Psychological types of human personality. Human personality types: schizoid personality Gibson basic personality types

Six personality types

A person is always more than what he knows about himself.

K. Jaspers

Let's see what the explanation for human behavior can be.

Remember: behind every deed and action of a person is his key psychological need. People never do anything just like that!

Key need- this is what is the most important, significant and necessary for a person in life, moreover, from childhood.

Each person has all six key needs, but they are not developed equally: one or two key needs always prevail. For example, positive communication is so important to one person that he sacrifices even the truth for it, agreeing with a deliberately false opinion in order to maintain relations with an opponent, because his key need is communication. For another person, on the contrary, it is important to defend an opinion that he considers to be true, and he argues to the point of hoarseness, spoiling relations with others, because his key need is knowledge of the truth. The third speaks at meetings for the sake of creating

respected image, since the main thing for him is recognition. The fourth speaks at the meeting because it is his job to speak.

Needs are situational(manifested quickly and in a specific situation) and permanent(life-long, from childhood). Now, as you understand, we are interested in permanent key psychological needs of a person, that is, those that determine his personality type.

Key psychological needs of people persist from childhood and determine the behavior of all life!

Take a look at the small children in the sandbox. One boasts loudly about his typewriters, the second does not listen to him at all and, looking around furtively, hides his molds in the sand, and the third roars loudly because he was not accepted into the general game again. The fourth lisp explains to friends the rules of the game of hide and seek. The fifth quietly retells the plot of the new cartoon. The sixth simply silently digs an underground passage, not paying attention to the fact that others are constantly destroying this passage.

... And all these children are sitting in the same sandbox! But everyone is driven by their own key need, which lays down his personality type.

If we learn to identify the key human need, we can quickly find individual approaches to the most diverse and even the most intractable people.

Key needs of people

Test "Who are you?"

There is a sun in every person. Just let it shine.

Socrates

Please, for each question, choose one of the answer options - the one that suits you best or is more like it.

The column or two columns that receive the most responses reflect the dominant personality types for you.

The main characteristics of each personality type

Man has always been and will be the most curious phenomenon for man ...

V.G. Belinsky

Depending on which key need is the most important for a person, he belongs to a certain type of personality.

Personality type- This is a set of characteristic features of a person, which is explained by his key needs.

Artist: the main need is always be in the spotlight society and receive recognition, approval, applause.

Sociologist: need - always and with everyone be in a positive relationship, be friends, do not quarrel and do not swear.

Participant: need - don't stay lonely, be accepted to human society, to participate in a common cause.

Intellectual: need - solve intellectual problems, get answers to intellectual questions, learn the truth.

Pragmatist: need - follow the generally accepted procedure always act in accordance with the rules.

Controller: need - control the situation, have complete information, have power and influence.

Personality types and their key needs (what is important to them)

ARTIST

The key need is recognition.

The center of the Artist's attention is his own I: how he looks, how he is perceived from the outside. The uniqueness of the artist lies in the fact that he sees the world as if through himself, through his own state.

Behavior and appearance: brightness and expressiveness in everything, the desire to stand out from the crowd in appearance, speech, voice, manners. A loud, shocking person who has at least one bright feature in his appearance, occupies all the space at once, requiring special attention to himself.

Image, created image: representative of the elite, the center of everyone's attention.

The goal is to win the applause, get recognition and praise from other people, and be the best. Due to the need to conquer the crowd, the Artist can make a dizzying career, but once he gets sick with "star fever", he begins to behave inappropriately, scaring away those around him and thereby cease to be interesting to them.

The artist is comfortable when he likes himself.

The artist is uncomfortable when he does not like himself: the wrong image, clothing, image, well-being.

Frequently used words by the artist: "This is not prestigious", "People of our circle", "I am the best!", "I demand respect for myself!" indirectly indicating the dignity of the artist.

- the impression he makes on other people. For him, from early childhood, it is important how he is perceived and what others think of him. Status, respect for others - that's what drives all the actions of this person. With all his behavior, the Artist strives to make a good impression on others.

Famous sayings of great artists

Philosopher and writer C.L. Montesquieu:

“The desire for glory is common to all people. It is as if we multiply our being when we can imprint it in the memory of others. "

Philosopher K. Helvetius:

"Competition produces geniuses, and the desire to become famous generates talents."

Poet P. Ronsard:

"... the merits of the living The crowd throws a stinging word after, But the singer becomes a god only if he dies."

Writer S.M. Cervantes:

"An ounce of fame weighs more than a pound of pearls."

Philosopher R. Descartes:

"Respect for others gives rise to respect for oneself."

Poet A.S. Pushkin:

“To be proud of the glory of your ancestors is not only possible, but also must; not to respect it is shameful cowardice. "

"Burn the hearts of people with a verb! .."

"Love yourself,

Honorable reader!

Item worthy: nothing

More dear, it is true, he is not. "

"Genius and villainy are two incompatible things."

“Ah, it's not difficult to deceive me!

I'm glad to be deceived myself! "

“We honor everyone with zeros,

And in units - yourself. "

Writer N.V. Gogol:

"There is no word that would be so ambitious, boldly, it would burst out from under the very heart, it would boil and tremble as vividly as a well-spoken Russian word."

“Poets do not come from somewhere over the sea, but come from their own people. These are the fires that have flown out of him, the foremost messengers of his strength. "

"The spring of poetry is beauty."

"The theater is such a department from which you can say a lot to the world."

“Why are you laughing? You are laughing at yourself! "

Cartoonist, screenwriter and producer W. Disney:

"I would rather entertain and hope people have learned something than educate people and hope they have fun."

"If you can dream, you can make your dreams come true."

Actress and screenwriter I. Bergman:

“Every time I get a good role, it seems to me that it is the last one. And so I give my all to the end. "

“It doesn't matter if you really cry. It is important that the audience believes that you are crying. "

“I have been convinced more than once that many actors and actresses are extremely shy people. When they play, it’s not them anymore, it’s someone else. The words that come out of the mouth of the actors belong to other people.».

Actress S. Bernard:

"Great is the artist who makes the audience forget about the details."

"A gesture should reflect a thought, it is harmonious or stupid, depending on whether the artist is smart or not."

Singer A. B. Pugacheva:

“Any woman is always an actress. And if she is a bad actress, she will lose. "

"Maybe I sing brighter in the studio, but when I'm on stage, the audience is brighter."

“Seriously, I’m the only star in Russia and in the“ scoop ”. This is my position. "

“I have been married three times and I have always been happy. My husbands were unhappy because I sacrificed them to the stage. "

When the Artist is dissatisfied with something, he behaves aggressively and arrogantly, demanding a “special attitude” towards himself and pressing on his, often non-existent, status.

Examples of Personality Type Artist

Ostap Bender (Ilf I., Petrov E. "Twelve Chairs"). A bright, outrageous rogue who, with one expressive speech, was able to create among the inhabitants of the village of Vasyuki the illusion that over time this city would turn into New Vasyuki and become the capital of interplanetary and intergalactic chess tournaments. Vivid romantic dreams of a white suit and Rio de Janeiro are typical hallmarks of the Artist personality type of thinking.

Khlestakov (N. Gogol "The Inspector General")... Thanks to his posturing, the ability to compose fairy tales about himself (this is an exclusive property of people of the Artist personality type), bright and virtuoso boasting, he was able to convince experienced and experienced officials that he was a representative of the authorities who had come with a check from St. Petersburg.

Monsieur Jourdain (Moliere J.-B. "Bourgeois in the nobility"). He dreamed of becoming a nobleman and was ready to do everything in the name of this: dress up in an absurd dress, take music, fencing and dance lessons, get into the most stupid situations and even get the ridiculous title of "mamamushi", just to raise his social status and gain the respect of the highest Sveta.

Many bright works of the comic genre built on the outrageous character of the Artist. These are Khlestakov and Ostap Bender, Jourdain and Figaro, Panikovsky; in children's literature - Carlson, Winnie the Pooh, Dunno; in cinema - Kozodoev ("The Diamond Arm"), Ivan Vasilievich and Miloslavsky ("Ivan Vasilievich changes his profession"), etc.

In classical drama (commedia dell'arte), the personality type of the Artist is represented with the mask of Brighella: a cunning, bright, quirky, shocking servant, aggressively and defiantly breaking the path to success (primarily love) for himself and his master, an intriguer and a bully.

The comic side of the Artist's character consists in constant attention, directed to "oneself, beloved" more than to the whole world around. An Artist-type character looks funny when he is fixated on himself and the impression he makes on others, constantly playing and portraying things that do not always correspond to reality.

An extreme psychiatric form of manifestation of the personality type Artist: hysteria, when the patient resorts to extreme, inappropriate forms of behavior to attract attention to himself (tantrums, scandals, inadequate outrageous image, fights).

Ideal professions for an Artist: combining intense communication with the audience and the need for self-presentation - an actor, teacher, tour guide, public relations specialist, TV presenter.

Not recommended professions : analyst, specialist in information-analytical, technological and technical fields - that is, specialties aimed not at society, but at documents (figures) and involving a minimum of public speaking. In these professions, the Artist begins to get bored, experiencing a lack of human attention, and also runs the risk of making serious mistakes due to his own dislike of working with “inanimate objects” and excessive absent-mindedness.

SOCIOLOGIST

The key need is communication.

The Sociologist's focus is relationships with other people and the level of friendliness in communication.

Behavior and appearance: sociable, positive, optimistic, communicating with people for the sake of communication itself, benevolent, always ready to compromise, flexible, chatty, dynamic, active, talkative, quickly switching to an informal style of communication, delicate and polite, but able to very quickly win over to himself with his unique charm. Likes to look and dress so as to please as many people as possible. That is why Sociologists love fur, lace, velvet, silk, accessories, jewelry and simply cute details of the toilet that attract, lure and dispose people to it.

Target- create and maintain a positive relationship with as many people as possible. For this purpose, the Sociologist is ready to sacrifice very, very much, since the friendship and loyalty of those around him are the most important thing in his life. The desire to maintain good relations with others and make more connections is both the impetus for the development of the Sociologist (he moves up through connections and acquaintances) and the cause of failure (being afraid to quarrel with the enemies of his business, he can ruin a promising project).

The sociologist is comfortable when he feels a positive attitude towards himself from others.

The sociologist is uncomfortable when he feels negative, ill will, hostility from others.

Frequently Used Words by the Sociologist: "We are with you together ...", "I am so glad of our communication!", "Let's come to a compromise," "We are our people," etc.

Friendship, communication, reciprocity, team, team, mutual assistance, many friends - these are the key values ​​of a person of the Sociologist personality type.

When the Sociologist is dissatisfied with something(and this happens extremely rarely, because Sociologists are optimists by nature), he asks for help, “presses on pity,” appeals to the friendly feelings and conscience of the culprit. In critical and conflict situations, the Sociologist can behave like a capricious child asking for help, and this role really often helps him to resolve problem situations.

The Sociologist's Strength: highly developed social intelligence - practically innate knowledge of whom and in what situations you need to contact, how and with whom to communicate, what approaches to apply to a variety of people to establish contact. Social intelligence, emotionality and intuition always help the Sociologist in difficult situations and help him achieve lofty goals.

Weakness of the Sociologist: an excessive desire to adjust to any person can play a cruel joke with him, leading to the loss of trust on the part of loved ones and the acquisition of an impartial reputation as a "slippery and unreliable person." In addition, devoting a lot of effort, time and attention to contacts with people, the Sociologist sometimes does not attach importance to the observance of rules, dogmas, moral principles and other foundations of human stability, which is why he loses the trust of people for whom these foundations are significant.

Famous sayings of the great Sociologists

Jesus Christ:

"Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth."

“And a man will cleave to his wife, and the two will become one flesh; so they are no longer two, but one flesh. "

"Love your enemies, bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you, and pray for those who offend you ..."

Philosopher Cicero:

"Without true friendship, life is nothing."

“There is nothing better and more pleasant in the world than friendship; excluding friendship from life is like depriving the world of sunshine. "

"We do not use water or fire as often as we do friendship."

"Love is the desire to achieve friendship of the one who attracts with his beauty."

Omar Khayyam:

“You have to be good with a friend and an enemy!

Who is good by nature, in that you will not find malice.

If you offend a friend, you will make an enemy,

If you hug your enemy, you will find a friend. "

The fabulist Aesop:

"Gratitude is a sign of the nobility of the soul."

Critic and publicist W. Hazlitt:

"We love friends for their flaws."

Humanist scientist E. Rotterdam:

"Language is the best mediator for establishing friendship and harmony."

Philosopher Confucius:

“For the people, philanthropy is more necessary than fire and water. I saw how they perished from fire and water, but I did not see that anyone perished from humanity. "

"To possess oneself enough to respect others as oneself, and to act with them as we wish to be treated with us - that is what can be called the doctrine of philanthropy."

Poet M. Virgil:

"Love conquers everything, and we will submit to its power."

Playwright B. Shaw:

"Love is too great a feeling to be just a personal, intimate affair of everyone!"

Examples of Personality Type Sociologist

Manilov (Gogol N.V. "Dead Souls")- positive, benevolent, mannered and courteous - to the point of self-deprecation. Uses diminutive words. Kisses everyone. Any dialogue with him is based on mutual compliments and helpfulness. The main thing for Manilov is the relationship with other people and winning friendship with them.

Olga Semyonovna (Chekhov A.P. "Darling"), with all her heart ready to establish the warmest and most positive relationships with a variety of people (in this case, mainly men), gentle, affectionate and courteous.

Vasily Terkin (A. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin"), who with his sociability, optimism and cheerful, "unsinkable" energy, he helped his comrades survive in the most severe moments of being at war, and even at the moment of his own death, he retained his vitality and optimism.

Heroes of the plays by Lope de Vega: cheerful and quick servants of their masters who find compromises, woo their masters, connecting them with their loved ones, help them get out of difficult situations thanks to social flexibility, sociability, benevolence and well-developed social intelligence.

In fiction, drama personality type A sociologist is most often a supporting character (a friend of the protagonist, a representative of society), striving to reach a compromise in everything, to reconcile the warring parties.

In classical drama (commedia dell'arte) personality type The sociologist is represented by the Harlequin mask: direct, sociable, simple-minded, lover of women, sincerely talking about his failures.

The extreme psychiatric form of manifestation of the personality type Sociologist: clinical euphoria, when the patient is inclined to the idea of ​​universal love and sectarianism, including religious.

Professions in which a person of the personality type Sociologist will be successful: those whose goal is to establish and maintain positive social bonds: teacher, therapist, kindergarten teacher, event organizer, psychologist, specialist in the field of work with personnel in organizations, salesperson, merchandiser, public relations specialist, middle manager ...

Professions not recommended: professions in legal documentation, accounting and computing. Sociologists are usually very superficial, do not like to delve into details, are often distracted from documents, which can lead to irreparable mistakes. The high emotionality of Sociologists prevents them from maintaining the composure and discipline that are necessary in professions related to workflow and computing.

PARTICIPANT

The key need is not to be rejected, but accepted by human society.

Two phases of the emotional state - manic and depressive - are characteristic a person of the Participant type. In the manic phase, the Participant suddenly takes off, sets himself the most unattainable goals and rushes to realize them at any cost. Following the manic, a depressive phase occurs when a person decides that no one needs it, and falls into a depressive, depressed state. In a depressed state, the Participant is indifferent to everything that is happening around, moping, looks painful, suffers and worries. It is interesting that, being in a depressed state, the Participant does not want to leave it at all, giving the impression of an emotional masochist: he tries to enjoy the feeling of loneliness, finding in it a philosophical and existential insight. Expressive works of art created by a talented Participant can result from such insight, if there is an appropriate level of giftedness.

Target – understand your degree of loneliness; depending on his mood - to make sure and prove to himself that he was either "left alone again, useless and not interesting to anyone", or still not forgotten and involved in the general process. This goal is the source of both success in life and failure of the Participant. The desire to escape from loneliness stimulates the Participant to make a successful career. In addition, in a depressed state of a person of the personality type, the Participant may sharpen his creative sensitivity, as a result of which he creates unique works of art (among the Participants there are many great artists, poets and musicians). On the other hand, a Participant's manic mood phase can lead to devastating effects.

Behavior and appearance: prevailing pessimism (periodically manifested in heavy irony), sudden mood swings from extreme sadness and depression to active inspiration and thirst for activity. The participant is often inconspicuous, inconspicuous, merging with the environment, not standing out in any way against the background of other people. Somewhat nervous, impetuous, at times harsh in movements and judgments. From the outside, the Participant seems to be a very sensitive, vulnerable and neurotic person. He is often a heavy smoker with a husky, quiet voice, cold hands, frequent coughs, a tendency to blues and regular colds. She dresses discreetly and inconspicuously, prefers dark colors. Often chooses black for clothes.

In the manic phase:

- The participant is happy when society did not reject him, but accepted him, involved him in its affairs and tasks;

- The participant is unhappy when society rejected him, ignoring and not paying attention to him, leaving him alone. Here as a reaction and a form of defense the depressive phase begins.

In the depressive phase, everything happens the other way around:

- The participant is happy when society rejects him. It was then that he, like a warm viscous swamp, plunges into his feeling of loneliness. In this state he suffers and creates;

- The participant is unhappy when society is trying to break his loneliness, accept and involve him in his social process. "Let me suffer!" - the real Participant is ready to exclaim then. That is why it can be extremely difficult to get a person out of a state of depression.

Frequently used words by the Participant: "You still won't understand me", "Everything is useless!" the state phase of the participant.

The most important thing for this type of person- determine the degree of your loneliness and experience deep, strong feelings. This tendency can be called "sensual alcoholism." Participants love to come up with reasons for themselves. for suffering. Hence - the emergence of overvalued ideas about the need to save humanity or raise the country's culture. Unrequited love and suffering from it for many years without confessions and attempts to somehow translate it into real life are typical manifestations of the Participant personality type.

When a Participant is dissatisfied with something, he falls into a depressive state. Manifestations - from complete bodily petrification to quiet tears.

Examples of Personality Type Participant. Personality type The participant lies at the heart of traditional ideas about the Russian character, in which the combination of unbridled gaiety and classical Russian melancholy leads the "Russian hero" to unexpected philosophical insights and existential discoveries. The tendency to longing and despondency is traditionally associated with the depth and unpredictability of character, which is usually attributed to the participant's personality type.

Famous sayings of great Participants

Poet J.G. Byron:

"Being alone often makes a person feel less alone."

"Drying one tear is more valor than shedding a sea of ​​blood."

"If Laura were Petrarch's wife, would he have been writing sonnets to her all his life?"

"If one called all things by their real names, Caesar himself would be ashamed of his glory."

"Of all the paths leading to a woman's heart, pity is the shortest."

Writer-philosopher P. Coelho:

“- I heal wounds! - said Time ...

- I'm pinning to the ground! - answered Prejudice ...

- I give wings! - objected Happiness ...

- And I hurt, lift up to heaven, and then throw it to the ground! - Love smiled slyly.

"The future is revealed to man for one and only reason: if the destined must be changed."

The writer J. Sand:

"The lonely one is only a shadow of a person, and whoever is not loved is alone everywhere and among all."

Public figure S. Shamfort:

“We are happier in solitude than in society. And is it not because, alone with ourselves, we think about inanimate objects, and among people - about people? "

Writer A.S. Green:

“Loneliness is the damn thing! This is what can destroy a person. "

Philosopher A. Camus:

"The artist's misfortune is that he lives not quite in a monastery, and not quite in the world, and he is tormented by the temptations of both life."

Sculptor, painter and poet Michelangelo:

"Art is jealous: it demands that a person surrender himself entirely to him."

The founder of scientific materialism K. Marx:

"To be sensual is to be suffering."

In classical literature, the type Participant is comprehensively presented in all the plays of A.P. Chekhov. "Uncle Vanya", "The Cherry Orchard", "Ivanov", "Three Sisters" from the first to the last page are filled with characteristic characters who can be called Participants. In these works, the suffering representatives of the Russian intelligentsia and aristocracy reveal this personality type to the reader from all sides: from depressive (when they fall into self-flagellation and reach suicide) to manic (when they are suddenly imbued with a completely utopian idea like “we will work hard, and then a new , happy life"). A.P. Chekhov very accurately and subtly reflects all the details of the character of the participant's personality type: doubts, depression, enthusiasm, insights and brilliant spiritual insights.

The work of F.M. Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment demonstrates to us the classic problem of the representative of the personality type Participant, who is Raskolnikov: he commits a crime in the manic phase, but in the subsequent depressive phase he faces a number of severe internal conflicts that develop into external conflicts.

In children's fairy tales an example of a classic participant is the Eeyore donkey (AA Milne “Winnie the Pooh and All, All, All”), whose hallmark was eternal whining and depressive complaints about life.

In classical drama personality type The participant is represented by the character Pierrot: an eternal "loser", sad, lonely and not understood by anyone, sad and always in love unrequitedly.

Tragedy - here is the theatrical genre, where the participant's personality type becomes the central character. Only such typical representatives of this personality type as Hamlet, King Lear, and other deeply tragic heroes of W. Shakespeare are able to reflect the tragic rethinking of life and the inevitability of a fatal, deadly end that is in the air of the era.

Extreme psychiatric manifestation of personality type Participant: manic-depressive psychosis, when both the manic and depressive phases are aggravated to a pathological level and threaten with socially dangerous actions (violence) or deep depression up to suicide.

Professions in which a person of the personality type Participant will be successful: artist, musician, composer, writer, poet, as well as a specialist in any intellectual and spiritual direction, associated with creativity and search.

Professions not recommended: those requiring leadership and organizational potential and high responsibility for the result are high-level managers, specialists whose work takes place in stressful conditions, situations of risk and the need to make quick decisions, as well as specialists who have a risk of receiving a charge of negativity from others - actors, salespeople. Being extremely sensitive and vulnerable, Participants often fail to cope with such professional tasks as management and conflict resolution. Participants find it difficult to take responsibility and take initiative. Due to frequent mood swings, it is difficult for them to follow through.

INTELLECTUAL

The key need is cognition.

Target – get to the bottom of the truth, find answers to interesting intellectual questions, solve an interesting problem. The difficulty of the task often does not frighten, but attracts and activates the Intellectual. In achieving his intellectual goals, he is always stubborn and, sometimes, apart from these tasks, he is not interested in anything and does not notice anything.

Behavior and appearance: quiet, laconic, often withdrawn, dwelling in his own thoughts. Movement is rather slow. Gestures are stingy or absent. Often shackled, enslaved, awkward. Likes to ask questions. Gives the impression of a person "out of this world." Dressed discreetly, but at the same time always stands out from the society with emphasized unsociability and closeness. The intellectual creates the feeling that he is opposing himself to society, as if hinting at what he knows and understands more than anyone else. By this, the Intellectual can cause a negative reaction of the interlocutors and, as a result, exacerbation of social conflicts.

Specificity of the Intellectual type: the strong side is thinking and problem solving, the weak side is everything related to communication and society.

Famous sayings of great Intellectuals

Poet, writer and translator B.L. Pasternak:

"But the fact of the matter is that for centuries a person was lifted above animals and carried upward not by a stick, but by music: the irresistibility of unarmed truth, the attractiveness of its example."

"Consciousness is a poison, a means of self-poisoning for a subject who uses it on himself."

Poet-philosopher R. M. Rilke:

"Any simple task can be made unsolvable if enough meetings are held on it."

Philosopher J. Bruno:

"The peculiarity of a living mind is that it only needs to see and hear a little so that it can then reflect for a long time and understand a lot."

"As a rule, those who lack understanding think they know more, and those who have no intelligence at all think they know everything."

Philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus:

"Everything flows, everything changes".

"Trusting unreasonable sensations is a property of coarse souls."

"Out of diversity comes perfect harmony."

"Much knowledge will not teach the mind."

Philosopher-mathematician Pythagoras:

"Explore everything, give the mind first place."

"Reason alone, as a wise trustee, should be entrusted with the whole life."

Writer N.V. Gogol:

"Reason is incomparably the highest ability, but it is acquired only by the victory over the passions."

"You have to be honest with words."

"Through suffering and grief, it is determined for us to obtain grains of wisdom that cannot be acquired in books."

"The higher the truths, the more you need to be more careful with them: otherwise they will suddenly turn to commonplaces, and they no longer believe commonplaces."

"No matter how silly the words of a fool, and sometimes they are enough to embarrass an intelligent person."

Philosopher Cicero:

"To live is to think."

Philosopher R. Descartes:

"I think, therefore I am."

Philosopher F. Bacon:

"Knowledge is power, power is knowledge."

Poet O. Khayyam:

“For many years I have pondered over earthly life.

There is no incomprehensible thing for me under the moon.

I know I don't know anything! -

This is the last truth I discovered. "

Philosopher D. Diderot:

“The knowledge of what things should be, characterizes an intelligent person; knowledge of what things really are characterizes an experienced person; the knowledge of how to change them for the better characterizes a man of genius. "

Intellectuals are more interested in information(iconic), rather than live communication with people. The Intellectual spends most of the time alone with books, a computer and other sources of specific information. Even communication with people The Intellectual is able to reduce to the receipt of specific factual, digital and detailed information about anything that is of intellectual interest to him. For the Intellectual, people are not an end in itself, but only a means of obtaining certain information. The intellectual is interested in deep specialized questions, often not related to specific pragmatic life goals.

The intellectual is content when he found an answer to a question of interest to him, solved a problem that tormented him, or found an interesting intractable problem.

The intellectual is unhappy when he is deprived of the opportunity to seek and find answers and solutions, or when life does not pose interesting problems to him.

Frequently Used Words by the Intellectual: "This is interesting!", "We need to think", "I analyzed and came to a conclusion," "Explain why?"

The most important thing for this type of person- seek and find answers and solutions.

When the Intellectual is dissatisfied with something, he is more often silent, stops communication (if any), leaves the game, tries to get away from the problem. Care options for the Intellectual: physiological care; sleep and mental care; solving new problems, searching for new solutions.

Examples of people of the type of personality Intellectual. People who devote their whole lives to intellectual research not for the sake of fame (as a personality type Artist) and not for the sake of communication (as a personality type Sociologist), but to get answers to their questions. Among the Intellectuals there are many scientists, writers, philosophers, spiritual thinkers, and developers of intellectual products.

In classical literature, the Intellectual type is less common than other types. This is due to the social passivity of the Intellectual and, as a consequence, insufficient artistic expressiveness of his character. Characters of this personality type are found among the heroes of deep philosophical works, the theme of which is the opposition of the depth of the human spirit to the superficiality and frivolity of social society. Among such writers are V. Nabokov (for example, "Luzhin's Defense"; chess player Luzhin is a strongly manifested type of Intellectual with pathological tendencies), F.M. Dostoevsky (The Brothers Karamazov, The Idiot), A.S. Griboyedov ("Woe from Wit", where Chatsky is a classical Intellectual, opposed to a superficially corrupt society; as a consequence of this opposition, Chatsky is recognized as a madman).

Extreme psychiatric form of manifestation of the type of personality Intellectual: schizophrenia, when a person, with complicated thinking and a tendency to inadequate deepening of intellectual questions, has serious problems in the field of communication with society, emotions and any interpersonal interactions.

Professions in which a person of the Intellectual personality type will be successful: researcher, scientist, analyst, specialist in the field of systems development.

PRAGMATIST

The key need is order (observance of order and rules in everything).

Target – define rules for yourself, follow them yourself, and make sure others follow them. Rules and order are paramount for the Pragmatist. He is uncomfortable living and working in unpredictability, instability, uncertainty. A pragmatist needs a system, structure, order and rules of work, then he is comfortable. The pragmatist is willing to check and double-check the information many times, delving into details, in order to find out whether it complies with the rules.

Behavior and appearance: does not stand out against the background of other people: he is dressed and behaves statistically. Always gives the impression of a normal, ordinary, adequate, realistic and down-to-earth person, standing firmly on his feet. Slow, constantly focused on something, observant in relation to details, he knows how to notice little things and draw global conclusions from them. I am happy to work with details and trifles, checking and rechecking.

Specificity of the Pragmatic type: a person who relies in his life not on abstract constructions (like the Intellectual), but on concrete material values. The main thing for him is stability and order in everything. The weak side of the Pragmatist is that, being successful in a stable and understandable environment, he is completely lost in non-standard situations that require a quick creative reaction. The pragmatist reacts very negatively to everything new, when quick actions are needed "not according to the rules", when everything needs to be decided not by prescribed contracts, but by personal contacts. The pragmatist has difficulty in the creative process when it comes to generating non-standard ideas. A pragmatist is a reliable custodian of an already created system, but not the creator of a new one. The strong point of Pragmatics is economic and practical reliability in maintaining the stability of systems and structures. The weak side of the Pragmatist is the fear of changes and new projects, which is why - the low level of his creative potential.

Typical activities of the Pragmatist: maintaining and strengthening the existing system based on established and prescribed rules. Working with details and a lot of small data: checking, verifying, performing check mathematical operations. Detailed provision of a material base for a different type of activity.

The pragmatist is content when he has learned the rules, established and maintained order, and made sure that everything is "going according to plan and in accordance with the standards", the tasks are clear and understandable.

The pragmatist is unhappy when the system collapses, innovations appear, previously established rules are not observed, the environment is unpredictable, the situation is unstable, the tasks are not clear.

Frequently Used Words by the Pragmatist: "Where do you have it written?", "Why does it not comply with the rules?" specifically?" etc.

The most important thing for this type of person- a system of observance of rules and order.

When the Pragmatist is dissatisfied with something, he calls everyone to order, demands fulfillment of obligations, begins to "dig" to documents and contractual agreements, threatens with administrative and legal measures, is prone to litigation, vindictive.

Examples of people of the Pragmatic personality type. Jurisprudence and accounting are the areas where pragmatists are the most, and it is this type of specialists who are the most successful lawyers and accountants. Pragmatists are people on whom "the material world rests": it is thanks to their meticulousness and exactingness in details that the world maintains stability. Business as a field of human activity mostly consists of people of this type.

Famous sayings of the great Pragmatists

Commander A. V. Suvorov:

“The vigilance of the boss is the best peace of mind for subordinates. His perspicacity wins over uncertainty. "

"Without virtue, there is no glory or honor."

"Be sincere with your friends, moderate in your needs and selfless in your actions."

"The war is over only when the last soldier is buried."

Playwright J.-B. Moliere:

"Grammar commands even kings."

"Prudence enlightens, but passion blinds."

"Virtue is powerless to fight slander."

"Virtue is the first sign of nobility, I attach much less importance to names than actions."

"A bad life leads to a bad death."

The philosopher Xun Tzu:

"Relying on laws and also understanding their provisions - this is the only way to achieve agreement."

Writer G. Fielding:

"Along with the state laws, there are also laws of conscience that make up for the omissions of the legislation."

Philosopher Cicero:

"Knowing the laws is not about remembering their words, but about comprehending their meaning."

US President T. Roosevelt:

“There is no person above or below the law; and we should not ask a person for permission to require him to obey the law. Obedience to the law is required by right, and not begged as mercy. "

Poet Ovid:

"The laws are given to cut the power of the strongest."

Writer S. Zweig:

“Only the complete truth is good. Half a truth is worth nothing. "

In classical literature, the Pragmatist type over time changes its location from a third-level character in the literature of the XIX century (merchants, house owners, owners of commercial establishments, like Famusov in "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov) to the protagonist of modern literary works, which is associated with the growing pragmatization and the commercialization of our society. The beginning of this trend can be traced back to A.P. Chekhov in the work "The Cherry Orchard", which vividly reflects the image of Lopakhin - an enriched clerk who allowed himself to buy the estate of his impoverished masters, because he had the appropriate funds. All modern literature and cinema quite vividly demonstrate a new commercialized value system, where material benefits and compliance with commercial agreements come to the fore, leaving love, friendship and honor far behind (the lyric-romantic values ​​of such personality types as the Artist, Sociologist and Participant).

Even the heroes of modern children's cartoons are mostly Pragmatists: Shrek, Uncle Scrooge from "Duck Tales", even the heroes of Russian folk tales in a modern interpretation ("Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin the Serpent") reveal very charming and not devoid of direct humor features of quick and everyday material pragmatism.

In drama Pragmatists are often used in tragedies - as a punishing finger (Claudius in Hamlet), in comedies - as amusing greedy hoarders who, trying to follow the rules, are deceived by clever crooks. A typical example is Ippolit Matveyevich Vorobyaninov in the work "Twelve Chairs" by I. Ilf and E. Petrov.

In the commedia dell'arte The Pragmatist personality type is represented by the Pantalone and Doctor masks, which depict law-abiding citizens seeking pleasure, but out of fear of breaking the rules and the awkwardness of eternally deceived by the dodgers Brighella and Harlequin.

An extreme psychiatric form of manifestation of the Pragmatist personality type: epileptoid syndrome, characterized by prolonged "getting stuck" in details and rules and the desire to expose those who "do not live by the rules" and "do not conform to traditions."

Professions in which a person of the Pragmatic personality type will be successful: lawyer, accountant, commodity expert, marketing analyst.

Professions not recommended: requiring a creative approach, associated with behavior in non-standard situations and implying a wide variety of contacts, without stability and adherence to the same rules.

CONTROLLER

The key need is control and power.

Target – protect yourself through control, have all the information, manage the situation always and under any circumstances. The controller is afraid of losing control of the situation, not getting information, or being defeated by someone. The controller always consciously or subconsciously not only opposes himself to the world around him, but also puts himself above all other people, believing that, due to some privilege, he has the right to access special - exclusive - information, control over all people and manage all processes. Influence and power are the objects of the Controller's ardent aspirations.

Behavior and appearance: Controllers in conversation often take on the mysterious appearance of conspirators, they can deliberately lower their voice, exchanging "secret information". The Controller prefers clothes and accessories that are a sign of power and status: expensive items of elite and status brands, jewelry that is distinguished by special luxury and wealth. Controllers wear jewelry and accessories not so much to adorn themselves as to protect themselves. Protection for the Controller is both a prestigious accessory ("I cannot be touched, I am rich and powerful"), and a specific talisman, a talisman made on the basis of occult knowledge. Controllers, like no other personality type, often wear talismans and charms around the neck, hands, wrists, or simply sewn into the lining of clothing. In relation to most people, they behave cool, prim, emphasizing their own elitism and maintaining a distance. Close and truly friendly communication is rare for Controllers: they usually maintain it with one or two people from their immediate circle, preferring the most useful for themselves and closed to the rest of society. Outwardly, they are cold, closed, secretive, at times they portray increased courtesy to their interlocutors (so as not to arouse suspicion).

Specificity of the type Controller: The Controller's strengths are the ability to achieve a set goal, patience, the ability to wait, excellent political ability, strategic thinking, the ability to develop successful strategic plans and anticipate results, the ability to convince people by influencing them (sometimes even suggestively), purposefulness. Weaknesses of the Controller: arrogance (which poses serious socio-psychological limitations), fixation on a certain idea without trying to look at it from other sides and rethink it, strong concentration on questions of one's own safety, reliability of information, one's own power and status. If strengths help the Controller achieve very high success in the development of his own career, then weaknesses, on the contrary, inhibit his achievement of success, sometimes leading to what the Controller fears most - loss of control over the situation and complete powerlessness.

Typical activities of the Controller: creation of a system and structure of power, inventing a new order and control of information for the purpose of their own safety and power over the situation.

The controller is happy when he has complete control over the information and the situation.

The controller is unhappy when he does not have complete information and the situation is out of control.

Frequently Used Words by the Controller A: Supervisors like to ask questions and do not like to answer them. Their phrases and expressions: "There is important information", "Why didn't you inform me?", "You need to be on the alert!", "Keep me informed!" Are you responsible for this? "," Why didn't you inform me in a timely manner? " etc.

When the Controller is dissatisfied with something, he is very offended by specific individuals and demands their punishment, up to and including serious reprisals. The controller has a tendency to always look for the culprit, even when he does not want to. The specificity of this type of personality lies in the fact that he is always convinced of the presence of some kind of "conspiracy", "intrigues of enemies" and "the presence of opposition."

Differences between the latent-aggressive personality and the passive-aggressive and other types Just as passivity and latent aggression are very different styles of behavior, passive-aggressive and latent-aggressive personalities are strikingly different from each other. Million