What historical events contributed to the creation of Ireland. The history of Ireland briefly. What starts Ireland

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Excerpt characterizing the history of Ireland

"Show me her, the north! .." I can't stand it, I asked me. " - Show me, please, Magdalene ...
To my greatest surprise, instead of harsh stone caves, I saw a gentle, blue sea, on the sandy shore of which was a woman. I immediately recognized her - it was Maria Magdaline ... The only love Radomir, his wife, the mother of his wonderful children ... and his widow.
She stood straight and proud, imbibeable and strong ... And only on her purely thin face there lived a burning htus, she was still very similar to that wondrny, a bright girl who once showed me the north ... Only Now it is a mixture, a cute face has already droopy, "adult" sadness ... Magdalene was beautifully beautiful and tender feminine beauty, which is equally striking and young, and old, forcing her, stay with her, serve her, and love her As you can love only the dream, suddenly embodied in a person .... She stood very calmly, concentrately peering somewhere in the distance, as if waiting for something. And next to her, clinging to her knees, a tiny girl - the second little Magdalene! .. She was amazingly similar to his mother - the same long golden hair ... the same radiant blue eyes ... and the same funny, funny Sneakers on gentle smiling cheeks. The girl was amazingly good and ridiculous. That's just my mother seemed so sad that the baby was not solved to disturb her, but only quietly stood, closely pressed, it was waiting for this strange, incomprehensible mint sadness ... A gentle breeze was lazily played in golden strands of Magdalene long hair, sometimes running through her gentle cheeks, carefully touching them with a warm maritime dunge ... She stood frozen, exactly the statue, and only in her sad eyes clearly read a tense wait ... Suddenly, a white, fluffy point appeared very far on the horizon, slowly turned into distant sail. Magdalene immediately transformed and came to life, firmly pressing her daughter, and as fun said:
- Well, we waited, my treasure! You wanted to see where Mom came to this country? After all, I wanted? .. So I'll swim away with you far, far, until you reach the furthest shore, where there is our home ... You will love it as much as I loved. I promise you.
Leaning, Magdalene wrapped his tiny daughter with his hands, as if wishing to protect her from those troubles, who had matured in their future her sophisticated, affectionate soul.
- Mommy, tell me, Dad, after all, also sails with us? We can't leave it here? Truth? "And suddenly she who sprinkled, asked surprisingly," why not for so long? .. For almost two months, we have not seen him ... Mom, and where is Dad?
Magdalene's eyes became harsh and detached ... And I immediately understood - her baby daughter did not know that Dad was never walking anywhere else with them, since the same two months ago he finished her short life on the cross .. . Well, and unfortunate Magdalene, apparently, could not be boring to say to this small, pure little man about such a terrible, inhuman trouble. And how could she say about it, so tiny and defenseless? How to explain to her that there were people who hated her kind, light dad? .. What they have eased his death. And that none of the temple knights - his friends - could not save him? ..
And she answered everything as gentle and confidently, trying to calm her alarmed baby.
"Dad will not sail with us, my angel." Just like your favorite brother, Svetor .... they have a debt they have to fulfill. You remember, I told you what is a debt? Do you remember? .. We will swim along with friends - you and I ... I know you love them. You will be fine with them, my sweetheart. And I will always be with you. I promise you.
The girl calmed down, and more cheerful asked:
- Mom, tell me, and in your country there are many little girls? I have a girlfriend there? And then I am everything with big and with big ... but not interesting with them. And they do not know how to play.
- Well, you, honey, but what is your uncle, Radan? - Smiling, asked Magdalene. - Do you always have it interesting with him? And the fairy tales he tells you funny, really because?
The baby was thought with a minute, and then he said very seriously:
- Well, maybe not so much and bad, with adults. Only I miss my friends anyway ... I'm small, right? Well, my friends should be small. And adults should only be sometimes.
Magdalene looked surprisingly on her, and unexpectedly grabbing her daughter on his hands, the belliously kissed his cheeks.
- You're right, gold! Adults should only play with you sometimes. I promise - we will find you there the best friend! You will have only a little wait. But you know how? Are you the most patient girl in the world, though? ... ...
This simple, warm dialogue of two lonely loving creatures, melted me in the soul! .. And so I wanted to believe that everything will be fine! That evil fate will cost them the party and that their lives will be bright and kind! .. But, unfortunately, just like me, they, I knew, would not ... why did we pay such a price?!. . For what our destinies were so ruthless and cruel?
I did not have time to turn to the north to ask the following question, as a new vision appeared immediately, from which I just captured the spirit ...
In the cool shadow of a huge old plane on funny low benches, four people were sitting. Two of them were completely young and very similar to each other. The third was the gray-haired old man, high and strong as a protective rock. On the knees, he kept the boy, who was from the strength of 8-9 years. And of course, the north did not need to explain to me who were these people ...

I learned Radomir immediately, as it remained too much from that wonderful, the bright young man, visited by me in the first visit to Mateora. He only many mature, became severe and adult. His blue, piercing eyes now looked at the world carefully and hard, as if saying: "If you don't believe me - listen to me again, well, and if you don't believe it, go. Life is too valuable to give it not worth it. "
He was no longer the "loving", the naive boy, who seemed to be able to change any person ... that in the power to change the whole world ... Now Radomir was a warrior. All his appearance spoke about it - the inner harness, ascetically thin, but a very strong body, a stubborn fold in the corners of the bright, compressed lips, piercing his blue, flashing the steel tint, eye ... and the whole raging in it, incredible power, Forcing friends to respect him (and the enemies to reckon with him!) Explicitly showed a real warrior in it, and in no way in any way helpless and soft-hearted God, who so stubbornly tried to show his Christian church hated by him. And also ... he had an amazing smile, which, apparently, became more and less and less often appearing on the tired, exhausted grave of the face. But when she appeared - the whole world around the world became kinder heated by his wonderful, limitless warmth. It was warmly filled with all lonely, dended souls! .. And it was in it that the real essence of Radomir was revealed! It opened his true, loving soul.

The island position and the neighborhood with Britain largely determined the history of Ireland. Island inhabit about 7 thousand years.

Mesolithic culture brought with her Britain hunters, which were the first settlers on the island. For them, in 3m thousand BC, farmers and cattle workers of the Neolithic era came. The wave of Celtic invasions swept the island in 6 c. BC. The country turned out to be fragmented to more than 150 kingdoms, and, although Celts did not manage to unite politically, they laid the foundations of linguistic and cultural unity.

The introduction of Christianity in the 5th century. associated with the name of St. Patrick. Ireland did not know the barbaric invasions of the early Middle Ages, and in part therefore 6 and 7 centuries. Marked the flowering of learning, art and culture, the centers of which focused in the monasteries.

In 9-10 centuries. The country was subjected to regular wiking raids, which could not resist due to their fragmentation. Vikings laid down the tribute to all Ireland, but at the same time, engaged in trade, contributed to the development of urban life in Dublin, Cork and Waterford. The end of the domination of Vikings put the victory of the Supreme King ("Ardryag") Brian Boru at Klonarf in 1014, however, the emerging trend towards the creation of a single state was stopped in 1168 invasion of "Normannov" - English barons, descendants of the North-French knights. It was they who put almost 3/4 of Ireland to political control of the English crown and for 400 years have impaired their culture, bringing their laws and institutions of power (including parliament). 1297 was marked by the discovery of the session of the first Irish parliament in the Dublin. In 1315, Ireland occupied the Scots and Edward Bruce proclaimed himself as a king, but soon died. In 1348, about 1/3 of the island population died from the plague. In 1541, English King Heinrich VIII proclaimed himself as King Ireland. From this time, the blurring of the clan system of the Irish has sharply accelerated. The religious changes occurring in England affected Ireland, and although the descendants of Normans, called the "old British", did not accept the Protestant Reformation, the Irish Anglican Church was formed in the country.

In the country, the uprisings that had a national religious appearance were blocked in the country, but they all ended with defeat, and in 1603 Gael resistance was completely broken, and for the first time, the English crown was first managed to politically combine all Ireland.

The next uprising of 1649 ended with the full defeat of the Irish troops of Oliver Cromwell and massive land confiscations. In 1688, most Irish Catholics were supported by the overthrown English king of Catholic Yakov II, but in battle at Bolne (1690) they were defeated. Protestants belonged to the Anglican Church were monopolized power and land ownership in the country.

In 1798, under the influence of the French revolution in Ireland, a new uprising broke out under the leadership of Walf Tone, aimed at creating an independent republic. It was suppressed and Ireland lost remnants of political autonomy.

In con. 1840s. In Ireland, hunger hit Ireland: in 1846-56 the country's population decreased from 8 to 6 million people. (1 million people died 1 million people. Emigrated). "Great Hunger" had significant political consequences.

In 1921, an Anglo-degree agreement was signed, according to which 6 counts of the northeastern Olster were designed as Northern Ireland, and the remaining 26 counties have formed an Irish free state with the capital in Dublin, which was part of the British Empire for Dominion's Rights. The first government of the new state was headed by William Kosprray. In 1937, a new constitution was adopted.

In the course of the 2nd World War, Ireland observed neutrality.

In 1948, a fully independent Irish Republic was proclaimed.

As Peter Neville writes in his detailed and exciting book, the ancient name Ireland is Erio. Translated this means "the most beautiful woman in the world." Like other beautiful women, Ireland was passionately desired, they fought for her. She admired, despised, imitated her, sought and fiercely attacked her. The metaphor enhances not only the mysterious and attractive essence of the country, but also that it is one of the most prolific in the world: Sons and daughters of Ireland are scattered around the globe from Boston to Melbourne, from Liverpool to Toronto.

Ireland has a unique geographical position: no European country climbed so far to the West. Must be, hurricane showers took her to the Atlantic Ocean, they did the Emerald Island of this green. For the legions of the imperial Rome, Ireland was a little further than it would like. While other nations of the British Islands experienced Roman power, the Irish of such fatey escaped. The characteristic Celtic culture of the island, however, was not stored in an isolated cocoon. The Romans did not manage to stand on this land, but the Vikings, Normans and especially the British succeeded.

The leitmotif of Ireland's history is the tension that she experienced, playing two contradictory roles. On the one hand, Ireland was a victim of foreign aggression. She even made a mute to the colonial struggle, when the Protestant colonists in the north acted as a counterweight Catholic, potentially rebellious majority. The headache of the British policy is the problem of Olster, the personification of the bloody episodes of Irish history, including the invasion of Cromwell in the 1640s and the robberies of "black-brown" in relatively recent times. Anglo-Saxons and Halas, Protestants and Catholics of the centuries fought with each other.

On the other hand, Ireland was active and frequently executed enthusiastic partner in the dissemination of English and British influence worldwide. Especially after the unce of 1800, when the Irish - Catholics and Protestants - joined the British political, economic and imperial life. Irish members of parliament met and still sit in the community chamber, Irish generals commanded Irish units in the Epoch of the Empire Campaigns, suppressed freedom of peoples with which the Irish nationalists were united by common views. Industrial revolution, hungry years, the mass urbanization of Britain forced hundreds of thousands of Irish to twist the Irish Sea in search of work and better life.

The opposition to Anglo-Saxon domination never disappeared, even when Irish reluctantly recognized the superiority of England in the British Islands and in the whole empire. The movement of the resistance in which only IRA remained, continued for many years, and Irish - whether at home, or in the United States, or in Australia, used any opportunity to damage English interests. The attitude of the British changed - from violence to kindness, from tolerance to contempt, from admiration for the mockery.

The complex past of Irish filled with events is perfectly represented in this living and exciting book. Ireland is a source of many legends, but its story is often amazing than any fiction. This is a country of poets, playwrights and novelists, but at the same time a country of eloquent politicians, famous warriors and inflexible roverrs. The Irish Republic has become an integral part of the European Community. Recently, Irish was elected a woman for the first time by their president. Despite the whims of history, Ireland has always been an rarely hospitable country, and those who visit it are delighted.

Denis Judd

Ireland is a Western tip of a group of islands, known as the British Islands. Nevertheless, it is distinguished from England, Wales and Scotland peculiar characteristics. From the North (Olster) to the south-west (wild coast of County County), the country stretched 350 miles, and from the north-west to the southeast - 200 miles. Ireland was washed by the Great Sea - Irish - and one of the largest world oceans - Atlantic.

The sea had a decisive influence on Ireland throughout its history. No point of the island is removed from the sea by more than 100 miles.

In Ireland, a temperate climate: it's not too hot here and is not very cold, although the south-west of the country can boast subtropical vegetation. Three mountains rose above 3,000 feet, and a number of low mountain ranges stretched along the coast. The space enclosed in the mountain rings is a low swampy plain with large reserves of peat. This is the only natural resource of the island. Unlike England, Wales and Scotland, there are no coal, no iron ore, but peat deposits are the best in Europe.

The evolution of ancient peat deposits was a long process. He began when the territory of Central Ireland left the glacier, who left the minor lakes behind him. Over time, the lake vegetation faded, reborn and turned the old lakes into the swamp (like Norfolki) and peatlands. There was no time in Ireland about 311,000 hectares of peatlands (centuries there cut Cuba peat and used it as fuel), but by 1985, only 54,000 acres remained. Peat swamps disappeared with frightening speed. Their economic value is obvious in a country that does not possess coal deposits. In 1921, the country has gained independence, and peat began to use as fuel for power plants built on the largest river Ireland - Shannon. Nightly Ireland realized the historical and environmental value of peatlands. It turned out that peat swamps of the central plain are not only a huge reserve of rare plants and birds, they still represent both the repository of human remains and artifacts from 9,000 to the new era. Even now peat fire, along with clover, is the symbol of Ireland.

Modern Ireland is divided into four provinces: Olster, Leinster, Connovt and Munster (Munster). In the medieval period mentioned the fifth province - Mit, or Midland, over time she disappeared. Nevertheless, the names of the preserved provinces, like much more in Ireland, have ancient roots. In the distant past, according to the legend, the northern half of the island was known as LETH Cuinn ("Konna's share", named Konne's mythical hero), South Half was called Leth Moga (or "Share Maga" in honor of another mythical hero named Mag Nouada ). Leth Cuinn has turned into the northern provinces of Olster and Connovat, A Leth Moga - to the South Lienster and Manster.

After the Anglo-Borsk War (1918-1921), Ireland was divided, with six northern counties (Arma, Antrim, Down, Tyrone, Fermann and Londonderry) remained part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is often called Ulster, but it is incorrect, because of the nine counties of Olster Three (Kavan, Donegal and Monaghana) became part of independent Ireland. In Northern Ireland, or "six counties", two thirds of the population are Protestants (1.6 million people profess this religion), and a third - Catholics.

Unusual, like the country itself. We are not going to retell all the chronology of the formation of Ireland, but to celebrate the milestones that greatly influenced the country. Indeed, in the historical "today" of any country, its relationship with the past is necessarily traced.

In Ireland, her historical face appeared several thousand years before the Nativity of Christ, which was represented by stone structures (megaliths or dolmen) of the neolithic era.

A feature of this period is an unusually large number of such structures in Ireland. In total, over 1,000 megalitic structures are found here. The most famous of them are Polenabron (Poulnabone Dolmen) in Buren National Park, Glantine (Glantane East) in Cork County (Cork), and a laptop in MIT county. By the way, in the construction, one of the oldest moon cards, made on the stone, was found.

The first weighty description of Ireland was given already in the second century of our era in the writings of the historians of Rome (Tacit) and ancient Greece (Ptolemy), where they mention a few tribes of the Celts, which appeared here in the i-m to our era.

From the V-th century, it begins to move into Christianity. And this is not only the merit of St. Patrick, who is considered the Baptist of Ireland, but also other, no less well-known saints, such as Holy Columbus, and others.

Ireland by this time was divided into numerous small kingdoms. But that's what is surprising, in 697, in the town of Birr (Birr), the County of Offali (Co.Offaly), an agreement on innocent (Low of the Innocents) was adopted between these rulers. In this agreement, the prohibition of violence over the civilian population was prohibited during a mustache wars. Given the year of creating this contract, its intention properly characterize the Irish.

Ireland during this period becomes a very important center for monastic life and research throughout Europe, with the main monastery on the island of Ionna (Iona). Now this island belongs to Scotland, and the time we described is considered the "golden age" of Ireland and is characterized by the unprecedented flowering of culture of early Christianity, including work on metal, stone and writing handwritten books.

The most famous and well-preserved such book is considered the "Book of Kelles" or "Columbus Book", which was written in the Kellian monastery, MIT counties, based on the Holy Columbus themselves (St.Columba of Iona).

Most likely, this book was launched in the monastery of Ionna Island, but because of Viking raids, monks, led by Saint Columbus, moved to Kells Abbey, where the book was completed (800 AD). This is one of their five versions of determining the place of writing a book.

Now, this amazing manuscript is stored in the library and can be viewed at a special exhibition.

Approximately, by this time there are mass raids of the Vikings, as a result of which, many monastery settlements were looted, such as. To expand their seizures, the Vikings base their settlements - cities. So, for example, a city was founded, tentatively in 988. And only in 1014, the combined forces of the Irish, under the leadership of the King Brian Boru, won the Vikings under Klinth.

A little later, the castle of Klonarthf was built in the area, which is now already within the city and turned into a 4-star hotel.

In connection with the death of the King of Brian himself during the battle, the Irish could not resolve the issue of uniting the country after victory. Moreover, one of the small kings, asked for help from Anglo - Normanov, who "helped" to establish their own domination. As the stronghold of his power, Anglo - Normans built the castles on the captured territory, some of which, such as, or the castle of John's king in Limerick, were preserved to the present.

By the XVI century, Anglo - Normans, in fact, have already been dissolved in Celtic culture. But Ireland came to Ireland in the person of the British, who strengthened power in England, were able to establish domination over the island of Ireland. Make it was the English King Heinrich VIII (King Henry VIII).

In the next post

The famous Russian poetess Zinaida Hippiiius was once a long time ago, although I never saw Ireland, called it a "foggy country with sharp rocks." Now the island of Ireland, where, in fact, the Republic of Ireland is called "Emerald Island", because Trees and plants there are green practically all year round. However, tourists in Ireland will be interesting not only nature, but also numerous medieval castles, as well as other attractions, traditional festivals and local alcoholic beverages (Irish whiskey, beer and el).

Geography of Ireland

Republic of Ireland is located on the island of Ireland, in the north-west of Europe. This country has an land border only with Northern Ireland, which is part of the UK. Ireland Island is washed from all sides by the Atlantic Ocean (Celtic Sea in the south, St. George's channel - in the south-east and Irish Sea in the East). The total area of \u200b\u200bthis country is 70,273 square meters. km. The highest peak of Ireland - Mount Karantural, whose height reaches 1041 m.

Capital

The capital of Ireland is Dublin, whose population now has about 550 thousand people. Historians argue that the Celtic settlement on the site of modern Dublin existed already in the II century AD.

Official language of Ireland

In Ireland, two official languages \u200b\u200bare Irish and English. However, only 39% of the population of Ireland knows Irish.

Religion

About 87% of Ireland residents are Catholics belonging to the Roman Catholic Church.

State device

According to the Constitution, Ireland is the Parliamentary Republic, the head of which is the president, elected for a 7-year term.

The executive authority belongs to the two-challenge parliament - Oiryachtas, consisting of a Senate (60 people) and the House of Representatives (156 people).

The main political parties are the "Labor Party", "Fine Gal", "Fianna File", "Shinn Fein", "Working Party of Ireland", and "Socialist Party".

Climate and weather in Ireland

On the climate in Ireland, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm flow of Golf Stream has a decisive effect. As a result, the climate in this country is moderate marine. The average annual air temperature is + 9.6s. The warmest months in Ireland - July and August, when the average air temperature reaches + 19 comp, and the coldest - January and February (+ 2C). The average precipitation is 769 mm per year.

The average air temperature in Dublin:

• january - + 4c
• february - + 5c
• march - + 6,5s
• april - + 8,5s
• may - + 11c
• june - + 14C
• july - + 15c
• august - + 15c
• september - + 13c
• october - + 11c
• november - + 7c
• december - + 5c

Seas and oceans

Ireland Island is washed from all sides by the Atlantic Ocean. In southern Ireland is washed by the Celtic Sea, and in the East - Irish Sea. In the south-east, St. George's channel divides Ireland and the UK.

Rivers and lakes

A lot of rivers flow through Ireland. The biggest ones are Shannon, Barrow, Shur, Blackwater, Bunne, Liffi, and Slaney. As for the lakes, one of them, first of all, should be called the following: Loch Derg, Loch Mask, Loch, and Killarney.

Note that in Ireland there is an extensive network of channels, most of which were built more than 100 years ago.

History

The first people on the island of Ireland appeared 8 thousand years ago. Then, during Neolithic, Celtic tribes from the Pyrenean Peninsula arrived in Ireland. The spread of Christianity in Ireland is associated with the name of St. Patrick, who arrived at this island in about the middle of the V century.

From the VIII century, Ireland is subjected to century wiking invasion. At this time, the country is divided into several counties.

In 1177, the British troops seize a significant part of Ireland. In the middle of the XVI century, the British tried to impose Protestantism to Irish, but they could not finally do it. Thus, to this day, the inhabitants of Ireland are divided into two religious concessions - Catholics and Protestants (in the Republic of Ireland, the majority of the population are Catholics).

In 1801, Ireland became part of the UK. Only in 1922, after the Irish war for independence, most of Ireland separated from the UK, forming an Irish free state (but which was part of the Commonwealth of Great Britain). Only in 1949, Ireland became truly independent. However, Northern Ireland, where the majority of the population are Protestants, still part of the UK.

In 1973, Ireland was accepted in the EU.

Culture of Ireland

Despite the fact that the British for many centuries tried to include Ireland in their empire, Irish still managed to maintain their national self-consciousness, as well as traditions and beliefs.

The most popular festivals in Ireland are a festival and parade during St. Patrick's Day, Galway Oyster Festival, a jazz festival in Cork, the Bloomsday festival, and a marathon in Dublin.

Kitchen

Traditional products in Ireland - meat (beef, pork, lamb), fish (salmon, cod), seafood (oysters, mussels), potatoes, cabbage, cheese, dairy products. The most famous Irish dish is the Irish Raga, which is prepared from lamb, potatoes, carrots, parsley, bow and cumin.

Another traditional Irish dish is boiled bacon with cabbage. Ireland is also famous for its traditional bread in Soda and Cheesecake.

Casual non-alcoholic drinks in Ireland - tea and coffee (remember, the famous coffee in Irish, which includes whiskey, brown sugar and whipped cream). As for alcoholic beverages, the Irish prefers whiskey, beer and ale.

Sights of Ireland

Despite the fact that Ireland is a small country, it still has a lot of interesting sights. The top ten of them, in our opinion, includes the following:

Cities and resorts

The biggest cities of Ireland are Cork, Limerick, and, of course, Dublin. The biggest of these is Dublin, in which about 550 thousand people now live. In turn, the population of the crust is more than 200 thousand people, and Limerick is about 100 thousand people.

Souvenirs / Shopping

Tourists from Ireland usually bring traditional Irish Sweaters from Aran (we recommend buying white Aran Sweaters, and not colored), Crystal Crystal Waterford Crystal, Twid Suits, Linen Lingerie, CDs with Irish Music, Fishing Tackle, and, of course, Irish whiskey.

Work hours of institutions

Banks: Mon-Fri: 10: 00-16-00 (on Wednesdays - 10: 30-16-30).

Some stores in Ireland are open on weekdays until 21:00. Some supermarkets work 24 hours a day. Bars and pubs in Ireland opened at 10:00 (Mon-Sat), and close at 23:00 (Mon-Thu), at 00:30 - on Friday and Saturday, and on Sunday at 23:00.

Visa

To enter Ireland, Ukrainians need to be issued a visa.

Currency of Ireland

Ireland is part of the European Union, and this means that the euro is used in this country as monetary signs. All major credit cards, including Visa, Mastercard and American Express are widespread in the country.

Customs restrictions

You can import foreign currency in Ireland without restrictions, but you can export no more than it was announced at the entrance to the country. Customs rules in Ireland are the same as in other EU countries.