Skills of a child at 3 years old. What should a child be able and know at three years old? Get ready to experiment

How to entertain a child at 3 years old at home? Many parents quickly find the answer: "Turn on cartoons." The kid, of course, will be absorbed in an exciting activity for a couple of hours, but watching TV for a long time is harmful: this fact has long been established by psychologists and pediatricians. The child watching the TV is convenient for the parents, but of little use for the child.

Offer your son or daughter an interesting activity. There are plenty of games and entertainment for a three-year-old child. Nothing comes to your mind besides drawing, appliqué and sculpting? Choose any of the exciting games, work with your child, enjoy your success. So, no teachings and long explanations, only suggestions on how to keep a three-year-old baby busy.

Home theater

A win-win option, regardless of the gender of the child. Prepare a mini-performance, choose your favorite fairy tales, come up with new ones. Imagine yourself, support the ideas of the little director.

Advice:

• make heroes of fairy tales out of cardboard, scraps, scrap materials;
• sew small figures of animals, people, which are easy to put on a finger;
• make a large screen for fairy tales. The fixture will replace a row of chairs covered with cloth;
• many kids love to turn into fairytale heroes. Pick up a play in which two or three characters participate (change clothes in the next room), make costumes for yourself and your baby. Show a simple fairy tale to dad, grandparents: loved ones will be delighted.

Treasure Island

What to do:

• get some boxes, handbags, bright boxes;
• inside each "chest" put a small surprise: candy, apple, baby doll, postcard;
• tell your kid that you are not an apartment, but a treasure island. Offer to find all the bags and boxes in which the treasure is hidden;
• put the "chests" not very far away so that the child can easily find them;
• the exercise develops fine motor skills of the hands, takes at least half an hour.

Little helper

At three years old, most children willingly imitate their parents. Take advantage of this, offer an "adult" lesson.

There are a lot of options:

• To water flowers;
• wash vegetables for an original salad;
• roll out the dough;
• put on new dresses on dolls before the arrival of guests;
• decorate the cake;
• wipe off the dust;
• sort shirts or socks;
• clean up the shelf and so on.

Important! Be sure to praise your baby, tell everyone about his success. Give feasible tasks so that the young assistant is not disappointed in his abilities.

Accurate shooter

Play with your baby. You will need two plastic buckets, paper balls. Together with the child, make "kernels" of soft paper, a piece of old wallpaper (take cheap ones to easily wrinkle).

The essence:

• from two or three steps to hit the basket with a paper ball;
• think about what distance is suitable for the child to hit the target, otherwise disappointment cannot be avoided;
• after the competition, hand over a prize to the "good shooter".

Young artist

The essence:

• put paper on the table, offer to draw a picture to decorate the house;
• give finger paints, show how to make a flower;
• children create with pleasure;
• hang the painting in a prominent place;
• many kids like drawing so much that quite often a whole "gallery" appears in the room.

Home Orchestra

You will need:

• jars, buckets of different sizes made of plastic;
• cardboard tubes from food foil or film.

Show me how to play the drums, explain that you can play melodies as well as banging:

• pay attention of the young drummer to different pitch of sounds;
• so that the drumming does not annoy, after 15–20 minutes offer another interesting activity, for example, watching cartoons.

Modeling from plasticine

Time-tested activity for children of three years old. Buy a set of 10-12 colors and shades. Choose good quality plasticine: avoid cheap, toxic materials.

Offer to mold the heroes of fairy tales, a pet, fruits, vegetables. Start with simple shapes to avoid frustration. At first, sculpt together, then step back for a while, teach yourself to do it yourself. After a while, be sure to arrange an exhibition of works.

Advice! Set aside a place, put the plasticine figures out for everyone to see. Many kids like to stage scenes with newly fashioned characters.

Garland for the new year

Offer to decorate the apartment with your baby. Cut strips of colored paper 1–2 cm wide. If the child knows how to handle children's scissors, let him do some of the work himself.

Task: glue rings from strips. Pass a new strip through the finished ring, connect. After 10-15 minutes of work, you will get a small garland.

Model show

The game is suitable for children who put on and take off their clothes well. Offer the kid more things, let him arrange a show. Choose simpler parts: capes, hats, wigs, skirts to make it easy to change. This game is especially popular with girls.

The most dexterous

A simple task will entertain the kid. Offer to carry a handy object around the apartment in a tablespoon: a small ball, a nut, a tennis ball. Show how to proceed. After traversing all the rooms, the "smartest" will receive a prize.

The strength of the wind

The game develops deep breathing, gives fun, good mood. Arrange a competition, try to make the kid win too.

Prepare:

• bubble;
• cotton balls;
• balls from paper.

Task:

• draw more air into the lungs, blow objects off the table or blow out a large soap bubble;
• alternate balls with bubbles on different days: this way the game will not get bored. Attract dad, grandmother, praise for success.

Coloring Pages

A win-win option for the development of perseverance, imagination, fine motor skills. At first, buy coloring books with large objects that arouse the interest of your son or daughter. Choose plots from cartoons, favorite fairy tales.

Does a young artist do a good job with a large area? Move on to pictures with medium and small details.

Thick coloring pages are not needed, the kid will not flip through the pages for a long time. Find a suitable drawing on the Internet ("Print Coloring Pages for Children"), then print it on a printer. Let the little artist paint the hero.

Find a pair

First option:

• put clean shoes on the floor, mix boots, shoes, slippers;
• get 3-4 baskets or boxes, invite the young hostess / owner to sort the shoes: boots - into one basket, slippers - into another, and so on;
• be sure to find a pair before putting your shoes in the right place.

Second option:

• you can just get shoes out of boxes, make confusion;
• ask the baby to carefully lay everything back so as not to confuse anything;
• help a little at once, do not throw the child alone in front of a pile of shoes;
• tell your family what kind of helper is growing.

Rocking chairs or swing

Good fun for little kids. Buy a comfortable rocking horse with a stable base. Attach the swing securely in the doorway. During such entertainment, never leave your son or daughter alone, always monitor your behavior to avoid injury.

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Reading

Colorful magazines, panoramic books, encyclopedias with bright pictures (taking into account age) are of great interest to children. Choose interesting material, read with expression, so that the baby is carried away.

Situational games

Children are happy to try on different roles. Imagination games are just what a 3 year old needs.

You do not know what to do with your child at home at 3 years old? Suggest one of the popular games:

• daughters-mothers;
• hospital;
• school;
• salon;
• shop;
• a cafe.

Buy toy tool kits, make props yourself. At an early age, both boys and girls enjoy playing with saucepans, plastic pans and glasses. Situational games develop speech, teach communication, attention to strangers.

Children's disco

Turn on your favorite songs, let the baby dance. Get involved too. A great option if friends or relatives with a child of a similar age came to visit.

Circle your hand

The simple game is especially popular with girls. Show your baby how to trace her palm and fingers with a pencil. Help to cut along the contour, together draw the rings on the fingers, paint the "nails", put on beautiful bracelets.

Application

Prepare cardboard, glue, scissors, colored paper, old magazines. First, do simple pictures so that the baby can cope with the task. A child can tear pieces of colored paper with his hands if he does not handle the scissors well.

A treat for the animals

Offer to feed pets and cute animals. Put a bear, a bunny, an elephant, everyone you find in the children's corner at the table. Draw in advance, then cut out apples, carrots, cabbage, other vegetables, fruits from cardboard. Use colored paper to make grains and herbs. Tell your son or daughter what each animal eats.

If there is suitable pet food in the refrigerator, use it after rinsing it out and checking to see if it is cold. Explain why it is important to wash your hands, vegetables, and fruits along the way.

Now you know a lot of fun games and entertainment for toddlers. Be sincerely interested in your child's affairs, take the time to develop skills and abilities. Imagine, imagine yourself in the place of a son or daughter. Joint games bring people closer together, improve family relationships, and give a good mood.

Video. Even more games and activities for a child of 3 years old at home:

The child is 3 years old. The nursery period of life is over, the baby has entered preschool age. What changes await him in the coming year in physical and psychological terms? How can you help him get all the necessary knowledge, create a comfortable developing environment? Let's take a look at these and many other issues of child development from 3 to 4 years old.

Physical development

Younger preschool age (3-4 years) is a new stage in a child's life. The baby runs well, jumps, climbs, tries to play group games.

After 3 years, weight and height gain occurs unnoticed by the parents. For 12 months, most children will weigh 1-2 kg and grow 3-7 cm. Boys, who previously showed an abrupt increase in length and weight, switch to smoother changes in these indicators. By the age of 4, many girls will catch up with the weight and height of their boys' peers. From the age of 4, female representatives will begin to grow faster than future men.

The weight and height gain of a child is an individual indicator, largely based on genetics, dietary habits and physical activity of the child. In families where mom and dad are large, quite often, children show faster growth and weight gain than their peers.

Sharp declines and gains in height and weight should make you worry if there is a significant difference between the values. If you notice that against the background of rapid weight gain, the baby practically did not grow, he has folds in his arms, stomach, it is difficult for him to move and he refuses to run often, you need to contact your local pediatrician for an additional examination, possibly an examination.

By the age of 3, a child should normally have 20 milk teeth. A deviation from the appearance period of 1 month is allowed. If at 3 years and 1 month all 20 teeth have not appeared in the toddler, you need to contact a pediatric dentist.

The norms of physical development of children from 3 to 4 years old, depending on gender

Mental development

The formation of the child's psyche between 3 and 4 years old enters a new stage. The baby is aware of himself as a separate person from his parents, requires an appropriate attitude. During this period, most children go through a 3-year crisis. This difficult stage can be delayed and very difficult to pass. To speed up the normalization of relationships with a baby, remember the main signs of a crisis:

• Stubbornness. Even calm, balanced children during this period can radically change, begin to argue and do in spite of adults;
• Negativism. The child refuses any offer from an adult. At the same time, if you present the same thing in the form of an imaginary choice, then the baby agrees with pleasure (“are you going to eat?” - “no”; “what are you going to eat porridge or soup?” - “soup”);
• An attempt to command. The manifestation of despotism is one of the signs of a 3-year crisis. The kid not only does not want to follow your commands, but also seeks to make you follow his lead;
• Exaggerated independence. Earlier, the child said “I myself” in the case when he was confident in his abilities. Now he wants to do everything himself, even that which is beyond his control;
• Jealousy. One of the signs of a 3-year-old crisis is the manifestation of jealousy towards other children. The child reacts negatively to parental interest in other children, may fight, try to drive away.

Your patience and cunning will help to cope with the crisis. Many psychologists agree that it is possible to reduce the frequency and activity of negative manifestations:

• Calm reaction to any negative manifestations on the part of the child. Do not scream or scold your baby during a tantrum. Take or take away from a crowded place and let him throw out all the accumulated emotions. After the end of the tantrum, invite him in the future to express his desires in words, and not by shouting;
• By establishing laws to be followed by all family members. If something is forbidden to the child, then you need to firmly say “no” and not make concessions, despite manipulation and blackmail (hysteria, shouts, attempts to fight);
• Expanding the zone of independent action. Let your child do more activities on his own. Excessive custody during this period can provoke an increase in crisis manifestations;
• Not by ordering, but by giving the opportunity to choose. Making an imaginary choice is the best way to avoid denial or anger. For the baby to eat, ask him not “do you want to eat?”, But “what will you eat?”. Making, even an imaginary choice, the baby feels respect for his opinion and quickly makes contact;
• Replace the command tone with a request for help. If the baby refuses to take you by the hand, crossing the road, then you don't need to tell him that it is so necessary for him. Ask him to help you get across the road, tell him that you are afraid. The child will feel his importance, the need for his help and will be happy to help.

The 3-year-old crisis affects all children from 3 to 4 years of age to varying degrees. This is due to the completion of the process of separating the child's personality from the parents. The kid now speaks of himself in the first person, understands that he is a person, requires an appropriate attitude. An attempt on the part of parents to suppress independence can lead to the emergence of various complexes. It is recommended to take this period for granted and be patient.

Development of the nervous system

Along with the complex processes of the formation of the child's psyche, between the 3rd and 4th year of life, an active maturation of the nervous system takes place. After 3 years, the baby can already perform analysis and synthesis operations, perceiving surrounding objects not only as independent objects, but also as parts of a whole. The emergence of developed active speech contributes to this process. Through questions and play activities, the child generalizes the previously acquired knowledge, clarifies the properties of the surrounding objects, and forms stronger auditory-visual-tactile connections.

By the age of 4, the amount of knowledge of the toddler doubles, so it is noticeable how quickly he gets tired of his research. During this period, children are characterized by fussiness and haste. The child knows many different options for movements, play techniques, but still does not know how to quickly choose the most suitable ones, as a result of which he performs many unnecessary actions.

Try not to overload your child with a lot of new information. Support his curiosity with exercises in which he can quickly find the answer on his own. Seeing his opportunities and successes, the child will strive to learn more and more. It is recommended to give new information in small portions, gradually. For example, studying the world around you on cards, a day you can offer up to 10 new objects and objects mixed with previously studied ones.

Skills of children 3-4 years old

At 3-4 years old, the child masters the basic motor skills well. He is good at:

• run. If necessary, the baby can speed up or slow down the pace, bend around obstacles, change the direction of movement abruptly;
• jump. The baby already manages to jump up on 1 or 2 legs, forward or to the sides;
• maintain balance, climbing an inclined board, walking along the curb;
• stand on 1 leg for a few minutes. Normally, if, being in this position, the baby spreads its arms and staggers a little. The ability to stand straight on one leg, without resorting to balancing, will appear closer to the age of 6;
• jump over small obstacles. The kid can jump over a stick lying on the ground, keeping his feet together, jump over a small chair, moving his legs alternately;
• climb the sports wall, hold your body, catching your hands on the crossbar;
• use different techniques when playing the ball: catch with two hands, throw with 1 or 2 hands, throw forward, backward, over the head, left, right, up;
• walk on toes, heels;
• on assignment, perform different types of steps: wide, attached, raising the knees high, mincing;
• walk backwards;
• independently climb and descend the stairs;
• if you have a bicycle, balance bike, scooter, move quickly enough.

By the age of 4, you can begin to introduce your child to skating and skiing. These types of winter entertainment train well the muscles of the legs and back, improve coordination.

Social and moral development and personal development of a child 3-4 years old

According to psychologists, the age of 3-4 years is the most suitable for starting a kindergarten visit. This recommendation is built on the changes taking place in the social, moral and personal development of the child during this period. Children up to 3 years old do not need company to play. The best companion for entertainment is an adult, watching whom children learn simple play techniques. At about 3 years old, a change occurs in the baby's mind. The child begins to perceive himself as a person separate from his parents, to feel the need to play with peers or older children.

If you do not plan to send your child to a preschool institution, then from the age of 3 it is necessary to provide the child with the opportunity to play and communicate with other children on the playground, in circles and sections. The ability to make friends and build relationships with other people is formed during this period, later it will be more difficult to make up for the missed opportunity.

First of all, a child 3-4 years old should be taught:

• Greet other children and adults when meeting;
• Meet. Show how you can be proactive in a conversation by saying your name and asking another child what their name is;
• Share, change. After 3 years, the baby already feels the need to play with other children and it is enough to explain that by allowing him to play with toys, the baby will attract the interest of another child.
• To play together. If before this period joint games were limited to parallel activities, the children were just nearby, but everyone was doing their own thing, now you can offer to do something together (build a sand castle, throw a ball to each other).
• Use your imagination to play together. The kid already knows how to use substitute items, come up with a plot for the game. Invite him to include in the idea not mom or dad, but another baby.

Having taught these simple elements, adults allow the child to start making acquaintances on their own, to take the first steps towards making friends.

In the personal development of children 3-4 years old, gender differences begin to appear. Boys begin to feel that they are male, and girls are beginning to feel that they are female. These changes show up in games. Boys often try to take on the role of a father or uncle, copying the behavior of their close male, girls copy their mother or grandmother. As a result of the emergence of an understanding of the differences between the sexes, preferences in clothing may begin to appear: girls may demand pink clothes for them, boys - wardrobe items with cars, cartoon characters.

By the age of 4, children with leadership qualities begin to actively try to lead other children, become a ringleader in the company. At this stage, it is important to instill the correct moral principles, to teach to distinguish between “good” and “evil”.

It is already much easier to communicate with a 3-4 year old child. The crumb can listen and evaluate your proposal, take an active part in the discussion of important issues. Of course, often his proposals will be naive and unfounded, but for a comfortable personality formation, you should listen to them, explain what they are good for, why they do not fit.

Noticeable changes are also taking place in the child's attitude to parents and other people. He begins to show pleasure in various forms of sympathy. In different situations, the baby can ask for forgiveness for his act, show care, tenderness. Now it is much easier for him to notice and understand the mood of the person with whom he is communicating. It is recommended at this age to teach the child to use polite words and follow the rules of conduct in public places. The easiest way is to introduce the toddler to the norms of behavior in a playful way. Invite him to play in the store, kindergarten, hospital, and use toys to show how to behave correctly.

Closer to 3.5 years old, it is good to acquaint the child with the main traditions and holidays, to tell what features each holiday has. By the age of 4, you can offer to visit the first exhibition, children's theater, musical performance. Through observation of the behavior of other people, acquaintance with new types of entertainment and acquaintance with art, the baby will form his personal qualities, and will quickly understand the importance of adhering to social norms.

Cognitive development of a child at 3-4 years old

By the age of 3, the child's knowledge base becomes streamlined. The kid actively uses words of generalization, uses analysis and synthesis to find a solution to the proposed task. If you carefully observe the independent activity of the crumbs, you can clearly see how quickly he applies new knowledge, adapts them to various games. During this period, it is worth continuing to actively acquaint the child with the world around him, offering thematic classes. By the age of 4, a child should know:

• About 10 pets. To be able to name them, show what sounds they make, tell how they are useful for a person, what they eat;
• 5-7 species of birds, including domestic ones, recognize them in the picture;
• 4-5 types of fish;
• 4-5 types of insects;
• the main plants found in your region: 3-5 types of trees, 5-7 types of flowers;
• the main vegetables, fruits, berries, mushrooms growing in your region, available for sale;
• what is the difference between the main materials (plastic, glass, wood, stone, concrete);
• different parts of the day (morning, afternoon, evening, night), be able to tell what actions are typical for each time;
• seasons and their differences among themselves;
• basic natural phenomena (rain, thunderstorm, sun, wind, etc.);
• main body parts. To be able to show them on yourself, another person, a picture;
• 3-5 main professions;
• up to 10 types of transport;
• differences between city, countryside, nature.

If adults wish, at 3-4 years old, a child can learn the alphabet. Many early reading teaching methods suggest starting to learn this skill at the age of 3. The main requirement for early development of reading is the presentation of knowledge in an easy, playful way.

The cognitive development of a child at 3-4 years old is primarily the merit of the parents. The more new knowledge you present to the child, answer his questions in detail, the broader the knowledge base of the toddler becomes.

Logical thinking and mathematical ability

Between 3 and 4 years, the understanding of basic mathematical concepts, logical operations is improved. With enough attention to the education of the child, by the age of 4, the baby can confidently know:

• count up to 10. Be able to count up to 5 and back on fingers, cards, toys, put aside the named number of objects, counting one by one;
• concepts: a lot - a little, more - less, high - low, wide - narrow, etc .;
• basic colors of the spectrum and up to 15 shades;
• basic geometric shapes. Be able to highlight the outlines of the named figure in the surrounding objects.

• compare objects with each other according to 1-2 signs;
• pick up pairs of toys with 1-2 similar signs;
• add cut pictures, puzzles;
• find and explain inconsistencies between two similar pictures;
• memorize a sequence of 3-5 pictures;
• find changes, memorize movements, details, signs on the instructions of an adult.

Special attention should be paid to attracting the child to independent activity. At 3-4 years old, a child can concentrate on one activity for up to 20 minutes, without additional motivation from an adult. The kid can concentrate on the same type of simple tasks for up to 5 minutes. When offering the child an independent task, try to alternate different types of activity, combine motor and mental activity.

Speech development of a child 3-4 years old

Normally, by the age of 3, children should speak in simple phrases, begin to build complex sentences. Speech should be filled with verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions. Some deviations in the purity of speech: rearrangement of syllables, swallowing of endings should normally disappear by 3.5 years. If the child greatly distorts the words, breaks the sequence of words in the sentence, does not use the pronoun "I", talking about himself, does not try to conduct a dialogue, it is necessary to contact a speech therapist for advice.

The appearance of active speech in each individual child occurs at its own time. Some children recite long poems as early as 3 years old, while others are just starting to write their first sentences. Don't compare your child to other children. It is recommended to evaluate the development of speech by comparing current skills and past performance, to monitor compliance with the minimum standards. So, normally, by the age of 3, a child should be able to:

• Make simple sentences;
• Maintain a conversation about recent events;
• Use speech to gain new information;
• Repeat the plot of a familiar fairy tale, based on pictures or illustrations;
• Perform several consecutive actions at the request of an adult;
• Talking about yourself, say “I”;
• Try to change words by case.

By the age of 4, a child should be able to:

• Describe the picture you saw, the situation;
• Quickly formulate simple sentences, make up complex phrases;
• Divide objects into groups, use generalizations;
• Know the names of the main features of objects. Use in ordinary speech the name of color, size, gender;
• Use verbs that denote actions that are appropriate in meaning;
• Repeat complex words, songs, poems for adults;
• Know your name and surname, answer the question “what is your name” in a detailed sentence (“my name is…”);
• Be able to change the volume of the voice, at the request of an adult;
• Pronounce the sounds "Z", "S", "Ts".
• Correctly use pronouns, tenses, cases;
• To reconcile a verb and a noun in tense;
• Add diminutive suffixes to words;
• Coming up with your own new words, choosing meaning for incomprehensible words, based on your knowledge.

The speech of a child at 4 years old is still in direct word order. Complex sentences are formed using conjunctions.

Artistic and creative development of a child 3-4 years old

The development of the ability to express their emotions through various types of creativity plays an important role in the formation of the child's psyche. At 3-4 years old, you can already see how much the baby's fantasy and emotions have developed, it's time to develop the child's skills to create a new fictional reality with the help of improvised means.

At 3-4 years old, the kid still does not know how to distinguish between the fictional and the real world, the game accompanies him in all matters. At the same time, the child's emotions more and more often overwhelm him, demanding an exit through all kinds of activities. The development of creative potential allows you to open before the child a simple way of expressing emotions and timely notice changes in his psychological state. Drawings, applications, crafts can tell a lot about the current state of the child, open up to adults his feelings and fears. Through creativity, you can discuss with the baby the issues of "good" and "evil", relationships, the concept of "beautiful" and "ugly".

At 3-4 years old, different ways of developing creative potential are available to a child:

• Painting. Offer the baby to work with paints with fingers, brushes, sponges, stamps. Show how to draw a drawing with pencils, markers, crayons. Sand painting is very useful;
• Applications. Create with your child a craft made of paper, cotton wool, natural materials (cones, twigs, leaves);
• Modeling. You can add clay to the already known dough and plasticine. Offer to sculpt simple figurines of animals, pieces of furniture, little men;
• Construction. Build houses and garages, furniture and trains;
• Cutting out. To work with paper, invite your child to use special children's scissors. Show how to cut a snowflake, sun, cloud. Teach to cut along the contour;
• Origami. Creating volumetric shapes without using scissors and glue is a good way to develop imagination and fine motor skills. At 3-4 years old, a child can fold a sheet of paper in half, bend the corners by example;
• Weaving from beads. Show how you can create different compositions by stringing beads on a string, weaving them together.

In addition to activities that develop creative potential, it is good to invite the child to develop their knowledge of music, painting, theatrical art, etc. By the age of 4, you can visit an exhibition of paintings and sculptures, children's theater, musical performances.

Sleep and daily routine

Sleep for a child at 3-4 years old is an important part of full and stable development. The total duration of rest per day is 12 hours. Of these, 10 hours are spent at night sleep and 2 at daytime rest.

During this period, it is often difficult to feed and put the child to bed on time, so following a certain daily routine can reduce the child's protests. The kid himself will want to eat and sleep at the usual time and you will only have to offer him an imaginary choice. During this period, many children begin to attend kindergarten, it is recommended to rebuild the child's day regimen according to the norms established in the preschool educational institution in advance, so that the baby has time to get used to the new schedule.

Household skills

A child between 3 and 4 years of age is already capable of performing many everyday activities on his own. It is recommended to provide the maximum opportunity to perform the activities available to the baby without the support of adults. At 3-4 years old, the toddler can himself:

• Dress and undress;
• Eat with cutlery (spoon, fork);
• Drink from a cup;
• Remove toys from place to place;
• To monitor your appearance, to be neat;
• Use a pot;
• Wash hands, face;
• Water the flowers;
• Dust off.

Giving the child independence reduces the negative manifestations of a 3-year-old crisis, forms an understanding of the importance of maintaining order, and gives the child confidence in his abilities

Personal hygiene of a child 3-4 years old

• Correct use of the toilet. After 3 years, you can gradually teach your child to use an adult toilet. To do this, you need to purchase a special toilet seat cover so that the baby can sit comfortably, and a chair or stand if the baby's height does not allow him to climb on his own. Tell and show how to use toilet paper or napkins, explain why you need to do it;
• Hand washing. The kid must remember that it is imperative to have hands after using the toilet, the street, before eating and as they become dirty. Help me learn how to use soap correctly, wash hands thoroughly from all sides and between fingers;
• Wash your face. Show how to properly wash your face, use a towel;
• Brush your teeth. The kid can already clean his teeth on his own using a baby brush and special toothpaste;
• Control of the neatness of your appearance. At 3-4 years old, a child can monitor the condition of his clothes himself, do not wear dirty, wrinkled wardrobe items, and replace dirty things in a timely manner.

At 3-4 years of age, the basis of compulsory self-care procedures is laid. It is recommended to teach all the basic hygiene requirements during this period, so that by school age they become a habit.

How to develop a child. Cheat sheet for moms

The development of a child at 3-4 years old should take place in different directions. To make it convenient for you, we have prepared a small cheat sheet that offers different options for activities that stimulate all the skills you need.

The basis for the successful mastering of the proposed exercises is the creation of suitable conditions in which the baby will feel the freedom of choice and interest. Recommended:

• Praise the child as often as possible for success in completing the proposed task;
• Do not scold for mistakes and mistakes. If the little one himself is very upset, support him, tell him that next time everything will definitely work out;
• Choose a task based on the current wishes of the child;
• Do not force to complete the task if the kid does not want to;
• Select tasks that are available to the crumbs according to the level of knowledge. Overly easy or difficult tasks can discourage the desire to study.

What should be alarming

Every child is an individual. You should not compare him with his peers, trying to find where he lagged behind them. It is only necessary to compare the baby with him in the past. But, despite the individual rate of development of the child, there are a number of indicators that require special attention from the parents:

• Lack of speech or the presence of gross violations of the construction of sentences of words by the age of 3;
• Primitive play activity, no role-playing games by 36 months;
• Inability to perform simple everyday activities (eat, dress, wash) when trying to teach adults these skills;
• Poor coordination of movements, no attempts to climb the wall;
• Apathy, unwillingness to study independently;
• Inability to distinguish colors, shapes.

If you notice one or more of the indicated signs in your baby, contact your local pediatrician for advice.

At 3-4 years old, the child becomes an independent person who requires respect and attention. The kid realizes that he can do a lot on his own, tries to understand his place in the family, to find the boundaries of what is permitted. No matter how hard it is during a crisis, try to remain calm. A little time will pass and everything will work out, the child will understand how to behave, what can be done, and where it is better to remain silent and stop. Your persistence in teaching, explaining and repeating important rules will surely help your baby to be successful in school and in communication with peers.

Yesterday your baby was so soft and obedient, but today he is having tantrums, is rude on any occasion, and categorically refuses to fulfill his mother's requests. What happened to him? Most likely, the child entered the so-called crisis of three years. Agree, it sounds impressive. But how should adults react to such childish behavior and what to do for parents tired of whims?

What you need to know about the crisis of three years?

In the psychological literature, a three-year-old crisis is a special, relatively short life period of a child, which is characterized by significant changes in his mental development. The crisis does not necessarily occur on the third birthday, the average age of onset is from 2.5 to 3.5 years.

"I do not want! I won't! Do not! I myself! "

• The period of stubbornness begins at about 1.5 years.
• As a rule, this phase ends by 3.5-4 years.
• The peak of stubbornness occurs at 2.5-3 years.
• Boys are more stubborn than girls.
• Girls are naughty, more often than boys.
• During the crisis period, attacks of stubbornness and moodiness occur in children 5 times a day. Some have up to 19 times.

A crisis is a restructuring of a child, his growing up.

The duration and severity of the manifestations of emotional reactions largely depend on the temperament of the child, the family style of upbringing, and the characteristics of the relationship between mother and baby. Psychologists are sure that the more authoritarian relatives behave, the brighter and sharper the crisis becomes. By the way, it can increase with the beginning of the visit.

If recently parents did not understand how to teach children to be independent, now there is too much of it. Phrases "I myself", "I want / I do not want" are heard regularly.

The child is aware of himself as a separate person, with his own desires and needs. This is the most important neoplasm of this age crisis. Thus, such a difficult period is characterized not only by conflicts with mother and father, but also by the emergence of a new quality - self-awareness.

And yet, despite the apparent adulthood, the baby does not understand how to get recognition and approval from parents. Adults continue to treat the child as a small and unintelligent, but for him he is already independent and big. And such injustice makes him rebel.

7 main signs of a crisis

In addition to striving for independence, the three-year crisis has other characteristic symptoms, thanks to which it cannot be confused with bad behavior and child harm.

1. Negativism

Negativism forces the baby to oppose not only his mother's, but also his own desire. For example, parents offer to go to the zoo, but the baby categorically refuses, although he himself really wants to see the animals. The point is that the proposals come from adults.

Disobedience and negative reactions should be distinguished. Disobedient children act according to their desires, which often go against the desires of their parents. By the way, negativism is often selective: the child does not fulfill the requests of an individual person, most often of a mother, and behaves with the rest as before.

Advice:

You should not speak to children in a commanding tone. If your child has a negative attitude towards you, give him the opportunity to calm down and move away from excessive emotions. Sometimes, requests on the contrary help: "Don't get dressed, we're not going anywhere today.".

2. Stubbornness

Stubbornness is often confused with persistence. However, persistence is a useful strong-willed quality that allows the little man to achieve the goal, despite the difficulties. For example, to finish building a house of cubes, even if it is falling apart.

Stubbornness is distinguished by the desire of the kid to stand his ground to the end only because he has already demanded it once. Let's say you invited your son to dinner, but he refuses. You start convincing, and he replies: "I have already said that I will not eat, so I will not".

Advice:

Do not try to convince the crumb, because you will deprive him of the chance to get out of the predicament with dignity. A possible way out is to say that you leave food on the table, and he can eat when he gets hungry. This method is best used only during a crisis.

3. Despotism

Most often, this symptom occurs in families with a single baby. He tries to get his mother and father to do as he wants. For example, a daughter requires her mother to be with her all the time. If there are several children in the family, then despotic reactions manifest themselves as jealousy: the baby screams, stomps, pushes, and takes toys from his brother or sister.

Advice:

Don't be manipulated. And at the same time, try to pay more attention to the children. They must realize that parental attention can be attracted without scandals and tantrums. Attract the baby to household chores - cook dinner for dad together.

4. The symptom of depreciation

For a child, the value of old attachments disappears - to people, favorite dolls and cars, books, rules of behavior. Suddenly he starts breaking toys, tearing books, calling names or grimacing in front of his grandmother, uttering rudeness. Moreover, the baby's lexicon is constantly expanding, replenishing, including with various bad and even indecent words.

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Advice:

Try to distract children with other toys. Instead of cars, take up the constructor, instead of books, choose drawing. Frequently look at pictures on the topic of how to behave with other people. Just do not read lectures, it is better to play the child's reactions that disturb you in role-playing games.

5. Obstinacy

This unpleasant symptom of a crisis is impersonal. If negativism concerns a specific adult, then obstinacy is aimed at the usual way of life, at all the actions and objects that relatives offer to the child. Often she meets in families in which there are disagreements on the issue of upbringing between mom and dad, parents, etc. The kid simply stops fulfilling any requirements.

Advice:

If the baby does not want to clean the toys right now, take him on other activities - for example, draw. And after a few minutes you will find that he himself will begin to put cars in the basket, without your reminder.

6. Riot

A three-year-old is trying to prove to adults that his desires are as valuable as their own. Because of this, he goes into conflict for any reason. It seems that the kid is in a state of undeclared "war" with others, protesting against their every decision: "I do not want and I will not!".

Advice:

Try to remain calm, friendly, and listen to children's opinions. However, insist on your decision when it comes to child safety: "You can't play with a ball on the road!"

7. Self-will

Self-will is manifested in the fact that children strive for independence, and regardless of the specific situation and their own capabilities. The child wants to independently buy any product in the store, pay at the checkout, cross the road without holding his grandmother's hand. It is not surprising that such desires do not cause much delight in adults.

Advice:

Allow your baby to do what he wants to do. If he does what he wants, he will receive invaluable experience, if he fails, he will do it next time. Of course, this only applies to situations that are absolutely safe for children.

Video consultation: Crisis 3 Years, 8 manifestations of the crisis. What parents need to know

What should parents do?

First of all, adults need to understand that children's behavior is not bad heredity or harmful nature. Your child is already big and wants to become independent. It's time to build a new relationship with him.

1. React in a balanced and calm manner. It should be remembered that the baby, by his actions, tests the parental nerves for strength and looks for weak points that can be pressed. Also, you should not shout, break down on children, and even more so physically punish - harsh methods can aggravate and prolong the course of the crisis ().
2. Set reasonable limits. There is no need to hammer the life of a little person with all kinds of prohibitions. However, you should not go to the other extreme, otherwise, due to permissiveness, you risk raising a tyrant. Find the "golden mean" - reasonable boundaries, beyond which it is categorically impossible to overstep. For example, it is forbidden to play on the road, to walk in cold weather without a headdress, to skip the daytime sleep.
3. Encourage self-reliance. Anything that does not pose a danger to a child's life, a child can try to do, even if in the process of learning a few mugs break (). Does your baby want to paint on wallpaper? Attach a drawing paper to the wall and give some markers. Shows a genuine interest in your washing machine? A small basin of warm water and doll clothes will distract from tricks and whims for a long time.
4. Give the right to choose. Parental wisdom suggests giving even a three-year-old toddler the choice of at least two options. For example, do not force outer clothing on him, but offer to go outside in a green or red jacket :). Of course, you still make serious decisions, but you can give up on unprincipled things.

How to deal with whims and tantrums?

In most cases, the bad behavior of three-year-olds - whims and hysterical reactions - is aimed at attracting parental attention and getting the desired thing. How should a mother behave during a three-year crisis to avoid constant tantrums?

1. During an affective outbreak, it is useless to explain something to the baby. It is worth waiting until he calms down. If the hysteria is found in a public place, try to divert away from the "public" and distract the child's attention. Remember what kind of kitty you saw in the yard, how many sparrows were sitting on a branch in front of the house.
2. Try to smooth out outbursts of anger with the help of the game. The daughter does not want to eat - sit next to the doll, let the girl feed her. However, soon the toy will get tired of eating alone, so one spoon for the doll, and the second for the baby (watch the video at the end of the article).
3. To prevent whims and tantrums during a crisis, learn to negotiate with children before starting any action. For example, before going shopping, agree on the impossibility of purchasing an expensive toy. Try to explain why you can't buy this typewriter. And be sure to ask what the crumb would like to receive in return, offer your own version of entertainment.

To minimize the manifestation of tantrums and whims, necessary:

• stay calm without showing irritation;
• provide the child with attention and care;
• offer the kid himself to choose a way to solve the problem ( "What would you do if you were me?");
• find out the reason for this behavior;
• postpone the conversation until the end of the scandal.

Some parents, after reading our article, will say that they have not observed such negative manifestations in their three-year-old children. Indeed, sometimes a crisis of three years proceeds without obvious symptoms. However, the main thing in this period is not how it passes, but what it can lead to. A sure sign of the normal development of a child's personality at this age stage is the emergence of such psychological qualities as perseverance, will and self-confidence.

Thus, a three-year-old crisis is absolutely normal for a growing up child, which will help him become an independent person. And one more important point - the more trusting and softer the relationship between the baby and the mother, the easier it will go through this stage. The irritation, categoricalness and screaming of adults will only exacerbate the child's negative behavior.

How we survived the crisis

Games to overcome the crisis 3 years

Psychology lessons for moms

You celebrated the third birthday of a child who has become more and more like an adult both externally and internally - psychologically. He speaks well, knows a lot of words and asks a lot of questions. Children at the age of 3 begin to realize themselves as separate individuals, with their desires, interests and preferences.

What can a 3-year-old child do?

• Runs fast, perfectly maintains balance, jumps on two legs.
• Can jump over low obstacles.
• Rides a tricycle.
• Plays the ball: grabs, throws, catches and kicks it.
• Kids at 3 years old are happy to use coloring pages for children. Many can already draw a completely distinguishable, colored drawing on a blank sheet of paper without outlines.
• In addition to white and black, he also knows and names four basic colors: red, green, yellow and blue.
• Speaks well, makes sentences of 5-7 words. Uses adjectives, adverbs, plurals. Can pronounce his first and last name, count to three, knows his age.
• He brushes his teeth on his own, washes his face, knows where his towel is and uses it.

Three-year-olds are happy to play and communicate with their peers, exchange toys, "drive" companies. Are sensitive to praise or judgment. They show a wide range of emotions, are stubborn and capricious if they are denied what they want. They do not like restrictions, when they limit their mobility - they are disobedient, emotionally tense.

Development in 3 years

For 3 years, the child has developed into a full-fledged personality, he has a character with his own characteristics, habits, his own type of figure, even his own sense of humor. He is a good conversationalist, he can tell how his day went, where he was, what he saw. Supports a question-and-answer conversation. Vocabulary in 3 years makes up to 1000 words, in his speech the baby successfully uses numbers, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, in children's questions you can often hear "how?" and why?".

A 3-year-old child is distinguished by good psychomotor development, he is much more hardy than children younger than him. He takes long walks on foot, during which he receives a huge number of new impressions, significantly increasing his knowledge of the world around him. Walking with you in the park, the baby can literally bombard you with questions, sometimes even annoying. You need to be patient and in no case show that his questions are making you nervous. Everything is new for a child, and if you suppress his research interest now just because you get tired of naive children's questions, this will adversely affect the further development of the baby.

The favorite activity of children at the age of 3 is drawing and coloring. Show your kid how to use crayons, how to paint over coloring pages. Fine motor skills are well developed, it will not be difficult for a toddler to master such a simple and useful thing for him as coloring the characters of his favorite cartoons, funny animals and other black and white pictures. Many children of this age draw with pleasure with crayons on the asphalt, with colored pencils on blank sheets of paper, some even master watercolors.

From the point of view of psychology, drawings at the age of 3 are considered as a kind of children's speech, as a preparation for writing. The child's drawing reflects his worldview, attitude to reality, from the drawing you can immediately determine what is important for a child at 3 years old, what worries him, what he dreams about.

Care at 3 years

Many parents send their children to kindergarten at the age of 3 years. Working mothers do not have much choice: parental leave is over and needs to be attached somewhere. It is good if non-working grandmothers live nearby who do not mind taking their grandson or granddaughter to them, but this is not the case in all families. Not everyone can afford to hire a nanny either. Yes, and non-working mothers often get tired of a restless baby and prefer to send him to kindergarten in order to relax a little and devote a little time to themselves.

All children are individual, and therefore it is necessary to decide whether it is possible to send a child to kindergarten or not based on the accompanying circumstances. If you have no other choice - of course, the baby will go to kindergarten. But in this case, you should take care in advance that your child successfully adapts to the new environment - to lead kids to groups, to accustom peers to a team. Then the kindergarten will be a joy to him: new faces, fresh impressions, funny games with peers.

If your three-year-old baby is strongly attached to the house and parents, and any parting, even for a short time, causes a protest - do not rush to the kindergarten. Since the stress that a child will experience when parting with his mother and a sudden change in the environment can be so strong that it will lead to psychological trauma and in the future will have a negative impact, especially on his communication with peers.

Nutrition basically the same as that of an adult. If there is no food allergy, you do not need to cook separately for a three-year-old. Try to include in the diet more fresh vegetables, fruits, less fatty, smoked meats. Avoid using a lot of spices. Alcohol is completely contraindicated.

Dream practically no different from what it was a year earlier. It is advisable to devote at least 10 hours to a night's sleep and once for an hour or two to put a three-year-old to sleep during the day. Due to increased physical activity and strong impressionability, it is not easy to put children at this age to sleep during the day, but it is better to insist on your own - systematic lack of sleep will not be useful for the child's body.

Bathing is helpful before bed. Don't forget about hygiene: a baby at 3 years old should already be able to wash himself, brush his teeth, go to the toilet. For the prevention of diseases, it is better to hang a separate baby towel. Show him where it hangs and change it regularly for a clean one.

Classes with a child at 3 years old

Any classes at 3 years old should be carried out in a playful way, without the use of coercion in any form. The kid should show interest in the developmental game and enjoy it, otherwise he will lose interest in it and stop playing it altogether. Spend no more than 15 minutes on any active activity. Do not demand that the toddler in 3 years finish the task "no matter what" - this can lead to overwork. Encourage your child's achievements - give him cards or homemade medals.

Build "pyramids" from cubes and boxes, throw a light inflatable ball and help catch it, draw together on the asphalt with colored crayons, you can even try to play catch-up - there are a lot of options - the main thing is that you and your child have fun and interest.

If the baby does not go to kindergarten, remember that you need to follow the correct regimen. Walking at this age are no less important than before. The child should not sit at home all the time, especially at a computer or TV. Spend no more than two hours a day playing or walking in the fresh air.

In our country, mothers have the right to maternity leave until their children reach 3 years old, after which the kids go to the garden. There are generally accepted norms in society for what a child should be able to do and know at 3 years old, a list of this is a kind of reminder for parents, by which you can determine the child's readiness to attend kindergarten and develop other, more complex skills.

Of course, you should not be fanatical about such a list, because all children are different and their capabilities and abilities differ, which is quite normal and recognized by science and medicine. You should take these criteria as guidelines, a goal to strive for.

Moms and dads have their own personal opinion about the development of children, but also state laws stipulate standards for the availability of certain skills in a child at a particular age, which are abbreviated as GEF and are included in the general educational system of the state.

Speech

It is not for nothing that children of this age are called "why", because their interest in the world around them is growing every day, they can already use their vocabulary to ask questions of interest. The characteristic parameters of speech for three-year-olds are:

• the presence of a vocabulary within 1500 words or more;
• the ability to express your thoughts in short sentences;
• the ability to name and describe familiar objects;
• the use of certain knowledge in speech, for example, the name of dad, mom, pet;
• improving the construction of sentences and increasing their length.

They can also notice and try to correct mistakes in the speech of their peers, which is a good indicator.

Memory and thinking

It is at this age that logical thinking begins to actively act and allows you to explore the world and receive the necessary information. The foundations of the future in a particular profession are laid by developing its memory and thinking. Kids already know how:

• distinguish between objects and identify differences in similar ones;
• memorize small rhymes and songs;
• talk about events that happened a couple of days ago;
• retell short stories read by mom or dad;
• build various pyramids, collect small puzzles, houses from "Lego";
• count to 5-10;
• build simple logical chains.

It is very important for parents to focus their attention on the answers that children need and to give them as much information as possible about the world around them.

Three-year-old children want to be independent and do a lot on their own, and the task of parents is to allow them and teach them how to perform everyday activities correctly. Kids of this age can already:

• dress and undress yourself;
• fasten buttons and clasps on clothes;
• wash your face, wash your hands and brush your teeth;
• wipe your feet and understand when your clothes get dirty;
• know and use words of gratitude, requests;
• collect your toys and place them in their places;
• use cutlery.

Physical activity

Running, jumping is a natural necessity for children, it is pronounced at the age of 3 and babies love to play outdoor games with other children, their skills are expressed in:

• walking back and forth;
• playing with the ball;
• riding a tricycle and / or scooter;
• standing on one leg and maintaining balance;
• overcoming steps.

Children of 3 years old need constant mobility for the normal development of the musculoskeletal system and other organs, they must take frequent and long walks in the fresh air, where they can spend their energy.

Psychophysiological features of the development of a boy at 3 years old

It is important to take gender into account when assessing the skills and abilities of children at a certain age, since this factor is important and affects the adaptation of the baby. Everyone knows that at birth, a boy's weight is usually more and at the age of 3 years, he usually reaches 12-18 kg. The standard weight for girls of the same age is about a kilogram less.

Visual-effective and imaginative thinking is dominant in a male baby, and he learns the world through action, not relying on speech. Since boys have a more developed right hemisphere of the brain, then by the age of 3 they are well oriented in space. The boy is physically more resilient and his physical activity often exceeds the ability to run and jump in girls of the same age.

When a child is tired, the first sign will be his lethargy and lack of mobility, as well as a decrease in concentration. For a full-fledged formation, a boy needs more space to play, which is due to his physical characteristics. You should not be upset if the kid does not know as many poems as the neighbor's girlfriend of his age, because the memory of a 3-year-old boy develops more slowly than that of girls, and this will continue for a couple of years.

Features of the development of the girl

Since girls are characterized by the rapid development of the left hemisphere of the brain, their speech apparatus and the number of words used will constantly increase, since a characteristic feature of this age is the knowledge of the world through questions and answers. The memory of girls develops very quickly and this contributes to the fact that they can quickly learn poems, songs and new words, concepts. During the game, they try to describe all their toys and what happens to them.

They show their emotions openly and it is not difficult to understand what is happening with the child. In physical development, girls and boys of 3 years old do not have any special differences, except that the weight and height of girls are usually slightly less.

Parents should understand that no matter what kind of toys the baby will have, she will give them special roles - small children, since this is inherent in nature. At this stage of life, girls are more obedient than their peers, boys, but this fact may vary depending on the individual characteristics of the character and upbringing of children.

Requirements for the skills of a three-year-old child in kindergarten, according to the Federal State Educational Standard

In the legislation of the Russian Federation, there are standards for preschool education, which indicate the use of curricula in kindergarten and determine the scope of their implementation. In fact, the FSES is a list of requirements for the skills of children attending educational institutions of various types, prescribed in legislative acts.

The program indicates that regardless of the forms and methods that are used in teaching preschool children, their following skills should be developed:

• social and communicative;
• speech;
• cognitive;
• artistic and aesthetic;
• physical.

It is indicated that the training program consists of a compulsory part and an additional one, which is compiled at the discretion of the kindergarten teachers. The document also describes additional options for its application for children with special needs and inclusive education.

A separate paragraph in the document highlighted targets for young children, which include:

• development of children's interest in the environment and its knowledge;
• mastering simple household skills;
• active development of speech with the use of situational exercises;
• communication with peers and adults;
• study of culture and art with the subsequent use of knowledge;
• physical exercise to develop gross motor skills.

All kindergartens in Russia are guided by this regulatory document to draw up their programs for the education and development of babies.

As for skills, it is desirable that a child, upon entering kindergarten, be able to:

• eat independently with a spoon and drink from a cup;
• use a pot;
• speak in simple phrases;
• take off / put on at least simple items of clothing.

How to recognize developmental disabilities and what to do

Of course, one should not panic if the baby does not know how to do something from this large list when he reaches 3 years old, because medical science and psychology always take into account individual characteristics. But nevertheless, the presence of some signals can serve as a beacon that the child is lagging behind in development. In such cases, it is important for parents not to miss the moment and not let things take their course, but to help the baby.

A consultation with a specialist will not hurt if:

• speech has not been formed at all and the baby cannot clearly pronounce words, phrases, short sentences;
• there is constant salivation, regardless of the season and occupation;
• the child does not know how to go to the potty and does not understand its purpose;
• there are no skills to independently use a spoon, fork, cup;
• the baby cannot cope with at least a few items of clothing on his own;
• in games, the child is apathetic, does not show activity;
• no skills in using toys - pyramids, cubes, ball;
• constant tantrums and crying do not stop, even when close people are nearby;
• does not recognize grandfathers, grandmothers and other people who are constantly in the house;
• does not know how to build logical chains and does not understand why and what happens to him in different everyday situations;
• lack of interest in communicating with other children.

Note!

Even if children have one of the above signs, there is no need to panic. It is worth treating with understanding and patience the possible characteristics of the baby, visiting a specialist psychologist, a neurologist and together determine further necessary actions.

Perhaps the most important thing in such a situation is to remain calm and be ready to work with the child, develop his skills and abilities, study information about the characteristics of age and possible difficulties, and also love your baby, which is an integral part of his upbringing.

Despite the generally accepted concepts of what skills children 3 years old have, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the character, gender and the environment in which they are brought up. It is advisable to take the baby to the pediatrician in a timely manner in order to determine and identify possible violations in the formation of the child's body or psyche in the early stages.

Parents should be prepared that, upon entering kindergarten, some requirements will be presented to the child in terms of his capabilities and skills. The adaptation of the child in an unfamiliar environment also depends on how developed they are.