What is a calendar day in Greenwich Mean Time. Time in astrology
IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW FOR ALL ASTROLOGISTS!
Dear Denis Kutalev ...
Either I looked badly or not there - in your Encyclopedia.
About the time. So many bells and whistles over time, somewhere in the summer, somewhere not, until 17, and so on - where to find it? Correspondence of local astronomical time? (GMT?). What is considered by modern computer programs?
Igor Gainutdinov Very important question. And there are many different quirks and pitfalls that astrologers do not even suspect about. I even thought at one time to write a book about the problem of timing in the context of building a horoscope. I will mention a few nuances (not even just a few, but seven - as befits an astrologer%)) - in order of increasing scale. Account of time in the 20th century. Main problems:
- 1884 Serbia
1888 Japan
1893 Belgium, Netherlands, South Africa (except Natal)
1894 Bulgaria, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Romania, Turkey (railway)
1895 Australia, New Zealand, Natal (South Africa)
1899 Puerto Rico, Philippines
1900 Sweden, Egypt, Alaska
1901 Spain
1902 Mozambique, Rhodesia
1904 China coast, Korea, Manchuria, S. Borneo
1905 Chile
1906 India (except Calcutta)
1907 Mauritius
1908 Faroe Islands, Iceland
1911 France, Algeria, Tunisia, some French possessions, British West Indies
1912 Portugal and its possessions, the remaining French possessions, Samoa, Hawaii, Midway Island, Guam Island, O. Timore, Bismarck Archipelago, Jamaica, Bahamas
1913 British Honduras, Dahomey
1914 Albania, Brazil, Colombia
1916 Greece, Ireland, Poland, Turkey
1917 Iraq, Palestine
1918 Guatemala, Panama, Gambia, Gold Coast
1919 Latvia, Nigeria, RSFSR
1920 Argentina, Uruguay, Burma, Siam
1921 Finland, Estonia, Costa Rica
1922 Mexico
1924 Java
1925 Cuba
1928 Taiwan
1930 Bermuda
1931 Paraguay
1932 Barbados Island, Bolivia, Danish West Indies
1934 Nicaragua
by 1936 Labrador, Norfolk Island
by 1937 Cayman Island, Curazo Island, Ecuador, Newfoundland Island
by 1939 Fernando Po Island, Persia
1940 Holland
to 1940 Lord Howe Island
by 1948 Aden, Ascension Island, Bahrain, British Somalia, Kolkata, Danish Guiana, Kenya, Malaya, Oman, St. Helena Island, Uganda, Zanzibar
by 1953 Rarotonga, South Georgia
by 1954 Cook Islands by 1959 Maldives
by 1961 Tonga
by 1962 Saudi Arabia
by 1964 Niue Islands
1972 Liberia
A map of time zones is usually attached to world atlases. On it you can see that some countries do not want to live according to standard time. So, in Iraq and Iran, the time differs from the world by 3 and a half hours, in Afghanistan - by 4 and a half, and in India - by 5 and a half.
2. In addition, the USSR adopted the so-called. daylight saving time, increasing the difference with Greenwich by one more hour throughout the country. Daylight saving time operated on the territory of the USSR from midnight on June 21, 1930 until 2 a.m. on March 31, 1991, and then was reintroduced on the territory of the Russian Federation from 2 a.m. on January 19, 1992. Therefore, do not forget that, say, during the August putsch we had a difference with Greenwich at 3 o'clock, and not 4, as it should be, taking into account summer time.
Time changes on the territory of the USSR and the Russian Federation
|
Translation of the clock hands |
A comment |
Difference from GMT (for Moscow) |
|
| Date and time of changes | Amount of change | ||
| 07/01/1917 23:00 | + 1h00m | Russia, summer time input | -3h31m |
| 28.12.1917 00:00 | -1:00 | PCFCP, Summer Time Cancellation | -2:31 |
| 31.05.1918 22:00 | +2:00 | PSFSP, dual daylight saving time | -4:31 |
| 17.09.1918 00:00 | -1:00 | -3:31 | |
| 31.05.1919 23:00 | +1:00 | PСФСP, summer time input | -4:31 |
| 01.07.1919 02:00 | -0:31 | PСФСP, entry of time zones | -4:00 |
| 16.08.1919 00:00 | -1:00 | PСФСP, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 14.02.1921 23:00 | +1:00 | PСФСP, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 20.03.1921 23:00 | +1:00 | PSFSP, dual daylight saving time | -5:00 |
| 01.09.1921 00:00 | -1:00 | PСФСP, cancellation of double l.vr. | -4:00 |
| 01.10.1921 00:00 | -1:00 | PСФСP, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 01.10.1922 00:00 | -1:00 | PСФСP, cancellation of daylight saving time | -2:00 |
| 02.05.1924 00:00 | - | CCCP, time zone entry | -2:00 |
| 21.06.1930 00:00 | +1:00 | SSSP, input of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 01.03.1957 00:00 | - | СССP, changing time zones | -3:00 |
| 01.04.1981 00:00 | +1:00 | SSSP, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 01.10.1981 00:00 | -1:00 | SSSP, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 01.04.1982 00:00 | +1:00 | SSSP, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 01.10.1982 00:00 | -1:00 | SSSP, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 01.04.1983 00:00 | +1:00 | SSSP, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 01.10.1983 00:00 | -1:00 | SSSP, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 01.04.1984 00:00 | +1:00 | SSSP, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 30.09.1984 03:00 | -1:00 | SSSP, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 31.03.1985 02:00 | +1:00 | SSSP, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 29.09.1985 03:00 | -1:00 | SSSP, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 30.03.1986 02:00 | +1:00 | SSSP, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 28.09.1986 03:00 | -1:00 | SSSP, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 29.03.1987 02:00 | +1:00 | SSSP, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 27.09.1987 03:00 | -1:00 | SSSP, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 27.03.1988 02:00 | +1:00 | SSSP, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 25.09.1988 03:00 | -1:00 | SSSP, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 26.03.1989 02:00 | +1:00 | SSSP, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 24.09.1989 03:00 | -1:00 | SSSP, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 25.03.1990 02:00 | +1:00 | SSSP, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 30.09.1990 03:00 | -1:00 | SSSP, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 31.03.1991 02:00 | 0:00 | USSR, introduction of daylight saving time and cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 29.09.1991 03:00 | -1:00 | USSR, cancellation of daylight saving time | -2:00 |
| 19.01.1992 02:00 | +1:00 | PФ, input of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 29.03.1992 02:00 | +1:00 | RF, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 27.09.1992 03:00 | -1:00 | RF, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 28.03.1993 02:00 | +1:00 | RF, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 26.09.1993 03:00 | -1:00 | RF, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 27.03.1994 02:00 | +1:00 | RF, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 25.09.1994 03:00 | -1:00 | RF, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 26.03.1995 02:00 | +1:00 | RF, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 24.09.1995 03:00 | -1:00 | RF, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 31.03.1996 02:00 | +1:00 | RF, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 27.10.1996 03:00 | -1:00 | RF, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 30.03.1997 02:00 | +1:00 | RF, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 26.10.1997 03:00 | -1:00 | RF, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 29.03.1998 02:00 | +1:00 | RF, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 25.10.1998 03:00 | -1:00 | RF, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 28.03.1999 02:00 | +1:00 | RF, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 31.10.1999 03:00 | -1:00 | RF, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 26.03.2000 02:00 | +1:00 | RF, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 29.10.2000 03:00 | -1:00 | RF, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 25.03.2001 02:00 | +1:00 | RF, summer time input | -4:00 |
| 28.10.2001 03:00 | -1:00 | RF, cancellation of daylight saving time | -3:00 |
| 31.03.2002 02:00 | +1:00 | RF, summer time input | -4:00 |
* the boundaries of time zones were changed.
** time changes in 1917 - 1924 are given according to Petrograd time, later changes - according to Moscow time.
How to find out the Greenwich time of birth in another country? Well, the West has a fundamental reference book of longitudes, latitudes and arrow translations all over the world. It was composed by Tom Shanks. However, in some cases, and Shanks was powerless. For example, Indiana has 345 standard time changes. “Generally, the CST portions of Indiana followed daylight saving time, while the EST portions of the state did not. The exceptions are 1969 and 1970, when the entire state observed daylight saving time. "
There is a wonderful site on the Internet http://www.astro.ch/cgi-bin/atlw3/aq.cgi?lang=e - it contains the coordinate base of thousands of cities, and you can even enter the city of birth, date and LOCAL time, and their server will itself determine what amendments were then in this place and will give you a horoscope calculated taking into account all changes in time.
There is also a site "Local time around the world" - http://www.hilink.com.au/times/. But, to be honest, I don’t know if there are many errors there :)
4. Further, the question arises: how was the time counted before the introduction of time zones? And very simple - it was used average solar time , i.e. time of a particular meridian. Let's say that the same Moscow has a longitude of 37 degrees 35 minutes. We translate it into hours at the rate of 360 degrees = 24 hours, i.e. 15 degrees = 1 hour. We get 150 min with a small change, that is, Moscow time until 1919 was 2h30 min more than GT. Most often, for each geographical point, its own time was calculated based on its longitude, but in some cases entire countries / regions / volosts lived according to the time of their capital (especially when the country / parish is small).
Therefore, it is quite simple to calculate the horoscope for any date of the 19th century - no belts, no translations of arrows, you just need to know the longitude.
But as we progress through the centuries, we face new challenges. In particular, in the Middle Ages and in antiquity, the true solar time LAT (determined, say, by the sundial) was used, and not the mean solar time LST. The difference between LST and LAT (the so-called "equation of time") is zero four times a year (approximately April 14, June 14, September 1, and December 24 in the new style). Maximum in absolute value, this difference reaches approx. February 12 (+14 minutes) and approx. November 3 (-16 minutes). Between them are two smaller maximums (approx. 5 minutes). The values of the equation of time are given in astronomical calendars and yearbooks.
5.In different countries in different centuries hours in a day were counted differently ... And from midnight they were counted relatively rarely. The day was considered starting at the time of sunset, and at the time of sunrise, and at local noon ... So, in the Renaissance in Europe, "Italian time" dominated, with 24 equal hours counted from sunset. And there were also options with clocks of different sizes ... Old horoscopes of the 14th - 17th century commercials show us a complete variety. Hence - an important conclusion for all lovers of calculating horoscopes of celebrities of the past: if the encyclopedia says that a person was born on such and such a day, then it must be borne in mind that the real spread of possible moments of birth is from about 6 pm on the previous day (the so-called Jewish time calculation) before noon next day... That is, astrologers are looking for time in the range of 24 hours during rectification, but 6 + 24 + 12 = 42 hours are needed!
Specific example. The reference books write that the Lutheran theologian Camerion was born on April 12, 1500. And his surviving horoscope was built, according to modern time, at 22h15min 11.04. But he was actually born on the 12th, if the day is counted from the sunset. On the other hand, Catherine de Medici, according to encyclopedias, was born on April 13, 1519. However, in one of Cardano's treatises, Natal chart Catherine - "04/12/1519, 16-38 P.M." But 4:38 pm after noon on the 12th is 4 hours38 minutes after midnight on the 13th. That is, indeed, her date of birth has been correctly translated into the modern time system. Thus, when embarking on the rectification of people of the Middle Ages, Renaissance or the beginning of the New Age, one must be aware that birth could occur in an interval of about two days.
6th problem. Calendar style ... New / old style dates are a mess too. In big Soviet Encyclopedia it is argued that all dates are given according to the new style, while in fact, almost all dates of Western history, birth and death of prominent people of the past are given there WITHOUT TRANSLATION to a new style.
In Russia, the new style was introduced by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars on January 24, 1918, which ordered Thursday, February 14, after Wednesday, January 31, 1918.
Chronology of the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in some countries of the world.
| Country | the date last day Julian calendar | First day date Gregorian calendar |
| Italy | October 4, 1582 | October 15, 1582 |
| Spain | October 4, 1582 | October 15, 1582 |
| Portugal | October 4, 1582 | October 15, 1582 |
| Poland | October 4, 1582 | October 15, 1582 |
| France | December 9, 1582 | December 20, 1582 |
| Luxembourg | December 21, 1582 | January 1, 1583 |
| Holland | December 21, 1582 | January 1, 1583 |
| Bavaria | October 5, 1583 | October 16, 1583 |
| Austria | January 6, 1584 | January 17, 1584 |
| Switzerland | January 11, 1584 | January 22, 1584 |
| Hungary | October 21, 1587 | November 1, 1587 |
| Prussia | August 22, 1610 | September 2, 1610 |
| Germany (Protestant) | February 18, 1700 | March 1, 1700 |
| Norway | February 18, 1700 | March 1, 1700 |
| Denmark | February 18, 1700 | March 1, 1700 |
| Great Britain (and its colonies, including in North America) | September 2, 1752 | September 14, 1752 |
| Sweden | 17 February 1753 | March 1, 1753 |
| Finland | 17 February 1753 | March 1, 1753 |
| Japan | ---- | January 1, 1873 |
| China | ---- | November 20, 1911 |
| Bulgaria | March 31, 1916 | April 14, 1916 |
| Soviet Russia | January 31, 1918 | February 14, 1918 |
| Serbia | January 18, 1919 | 1 February 1919 |
| Romania | January 18, 1919 | 1 February 1919 |
| Greece | March 9, 1924 | March 23, 1924 |
| Turkey | December 18, 1925 | January 1, 1926 |
| Egypt | September 17, 1928 | October 1, 1928 |
As you can see, the biggest confusion is with Germany. Cities and principalities dominated by Catholicism adopted the new style in 1583-84, and the Protestants switched to it only in 1700! Therefore, when in the documents of the 17th century. a specific date is given (for example, the birth of J.S. Bach), then you can puzzle for a long time whether this document was written by a Catholic or a Protestant ... And do not forget that the difference between the two styles is not constant, but growing. More details about the difference between the styles - in the following table from the NAE article "Julian Calendar":
The discrepancy between the Julian and Gregorian calendars.
|
Century |
Periods in Julian calendar years |
Difference in days |
|
| from 1.03 | to 29.02 | ||
| I | 1 | 100 | -2 |
| II | 100 | 200 | -1 |
| III | 200 | 300 | 0 |
| IV | 300 | 400 | 1 |
| V | 400 | 500 | 1 |
| VI | 500 | 600 | 2 |
| Vii | 600 | 700 | 3 |
| VIII | 700 | 800 | 4 |
| IX | 800 | 900 | 4 |
| X | 900 | 1000 | 5 |
| XI | 1000 | 1100 | 6 |
| XII | 1100 | 1200 | 7 |
| XIII | 1200 | 1300 | 7 |
| XIV | 1300 | 1400 | 8 |
| Xv | 1400 | 1500 | 9 |
| Xvi | 1500 | 1600 | 10 |
| XVII | 1600 | 1700 | 10 |
| Xviii | 1700 | 1800 | 11 |
| XIX | 1800 | 1900 | 12 |
| XX | 1900 | 2000 | 13 |
| XXI | 2000 | 2100 | 13 |
| XXII | 2100 | 2200 | 14 |
7. But this is not the limit. Taking, it would seem, exact date from a historical document, an astrologer can miss not by a day, not by ten, but even by whole year! The fact is that the new year's start date was also "floating". As you know, in the past centuries in Russia New Year was celebrated both on September 1 and March 1, and in Europe - on April 1 (where April Fools' Day came from) and even with reference not to a specific date, but to church holiday Easter. In other words, until Easter came, it was believed that the previous year was still going on. In England, such a countdown of the year existed in the middle of the 17th century. Therefore, when you build a horoscope for a person born in that era in January-April, be skeptical, play it safe, check the date from other sources. Classic examples are in Lilly's Christian Astrology. The first part of the book was published in Russian, and there Lilly gives the horoscope - March 24, 1633, and from the position of the planets it is clear that 1634 is meant. The translator scolds Lilly about this - they say, he indicated the wrong year :) And in another place of the same book there is a horoscope for 23:45 in the afternoon, i.e. a quarter to noon the next day. The translator could not refrain from making a sympathetic statement: they say, "such a strange designation of time is obviously due to the fact that Lilly used the midday ephemeris" :)
I would like to add: yes, and computers were low-powered then :))
Such are the things.
UFF! The treatise turned out to be straightforward :)))
Best wishes,
Denis Kutalev.
Literature:
Kulikov S. Thread of Times: Small Encyclopedia of the Calendar with Notes on the Margins of Newspapers. - M .: Nauka, 1991.
Maslikov S. Astrology and computers. - Tomsk: Zodiac, 1998.
Directory "Coordinates settlements, time zones and changes in the calculation of time ". Compiled by I. Bariev and S. Likanov. - M .: CAI, 1992.
Until now, in Windows computer settings, the time zone is specified by the abbreviation GMT. This is what it is and how it relates to modern system coordinating UTC time? We will talk about this in our article. not everyone will be able to locate relative to Greenwich. But we will try to clarify this issue in popular language. First of all, you need to answer the question: "What is GMT?" How does this abbreviation stand for?
British snobbery
In the old days, the time was set at noon. When the sun was at its zenith, that is, it reached its maximum high point in the visible sky, it was believed that it was twelve o'clock in the afternoon. With the development of international trade, it became necessary to coordinate the time in unified system... The starting point of such a reference was He passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, near London.
Thus, the abbreviation GMT stands for Greenwich Mean Time. All territories to the west of Greenwich are lagging behind his time, and those to the east are ahead of him. There is another significant meridian on the surface of planet Earth. This Territory, located to the east of it, lives (in the literal sense of the word) yesterday. In 1972, the new abbreviation UTC replaced GMT. What time is this? The abbreviation stands for Coordinated Universal Time.
Time Zones
In Russian-language metrology, the abbreviation SGV is used instead of GMT. What is it? The letters are deciphered as "Average geographic time". But again, we can't get away from Greenwich. After all, the whole world is counting hours from the prime meridian. If you are punctual and accurately determine the time for each point on the globe, you need to know its distance from Greenwich to the west or east. And Coordinated Universal Time (in other words UTC) displays mostly noon in certain countries (or parts of them). If GMT is a time that does not know political boundaries, then time zones often extend to an entire state (if it does not stretch very much from west to east). Thus, UTC + 0 is the time not in and on the prime meridian, but in the whole of Great Britain and Ireland, as well as Iceland, Portugal, Morocco, etc. But the calculation of hours according to the TCB system is carried out according to the same principle as in GMT ...
Summer and winter time
In countries lying in high latitudes, the duration daylight hours varies greatly with the seasons. Therefore, northern countries often switch to daylight saving time. Residents of these states move the hands of the clock forward one hour. This takes place on the last Sunday in March. The UK is also on the list of countries that practice the summer countdown period. But true noon from April to October is then observed at 1 pm, because Greenwich Mean Time does not depend on the season.
Countries lying near the equator, where at any time of the year is approximately twelve o'clock, do not shift the hands seasonally. They constantly live according to winter (true) time. On this basis, the Russian Federation also decided not to move the hands one hour forward every year. By the way, another country located in high latitudes refused to switch to daylight saving time. This is Iceland. The island nation lives in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT + 0). Lying approximately on the same meridian, Great Britain and Ireland are in UTC + 0 in winter and in UTC + 1 in summer.
What are UTC and GMT for?
Time is a concept that loves precision. For coordinated actions, dispatching services located at distant points on the Earth need to know how many hours, minutes and seconds it is now. Also, broadcasters of different frequencies have a need for coordinated time. UTC is necessary to establish a certain standard for navigation and scientific purposes. Throughout the nineteenth century, sailors of the British Navy, plying the oceans, calculated the time in GMT. Moving west of Greenwich, they took away hours, and to the east - plus. According to this principle, it is now divided into time zones. For example, Vladivos exact time corresponds to GMT + 11, Georgian - GMT + 4, Hawaiian-Aleutian - GMT-10, Moscow - GMT + 4, Eastern Standard Time (it is used for New York and the territories of the United States and Canada adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean, as well as in Jamaica, in Panama, Haiti, Bahamas) - GMT-5.
Time standard represents measuring device, used for the reproduction, storage and transmission of units of time, approved as the source. The second is considered to be the international standard of time. Standards for measuring time should be based on periodic processes, the period of which is constant with great accuracy. Initially, the only known process of this kind was the rotation of the Earth around its axis, and the unit of time - a second - was defined as 1/86 400 of the period of this rotation, that is, a day.
In Russia, the main standard of time is located in the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Physical, Technical and Radio Engineering Measurements (VNIIFTRI) near Moscow, it is a complex complex, which includes generators giving a strictly defined frequency, hydrogen frequency keepers, keepers of time scales, instruments for measuring time intervals and other equipment. Some components of the standard are unique, for example, the radio-optical frequency bridge, which is used to measure the frequencies of laser radiation. Besides Russia, there are such bridges only in the USA, Canada, France and Great Britain. The Russian state standard of time is included in the group of the best world standards, its relative error does not exceed 5 x 10 -14, that is, 0.000000000000005 seconds, which allows accumulating an error of no more than 1 second in half a million years. All other watches in Russia and many neighboring countries are controlled by this standard thanks to the use of radio signals of precise time.
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)- the standard by which society regulates clocks and times. The abbreviation UTC has no specific meaning. When a language-independent acronym was required in 1970, the International Telecommunication Union found that the English CUT = Coordinated Universal Time or French TUC = Temps Universel Coordonné are not suitable for this role. Therefore, a neutral UTC option was proposed. UTC was introduced to replace the old Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The new UTC time scale was introduced because the GMT scale is an irregular scale and is related to the daily rotation of the Earth. UTC is based on the Uniform Atomic Time Scale (TAI) and is more convenient for civilian use.
Precise time service Is an organization that stores and provides information about the measured current time from high precision. Telephone services exact time provide information in voice mode, calling the current time at the time of the call. In radio communications, precision time services transmit information in the form of periodic precise time signals, usually hourly. Internet time services work by periodically synchronizing the client's system time with a time server using the NTP protocol.
ConceptTimezone has two main meanings:
- Geographic time zone- a conditional strip on the earth's surface with a width of exactly 15 ° (± 7.5 ° relative to the middle meridian). The Greenwich meridian is considered the middle meridian of the zero time zone.
- Administrative time zone(or, in accordance with Federal Law No. 107-FZ of June 3, 2011 "On the Calculation of Time", - time zone) - an area of the earth's surface, on which, in accordance with some law, a certain standard time is established.
In most cases, if you do not indicate which time zone value is implied, we are talking about the administrative time zone. The formation of administrative time zones (time zones) is associated with the desire, on the one hand, to take into account the rotation of the Earth around its axis, and on the other hand, to define territories (time zones) with approximately the same local time so that the time differences between them are multiples one hour. As a result, a decision was reached that there should be 24 administrative time zones and each of them should more or less coincide with a geographic time zone. The Greenwich meridian was taken as the starting point.
Greenwich meridian (prime meridian) Is the geographic meridian passing through the axis of the Greenwich Observatory's transit instrument. The Greenwich meridian serves as the reference point for geographic longitudes; is the middle meridian of time zone zero. Local mean solar time on the Greenwich meridian is widely used in astronomy (to synchronize universal time).
Greenwich Royal Observatory(eng. Royal Observatory, Greenwich, previously Royal Greenwich Observatory) Is the main astronomical organization in Great Britain, with government funding. Organized in 1675 by King Charles II to clarify vital coordinates for seafarers and was initially located on the outskirts of London Greenwich. Zone time calculated from the Greenwich meridian passing through the observatory. In 1953, most of the observatory was transferred to the late medieval Hurstmonceau Castle (70 km south-west of London).
Local time in Greenwich in this moment can be viewed under the link time100.ru/GMT
Map of time zones of the world(24 hour format) can be found under the link worldtimezone.com
The territory of Russia is administratively divided into 11 time zones (time zones). According to international numbering - from the 3rd to the 12th zone, with the same time within each time zone. At the same time, in longitude, the territory of Russia has a length of 171 ° 22 ′, or approximately 11.4 hours in accordance with geographic time zones.
According to Federal Law of July 21, 2014 N 248-FZ "On Amendments to the Federal Law" On the Calculation of Time "" Moscow time (MSK) is calculated in the national time scale Russian Federation UTC (SU) plus 3 hours.
The boundaries of time zones run along the borders of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, each subject of the Russian Federation is included in one belt, with the exception of Yakutia, which is included in 3 belts (MSK + 6, MSK + 7, MSK + 8), and Sakhalin region, which is included in 2 zones (Sakhalin and most of the Kuril Islands - MSK + 7 or 8th time zone, North Kuril urban district - MSK + 8)
Time zones of Russia and constituent entities of the Russian Federation
- 1st time zone(MSK-1): Kaliningrad region.
- 2nd hour zone. Moscow Time (MSK): Republic of Adygea, Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Republic of Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of Karelia, Republic of Komi, Republic of Crimea, Republic of Mari El, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, Republic of Tatarstan, Udmurt Republic, Chechen Republic, Chuvash Republic, Krasnodar region, Stavropol Territory, Arkhangelsk Region, Belgorod Region, Bryansk Region, Vladimir Region, Volgograd Region, Vologda Region, Voronezh Region, Ivanovo Region, Kaluga Region, Kirov Region, Kostroma Region, Kursk Region, Leningrad Region, Lipetsk Region, Moscow Region, Murmansk region, Nizhny Novgorod region, Novgorod region, Oryol region, Penza region, Pskov region, Rostov region, Ryazan region, Samara region, Saratov region, Smolensk region, Tambov region, Tver region, Tula region, Yaroslavl region, Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Sevastopol.
- 3rd time zone(MSK + 1): Udmurt Republic, Astrakhan Region, Samara Region, Ulyanovsk Region.
- 4th time zone(MSK + 2): Republic of Bashkortostan, Perm Territory, Kurgan Region, Orenburg Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Tyumen Region, Chelyabinsk Region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
- 5th hour zone(MSK + 3): Kemerovo Region, Novosibirsk Region, Omsk Region, Tomsk Region.
- 6th hour zone(MSK + 4): Republic of Altai, Republic of Tyva, Republic of Khakassia, Altai region, Krasnoyarsk region.
- 7th time zone(MSK + 5): Republic of Buryatia, Irkutsk region.
- 8th hour zone(MSK + 6): Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Aldansky (Aldan), Amginsky (Amga), Anabarsky (Saskylakh), Bulunsky ulus (Tiksi) without the Novosibirsk Islands, Verkhnevilyuisky (Verkhnevilyuysk), Vilyuisky (Vilyuisk), Gorny (Berdigestyakh), Zhigansky (Zhigansk), Kobyaysky (Sangar), Lensky (Lensk), Megino-Kangalassky (Nizhny Bestyakh), Mirninsky (Mirny), Namsky (Namtsy village), Neryungri (Neryungri town), Nyurbinsky (Nyurba town), Olenek national Evenk (Olenek village), Olekminsky (Olekminsk town), Suntarsky (Suntar village), Tattinsky (Ytyk- Kyyol), Tomponsky (village Khandyga), Ust-Aldansky (village Borogontsy), Ust-Maisky (village Ust-Maya), Khangalassky (town Pokrovsk), Churapchinsky (village Churapcha), Eveno-Bytantaysky national (village Batagai -Alyta), urban districts Yakutsk and Zhatay), Amur region.
- 9th hour zone(MSK + 7): Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Verkhoyansk, Oymyakonsky and Ust-Yansky uluses), Trans-Baikal Territory, Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory, Sakhalin Region (Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands, except for the North Kuril urban district), Jewish Autonomous region.
- 10th hour zone(MSK + 8): Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Abyisky, Allaikhovsky, Verkhnekolymsky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky and Srednekolymsky uluses), Magadan region.
- 11th time zone(MSK + 9): Sakhalin Region (North Kuril District), Kamchatka Territory and Chukotka Autonomous District.
Sources of information:
- federacia.ru - the standard of time;
- elementy.ru - article "In pursuit of accuracy: a single standard of time - frequency - length" (Anatoly Golubev, Doctor of Technical Sciences, journal "Science and Life" No. 12, 2009);
- ru.wikipedia.org - Coordinated Universal Time (UTC);
