What bones consists of a knee joint. The knee is the perfect lever-hinge mechanism. Functions of knee ligaments

Which should be well known to every person engaged in sport, the largest in the human body. It is formed by three bones. The structure of the human knee joint is due to its location. The ends of the bones forming its structure are covered with a very dense cartilage cloth with a thickness of up to 6 mm. This provides one of the main features of the articulation - shock absorption when walking.

Knee joint

The photo demonstrates us the basic structures of this articulation: muscles, bones, meniscus, ligaments (cruciform), nerves and blood vessels. Let's start considering its structure with bones. The joint is formed by three bones. Two long - tubular tibial and femoral. The third is a patella. It is rounded and very small. Located in front. The femoral bone at the bottom forms mysteries - protrusions covered with cartilage. These protrusions are in contact with the so-called tibial plateau, in turn, of two halves. The patella is moving in a gaunt-shaped deepening, which was formed by the mysteries. This recess is also called Patellofemoral. Maloberstovy bone is located on the side from the tibial. In the formation of the knee joint, it does not participate.

The structure and value of cartilage tissue

The function of this tissue is in depreciation of the impact load, decreasing when driving. It is necessary where two bone surfaces will rub each other. The articular cartilage is very dense. In the knee joint, it covers not only the ends of the femoral and tibia, but also the surface of the patella. Counting fabric is a few species. In the knee joint - Guialic. A feature of this tissue is the high content of water in the intercellular substance. It provides elasticity and helps protect the knee joint from damage.

Building ligaments and meniscus

Dense connective tissue formations that fix bone ends are called ligaments. In the case of the knee joint, its capsule strengthens two such structures from the outside - the medial and lateral. And two from the inside - the front and rear cross-shaped. They limit the unnecessary movement in the front seat, preventing its sloping relative to the femoral bone. All knee bundles are extremely important for its stable operation. There are two more education, called meniscus between the femoral and tibia. They can also be called cartilage, although their structure is different from the structure of hyalurone, covering the articular surfaces. Menisky fill the space between the tibial plateau and the articular end of the femoral bone.

They seem to serve as an elastic gasket, redistributing the weight. Do not be them, all of his severity would concentrate at one point on the larger plateau. Two types of meniscovers (medial and lateral) are connected by a transverse bundle. Lateral (external) is less often damaged due to its greater mobility. Internal (medial) meniscus is located near the inner side ligament and has a smaller lability. This causes its frequent traumatization. In the center of meniscus thicker than around the edges - it forms a small depression on the larger plateau and makes the joint more stable. If the ligaments were not, we would have a much greater unbalancement of the lower limb and would more often injured the knee joint. The structure of supporting knee elements provides him with stability

Sinovial bags

They run along the move muscles and tendons. The largest is a traded (under the tender of a four-headed muscle), it is almost not reported with the cavity of the joint. The back of a deep fiee bag is located in the thickness of the joint - some more smaller. When filling some of them, cysts can be formed intra-articular fluid.

Muscles participating in flexion and extension of the joint

On the front surface of the thigh there is a four-headed muscle. When it is reduced, the leg in the knee is infrmed. The patella lies in the thickness of the tendon, serving the point of the support and changing the direction of movement if necessary. It increases the force of the mentioned muscle. Bending bends (on the back of the thigh and near the knee) bend the leg in the knee joint.

Innervation

Consider a fallen nerve. It is the largest of those located on the rear surface of the joint. This nerve is a branch of the sedlication. It provides sensitive and motor innervation of the articular capsule. Above the joint, it is divided into the tibial and small -com nerves. They should be mentioned because when they are often damaged. Also behind the capsule innervates a locking nerve. Some branches of the tibial nerve provide the sensitivity of its assholes. Maloberstska innervates rear-screen and overall surface. This is due to the fact that in the body there are few of the same moving formations as the knee joint - the structure and innervation with a large number of overlap areas provides high sensitivity.

Blood supply

The extensive vascular network surrounding the knee consists of four large arteries, which are interconnected and form vascular plexus (about 13 such networks on the surface of the joint) and inside it. The first and largest artery is the femoral. Passed, deep and front tibially slightly smaller. All of them are developing if one of the vessels are tied. Anatomical structure can be easily represented by dividing it into three departments. The first is the topmost one. Looking better to carry out at the second level. Surface veins in the area of \u200b\u200bthe knee joint are located in two layers. The deepest is represented by a large subcutaneous vein. Surface - venous network from the added. The latter is not found in every person. From the rear surface of the knee joint, small subcutaneous vein leaves. Sometimes it goes one barrel, and sometimes two. The place of its imposition is also varied, but more often flows into the poplite.

The knee joint (Articulatio Genus, Articulazio Genot) - This is a complex bone-cartilaginous formation, consisting of a variety of different elements, due to which the joint becomes mobile, functional and, at the same time, subjects of injuries. Let's deal with the same structure of the knee joint.

As it shows the anatomical satin with the photo, the knee joint in shape is a block-shaped. In the dispere state, it works like blockoid. The knee joint is formed by three bones: the distal (lower) epiphysis of the femur, the proximal (top) epiphysis of the tibia and the patella (approx. Epiphiz - the rounded end department of the tubular bone forming a joint).

The articular surface of the sumpers (protrusions on bone epiphyshes) of the femoral bone has an ellipsoid form, and the medial mumouts are greater than the lateral. The shape of the femoral mysteries does not coincide with the shape of the Tibia Mathers, as the latter have other curvature. This discrepancy is leveled due to the medial and lateral menus, which is located between the mysteries of the femoral and the tibial bones.

Menisisk redesigned triangular cartilaginous plates, various in shape and size. They are arranged in such a way that the lateral (outer) edge is thickened and grips with the articular capsule, which demonstrates the drawing. Medial (internal) free edge is pointed and facing the hollow of the joint. Menisk is attached in front and rear to the interlims of the tibia. The transverse bunch of the knee joint connects the front edges of both meniscus.

Huge importance in the knee joint has a joint capsule. Most often, it is the cause of pain in the knee, limiting the movement of a person (approx. The joint itself in principle cannot hurt, since there are no nervous endings). As the picture shows us, the articular capsule is attached to the edge of the femur under the screws, to the edge of the tibia and the patella. It is attached to the patella in such a way that its front surface is beyond the limits of the joint cavity. The structure of the articular capsule: inside it has a synovial membrane, which is lined up on the surface of the articular bones to the line of articular cartilage.

The articular capsule of the knee joint forms a number of synovial bags that lie down in the course of muscles and tendons, while they are not reported to the coast of the joint. The largest bag is a harvesting bag, and it is located between the tendon of the four-headed muscles and the femoral bone.

Bundles of the knee joint

The knee joint is supported by bundles, which are usually divided into two groups:

extraconsulsive (bundles that are outside the custody of the joint);
intracusual (bundles inside the joint).

To external ligaments include:

The tibial collateral bunch, which begins from the medial math of the femur and goes down, fursting with the articular capsule and the medial meniscus, reaching the proximal epiphyse of the tibia;
A small -com collateral bunch, a few of the previous one, comes from the lateral thigh supermarket down and is attached to the lateral surface of the mulberian head.
Bunch of the patella. In fact, the bunch of the patella is the continuation of the tendon of the four-headed muscles of the thigh. The tendon of this muscle comes to the patella, covers it from all sides, and continues down, reaching the tibia. Some of the beams of this tendon, which reaches the bulbity of the tibia, is called a lunch of a patella.
Lateral and medial supporting bunch. It is also a continuation of the tendon of a four-headed muscle, but these bundles are directed from the patella to the outer and internal soaps of the tibia.
Supporting ligaments of the patella. Attach to femur supersts. Based on the name, these bundles perform an important role, holding the patella in the desired position.
Oblique and arcuate patent bunch. The oblique bunch strengthens the rear joints of the articular capsule and is part of the bundle of the tendon of the semi-sephel muscle. The bundle originates from the MEDICAL MODE of the Tibia to the lateral satellite of the femoral bone. The arcuate begins from the external disinth of the hip and the head of the mulberry bone, it is attached to the oblique bunch of a bunch and goes on to the latheral of the tibia.

Internal ligaments include:

Cross-shaped ligaments. Here it is worth separately to highlight the front cruciform and rear cruciform ligaments. The front cruciform bunch of the knee joint originates from the inner surface of the external dish of the thigh, goes forward and medially attached on the front intermacex field of the Tibial. The rear cruciform bunch, on the contrary, originates on the inner surface of the inner satellite of the hip, is directed back media and attached to the rear intermaceric field of the tibia. Regular progenic movements in the knees can lead to the ruptures of cruciform ligaments in them.
There are three more bundles related to menisci: a cross-lunch of a knee, anterior and rear menescript bunch.

Muscles of the knee joint

The knee muscles provide various movements in it, thanks to which a person has the ability to move. With a fixed thigh, the knee muscles provide bending, extension, supination and the imposition (rotation) of the lower leg, and with a fixed leg, they provide suspension, alert, as well as move forward and backward thighs.

Flexing is provided by the next muscle group:

bonded thigh muscles;
semi-dry and semi-seamless thigh muscle;
tailoring and thin muscle;
poplled muscle;
calf muscle;
soda muscle.

The extension is ensured by the following muscle group;

straight muscle thigh;
lateral and medial wide thigh muscle;
intermediate wide thigh muscle.

The pronation of the knee joint is ensured by the following muscles:

semi-dry and semi-steerly;
tailoring and thin;
the medial head of the calf;
pedal.

The sampling supination is provided by the blood muscle of the hip and the lateral head of the orphanage.

Here we are in general terms and familiarized with what anatomy of the knee joint and what he is. A scheme of his work and its detailed description is proposed in the next video of the plot.

The basic human knee body is a joint. That is why the anatomy of the knee joint is of great importance in order to have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe characteristics of the structure, the peculiarities of treatment and recovery when problems occur. Indeed, in the entire musculoskeletal complex of a person - the knee joint is the most vulnerable part. It is surrounded by muscle tissue and ligaments. At the same time, the knee joint of the three main elements is a patella, femur and tibia.

The structure of the knee joint

The anatomy of the knee joint is such that friction between the bones is excluded. Thanks to this, the possible consequences of the impact are easily softened. From the external influences of the knee protects the cup, which is why it so often get injuries and damage. The joints themselves are also susceptible to a large number of diseases, especially if they give them constant loads and do not protect them.

The anatomy of the knee joint of the person is quite complicated compared to all the rest of the body joints. Also, his uniqueness is that it is the largest. Thus, the knee of man is special at once for two reasons - magnitude and complexity. Because of this, the knee joint is always not easy.

We will analyze the knee joint in the component. First, it is bones and muscles. These are key parts of the whole knee, it is around them the whole structure is formed. Secondly, meniscus. The mobility of the whole joint depends on them. Thirdly, it is nervous endings and a network of blood vessels. They revive the knee, making it sensitive to external influences. Fourth, these are bundles and cartilage. They are a link between muscles and bones. It is for them the main burden when walking and exercise.

The functions of the knee joint

In order to knee bend smoothly, there is a smooth cartilage. It carefully covers parts of the bones in those places in which they come into contact with each other.

Inter-space, in addition to the cartilage, filled with menisci. These are special layers that give the amorticating effect during load, the area of \u200b\u200bcontact with the maximum increases. But if cartilage is present between all the bones, then meniscus - only between the bertova and the femoral.

A synovial bag also plays an important role in the knee joint. It covers the joint from the outside. It contains a joint liquid that lubricates cartilage, thus improving the sliding and minimizing the load and friction in the knee joint. Also, this liquid has another function - for cartilage it is also a nutrient, thanks to which they perform their unique features.

Another important component of the knee joint helps him perform its functions - bundles. They reliably fix the bones in the connecting places and provide dense adjacent to meniscos. Bundles are in most human joints, they are called cruciform in the knee, due to their form. In the event of the easiest damage to treat ligaments is extremely important. In addition, this does not even have to take drugs. Sufficiently dense locking dressings and the state of rest.

Bones of knee joint

The anatomy of the bones of the knee joint includes only three bones. But the mobility depends on their integrity, and in general, the standard of living of a person. The main function of protection is performed by a knee cup, which covers the femoral and tibia bone. The function of the knee joint is to combine these three components and ensure their maximum mobility, and it is responsible for bending and extension of the knee.

The anatomy of the knee joint and ligaments of its integrity is largely obliged to the femoral bone. It is at her the main burden. That is why it is located on top. The remaining tibia is located below and already assumes the load remaining from the femoral bone.

No less important is the function of the knee cup, the special bone of the rounded shape, very similar to the triangle. Often it is called a patella.

The structure of the femoral bone

In the femoral bone, the mumouts play an important role. These are the protrusions having a ball shape. They hide the lower surface of the femoral bone. At the same time, come into contact with the upper surface of the berth bone.

The surface of the bone is called the plateau. It consists of two halves - lateral and almond.

The device of the knee chashchka

An important role in human life is played by the knee joint. The structure, anatomy of this body is what any doctor should know. Huge importance in it has a knee cup. By and large, its main purpose is to move on a specially designated groove. It is located between the poor sodes, which we talked above. They form this chute.

The knee cup, being the main protector of the knee from all sorts of damage, is susceptible to a large number of injuries. Therefore, with the slightest problems, an immediate consultation of a specialist and treatment is required.

An equally important function is performed by cartilage, which covers the surfaces of contacting bones. Its thickness on average is about 6 millimeters. In children, she, of course, is even less. Externally cartilage white, smooth and very elastic.

Crying copies with arising friction, practically reducing it to no.

Functions of knee ligaments

Without ligaments it is impossible to imagine a knee joint. The structure, the anatomy of this body will be discussed below. The joint is in many respects at the expense of this connective tissue. At the same time it is very dense.

Bundles are needed to interact the bones of the knee joint among themselves. Special literal bundles for this are the side of the joint, collateral ligaments are located in the same area. They not only strengthen the entire joint as a whole, but also do not allow the bones to go away with particularly strong physical exertion.

The most famous and susceptible to the injury to human ligaments, cruciforms. They combine the end of the bertovoy and femoral bones. It is thanks to cruciform bonds that these bones are tightly adjacent to each other.

Another function of cruciform ligaments is to prevent the movement of the bones in the directions that are unusual. Bundles, located in front and rear, are also necessary for the bones not to move relative to each other.

The topographic anatomy of the knee joint determines the important function of the ligaments - ensuring the mobility of the bones and at the same time control over their condition.

Mensky in the knee joint

In addition to bundles in the knee joint there are other formations similar in structure and performing similar functions. This is a meniscus. Their location - between the femoral and bertovoy bones. In those places where they perform with each of the parties. Despite the fact that meniscus, cartilage and ligaments are very similar to externally and perform similar functions, there is a principal difference between them. First of all, in the structure, as well as in the performance of specific tasks.

Menisky, like a knee cup, is often injured, so they need to care about them and immediately treated at the very first signs of emerging problems. If the meniscus is damaged, surgery may be required, right up to the operation.

Menishov functions

If you take care of your health, it is important to know the structure of the human knee joint. Anatomy of this body is not easy, but understanding, for which each of its components is responsible will help you avoid serious health problems.

Menisky is required to perform two main functions. First, they maximize the area of \u200b\u200bcontacting bones. Due to this, the load on each of them is separately decreasing. Pressure per unit of the area of \u200b\u200bthe femoral or tibial bone becomes less.

The second important feature of meniscus is to ensure the steady state of the knee joint. At the same time, meniscus have invaluable assistance to bundles. In the case when meniscus do not perform any of these functions, it is necessary to urgently access a specialist for qualified help.

The anatomy of the knee joint is such that menisci play in it one of the most important roles. These are flexible bedding, which behave as if on a flat surface, covered with pillows, spherical bones are lowered. The pillow in this case performs the mitigation function, repeating the shag-shaped surface. Human Menisk also behaves.

Menisky performs the role of not only soft and convenient gaskets between the bones, they also fill empties that could arise at the point of contact of the bones. Make it do not allow menus. This space is filled with meniscuits located between the mysteries and the boots board.

Only due to them, it is possible to achieve a uniform distribution of human weight to the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe beam plateau. If the meniscoves were not, then all the weight would only have for one point of the plateau, it would be much more complicated to make it human knees. Therefore, the main thing is why they are needed - protect the joints from unnecessary loads.

How is the fulfillment of the second important function of meniscus - ensuring the sustainability of the joints? The fact is that they have a shape resembling crescents. And at the same time different in thickness.

In the central part of the meniscus, much thinner than at the edges. So the peculiar setting is formed, due to which the joints become stable. Also, menisci can change their form by elasticity, so the joint does not lose its stability and in statics, and in dynamics.

Muscles in the knee joint

The muscles of the knee joint, the anatomy of which is represented by two groups, also play a significant role. They are divided into muscle-extensor and flexor muscles, each of which is responsible for the corresponding function.

The extensors are in the front of the femoral bone. Due to them, a person mastered the strain, when they are reduced, the knee joint straightens. It is an important four-headed muscle, its role is to blend foot in the knee.

The flexor muscles are in the back of the femoral bone and are also important for the work of the joint.

Nerves in the knee joint

The anatomy of the knee joint includes the nerves that are responsible for the delivery of teams from the brain to those or other muscle groups when they need to be reduced.

The largest nerve in the knee joint is popling. It is located in his rear. If the nerves are damaged, most often it arises due to injuries, it is necessary to immediately contact the doctor.

The main patent nerve as it would branculate on the Malobers and Tibial nerves. The first are at the top end of the mulberry bone, the second - on the back of the shin.

Elements of the knee joint

There are many more elements, without which the knee joint is impossible to imagine. Anatomy (We introduced the photo in the article) of this body is studied in all medical educational institutions.

An important role is played by a circulatory system located in the knee joint. It lies in vessels passing through all the knee. In the back, they are branched almost the same way, as the pontalled nerve does. In this part of the body, two main blood vessels are vein and artery. To identify them to accurately, they are called trap. Artery function - the supply of knee joints with fresh blood, veins send the spent blood back to the large

The knee joint is very complex, as it consists of a variety of elements. These are ligaments, and nerve fibers, muscles, and vessels, and cartilage. It is the knee joint represents the largest joint of the whole organism, therefore it takes on most of the load. In addition, it allows a person to move normally: run, jump, walk.

The structure of the knee joint is special, which is why the articulation is very vulnerable. Consequently, it is easily injured and various pathologies. If you damage this joint, you will have to be treated quite a long time, and sometimes it leads to disability. The knee work is based on a hinge compound, so that a person can bend, blending and rotating the leg. All this is possible thanks to the ligament apparatus.

Main parts

First of all, it should be noted that the cartilage thickness ranges from 5 to 6 mm. The fabric of cartilage is located over the bones and the back of the cup. Each cartilage has a smooth and shiny surface, which contributes to depreciation and reduce friction when driving. The bone system is fixed by connecting tissues. And in order to strengthen the articular capsule and prevent lateral movements, there are 2 main bundles: internal and outer (medial and lateral). In the central part there are cruciform ligaments responsible for moving forward / backwards. The front and rear such bundles hold the tibia bone from slipping.

In the knee joint there are 2 tubular bones (tibial and femoral), as well as the knee cup ahead. At the bottom of the joint there are 2 mysteries that are covered with a cartilage cloth. It is they actively interact with the superficial layer of a tibial plateau. The plateau in turn is the lateral and medial. Mysteries contribute to the formation of a palatlofemoral deepening, thanks to which the knee cup moves.

Menisky

The structure of the knee joint Menish:

Menisky is cartilage formations that ensure the stability of the knee joint and distributing the uniform weight of a person on the surface of the tibial plateau. Menisky is located between the endings of the bones and externally resemble the cloth cartilage. But their structure is much more elastic. In general, meniscus act as a kind of gasket for the normal functioning of the knee. For example, during damage to this element, all cartilage begin to deform, therefore, the stability of the joint is violated.

Muscular system

The knee joint can not do without the adjacent muscles, which bend, extension and cause the knee. The largest muscle of the body is located in the front of the hip and is called it is a quadring. It is attached directly to the knee cup and the superficial layer of tibia. The knee muscle is a continuation of a four-headed and fixes on the articular capsule.

There is also a tailoring muscle that envelopes a cup and fixes on the tibial bone. This muscle helps the lower limb to make movements forward / backward. To help the tailoring element comes a double muscle, starting at the pubic part. It is thin enough, but passes a little further from the transverse axis. That the knee is rotated, and the shin bent, under the knee there are patellied and semi-dry muscles.

Innervation

In fact, the innervational scheme of the knee joint has a huge number of all sorts of weaves:

Maloberstskaya, tibial and sciatic nerves contribute to sensitivity. The tibial nerves innervate the knee from behind with the help of the articular branches, the mulberry - in front of the outer part of the cup.
In meniscus, the nerve plexus penetrate simultaneously with the blood system. Their path is located along the periphery of the body of cartilage.
Bundles of nerves in menisci contribute to the formation of pulp and cerebral nerve fibers.
The nervous system of the knee joint, although the developed is not strong, but plays a huge role in the functioning of the knee. For example, if one of the nerves in the articular capsule is deformed, then sclerosis occurs.
Blood vessels in the knee joint are connected thanks to the network of anastomoses. It is the vessels that all elements of the knee joint fully feed.
The venous network, which is located in the okolosorny fiber, originates in the articular bag.
Large vessels are located behind. They provide a blood outflow peripheral and return the stream directly to the heart.

What injuries are there

The structure of a human knee joint, as already mentioned, complex, therefore it is injured often. The most common damage is the breaks of ligaments, meniscovs. The gap can receive any representative of mankind when hitting, falling or during sports. Often, such damage is accompanied by bone fractures. The symptoms of all damage to the knee joint are almost the same. This is a sharp pain, swelling, cluster of fluid and redness. Sometimes at the time of injury, signs are not manifested, but only after a few hours. If the knee joint is damaged, then the entire bone system of lower extremities suffers from this. Therefore, it is extremely important to seek help to specialists.

Pathological conditions

The causes of discomfort in the knee joint may be associated with different diseases:

gonartorz;
meninskopathy;
arthritis;
bursts;
gout.

Gonartorz - a disease in which the cartilage tower of the knee joint is destroyed. In this case, its deformation occurs, its functions are disturbed. Pathology develops gradually.

Meniscopathy can develop at any age. To its development leads jumping, squats. The risk group includes diabetics, patients with arthritis and gout. The main sign of damage to the meniscus is a click in the knee joint, which provokes a strong and sharp pain. In the absence of therapy, meniscopathy goes into arthrosis.

Arthritis affect the pioneer shells, capsules and cartilage. If the disease is not treated, the patient will lose performance. Arthritis can manifest itself in different forms, passing in acute and in chronic character. In this case, the patient experiences unpleasant sensations in the knee. There is swelling and redness. When the pus appears, the body temperature rises.

Periartitis affects the eyelace fabrics, including tendons, capsules, muscles. More often, the disease affects the areas to which the maximum load is accounted for during the movement. The reason for such a lesion is chronic disease, hypothermia, problems with the endocrine system. For periartitis, the pain in the knee joint and swelling.

Tendinitis is manifested in the form of inflammation of the tendon fabric at its place of fixation to the bone. The reasons for such a state include active sports, including basketball. Pathology can affect the ligament of the patella. Tendinitis takes place in 2 forms - tendobursitis and tendovaginitis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease that is manifested by inflammation of the connective tissue. The reasons for its occurrence include genetic predisposition. The active development of the disease falls at the time of the weakening of the protective forces of the body. Pathology affects connecting tissue in the joints area. At the same time, swelling appears, there is an active division of inflamed cells.

Bursit, gout and other diseases affecting knee

Bursitis is an inflammatory process flowing inside the synovial bag. The cause of the disease is the accumulation of exudate in which there are dangerous microbes. Bursitis develops after knee injury. The disease is accompanied by pain and compound movements. At the same time, the patient loses appetite, experiencing indisposition and weakness.

Gong - Chronic pathological process flowing in the area of \u200b\u200bthe knee joint. For the disease, the deposition of sodium monorata is characterized, against the background of which the attack of acute pain in the joint is provoked. Simultaneously can blush leather.

Pedge's disease is manifested by a violation of bone formation processes, which provokes the deformation of the skeleton. The considered pathology can provoke pain in the knee joint. For its elimination, NVPH therapy is assigned.

Fibromyalgia is rarely diagnosed. It is expressed by symmetric pain in the muscles and skeleton, which often appears in the knee. Such a condition disrupts sleep, provoking fatigue and decay of forces. Additionally arise convulsions.

Osteomyelitis is associated with a purulent-necrotic bone and tissue process located around it. The disease develops against the background of a special group of bacteria producing pus. Pathology can flow in hematogenic and traumatic form. Discomfort in the knee is accompanied by a general weakness, ailment, high temperature.

Baker's cyst is similar to a knee hernia. Its dimensions vary, but do not exceed several centimeters. The cyst is formed after severe knee damage. Her appearance can lead arthritis.

König's disease is manifested by the separation of cartilage on the bone and its movement in the joints of the knee. Such a phenomenon makes it difficult to move, causing severe pain. Simultaneously, fluid accumulates in the joint, inflammation and swelling occurs.

Osgood-Shatterla disease is manifested by the formation of a bump in a cup of a cup. Pathology is diagnosed in children and adults. The main symptoms include swelling in the knee. Additionally, swelling and sharp pain occur.

How to treat knee

The special structure of the knee joint treatment implies complex and long. Before selecting the appropriate technique, it is necessary to fully be examined. After receiving the results, the doctor prescribes individual therapy. It depends on the location of the injury, existing pathology and severity. The age testimony and features of the body are also taken into account.

IMPORTANT! Inexpressive or improper treatment leads to serious complications. Such pathology can develop as arthritis of the knee joint, arthritis and so on. In particularly launched cases, atrophing of the lower limb.

Medical therapy

With insignificant damage to the knee joint, treatment is made using injections and tablets. As a rule, the doctor prescribes anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs. For example, "Movied", "ibuprofen" and the like. Injections are used mainly to eliminate pain and to quickly restore the structure. Be sure to patient must fix the patient with the knee pad and apply cooling compresses. It is impossible to rely on the leg, since she needs full calm. A few days after the injury, physiotherapeutic procedures are prescribed. And during the recovery period, they are complemented by a special medical gymnastics.

Operation

If the damage to the knee joint is severe, then surgical intervention is applied. Today, several innovative techniques are used, which are painless and secure. For example, arthroscopy or meniscovectomy. In the first case, 2 small holes are done through which a special optical system with tools is entered. During operation, damaged elements are sewn from the inside. In the second case, the authority is deleted in part or locally.

In the human body, everything is unique and interrelated. It grows and aging, struggles with infections, regenerates and creates like this. Each system and a specific body perform their work. The musculoskeletal system provides human statics (defined body positions) and makes various movements possible. Thanks to the bones, joints, the muscles of the human body has a "figure", can run, jump, swim.

The knee joint is one of the largest joints. Entering the belt of the lower limbs, it provides both the statics and dynamics of a person. Without its normal functionality, motor activity is dramatically reduced, disgraced workability, the person is forced to adjust its life, work and rest.

The anatomy of the knee joint of a person is very interesting and informative in terms of the intelligence and conciseness of its device. There is nothing superfluous, each component is optimal, functional and fulfills its purpose. By analogy with other joints, the knee includes bones, cartilage, articular capsule. It is reinforced and protected by bundles and tendons, has an extensive network of blood vessels and nerves, and powerful muscles lead it in motion.

Bones, ligaments and cartilage

The joint refers to a formal type, which is characterized by the presence of mysteries on convex bone and a more flat surface of another. The structure of the knee joint provides the possibility of mainly bending and extensive movements in it. The amplitude of the extension, that is, the deviation from the initial position (the direct axis of the thigh and the legs), is normal at no more than 5 degrees. If more, then this is a pathological extension that leads to the deformation of the knee.

Flexing (active or passive) can reach up to 160 degrees when the heel applies to the buttocks. The largest angle of bending is observed in athletes or physically active persons. Movements in other planes (lead and driving, rotation inside and duck) are carried out from the bending position, the angle is not greater than 20.

In the anatomy of the human knee joint, the femoral bone, the Tibial and Padelnik. Maloberskone is outside the joint, attaching to a tibially small stationary joint. The end of the hip has a convex surface and two bone rounded protrusions, lateral and medial mums. On the front surface there is a patellofemoral furrow, along which the patelnik moves.

The mysteries, the back of the knee cup and the flat surface of the tibia have a smooth and elastic coating. It is a hyaline cartilage, without which the joint is impossible, with a thickness of up to 6 mm. The combination of elasticity and strength, resistance to compression, the ability to restore with chondrocytes is very important for long and uninterrupted operation. Collagen of articular cartilage provides free movement of bones in the articular bag, reduces friction and extinguishes the shock wave.

Bounds of the knee joint provide the connection of bone elements and warn their unnecessary dangerous movements. Two collateral ligaments hold the joint in the side plane. Front and rear cruciform ligaments save from dislocation in the front-rear direction.

Menetic joint consists of connective tissue, like ligaments, but more dense and durable. They are between the mysteries and the tibial plateau and save the articular cartilage from deformation and excessive load. The injury of meniscus, their improper treatment lead to the degeneration of cartilage, to the failure of the joint.

The knee joint is surrounded by three articular bags (bursa): on the rear surface, on the inner surface and around the patella. The synovial fluid, their filling, plays the role of the shock absorber when driving. It is also important as a lubricant between the surfaces of bones covered with cartilage. In case of injury or inflammation of synovial bags, the brusitis of the knee joint develops.

Muscles, vessels and nerves

To ensure the main movements in the knee joint, flexion and extension, there are flexor muscles and extensors. Fouring the thigh muscle, a very powerful muscle, is an externalist. It starts from the iliac bone and, closing the front and side surfaces of the hip, is attached to the patella, ending with a tendon on the tibia jerberes.

This muscle extensions the leg from any initial position, and also tilts the torso forward at a fixed limb. The patella serves to evenly redistribute the strength of the four-headed muscle.

For flexion of legs in the knee, several muscles serve: double-headed, tailoring, poning, semi-steam-eyed, thin. The penetration is provided by six muscles, and supination is two. These movements are possible only during the bending of the knee, when collateral ligaments are in a free state. All muscle groups surrounding the knee joints act simply and dynamically, making movements free and smooth.

The blood vessels that feed the joint are the branches of large arteries: the femoral, popliteal, deep artery of the thigh, the front tibial. The network formed by the network of small vessels and capillaries envelops the entire joint, penetrating the bones, ligaments, muscles. Without good vessels, the normal joint work is impossible. Venous blood flows over surface and deep veins, which are parallel to the arteries. Their network is most developed on the inner knee surface.

The innervation of the knee joint, or the presence of nerve fibers in it, is ensured by three nervous trunks. This is a tibial, small-terber and sedanistic nerves. Receptors are available in all elements of the joint. They immediately react with injury, inflammation, allergic process, changing trophic. Innervation is necessary for synchronous operation of all mechanisms that ensure the functionality of the joint.

The health and performance of the knee joint depend on the state of all its elements. It is necessary to take them from injuries, excessive loads and inflammation.