The time of which Meridian is accepted for the belt time. Explanatory time

Time accounts based on the division of the Earth's surface on 24 time zones: in all points within one belt at each moment. . Equally, in the adjacent belts it is different at exactly one hour. In the system of the belt time, 24 Meridian, which are 15 ° long distance from each other, adopted for the average meridians of time zones. The boundaries of the belts on the seas and oceans, as well as in the incomplete places, are carried out according to meridians, which are 7.5 ° to V. and Z. from average. In the rest of the land, the border for greater convenience was held at close to these meridians state and administrative borders, railways, rivers, mountain ranges, etc. (see map of time zones). According to the international agreement, a meridian with a longitude of 0 ° (Greenwich) was adopted for the initial. The corresponding time zone is considered zero; The time of this belt is called worldwide. The other belts in the direction of zero to the east are assigned the numbers from 1 to 23. The difference between P. in. In any time zone and worldwide time is equal to the belt number. Some time belts time received special names. For example, the time of zero belt is called Western European, the time of the 1st belt is the Middle Eastern, the time of the 2nd belt in foreign countries is called Eastern European time. On the territory of the USSR, there are time zones from the 2nd to the 12th inclusive. For the most rational use of natural light and energy savings in many countries in summer time The clock is transferred for one hour or more forward (since summer time). IN USSR dECORD TIME introduced in 1930; The clock arrows were moved apart ahead. As a result, all items within this belt began to use the time of the neighboring belt, located to V. from Him. The decoal time of the 2nd hour zone, in which Moscow is located, is called Moscow time. In a number of states, despite the convenience of the belt time, do not use the time of the appropriate time zone, and they use the capital throughout or local time, or the time close to the metropolitan. In the Astronomical Yearbook "Nautical Almanac" ("Sea Almanac") (United Kingdom) for 1941 and subsequent years, there are descriptions of the boundaries of time zones and the received time account for those places where P. in. Not used, as well as all the changes that occurred subsequently. Before the introduction of P. in. In most countries, civil time was distributed, different in all sorts of two points, the longitude of which are not the same. The inconvenience associated with such a system has become particularly acutely felt with the development of J.-D. Communication messages and means. At 19 in. In some countries began to introduce a single time for this country, most often civil time of the capital. However, this measure was unsuitable for states with a high length of the territory in longitude, because The accepted account of the time on distant outskirts would be significantly different from civilian. In some countries, one time was introduced only for use on railwaysah and telegraph. In Russia, the Pulkovo Observatory, called the Petersburg time, was civil time for this purpose. P. in. It was proposed by the Canadian engineer. Fleming in 1878. For the first time, it was introduced in the United States in 1883. In 1884, an international agreement on P. in Washington was adopted at the conference 26 of states in Washington, but the transition to this time account was delayed for many years. On the territory of the USSR P. in. introduced after the Great October Socialist Revolution, from July 1, 1919. Lit.: Kulikov. A., course of spherical astronomy, 2 ed., M., 1969.

Above mentioned that in everyday life You are uncomfortable to use local time. This caused the need to enter a simpler time counting system.

In the second half of the XIX century. European countries began to introduce a single time. The local time of the capital or the main Astronomical Observatory was taken as such time. In our country until 1919, every city lived in its averaged local time. On railways and on telegraph used single time - Petersburg. This introduction only partially facilitated the number of time.

The rapid development of social production, the expansion of economic relations both within countries and between them demanded further improvement of the time for the number of time to internationally. In 1884, the International Agreement was adopted new system Number of time zones. In our country, the transition to this system has been implemented from July 1, 1919. The essence of the rendering time is that the entire globe is divided into 24 time zones - from zero to the 23rd inclusive. Each belt takes up longness of 15 °. The average meridians of adjacent belts will be 15 ° from each other, which corresponds to 1 h.

The middle meridian of the zero time zone is Greenwich Meridian. It was agreed in each time zone to use the time for the whole belt time corresponding to the local average sunny time of the average meridian of this belt. Thus, the waist time 1 n is called local average sunny time Middle Meridian of this time zone. In the neighboring time zones, time is different for one hour, and the minutes and seconds in all the belts are the same as on the clock of the Greenwich Astronomical Observatory. This represents considerable amenities when transferring time.

The number of the time zone is equal to the longitude of its middle meridian, expressed in time, and shows how many hours the time of this belt goes ahead of Greenwich.

The boundaries of time zones pass through the distinctionary meridians only in the open seas, the oceans and in non-heated

locations. If strictly adhere to demarcation meridians, then in some areas and even in the cities would have to introduce two time. Therefore, the boundaries of the belts are carried out taking into account state and administrative borders with such a calculation so that the population of a separate country, the edges or region led a single number of time.

As a result, the boundaries of time zones can be defeated from the middle meridian belt not only on but by 10-11 °. However, this retreat is not as large so that the discrepancy between the belocious time with the local felt by the population in the discrepancy of the testimony of hours coming at the reasons, with an onset, for example, dawn or darkness. The boundaries of time zones are periodically revised. On the territory of the USSR, 11 hour zones from the 2nd to the 12th inclusive. Consequently, the maximum time difference in our country is 10 hours. If, for example, in Moscow 9 hours in the morning, then at the same time on Chukotka for 9 hours. The renovation system is adopted in almost all countries of the world.

We are accustomed to the flow of time, to the fact that there are residents on the planet different countries And the cities live in their own clock. Who invented this division when states agreed on this issue, and what interesting facts are related to the phenomenon of a planetary scale, what is the balanced time?

How did you think up time?

We will consider such a grand concept as time in its true sense, but we will touch only its "belt" part. Little general Information: It is universally assumed to be a clock for days for which the Earth makes turn around his axis. These are the so-called sunny day, the average duration of which is a little less than 24 hours.

The duration of the day does not change depending on the geographical zone. Only current time changes in different points of the planet. If before a person did not think about this fact, the development of transport routes, business and economic relations led to the fact that the difference in time began to deliver some inconveniences.

The initiator of the synchronization and allocation of different time zones was Canadian Sandford Fleming. Naturally, Sir Fleming was not a simple resident of the country. He was a talented engineer, whose creation was the Railway of Canada, and a passionate traveler. It is the confusion in time in the process of traveling, and then movements railway transportled to the fact that the rendition time was introduced. The starting point for the global time system was 1885 (in some sources - 1883) year.

Basic principles of the system

What is the principle of separation on time zones? The idea is quite simple: the division passes through meridians, which are denoted by numbers from 0 to 23. In each subsequent or previous time, it differs from the zero point for 1 hour. As an initial, time was taken to go through the British Greenwich city. After every 15 0, a new meridian runs and a time zone is shown. Thus, the reserved time is a generally accepted system of 24 meridians.

Entertaining facts

As expected, the introduction of such a global system was not without incidents and simply interesting facts. First we will tell about those who touched upon the reasons in Russia

• System proposed by Sir Fleming, in our country accepted in 1919 (only a year later than the United States).
• In 1930, the "maternity" time was introduced (+1 hour to the belt time), which existed until 1981. Its input was justified by energy savings.
• Entering clock belts led to the fact that the time for residents of different coast of Obi in Novosibirsk was different for an hour. The line of the section passes along the river, but today, however, the watch from Novosibirsk show the same time.
• During the existence of the USSR, the correction of time zones and time in them occurred about 40 times (the annual translation of the shooter for winter and summer time is not counting).

Global facts about time

• It takes 12 meridian. West of her time is shifted for a day forward relative to the east. The moment when all over the world exists the same day (date), it happens only at a moment when on the line of change of dates midnight, and on the Meridian 0 - noon.
• On the Pacific Islands Line time difference with some geographic dots It is 25 hours.
• The time difference between Greenwiech and Nepal is 5 hours of 45 minutes.
• The crossing of the border between Afghanistan and the PRC will force the arrows by 3.5 hours.
• The Englishman will say that if you turn the clock upside down, you can find out what time it is now in India. All thanks to the fact that India chose a difference in 5 ½ hours relative to the "zero" time.

That's it, the belt time.

According to the international agreement, the surface of the Earth was conventionally divided by meridians on 24 time zones - 15 ° each. Within the belt, it was agreed to consider the time according to the meridian, which passes in the middle. Time in the borders of one time zone called the belt time.
Each of the 24 time belts has its own number (number) from 0 to 23. Time zone between 7 ° 30 ZD and 7 ° 30 V.D., in the middle of which Greenwich Meridian passes, took for zero (he and the 24th) and the belts behave from it. The countdown is conducted from the west to the east of Greenwich Meridian, i.e. between 7 ° 30 V.D. and 22 ° 30 V.D. - The first belt, between 22 ° 30 "and 37 ° 30" - the second belt, between 37 ° 30 "and 52 ° 30" - the third belt, then follow the fourth, the fifth and so continues until 24 (zero) time zone. The time of each time zone differs from the time of neighboring belts for 1 hour.
For example, when in Stockholm, Berlin, Prague (1 belt) 1 h 30 min, then in Moscow, Minsk, Kiev (2 belt) 2 h 30 min, and in Arkhangelsk, Baku and Tbilisi (3 belt) 3 h 30 min.
There can see that the boundaries of the belts pass are not strictly in the meridian, but on the borders between the areas, sometimes they coincide with state borders or envelm large cities. This is done in order for the whole area with all settlements It was in one time zone - for the convenience of measuring time. For example, the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan is located in the third, fourth, fifth and sixth time zones. But since the eastern part of Kazakhstan, located in the sixth time zone, is very insignificant, it was combined with the fifth time zone. Thus, it is believed that the republic is located in three time zones (3, 4 and 5). *
a) Determine the longitude of the average meridian 3, 4, 5 and 6 time zones.
b) Name time zones in which Kazakhstan is located.
When the sun sits down in the West, the morning comes in the east next day. Therefore, naturally, the question arises: in which time zone new days begin? Conditionally began to assume that the day should begin at the twelfth time zone, on its average meridian. This is a 180 ° Midian. However, the meridian cross places the island. In such places on the map they conducted a line deviating from the meridian. This line from the North Pole to the South is called the line of change of date. From this line and consider the beginning of every day on the globe.
Maternity time. Announcement time in Kazakhstan has been translated one hour ahead. This translation was made by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of June 16, 1930. This time is called maternity.
Since 1981, the "summer" time has been introduced in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The main goal of both summer and maternityt time is a more complete use of daylight during the working day and saving electrical Energy. On the last Sunday of March, the clock arrow annually translates another hour ahead. In the fall, on the last Sunday of October, the summer time is canceled, and the clock arrow is translated apart.
1. What is the local time? Determine the local time of your edge,
cities.
2. What is the belly time?
3. In what time zones is Kazakhstan?
4. What is the decret and summer time introduced?
5. In what time zone is Astana? . Made longitude
middle Meridian of this belt.
6. Why new Year Meet in Moscow and Atyrau later than in Almaty?

Head seventh.

Explanatory time.

"While I say," flew apart. "

Ovidi. Love1. 11, 15.

... "and non-returnable run
Days, months and years. "

Zhukovsky. Luri.

Announcement time introduced in the Russian Soviet Republic of the Council of People's Commissars on February 8, 1919. Explanatory time is a new time account, monotonous with all the civilized world, the time account "on the international time zone system".

The essence of this reform is as follows.

The change of day and night comes from the fact that the Earth rotates from the West to the East and turns to the Sun one one, then another part. Thus, the sun is illuminated on the ground at first oriental places, and then Western, that is. In eastern places, the clock go ahead against Western places. Indeed, when Petrograd is noon, then in Moscow 12 hours 29 m. Of the day, in Saratov, 1 hour. 3 m. Of the day, in Omsk 2 h. 52 m. Of the day, in Irkutsk 4 h. 56 m. In the evening, and in Vladivostok is already 6 h. 46 m. \u200b\u200bEvenings. To the west of Petrograd, the clock will show less - in Warsaw will be 11 hours. 23 m. Of the day, in London (on to west) 9 h. 56 m. Morning, and in New York 5 h. 43 m.

In a word, we see that various cities located to the east and west relative to each other have a different local time. That neither the city that neither the village turns out to have its own local time.

With the development of public life in the country, with the development of railway network, with the advent of telegraph and the phone, the use of local, continuously changing time became more and more uncomfortable. Then various states began to introduce so-called national time for their countries, the same for the whole country. In 1848, England has introduced Greenwich Time, named so on the name of his main observatory in Greenwich, near London. In 1866, Roman time was introduced in Italy; Then in Germany - Berlin time, etc. Finally, Pulkovo (Petrogradskoe) time began to use in Russia on railways.

By the end of the 19th century, international relations had already achieved greater development, and the national time ceased to satisfy their appointment, since each state had its national time. Then the head of the railway movement in Canada Fleming in 1879 proposed to divide the entire land in terms of the number of hours per day by 24 belts equidally from each other meridians; Within each belt everywhere, take the same time, precisely - the time of the central meridian, passing in the middle of this belt (see FIG. 21). The time of any two adjacent belts will be varied between themselves exactly for 1 hour, since all the belts on Earth 24. For the initial (zero) belt, a belt was taken by the Central Meridian Meridian, passing through Greenwich.

The belts account goes continuously from 0 to 23 from Greenwich to the east, the first belt follows the first, etc. Thus, the 1st belt lies between 7 1/2 O and 22 1/2 on Eastern longitude from Greenwich, 2nd Belt - between 22 1/2 O and 37 1/2 O, 3rd belt - between 37 1/2 O and 52 1/2 O, 4th belt - between 52 1/2 O and 67 1/2 , 5th belt - between 67 1/2 O and 82 1/2 O, etc.

This new time considered on the time zone system is called universal or international time and is a great conquest of civilization after local and national time. In the states of Western Europe, international time was taken in 1888, with which Europe was divided into 3 belts.

In the zero belt there will be Greenwich or the so-called Western European time; It is accepted in England, Belgium, Holland and Spain. In the first belt introduced the so-called mid-European time; It goes one hour ahead against Greenwich time and accepted in Germany, Luxembourg, Austria-Hungary, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, Italy, Serbia and in Western Turkey. Then, in the second belt, a time has been introduced, running two hours ahead against Greenwich; It is called the Eastern European Time and is accepted in Bulgaria, Romania, East Turkey and in Egypt. Now, according to the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of February 8, 1919, the whole western part of our republic also includes the second belief.

Thus, such major centers such as Moscow, Petrograd, Kiev and Odessa fall into the second belt. In all these cities, the same time is set.

Now it is no longer necessary when moving, for example, from Petrograd to Moscow and back to translate every time the clock is 29 minutes ahead and back.

Now there is no Petrogradsky and Moscow time, but there is a common time for the entire western part of our republic the time of the 2nd belt of the international time account, or, in other words, Eastern European time. It is curious to note that this time will be varied only one minute ago from the former Petrogradsky time.

Our entire Soviet Russian Republic takes eleven belts from all 24 visits of the international time account.

The advantages of this international time account are enormous.

Indeed, at any time, all the hours on the globe show the same number of minutes and seconds, and the difference is only in a whole number of hours, depending on the belt number.

When registering time on railways and waterways, in telegraphs, telegraphs and stations of the radium telegraph, tremendous simplifications are obtained, while it was previously used to use rather complex computing to match the timetables of trains and steamers of several countries or the term of receiving telegrams.

When moving from one place to another, you have to move the watch arrow, that is. Rearrange hours only for an integer hours. This permutation of hours during movement is now done less often than it was before, when it was not a city, then his time.

Similarly simplifies the treatment of all kinds of scientific observations in the field of nature phenomena. Finally, for the needs of the fleet, the introduction of international time has importantEspecially due to the installation on the ships of the radio telegrap, through which all the time the connection is maintained and with the shore and with all the oncoming vessels.

Disagreements in the instructions of time may have disastrous consequences. Therefore, Flots of England and France and other countries have long moved to an international account of time, and in our Russian fleet, this account was adopted from May 1, 1918.

Decree on February 8, 1919, in addition, a continuous invoice of time from 0 to 24 hours is also introduced, starting from midnight, so 2 hours always means 2 o'clock in the morning, and 14 hours - 2 hours in the afternoon, 15 hours - 3 hours In the afternoon, 20 hours means at 8 o'clock in the evening, etc. This is the most disconnected by unnecessary increases "half-day", "midnight", "evenings", "day", "morning" and "night".

Thus, on the basis of all the foregoing, all friends of science and progress should welcome this cultural conquest of Soviet power, introducing our republic of workers and peasants to a common time account with all civilized countries.

In the types of fuel economy, since the last imperialist war in European states, and then in our Soviet republic began to translate the clockwise hour ahead for the summer, brighter, season, and an hour ago for the winter, darker, season. Thus introduced the so-called seasonal time.

In addition to saving fuel, it is seasonal time, smoothed inequality in the distribution of time time in factories and urban institutions and distributed working time during the day a year more evenly.

264. Taking advantage of the geographic map, earth globe or attached at the end of the book Table II, determine how much the clock should be shown in Greenwich Noon at the outline and local middle time, in cities: Petrograd, Moscow, Warsaw, Irkutsk, Kazan, Kiev, Omsk , Samara and Vladivostok?

265. Determine with the help of a geographic map, to which belt is your city; Determine how much should the clock have to show today in the Greenwich noon at the reasons, in terms of average time and in true sunny time?

Indication. The time equation is given in Table III, see at the end of the book.

266. With the help of the applied Table II (see at the end of the book), determine which belt is the following cities: Amsterdam, Athens, Berlin, Washington, Constantinople, St. Elena, Beijing, Tehran and Christians? Determine how many hours will show in these cities in Greenwich Noon at the outline and middle local time?