blue, etc.) This is the result of the mixing of any bright, spectral dye with a black color. Self-dressed in the dark, produces on the surrounding impression of serious, solid, calm

Pastel colors pastel colors (pink, lightweight, lilac, etc.) are formed as a result of mixing any bright, spectral tone with white color. The colors are associated with naivety and indecision and, naturally, they are often used in

Erotic colors erotic are saturated, juicy colors, not leaving the observer indifferent. The most exciting is considered red, especially its shades, like scarf, crimson, ruby. Red symbolizes the completeness of life, her drama. The black

Communicative colors - the colors that you go, probably noticed that in the clothes of certain colors you feel especially confident, because you look fresh in it, bright and young. At the same time, you certainly draw attention to the fact that the clothes of other colors you

The color of the cloaks most attractively looks like light raincoats. They (like any bright clothes) create a feeling of purity, freshness, elegacity. Section of soft gray, cream, sandy and light beige tones are especially elegant. However, I remind you that the bright thing

The colors of the fur coats as for the color of the coats, the best choice is monophonic models. I advise you to carefully treat fur coats with a fur ornament. Of course, luxury ornamented fur coats created by the famous designers on fur are demonstrated on fashionable shows.

The colors of the coat are the most common, classic colors of the coat are the following: chocolate brown, beige, sand, red, terracotta-brick, coffee color with milk, gray. Black, with all its elegance, in this case is not

Rainbow colors red is a color of severe energy, fire and primary creative power. This is a life-affirming energy. She is hot. She may indicate a strong passion, mind and will. Red is a dynamic color, which also reflects anger, love,

The color for the office is best suited by the clothes of gray, brown, blue tones! We will buy things to work with you. But before you go shopping, I want to say a few words about the color scheme. At work, it is best to wear restrained, calm tones:

Colors and patterns Buy for summer things already known to you color scheme, but only in a bright version. In the summer, the office is best looking for white, soft gray, sand, cream, blue, lilac, pale-salad tones. They resemble the shades of marine pebbles.

Meditation "Magic Color" At your disposal should be a selection of multicolored sheets of paper of one format. Colors It is advisable to choose bright and juicy. Mark on the floor in a circle sheets of paper. Next, slowly go around the circle, concentrating on each color. For

The ecology of the house is a rather extensive concept, and at the same time blurry. Usually emphasis do that the concept of ecology is associated with natural materials used for the construction and finishes of the house. In fact, even in a wooden house, polymer glue and synthetic impregnations, designed to protect it from rotting and destruction, and talk about the ecology of the house in this case. But for some reason everyone forget that home flowers, which are present in almost every home, and day and night work to support your health and improve the air indoors. Therefore, I propose to talk about the benefits of houseplants.

What provides the ecology at home and that it harms it

The use of houseplants to maintain the ecology of the house is obvious, but let's talk about what harms this most healthy atmosphere in the human housing.

Studies have shown that household appliances are provided on health, especially those that are built into furniture with synthetic coating, artificial materials for upholstered furniture, furnishing items from chipboard, PVC windows ... This is especially noticeable manifested in rooms without plants and those who rarely ventilated.

Doctors talk about "closed premises syndrome", because in such conditions of living or work, people often complain about weakness in the body, manifestations of allergies, frequent headaches.

Air conditioning will not help

Do you remember the air conditioner? Trusting advertising, you will probably think that by purchasing a cherished device, permanently solve the problem of harmful evaporation in the air of housing or office. But you should not forget that air conditioner filters not only cleaned air from harmful impurities, but also delay useful components. Corollary - you breathe "empty" air, which also does not add to you health.

Is it worth abandoning the benefits of civilization? Of course, few people will go on it, and you don't need it. The right choice and care of indoor plants will bring great benefits and your home, and your relatives. Indoor plants perfectly cope with the accumulation of dust, the transformation of poisonous substances into non-toxic and simply enriching the air with oxygen.

Who are they, our rescuers?

Hit parade of healthy indoor plants heads simple. Excellent if several these plants live in the apartment: then they will be able to completely clean the air from harmful formaldehyde. (Allocated to furniture from chipboard and polymeric compounds), without giving your body to experience the effect of the connection on itself. With the same task, though not so effectively, drazes, monster, nephrolypt, ivy, singenium, salt, spathifylum, ficus of Benjamin, and.

Do not know what to stop the choice? Take the Spatifylum, Saluanum or Singonium: In addition to formaldehyde, they are also struggling with phenol.

Benzene, xylene, toluene, cyclohexane, ethylbenzene - These are the compounds that are rich in building materials and all sorts of solvents. With them, the already mentioned chlorophytum is successfully fighting, as well as drazes, sansevision and ivy are universal plants known for their cleansing properties. In competence, Nellolipis, Benjamin ficus - the elimination of xylene and toluene.

In the kitchen without chlorophytuma Also do not do! For one day, this flower is able to completely clean the air from the microbes and will reduce the amount by 80% carbon oxide - What is called the negative impact of the operation of the gas stove. And if you want to help your kitchen chlorophytum, there is nothing better than to buy.

Harmful connections used in dry cleaning and remaining on clothing - this three- and fourlorethylene. It is advised to fight with them, ivy and sansevieria three-rone.

Heavy metals - It is part.

FROM ammonia Azalei, Anthurium, Drazen, Ficusa Benjamin and Chrysanthemum Busty.

Staphilococci and streptococci eliminates so unloved by allergys geranium, and other viruses and bacteria - Aglionm, Hibiscus, Diffenbachia, Laurel, Rosemary, Dwarf Ficus, Mirt Ordinary, Citrus and Coniferous Plants.

Dust attract all plants, but most of all are pubescent. In addition, the use of indoor plants is that they are effectively struggling with dry air in the room.

The benefits of indoor plants and care for them

The effectiveness of the beneficial effects of indoor plants increases significantly if they correctly care for them, what our tips on the content of flowers will help. For example, if you take yourself to the rule to remove dust from the leaflets, then the air will be at a distance of 40% read more than in those rooms where the greenery is not at all.

In addition, especially useful plants need to help perform their functions. In winter - to highlight, with the pubescent leaves regularly remove the tassel, spray the leaves with a solution of copper and iron with a solution twice a week to water with water with the addition of glucose solution or a heteroacexin biostimulator in proportion of 5 ml at the rate of 5 liters of water. Flowers will be grateful if twice a month in water for watering you will be added aspirin - 5 g per 1 liter of water.

Maryan. Especially for the site All about colors

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I fully agree with the author: today it is necessary to at least try to compensate for that harm, which causes ecology, household appliances, etc. Plants - really, although it may not be particularly effective, but a way to help yourself and your relatives.

Ecological project "World of Flowers"

Project type: Research, cognitive-creative.

Participants: Children 5-6 years old.

Teachers interaction: educators, music leader, parents, teacher of additional education.

Project Duration: Short-term (2 weeks).

Game motivation: "Traveling to colors" .

Formation of an active position "Defender and friend" The world of nature is the basis in the education of the ecological culture of preschoolers. Children are particularly impressionable and responsive, so they are actively involved in all activities to protect those who need it. It is important to show children that people occupy a stronger position in relation to the world of nature (for example, plants are covered without watering and care).

Purpose:

• Consolidate the ideas about the diversity of the world of colors;
• Continue to form skills of environmentally competent behavior in nature (in particular, when communicating with the world of colors);
• Develop the creative abilities of children.

Tasks:

• Deepen the knowledge of children about the colors and their diversity.
• Learning to compare plants, draw conclusion conclusions.
• Exercise in classification of colors (Garden, meadow, Forest Flowers).
• Fasten the ability to reflect the experience gained in drawings, creative work.
• To form careful attitude to colors, develop a desire to care for flowers.
• Rail love to the beauty of the surrounding world.

Forms of work on the project:

• Conversations;
• Plant observations;
• Environmental leisure and holidays;
• Participation in the environmental action;
• Labor activity in the flower bed;
• Competition of drawings on ecological topics;

Expected project results.

• Children understand the need for a careful and caring attitude towards nature based on its moral and aesthetic and practical meaning for a person.
• Mastering the norms of behavior in natural environment and compliance with them in practical activity and in everyday life.
• Manifestation of an active attitude towards objects of nature (effective care, ability to evaluate the actions of other people in relation to nature).

Stages of the project:

1. stage. Preparatory.
2. stage. Project development.
3. stage. Project implementation (organization of collaboration of children and teachers over the project).
4. stage. Summarizing (presentation).

Conversation on the topic: "Such different flowers" (Garden flowers. Meadow flowers. Forest flowers).

Entertainment "Flower Ball" .

Exhibition of drawings "Floral Kaleidoscope" .

Project implementation

Practical lesson "Kingdom on the Klumba"

Objectives: Continue to acquaint with the world of plants; give an idea of \u200b\u200bcultural plants, about a particular person to them; educate hard work and love for wildlife; Develop attention and connected speech

Team work:

Didactic games.

• "Find a plant"
• "Find what I will describe"
• "Collect the flower"
• "Find the same plant"
• "What flower did not?"
• "Collect a bouquet"
• "Fourth extra"

Verbal games.

Purpose. Develop the ability to describe plants and find them in description.

"I was born to the gardener"

"Describe flower"

Entertainment

"Evening of riddles"

Purpose. Develop figurative and associative thinking, imagination, memory; Increase observation and interest in the native language, enrich children's speech by images.

Collective artistic - aesthetic activity:

Collage "Flower Kingdom" . Purpose. Continue to cause children interest in collective artistic and decorative activities. Exercise in the ability to create a collage.

Collective applique .

Purpose: encourage children to engage in collective activities; consolidate cutting and sticking skills; Develop aesthetic taste. The ability to make a composition, orient on a sheet of paper; Develop imagination, creative thinking.

Painting "My favorite flower"

Purpose. Cross the children to draw favorite flowers. Develop imagination, feeling of color, ability to transmit color flavor. Fasten the ability to hold the right brush.

Outdoor games.

Purpose. Develop the ability to act across the signal to restrain itself, expressively perform movements; Develop imagination.

• "Sun and rain"
• "Flowers and wind"

Labor activity.

Landing seedlings of flowers.

Purpose. Give ideas about the life of the plant, teach some methods to grow seedlings.

Observations.

Observation of flowers in the flower bed

Purpose. Fasten the names of colors, their color; Form aesthetic taste. Develop observation; bring up a careful attitude to plants; consolidate knowledge of colors, paint their petals; Develop a sense of beautiful, speech.

Competition of CHTERS. "Love and beware of nature"

Purpose. Develop interest in literature, poetry; Develop speech, attention.

Poems about colors.

Dmitriev Y. Horovoda petals.

Sokolov-Mikitov I. Forest colors. Legends about colors.

Poem "Tsvetics-bell" and etc.

• Independent gaming activity of children.
• Consider books, illustrations, albums, postcards with flowers.
• Color coloring in coloring.
• Board games: "Put flowers" (mosaic); "Gather a houseplant" ; "Collect a bouquet" ; "Flower Lotto"
• Participation of parents in the exhibition "Flower Kaleidoscope" .

The final stage:

Participation in the environmental promotion "Rosehip plant - Summer We bring" With the library them. A.Peshkova

Leisure "Flower Day"

Expand and summarize the knowledge of plants (colors) Develop cognitive abilities; educate humane attitude to everything

Riddles about colors

Competition "Who will gather the flower faster" .

Competition "Who will faster composition of flowers" .

Reading poems about colors.

Improvisation under "Waltz of the Flowers" P. Tchaikovsky from ballet "Nutcracker" .

Strusting songs about colors.

Competition "Who will quickly plan the flowers of meadow and garden" .

The game "Auction colors"

The result of the project: Children are happy to be included in the search and research activities of the knowledge of nature, both with adults and independently, uses different search steps.

It will respond to adult proposals to pustorate behind the plant on a flower bed, willingly along with the educator, it has a lot of help from loosening and canopy flower garden. They differ and correctly called a sufficiently large number of flowering plants.

Literature:

• Alyabyeva, E. A. Thematic days and weeks in kindergarten. Planning and abstracts [Text] / E. A. Alyabyeva.: - M.: Sphere, 2005. - 160 s.
• Bondarenko, T. M. Environmental classes with children 5-6 years. [Text] / T. M. Bondarenko. - Voronezh: Teacher, 2007. - 159 p.
• Children's encyclopedia. Flowers from A to Ya. [Text] / M.: Arguments and Facts, 1996. - 40 s.
• Magazine "Pedagogical Creativity" №6 1999; №6 2000; №3 2003; №3 2004.
• Magazine "Pre-school pedagogy" №5 2008.
• Mahaneva, M.D. Environmental development of children of preschool and younger school age. Methodological manual for educators DOU and teachers * elementary school [Text] / M. D. Mahaneva. - M.: Arcta, 2004. - 320 p.
• Shorigina, TA Flowers: What are they? Book for educators [Text] / TA Shuragin. - M.: Gnomid, 2002. - 64 p.
• Nikolaev S.N. The program of environmental education of preschool children M. New School 1993.
• Nikolaev S.N. Communication with nature begins with childhood. Perm 1992.
• Pogyakova N.N. Intellectual education of preschoolers.
• Vinogradova N.F. Nature and world around us. M. 1992.

Photo report "World of Flowers"

• Exhibition of joint creativity "Floral Kaleidoscope"
• Collective applique "Fairy Flowers"
• Collective applique "We got the lawn colored shirts"
• Competition of CHTERS. "Love and beware of nature"
• Participation in stock "Rosehip plant, summer we bring"
• Leisure "Flower Day"
• Participation in the contest of drawings and work in a flower bed D / s

Ecology of plants - science of relations between plants and the environment. The medium in which the plant live is heterogeneous and consists of a combination of individual elements, or factors whose value for plants is not the same. From this point of view, the elements of the medium are divided into three groups: 1) necessary for the existence of plants; 2) harmful; 3) Indifferent (indifferent) who do not play any role in the life of plants. The necessary and harmful elements of the medium in the aggregate are environmental factors. Indifferent elements to environmental factors do not belong.

Environmental factors are classified by the nature of the impact on the body and by their origin. According to the nature of the impact differences straightforward and clenply Environmental factors. Direct factors have a direct impact on plant organism. Among them, physiologically acting factors play, for example, light, water, mineral elements. The factors affecting the body are indirectly called the factors affecting the body, through the change in direct factors, such as relief.

By origin, the following main categories of environmental factors are distinguished:

1. Abioticfactors - Factors of inanimate nature:

but) climatic - light, heat, moisture, composition and air movement;

b) effigic (soil-ground) - a variety of chemical and physical properties of soil;

in) topographic (orographic) - Factors caused by relief.

2. Biotic Factors - the influence of each other together inhabited organisms:

a) influence on plants of other (neighboring) plants;

b) influence on the plants of animals;

c) influence on plants of microorganisms.

3. Antropic(anthropogenic) Factors - all sorts of exposure to human plants.

Environmental factors affect the vegetable organism is not isolated from each other, but in all their aggregate, forming a single habitat. Distinguish two categories of habitat - ecotop. and havory (biotope). Under ecotope, the primary complex of abiotic environmental factors on any particular homogeneous part of the earth's surface is understood. In its pure form, ecotopes can be formed only in areas that have not yet populated by organisms, for example, on newly frozen lava flows, on fresh scales of ripped slopes, on river sandy and pebble shallows. Under the influence of organisms that cast an ecotope, the latter turns into habitats (biotop), which is a combination of all environmental factors (abiotic, biotic, and often anthropic) on any particular uniform part of the earth's surface.

The influence of environmental factors on floral organism is very diverse. The same factors are of detail for different types of plants and at different stages of plant development of the same type.

Environmental factors in nature are connected to the complexes, and the whole range of habitat factors always applies to the plant, and the overall influence of habitat factors on the plant is not equal to the amount of the influence of individual factors. The interaction of factors is manifested in their partial substitution, the essence of which is that the decrease in the values \u200b\u200bof one factor may be compensated by an increase in the intensity of another factor, and therefore the plant reaction remains unchanged. At the same time, none of the essential factors needed can be completely replaced by another: it is impossible to grow a green plant in full darkness even on very fertile soil or on distilled water under optimal lighting conditions.

Factors whose values \u200b\u200blie outside the optimum zone for this species are called limit. It is the limiting factors that determine the existence of a species in concrete habitat.

Unlike animal plants, the attached lifestyle leads and are connected throughout life with the same habitats that are subjected to a variety of time changes. To survive, each plant should have a property of adaptability to a specific range of environmental conditions, which is hereditated and called environmental plasticity, or round reaction. The action of the ecological factor on the plant can be depicted graphically as the so-called life curve, or environmental curve (fig. 15.1).

Fig. 15.1. The scheme of action of the environmental factor on the plant: 1 - minimum point; 2 - point of optimum; 3 - Maximum point.

Three cardinal points are distinguished on the vital curve: a minimum point and a maximum point corresponding to the extreme values \u200b\u200bof the factor in which the body's life activity is possible; The optimum point corresponds to the most favorable value of the factor. In addition, several zones are distinguished on the life curve: Optimum zone - limits the range of favorable (comfortable) factor values; Pessimum zones - cover the ranges of a sharp excess and lack of factor, within which the plant is in a state of severe oppression; The zone of vital activity is located between extreme points (minimum and maximum) and covers the entire range of plasticity of the body, within which the body is able to send their life functions and remain in active condition. Near extreme points lie subletal (extremely unfavorable) factor values, and outside - lethal (destroying).

The reaction rate is determined by the genotype, the greater the length of the life curve along the abscissa axis, the higher the ecological plasticity of the plant or the species as a whole.

The plasticity of plant species varies widely, depending on this they are divided into three groups: 1) stenotopa; 2) eurrita; 3) moderately plastic views. Stenotopas are small-plastic species that can exist in a narrow range of a particular environmental factor, such as plants of wet equatorial forests, which are inhabited in conditions of relatively stable temperatures, approximately 20 ° to 30 ° C. Eurrites are characterized by significant plasticity and are able to master a variety of habitat on individual factors. Eucritopes include, for example, the pine ordinary ( Pinus Sylvestris) growing on various soil fertility and fertility. Moderately plastic, to which the overwhelming majority of species belong, occupy an intermediate position between stenotops and eurritopes. Separating views of the above groups should be borne in mind that these groups are allocated for individual environmental factors and do not characterize the specificity of the form by other factors. The view may be a stenotop one by one factor, an eurritop over another factor and moderately plastic in relation to the third factor.

The main ecological unit of the plant world is the view. Each species combines individuals similar to environmental needs, and is able to exist only in certain environmental conditions. The curves of life activity of different types can be assumed in one way or another on each other, but they never coincide. This suggests that each type of plants is environmentally friendly and unique.

However, the species is not the only ecological unit. In plant ecology, such categories are widely used as ecological Group and life form.

The environmental group reflects the attitude of plants to any one factor. The environmental group combines species equally responding to one or another factor in need for their normal development in the similar intensities of this factor and having close values \u200b\u200bof optimum points. The species that are included in the same environmental group are characterized not only by similar needs in some kind of environmental factor, but also a number of similar hereditaryly fixed anatomy-morphological features caused by this factor. The most important environmental factors affecting the structure of plants are moisture and light, the temperature of the soil, competitive relationships in the community and a number of other conditions also have great importance. To similar plants can be adapted differently, producing a different "strategy" of using existing and compensation for missing vital factors. Therefore, within many environmental groups, plants can be found, sharply different from each other by appearance - gabitus And according to the anatomical structure of the organs. They have different vitality. The vital form, in contrast to the environmental group, reflects the fitness of plants not to one, separately taken to the environmental factor, but to the entire complex of habitat conditions.

Thus, one ecological group includes types of different life forms, and, on the contrary, one life form is represented by species from different environmental groups.

Environmental groups of plants in relation to moisture. Water is extremely important for the vital activity of the plant organism. The protoplastic of living cells is active only in saturated water, if it loses a certain amount of water, the cell perishes. The movement of substances inside the plant is carried out in the form of aqueous solutions.

In relation to humidity, the following main groups of plants are distinguished.

1. Xerophytes- Plants adopted to a significant constant or temporary disadvantage of moisture in the soil or in the air.

2. Mesophytes - Plants living in conditions of sufficiently moderate moisture.

3. Gigrophites - Plants living with high humidity of the atmosphere.

4. Hydrophitis - Plants that adopted to a water lifestyle. In a narrow sense, hydrophiths are called only plants having underwater and surface parts, or floating, i.e. living and in water, and in the air. Fully immersed in water plants call gedatofitis.

Considering the typical "average" features of the structure of leaves, stems and roots, we tend to mean the organs of the mesophytes that serve as if the reference.

Device to more extreme conditions - a lack or excess of moisture - causes certain deviations from the average norm.

Examples of guidophytes can serve as Elday ( Elodea.), Valisneria ( Vallisneria), many Restes ( PotamoGeton.), water buttercups ( Batrachium.), Ugut ( Myriophyllum.), Rogolitnik ( Ceratophyllum). Some of them are rooted in the soil of the reservoir, others are freely weighed in the thickness of the water, and only during flowering their inflorescences are put forward above the water.

The structure of guidophytes is determined by living conditions. These plants experience a strong difficulty with gas exchange, as there are very few dissolved oxygen in water, and it is the less than the higher the temperature of the water. Therefore, for guidophytes, a large surface of their organs is characterized compared with the total mass. They have thin leaves, for example, the Eldine is composed of only two layers of cells (Fig. 15.2, a), and often dissected on filamental shares. Botany gave them a tagged name - "Zhabra Leaves", which emphasizes the deep similarity of the dissected leaves with the gill petals of fish, adapted to gas exchange in the aquatic environment.

To the plants immersed in water reaches a weakened light, since part of the rays is absorbed or affected by water, and therefore the guidophytes have some properties of the teenbags. In particular, normal, photosynthesising chloroplasts are present in the epidermome ( fig. 15.2).

There is no cuticle on the surface of the epiderma, or it is so thin that it does not represent obstacles to the passage of water, so water plants, taken out of the water, completely lose water and dry in a few minutes.

Water is much denser of air and therefore supports the plants immersed in it. To this, it is necessary to add that in the tissues of aquatic plants there are many large interclausers filled with gases and forming well-pronounced aerials ( fig. 15.2). Therefore, water plants are fluently weighed into the thickness of water and do not need special mechanical tissues. There are poorly developed or there are no vessels, as the plants perceive the water with the entire surface of the body.

Fig. 15.2. Anatomical features of hydrophitis (cross-cuts of organs): A - Gedatoff Gedoja Canadian leaf plate ( Elodea Canadensis) on the side of the middle veil; B - Gedatoff Leaf Segment Uguti Coloste ( Myriophyllum spicatum); B - Plate of Floating Aero Hydatoofathetofitofitofitfit Pure-White ( Nymphaea Candida.); G - Elday Canadian Stem ( Elodea Canadensis); D - leaf plate guide marine zostera ( Zostera Marina.); 1 - Astroscleid; 2 - air cavity; 3 - guidat; 4 - sponge mesophyll; 5 - xylem; 6 - Parenchima primary bark; 7 - Mesophyll; 8 - conductive beam; 9 - Palisada Mesophyll; 10 - cleler fibers; 11 - Ustian; 12 - Floem; 13 - epidermum.

Interclatures not only increase buoyancy, but also contribute to the regulation of gas exchange. During the day, in the process of photosynthesis, they are filled with oxygen, which in the dark is used to breathe tissues; Carbon dioxide released during respiration accumulates at night in interclausers, and in the day it is used in the process of photosynthesis.

Most guidophips have a strongly developed vegetative reproduction, which reimburses weakened seminal reproduction.

AeroHidatofiti - Transition group. It makes up guidophytes, in which part of the leaves floats on the surface of water, such as water lily ( NYMPHAEA.), Kubashka ( Nuphar.), waterfronts ( Hydrocharis.), ore ( Lemna.). The structure of floating leaves is characterized by some features ( fig. 15.2, B.). All the dusts are on the upper side of the sheet, i.e., directed to the atmosphere. There are a lot of them - the Kubyushka is yellow ( Nuphar Lutea.) For 1 mm 2 of the surfaces, they are accounted for up to 650. The palersaded mezophil is strongly developed. Through the dust and extensive interclausers, developed in the plate of the sheet and sweet, oxygen enters the rhizomes and roots immersed in the soil of the reservoir.

Hydrophitis ( aerohydrofitis, "Amphibious" plants) are common along the shores of water bodies, such as AIR Bolotnaya ( Acorus Calamus.), rarehist ( Sagittaria.), Chastukha ( Alisma.), reed ( Scirpus.), an ordinary reed ( Phragmites australis), the tail is striped ( Equisetum Fluviatile.), many sources ( Carex.) And others. In the roast of the reservoir, they form rhizomes with numerous apparent roots, and over the surface of the water rises or some leaves, or despicable shoots.

In all hydrophitis organs, there is a system of well-developed interclause spaces through which the organs submerged in water and in the soil of the reservoir are supplied. For many hydrophists, the ability to form leaves of various structures, depending on which conditions their development proceeds. An example can serve as a graonist ( fig. 15.3.). Its sheet, towering over the water, has a durable pet and a dense sweatshop with a well-pronounced parisades mesophyll; Both in the plate and in the cut is a system of air cavities.

The leaves immersed in water have the form of long and gentle ribbons without differentiation on the plate and stiff. Their inner structure is similar to the structure of the leaves of typical guidophytes. Finally, in the same plants you can find intermediate leaves with a differentiated oval plate floating on the surface of the water.

Fig. 15.3. Heterophilia of the grains (Sagittaria Sagittifolia.): Ditch - underwater; Plave - floating; Rest - Aerial leaves.

A group of hygrophytes includes plants living on wet soil, for example on swampy meadows or in raw forests. Since these plants do not have a shortage of water, then there are no special devices in their structure aimed at reducing transpiration. In a sheet of meduse ( Pulmonaria.) (fig. 15.4.) Epiderma cells thin-walled, covered with thin cuticle. Hydia or are in the surface with the surface of the sheet, or even raised over it. Extensive interclausers create a total greater evaporation surface. This also contributes to the presence of scattered thin-walled alive hairs. In a humid atmosphere, the enhancement of transpiration leads to better movement of solutions to the shoots.

Fig. 15.4. Cross slice of a median sheet (Pulmonaria Obscura.).

Forest hygrophytes in the listed features join features characteristic of teothelubil plants.

Plants of the ecological group of xerophytes in most cases have a variety of devices to maintaining water balance with a lack of soil and atmospheric moisture. Depending on the main ways of adaptation to dry habitats, the xerophyt group is divided into two types: real xerophytes and false xerophytes.

The real xerophytes include such plants that, grown on dry habitats, really lack moisture. They have anatomy morphological and physiological adaptation. The combination of all the anatomy morphological devices of real xerophyt gives them a special, so-called xeromorphic The structure that reflects the adaptation to the reduction of transpiration.

Cherryorphic signs are clearly manifested in the features of the building of the epiderm. The main cells of the epidermis in xerophytes have thickened outer walls. Powerful cuticle covers the epidermum and goes deep into the tiled gaps ( fig. 15.5). On the surface of the epidermis, wax sections are formed in the form of various grains, scales and chopsticks. On the shoots of wax palm Ceroxylon.) The thickness of wax secretions reaches 5 mm.

Fig. 15.5. Cross-cut aloe sheet (Aloe Variegata.) With immersed astian.

Different types of trichomov are added to these features. The thick cover of crumbling hairs reduces the transpiration directly (slowing down the air movement on the surface of the organs) and indirectly (reflecting the sun's rays and, thus, reducing the heating of shoots).

For xerophytes, the dive of stomach in the pits, the so-called cryptawhich creates a cloud space. In addition, the walls of the crypt may have a complex configuration. For example, Aloe ( fig. 15.5.) Cell wall walls, almost closed with each other, create an additional obstacle to the outlet of a water vapor from a sheet into the atmosphere. At oleander ( Nerium oleander) A whole group of Ustyz is immersed in every big crypt, and the kilipe cavity is filled with hairs, as if shut down with cotton cork ( fig. 15.6).

Fig. 15.6. Cross List Oleander (Nerium oleander).

The inner tissues of the leaves in xerophypite are often distinguished by finechaeliness and strong sclerification, which leads to a reduction in interclause spaces and a common inner evaporating surface.

Xerophytes having a high degree of sclerization, got a name sclerophyt. The overall sclerification of tissues is often accompanied by the formation of the edge of the solid spikes. The extreme link of this process is the transformation of a sheet or all escape into a solid spin.

The leaves of many cereals have different adaptations to coagulation with a lack of moisture. Schuchka ( Deschampsia Caespitosa.) On the bottom side of the sheet, under the epidermum, the sclerenhima lies, and all the dusts are on the upper side of the sheet. They are located on the side sides of the ridges going along the sheet plate. In the grooves passing between the ridges, there are motor cells - large thin-walled live cells capable of changing the volume. If the sheet contains enough water, then the motor cells, increasing the volume, open the sheet. With a lack of water, the motor cells decrease in the volume, the sheet, as the spring, is coagulated into the tube, and the dust is inside the closed cavity ( fig. 15.7).

Fig. 15.7. Cross Spearance Shectery Sheet(Deschampsia Caespitosa.): 1 - part of the sheet of sheet with a large magnification; 2 - cut of the entire sheet of sheet; 3 - plate sheet in a rolled state; MK- motor cells; PP- conductive beam; SKL - Slovenchima; Hp - Chlorenchim; E.- Epiderma.

Leaf reduction is characteristic of many Mediterranean shrubs, Middle Asia deserts and other places with dry and hot summer: Juzgun ( Calligonum), Saksaul ( Haloxylon.), Spanish Droka ( Spartium.), ephedra ( Ephedra.) And many others. These plants have a feature of photosynthesis, and leaves or underdeveloped, or fall out early in the spring. In the stems under the epidermum there is a well-developed landed fabric ( fig. 15.8).

Fig. 15.8. Branch of Juzguna (Calligonum) (1) and part of its transverse cut (2): D.- Druz; SKL - sclerenhim; Hp- Chlorenchim; E.- Epiderma.

Since xerophytes grow mostly in the steppes, deserts, on dry slopes and other open places, they are equally adapted to bright lighting. Therefore, it is not always possible to distinguish the xeromorphic signs and signs caused by adaptation to bright lighting.

However, the main adaptations of real xerophytes for dryness of habitats are physiological features: the high osmotic pressure of the cell juice and the droughtness of the protoplast.

False xerophytes include plants that grow on dry habitats, but do not lack moisture. False xerophytes have devices to produce enough water, and, figuratively speaking, "run away from drought." Therefore, they are weakened or there are no very signs of xeromorphic structure.

The group of false xerophytes, first of all, includes desert-steppe succulents. Succulents call juicy fleshy plants with a strongly developed aquifer in an overhead or underground organs. There are two basic vital forms - stem and leafy succulents. Stroke succulents have thick, juicy stem of various shapes. The leaves are always reduced and turned into spines. Typical representatives of stem succulents are cacti and cacti-shaped meat. In leafy succulents, aquifer develops in the leaves, which become thick and juicy, and in which a lot of water accumulates. The stem is dry and hard. Typical sheet succulents are Aloe ( Aloe.) and agaves ( Agave.).

In favorable periods, when the soil is moistened with atmospheric precipitates, succulents with a strongly branched surface root system are quickly accumulated in their aquifers a large amount of water and then during the subsequent long-term drought, it is very economically spent, practically without lack of moisture. Water saving is carried out thanks to a number of adaptive signs: the dust of the succulents are small, are located in the recesses and open at night when the temperature decreases, and the humidity of the air rises; The cells of the epidermix are covered with thick cuticle and wax. All this determines the very low intensity of the total transpiration at the succulents and allows them to master extremely dry habitats.

However, the type of water exchange is characteristic of succulents makes gas exchange and therefore does not provide a sufficient intensity of photosynthesis. The dust of these plants are open only at night, when the process of photosynthesis is impossible. Carbon dioxide is snowing at night in vacuoles, binding in the form of organic acids, and then the day is cleaved and used in the process of photosynthesis. In this regard, the intensity of photosynthesis in succulents is very low, the accumulation of biomass and their growth proceed slowly, which causes the low competitive ability of these plants.

False xerophytes also include desert-steppe efemera and efemeroids. These are plants with a very short period of vegetation, timed to the cooler and wet season of the year. For this short (sometimes not more than 4-6 weeks), they have time to pass the whole year development cycle (from germination to the formation of seeds), and the rest of the unfavorable part of the year are worried about peace. Such a seasonal development rhythm allows ephemerara and ephemeroids to "run away from drought in time."

The ephemerars include annual plants that are experiencing an unfavorable period in the form of seeds and multiply only seeds. Usually they have small sizes, as in a short time they do not have time to form a significant vegetative mass. Efemeroids are perennial plants. Therefore, they are experiencing an adverse time not only in the form of seeds, but in the form of resting underground organs - bulbs, rhizomes, tubers.

Since ephemers and ephemeroids raucrate their active period to the wet season of the year, they do not experience moisture deficit. Therefore, it is characteristic of them, as for mesophytes, a mesomorphic structure. However, their seeds and underground organs are characterized by high drought resistance and heat resistance.

Deeplyorn False xerophytes "run away from drought in space." These plants have very deep root systems (up to 15-20 m or more), which penetrate the soil aquifers, where they are intensively branched and uninterrupted with a plant with water even during periods of the strongest drought. Without experiencing dehydration, deep-rooted, xerophytes preserve the overall mesomorphic appearance, although they have a slight decrease in the overall evaporating surface by converting a part of the leaves or shoots into spines. A typical representative of this life form is the crowd of a spiny ( Alhagi Pseudalhagi.) From the family of legumes, which forms thickets in the deserts of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

Environmental groups of plants in relation to light. The light has very important in the life of plants. First of all, it is a necessary condition for photosynthesis, in the course of which plants bind light energy and due to this energy, the synthesis of organic substances from carbon dioxide and water are carried out. The light also has an influence on a number of other life functions of plants: germination of seeds, growth, development of reproductive organs, transpiration, etc. In addition, some other factors, such as air and soil temperature, their humidity, and thus change with the change in lighting conditions. The light has not only direct, but also indirect effects.

The amount and quality of light in habitats vary depending on geographic factors (geographical latitude and height above sea level), as well as under the influence of local factors (relief and shades created by co-growing plants). Therefore, in the process of evolution, types of plants were formed in need of different lighting conditions. Three environmental groups of plants are usually isolated: 1) helofitis - light-minded plants; 2) sTIOGELOFITS- Shadowish plants; 3) scoffitis - Telebobile plants.

Helofitis, or light-loving plants, are plants of open (uncountable) habitats. They are found in all natural zones of land. Helofitis are, for example, many types of plants of the upper tiers of steppes, meadows and forests, rinking mosses and lichens, many types of sparsed desert, tundra and high-mountain vegetation.

The shoots of light-loving plants are rather thick, with well-developed xylene and mechanical cloth. The interstices are shortened, typically significant branching, with the result that the rosette and formation of a "pillow" type growth form often occurs.

The leaves of helofitis as a whole have smaller dimensions and are located in space so that in the brightest half-watched clock, the sun rays as it were "slide" on a sheet plate and are less absorbed, and in the morning and evening hours fall on its plane, using the most.

The anatomical features of the structure of the leaf in heliophytes are also aimed at reducing the absorption of light. Thus, the leaf plates of many light-loving plants have a specific surface: either shiny, or covered with a wax chain, or densely shed light hairs. In all these cases, leaf plates are capable of reflecting a significant part of sunlight. In addition, Helofitis has a well-developed epidermum and cuticle, which greatly make the penetration of light into the mesophyll sheet. It has been established that the epiderm of light-loving plants skips no more than 15% of the incident light.

The leaf mesophyll has a dense structure due to the strong development of the panelous parenchyma, which is generated both at the top and the bottom side of the sheet ( fig. 15.6).

Chloroplasts in heliophytes are small, they are thickly filled with a cell, partially shading each other. The composition of chlorophyll predominates a more light-resistant form "A" above the form "B" (A / B \u003d 4.5-5.5). The total chlorophyll content is low - 1.5-3 mg per 1 g of dry liste. Therefore, helophyt leaves usually have a light green color.

STIOGELOFITSs are called shadowish plants that have high plasticity in relation to light and can normally develop both with full light and in conditions of more or less pronounced shading. Shadowish plants include most forest plants, many meadow herbs and a small number of steppe, tundra and some other plants.

Scalophytes are normally growing and developing under conditions of light lighting, reacting negatively to direct sunlight. Therefore, they can be rightfully called teothelubile plants. This ecological group includes plants of the lower tiers of thick shady forests and dense meadows, submerged plants, a few inhabitants of the caves.

Adaptations of tendenses to light are largely opposite to the adaptations of light-affiliated plants. The leaves of scyophytes are generally larger and thinner than in helophytes, they are oriented in space so as to get the maximum of light. They are characterized by the absence or weak development of the cuticle, the lack of omitting and waxing. Therefore, the light penetrates the sheet relatively easily - the epiderm of techubs passes up to 98% of the incident light. Mesophyll loose, large-weak, not differentiated (or weakly differentiated) on the column and spongy parenchyma ( fig. 15.4.).

Chloroplasts at tendelubs are large, but there are few of them in the cage, and therefore they do not shade each other. The ratio of the content of the forms of chlorophyll "A" and "B" is reduced (A / B \u003d 2.0-2.5). The total chlorophyll content is quite large - up to 7-8 mg / 1 g of sheet. Therefore, the leaves of scoffite have, as a rule, a dark green color.

In aquatic tendelubs, adaptive change in the composition of photosynthetic pigments, depending on the depth of habitat, namely, in higher aquatic plants and in green algae, inhabitants in the upper layer of water predominate chlorophylls, in cyanobacteria (syneselen algae) is added to chlorophyll, a phycocianine is added to chlorophyll Algae - Fukoxanthin, in the most deep-water red algae - ficoeroidrin.

A peculiar type of physiological adaptation of some tepes to a lack of light is the loss of the ability to photosynthesis and the transition to heterotrophic nutrition. These are plants - symbiotrofy.(mikotrophs.) receiving organic substances using symbiotic mushrooms (drivenger ( Hypopitys Monotropa.) From the family of helicanti, Ladyan ( Coraallorhiza.), nesting ( Neottia.), pearlock ( EpiPogium.) From the orchid family). The shoots of these plants lose the green color, the leaves are reduced and turn into colorless scales. The root system acquires a peculiar form: under the influence of the fungus, the growth of the roots is limited in length, but they grow in thickness ( fig. 15.9).

Fig. 15.9. Plants - Mycotrophes. : 1 - Ladyan three-party roots ( Coraallorhiza trifida.); 2 - Nesting True ( Neottia Nidus-Avis); 3 - Ordinary approach ( Hypopitys Monotropa.).

Under the conditions of deep shading of the lower tiers of wetting forests, special life forms of plants, endowing the main mass of escapes, vegetative and colorless, in the upper tiers, to the light. This is possible due to specific methods of growth. These include liana and epiphytes..

Liana is chosen to light, using both supports adjacent plants, rocks and other solid objects. Therefore, they are also called bone plants in a broad sense. Liana can be woody and herbaceous and most characteristic of wettropic forests. In the moderate zone, their most in wet tree engines along the shores of the reservoirs; It is almost exclusively herbs, such as hops ( Humulus Lupulus.), Calistegia ( Calytegia.), Molmennik ( Asperula.) etc. In the Forests of the Caucasus there are quite a lot of rustic Lian (Sassaparil ( Smilax.), Programmer ( Periploca.), blackberry). In the Far East, they are represented by the Chinese Lemongrass ( Schisandra chinensis), Aktindia ( Actinidia), grapes ( Vitis.).

The growth specificity lian is that at first their stems grow very quickly, and the leaves are lagging behind and remain somewhat underdeveloped. When, using a support, the plant makes upper shoots to light, normal green leaves and inflorescences are developing there. The anatomical structure of the Lian stems is sharply different from the typical structure of the reprehensive stems and reflects the specifics of the stem, the most flexible even with a significant weighing (in wood lio). In particular, Lian stems usually have a beam structure and wide parenchymal rays between beams.

An interesting life form is also represented by ephemers and ephemeroids of deciduous forests, such as Kandyk Siberian ( Erythronium Sibiricum), revealed revealed ( Pulsatilla Patens.), Spring horizon ( Adonis Vernalis.), Forest anemone ( Anemone Sylvestris.), the median is strongest ( Pulmonaria Dacica.). All of them are light-loving plants and can grow in the lower tiers of the forest only due to the fact that they shift their short growing season for the spring and the beginning of the summer, when foliage on trees does not have time to disperse, and the illumination at the surface of the soil turns out to be high. By the time of the full blooming of the leaves in the crowns of trees and the appearance of shading, they manage to blow away and form the fruits.

Environmental groups with respect to temperature. Heat is one of the necessary conditions for the existence of plants, since all physiological processes and biochemical reactions depend on temperature. Therefore, normal growth and development of plants are carried out only with a certain amount of heat and a certain duration of its impact.

Severe four ecological groups of plants: 1) megaterma - heat-resistant plants; 2) mesotherma - heat-loving, but not heat-resistant plants; 3) microterma - non-demanding plants growing in conditions of moderately cold climate; four) hekistotherma- Especially cold-resistant plants. The last two groups are often united in one group of cold-resistant plants.

Megaterma have a number of anatomy-morphological, biological and physiological devices, which allow them to normally send their life functions at relatively high temperatures.

The anatomo-morphological features of megatermov include: a) thick white or silver omit or the brilliant surface of the leaves reflecting a significant part of solar radiation; b) a decrease in the surface absorbing solar radiation, which is achieved by the reduction of leaves, coagulate sheet plates into the tube, turning the sheet plates to the sun and other methods; c) Strong development of covert tissues, insulating inner plant tissues from high ambient temperatures. These features protect heat-resistant plants from overheating, while having an adaptive value and against draining, which usually accompanies high temperatures.

From biological (behavioral) devices, it should be noted the phenomenon of the so-called "runaway" from extremely high temperatures. Thus, desert and steppe ephemers and ephemeroids significantly reduce their growing season and timed to a cooler season, thereby running in time "not only from drought, but also from high temperatures.

Physiological adaptations are particularly important for heat-resistant plants, first of all, the ability of the protoplast without harm to carry high temperatures. For some plants, the high intensity of transpiration is characterized, leading to the cooling of the body and protected them from overheating.

The heat-resistant plants are characteristic of dry and hot areas of the globe, as well as the xerophytes considered earlier. In addition, megatermammes include rocky mosses and lichen lighted habitats of various latitudes and types of bacteria, mushrooms and algae living in hot springs.

Typical mesotermans include plants of a wedgeotropic belt, which live in a constantly warm, but not hot climate, in the range of temperatures of 20-30 ° C. As a rule, these plants have no devices to the temperature regime. The mesotermas of moderate latitudes includes so-called broad-sized woody rocks: beech ( Fagus.), Grab ( Carpinus.), chestnut ( Castanea.) and others, as well as numerous herbs from the lower tiers of broad forest. These plants are in their geographical distribution to oceanic outskirts of continents with a soft wet climate.

Microthermals are moderately cold-resistant plants - characteristic of the boreal forest area, to the most cold-resistant plants - hexistotherms - are tundra and high-mountain plants.

The main adaptive role in cold-heated plants is played by physiological protection mechanisms: first of all, a decrease in the freezing point of the cell juice and the so-called "ice-resistance", under which the ability of plants without harm to transfer ice formation in their tissues, as well as the transition of perennial plants to the winter rest state. It is in a state of winter peace of rest possess the greatest coolness.

For the most cold-resistant plants - hexistotherms are great adaptive importance such morphological features as small size and specific growth forms. Indeed, the overwhelming majority of the tundra and alpine plants have small (dwarf) sizes, for example, dwarf birch ( Betula Nana.), Iva Polar ( Salix Polaris.) And others. The ecological value of dwarfism is that the plant is located in more favorable conditions, in the summer it is better heated by the Sun, and in winter it is protected by a snow cover. The researchers of the Arctic regions have long paid attention to the fact that the top parts of the tundra shrubs sticking over the snow in most cases are frozen or abrase into powder with snowy, icy and mineral particles, which are transported by frequent and strong winds. Thus, everything that is located above the snow surface, is doomed here on death.

Such an environmental significance has the emergence of such peculiar growth forms as stalants and plants pillows. The slans are the sharpening forms of trees, shrubs and shrubs, such as cedar staber ( Pinus Pumila.), a puffer is flimsy ( Ledum Decumbens.), polar types of waters ( Empetrum), Juniper Turkestan ( Juniperus Turkestanica.) and etc.

Plants cushions (see section 4) are formed as a result of strong branching and extremely slow growth in overhead shoots. Vegetable Odad and mineral particles accumulate between shoots. All this leads to the formation of a compact and sufficiently dense form of growth. For some plants, pillows can be walking like solid soil. The environmental meaning of the pillow-shaped growth form is as follows. Thanks to the compact structure of the plant, the pillows successfully confront the cold winds. The surface of them is heated almost as well as the surface of the soil, and the temperature fluctuations inside the pillow are not so high as in the environment. Therefore, inside the pillow plants, as in a greenhouse, a more favorable temperature and water regime remains. In addition, continuous accumulation in the float pillow and its further decomposition contribute to the increase in soil fertility under it.

Power-shaped growth forms form in the appropriate conditions herb, half aless and woody plants of various families: legumes, rose colored, umbrella, cloves, colorful, and other pillows are very common and sometimes determined the landscape in the highlands of all the mainland, as well as on the stony oceanic islands, especially in Southern hemisphere, on sea coasts, in arctic tundra, etc. Some pillows have sharply expressed external features of xeromorphism, in particular spines of various origin.

Environmental groups with respect to soil factors. Soil is one of the most important environments of the life of land plants. It serves as a substrate to fix the plants at a certain place, and also is a nutrient medium from which plants absorb water and elements of mineral power. In all the variety of soil factors, it is customary to distinguish between the chemical and physical properties of the soil. From the chemical properties of the soil medium, the main environmental value has a reaction of the soil environment and the salt regime.

In natural conditions, the soil reaction is under the influence of climate, soil-forming rock, groundwater and vegetation. Different types of plants are unequal react to the soil reaction and, from this point of view, are divided into three ecological groups: 1) acidity; 2) basiefs and 3) neutrophyts..

Atcidity include plants preferring acidic soils. The acidophytes are plant sphagnum marshes, such as sphagnum mosses ( SPHAGNUM.), Bowls Bowl ( Ledum Palustre), Cassandra, or Bolotnaya Mirt ( Chamaedaphne Calyculata.), boiled ( Andromeda Polifolia.), cranberries ( Oxycoccus.); Some forest and meadow species, such as a lingonberry ( Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea), blueberries ( Vaccinium Myrtillus.), Horseta Forest ( Equisetum Sylvaticum.).

Basifitamotous plants, preferring soils rich in reasons and therefore having an alkaline reaction. Basifits grow on carbonate and salt soils, as well as on the outcrops of carbonate rocks.

Neutrophitis prefer soils with a neutral reaction. However, many neutrophitis have wide optimum zones - from weakly acid to a slightly alkaline reaction.

Under the salt regime of soils understand the composition and quantitative ratios of chemicals in the soil, which determine the content of mineral cells in it. Plants react to the content of both individual elements of mineral nutrition and their entire totality, which determines the level of soil fertility (or its "trophy"). Different types of plants need for their normal development in various quantities of mineral elements in the soil. In accordance with this, three ecological groups are distinguished: 1) oligotrofy.; 2) mesotrofy.; 3) eutrophifs(mega-influences).

Oligotrofam is called plants, satisfied with the very low content of mineral nutrition elements. Typical oligotrofas are plant sphagnum plants: sphagnum mosses, a richness, boiled, cranberries, etc. From woody breeds to oligotrofam, the pine is ordinary, and from meadow plants - Belous ( Nardus Stricta.).

Mesotrophs are plants, moderately demanding of the content of mineral nutrition elements. They grow on a poor, but not on very poor soils. Mesotrofam includes many tree breeds - Cedar Siberian ( Pinus Sibirica.), Siberian fir ( Abies sibirica.), birch hooked ( Betula Pendula.), aspen ( Populus Tremula.), Many taiga herbs - Kisychka ( Oxalis Acetosella.), worsion eyes ( Paris Quadrifolia.), Sedmichnik ( TRIENTALIS EUROPAEA.) and etc.

Eutrophs impose high requirements for the content of mineral nutrition elements, therefore grow on high blood soils. Eutrophiffs include most of the steppe and meadow plants, for example, the camp peristically ( Stipa Pennata.), tonkog ( Koeleria cristata.), drossing creeping ( ELYTRIGIA REPENS.), as well as some plants of lowland swamps, for example, an ordinary cane ( Phragmites australis).

Representatives of these environmental groups does not detect any specific anatomy-morphological adaptive signs caused by the trophy of their habitats. However, oligotrophs often have xeromorphic signs, such as small rigid leaves, thick cuticle, etc. Obviously, the morphological and anatomical reaction to the lack of soil nutrition is similar to some types of reactions to the lack of moisture, which is quite explicable in terms of deterioration of growth conditions in and otherwise.

Some autotrophic plants living, as a rule, in the swamps (in tropical and partly in moderate zone), fill the lack of nitrogen in the substrate with additional power in the expense of small animals, in particular insects whose bodies are digested with the help of enzymes allocated by special glands on the leaves of insectivores , or predatory, plants. Usually the ability to such a type of nutrition is accompanied by the formation of a variety of adaptations.

In the usual on sphagnous swamps of Rosyanka ( Drosra Rotundifolia., fig. 15.11, 1.) The leaves are covered with red-sided glazed hairs, highlighting the taps of a sticky brilliant secret. Small insects stick to the sheet and other brainstorm hair, which slowly bend and tightly surround the insect with their glands tightly surround. The dissolution and suction of food occurs within a few days, after which the hairs are straightened, and the sheet can catch production again.

Catcher Veinele Mukholovka ( Dionaea Muscipula.), living on the peatlands of the East of North America, has a complex structure ( fig. 15.11, 2, 3). On the leaves there are sensitive bristles that cause a sharp slam of two blades of the plate when touched insect.

Candy leaves from non-tentains ( NEPENTHES., Fig. 15.11, 4), bonding plants of coastal tropical thickets of the Indo-Malay region, have a long stiff, the lower part of which is wide, plate, green (photosynthesis); The average is a narrowed, sterep-like, curly (she wraps a support), and the upper one turned into a motley jug, covered on top with a lid-leaf plate. On the edge of the pitcher, a sahaphic liquid is distinguished that attracts insects. Once into the pitcher, the insect slides over a smooth inner wall on its bottom, where the digestive liquid is located.

In standing reservoirs, we usually immersed by floating plant bubble ( Utricularia., fig. 15.11, 5, 6 ). It does not have roots; The leaves are dissected on narrow filamental slices, at the ends of which are curious bubbles with a valve opening inside. Small insects or wraps cannot get out of the bubble and digest there.

Fig. 15.11. Insectivore plants: 1 - Rosyanka ( Drosra Rotundifolia.); 2 and 3 - Veinelery Mukholovka ( Dionaea Muscipula.), open and closed sheet; 4 - Nenventures ( NEPENTHES.), sheet- "pitcher"; 5 and 6 - bubble ( Utricularia.), part of the sheet and the catchnya bubble.

For most plants, harmful is both insufficient and excessive content of mineral elements. However, some plants have adapted to excessively high content of batteries. The most studied are the following four groups.

1. Nitrophyts. - Plants adapted to excess nitrogen content. Typical nitrophitis grown on garbage and dungs \u200b\u200band dumps, on litter cuts, abandoned homes sites and other habitats, where enhanced nitrification is underway. They absorb nitrates in such quantities that they can be detected even in the plants of these plants. Nitropitis include the nettle of the downtime ( Urtica dioica.), Clear Belaya ( Lamium album), burdock types ( Arctium.), raspberries ( Rubus Idaeus.), Buzina ( Sambucus.) and etc.

2. Calckephites - Plants adapted to excessive content in calcium soil. They grow on carbonate (limestone) soils, as well as on the outcrops of limestone and chalk. Calckephites include many forest and steppe plants, for example, Venein Bashma ( Cypripedium Calceolus.), Forest anemone ( Anemone Sylvestris.), Lucerne Serpovoid ( Medicago Falcata.) and so on. Calckephites are larching Siberian ( Larix Sibirica.), beech ( Fagus Sylvatica.), oak fluffy ( QUERCUS PUBESCENS.) and some others. Particularly diverse is the composition of calcchite on lime and chalk outcrops, which form a special, so-called "chalk" flora.

3. Toxichiths Combine species resistant to high concentrations of certain heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, CO, Cu) and can even accumulate the ions of these metals. Toxicophytes are confined in its distribution to soils forming in rocks rich in elements of heavy metals, as well as to the dumps of a blank breed of industrial development of metals data deposits. Typical toxicophytes-hubs suitable for indication of soils containing a lot of lead are sheep's oatmeal ( Festuca Ovina.), Polevitsa thin ( Agrostis Tenuis.); on zinc soils - violet ( Viola Calaminaria.), Field tier ( Thlaspi Arvense), some types of Smolevka ( Silene.); on the soils rich in selenium - a number of types of astragal ( Astragalus.); on the soils rich in copper - Obern ( Oberna Behen.), Kacheym ( Gypsophila Patrinii.), types of shooter ( Gladiolus) etc.

4. Galofiti- Plants resistant to the high content of ions of easily solubular salts. Excess salts increase the concentration of soil solution, as a result of which difficulties are created in the absorption of nutrient plants. Galophytes absorb these substances due to the increased osmotic pressure of the cell juice. To life on saline soils, different hayphites have adapted differently: one of them is distinguished by an excess of salts absorbed from soil or through special glands on the surface of the leaves and stalks (Kermek (Kermek ( Limonium Gmelinii.), Meltnik ( Glaux Maritima.)), or dropping leaves and twigs as the limiting concentrations of salts accumulate in them (Solonchakaya plantain ( Plantago Maritima.), Grebenchik ( Tamarix.)). Other hayophytes are succulents, which helps to reduce the concentration of salts in cellular juice (salteros ( Salicornia europaea.), Types of Solyanok ( Salsola.)). The main feature of hayophytes is the physiological stability of the protoplast of their cells to salts ions.

From the physical properties of the soil, the main environmental significance has air, aqueous and temperature modes, mechanical composition and structure of the soil, its porosity, hardness and plasticity. Air, water and temperature soil modes are determined by climatic factors. The remaining physical properties of the soil are on plants, mainly indirect influence. And only on sandy and very solid (stony) substrates of plants are under direct influence of some of their physical properties. As a result, two ecological groups are formed - psammofiti and petrophitis(lithophytes).

A group of psamophytes is combined by plants adapted to life on moving sands, which can only be called soils. This kind of substrates occupy huge spaces in the sandy deserts, and are also found along the shores of the seas, large rivers and lakes. A specific ecological feature of the sands is their ramp. As a result, in the life of the psammofit, there is a threat or falling asleep with the sand of the above-ground parts of the plants, or, on the contrary, blowing sand and their roots of their roots. It is this ecological factor that determines the main anatomy-morphological and biological adaptive signs inherent in psammofitis.

Most wood and shrub psammofites, for example, sandy saksaul ( Haloxylon Persicum.) and Richter Salonka ( Salsola Richteri.), form powerful apply roots on trunks buried by sand. In some rival psammofites, for example, sand acacia ( Ammodendron Conollyi.), Candidating kidneys are formed on bare roots, and then new shoots that allow you to extend the life of the plant while blowing the sand from under its root system. A number of herbaceous psammofites are formed long rhizomes with sharp ends, which raise up and reaching the surface, form new shoots, while avoiding the burials.

In addition, Psammofites have developed in the process of their evolution of various devices in fruits and seeds, aimed at ensuring their volatility and the ability to move along with moving sand. These adaptations are in the formation of fruits and seeds of a variety of outgrows: bristles - from Juzgun ( Calligonum) and bags of swirling - in the crewing Carex Physodes.), attaching elasticity and ease of fruits; A variety of aircraft.

Petrophitis (litthians) include plants living on rocky substrates - rock outcrops, stony and gravelly fuses, currency and pebble sediments on the shores of mountain rivers. All petrophites are the so-called "pioneering" plants that are first in populated and mastering habitats with stony substrates.

Topographic (orographic) factors. Relief factors have on plants mainly indirect effects, redistributing the amount of precipitation and heat over the surface of the sushi. In lowering the relief, the precipitation accumulates accumulates, as well as cold air masses, which causes the settlement under these conditions of moisture and unable to heat plants. Increased elements of the relief, the slopes of the southern exposition warmes better decreases and slopes of another orientation, so they can be found more thermal-loving and less demanding plants. Small shapes of relief increase the variety of microclies, which creates the mosaic of vegetation cover.

The macro-relief is a special effect on the distribution of plants, macro-relief - mountains, middlegorodts and platea, which create significant altitude amplitudes on a relatively small area. With a change in the height, climatic indicators change - temperature and humidity, resulting in the result of the height of vegetation. Mountains are often a barrier to penetrate plants from some regions to others.

Biotic factors. The biotic factors under which the influence of animals, other plants, microorganisms are important in the life of plants. This effect can be direct when the organisms directly contact with the plant, have a positive or negative effect on it (for example, the eating grass of animals), or indirectly, when organisms affect the plant indirectly, changing its habitat.

In the life of plants, the role of the animal population of the soil is great. Animals grind and digest the remains of plants, break the soil, enrich the soil layer with organic substances, i.e. chemistry and soil structure change. This creates conditions for the preemptive development of some plants and oppression of others. Insects and some birds pollinate plants. The role of animals and birds as seed distributors and plant fruits is known.

The effect of animals on plants is sometimes manifested through a whole chain of living organisms. Thus, a sharp decrease in the number of birds of prey in the steppes leads to a rapid reproduction of mice-pools, which feed on the green mass of steppe plants. This, in turn, leads to a decrease in the yield of steppe phytocenoses and the quantitative redistribution of plant species within the community.

The negative role of animals is manifested in pulling and eating plants.

Very diverse influence of some plants on others. Here you can select several types of relationships.

1. Ply mutualism Plants as a result of joint existence receive mutual benefits. An example of such relationships can serve as mikoriza, symbiosis of nodule bacteria-nitrogen-spikes with bean roots.

2. Commminasalism - This is a form of relationship when a joint existence for one plant is beneficial, and for another indifferent. So, one plant can use another as a substrate (epiphytes).

4. Competition - manifests itself in plants in the struggle for the conditions of existence: moisture, nutrients, light, etc., differ in intraspecific competition (between individuals of the same species) and interspecific (between individuals).

Antropic (anthropogenic) factors. A man has an effect on plants for a long time, it is especially noticeable. It is manifested in our time. This effect can be direct and indirect.

Direct exposure is cutting down the forest, the seal, the collection of fruits and colors, pulling out, etc. In most cases, such activities adversely affects plants and plant communities. The number of some species is sharply reduced, some can completely disappear. There is a significant restructuring of plant communities or even the change of one community to others.

No less important is the indirect effect of man on floral cover. It manifests itself in changing the conditions of the existence of plants. So appear rueral, or trash can, habitat, industrial dumps. The negative impact on the life of plants has the contamination of the atmosphere, soils, water with industrial waste. It leads to disappearance on a certain territory of certain types of plants and plant communities as a whole. Natural floral cover changes and as a result of an increase in area for agrofitzenosa.

In the process of its economic activity, a person must take into account all the relationships in ecosystems, whose violation often entails irreparable consequences.

Classification of vital plants.Environmental factors affect the plant is not isolated from each other, but in all their aggregate. Plant fitness to the whole complex of habitat conditions reflects the life form. Under the life form, a group of species similar to appearance (Gabitus) is understood, which is determined by the similarity of the main morphological and biological signs that have an adaptive value.

The life form of plants is the result of adaptation to a specific habitat and is produced in the process of long-term evolution. Therefore, signs characteristic of life-shaped are fixed in genotype and manifest themselves in plants in each new generation. With the allocation of life forms, various biological and morphological signs of plants are taken into account: the form of growth, development rhythms, life expectancy, the nature of root systems, adaptations to vegetative reproduction, etc. Therefore, the vital form of plants also call biomorphs.

There are different classifications of vital forms of plants that do not coincide with the classification of systematics based on the structure of the generative organs and the reflective "blood relationship" of plants. A similar vitality is taken in similar plants at all related, belonging to different families and even classes.

The basis of biomorphological classifications is possible, depending on the target, put different signs. One of the most common and universal classifications of the vital forms of plants was proposed by the Danish botanist K. Rowunker. It is based on the registration of plants adapting to the transfer of adverse conditions - low autumn-winter temperatures in areas with a cold climate and summer droughts in hot and dry areas. It is known that from the cold and droughs in plants suffer primarily to the renewal kidney, and the degree of security of the kidneys significantly depends on the position with respect to the surface of the soil. This feature was used by K. Rowuncier to classify life forms. He allocated five major categories of life forms, calling their biologists