The most interesting plants of the Altai Territory. Flowers and plants of the Altai Territory. A Flowers and plants of the Altai Territory. Completed by tutor Bulygina Yu.A. The flora of Altai

Altai's nature is unique. Amazing combination natural conditions created a unique look for its landscapes. Here you can find lush meadows dazzling with herbs, and steppes dried up by the heat, dull mountain tundra and luxurious coniferous forests.

However, the true miracle of Altai is the zone of high mountain belts. These are alpine and subalpine meadows, playing with all the colors of the rainbow, like magical flower beds created by the hand of a sorcerer.

This is also the border zone of the forest, where the mighty centuries-old cedars, like epic heroes, guard the secrets of the majestic rocks. These are wonderful springs, carrying their crystal streams from the eternal snows resting on the sky-high peaks of the mountains.

The main features of the vegetation cover of Altai are due to its geographic location, complex geological history, variety of climatic conditions.

The great length of the Altai territory both from north to south and from west to east predetermines the extraordinary diversity of its flora.

More than 2000 plant species grow on the territory of Altai. There are about 660 species of useful plants directly used by humans. Many types of plants can be both medicinal and food, and vitamin-rich, and poisonous at the same time.

Group medicinal plants - one of the largest. Widely used in mainstream medicine golden root, thick-leaved bergenia, officinalis valerian, Ural licorice, azure blue, peony, dandelion, highlander bird, safflower rape.

Food plants in the flora of the region are 149 species. Edible and widely consumed stalks of hogweed, angelica, Siberian skerda, ranks of Gmelin, sorrel leaves, rhubarb, bracken fern, flask, berry plants, wild onions... The stocks of raw materials of some food plants are quite large, but some need protection - rhubarb, flask, fern.

The flora of Altai is unique - more than 100 plant species are found only in Altai and nowhere else in the world. it endemic, which arose here in the process of evolutionary development, among which most of them are especially valuable medicinal plants, for example, a red brush.

The flora of the Altai Territory includes 32 relict species... it Siberian linden, European hoof, sweet bedstraw, giant fescue, Siberian brunner, floating salvinia, water walnut other.

The Red Book of Russia (1988) includes ten plant species growing in the Altai Territory: Siberian kandyk, Ludwig's iris, Zalessky feather grass, pubescent feather grass, feather grass, Altai onion, steppe peony, Altai gymnosperm, Altai stellofopsis.

Altai is rightfully considered one of the most environmentally friendly places not only in Russia, but also in the world. There are eight sites on the list of UNESCO World Natural Heritage Sites on the territory of Russia. Five of them are located on the territory of Altai. These are the Katun State Natural Biosphere Reserve, Belukha, Altai State Natural Reserve, Lake Teletskoye and the Ukok Quiet Zone.

Research carried out at the initiative of WWF (World Wildlife Fund) within the framework of the Living Planet program has shown that there are about two hundred regions on planet Earth, in which 95% of all species of living organisms are concentrated. They got the name uh coregions (ecological regions).

By preserving these regions, humanity will be able to preserve more than 95% of the planet's existing biological diversity. Altai is included in the list of 200 unique ecoregions of the world (Global 200). The protection of this truly unique corner of nature is an important matter for both the Altai population and all mankind.

Harvesting of medicinal herbs

Medicinal plants- our "green gold", and they must be treated wisely. With a rational approach to the collection of medicinal plants, their stocks will be renewed. Today, the stocks of many medicinal herbs and plants are rapidly declining, some of them are about to disappear altogether.

There are certain rules for the collection of medicinal plants, which must be adhered to as professional assemblers and those who collect herbs for their own needs.

Ancient herbalists indicated the exact date of collection of a particular plant, when the plant has the greatest healing properties. Often this date was associated with church holidays - "in St. Peter's post on the dew ...", "to collect on the eve of Ivan Kupala", etc.

If there are few plants in the places of planned harvesting, it is necessary to find other places of mass growth. Annuals can be collected in the same place every two years. Re-harvesting of perennial plants in one area is recommended after 7-10 years, depending on the characteristics of growth. At least 50% of individuals should be left in the collection area to ensure stock recovery.

Medicinal plants change their composition according to the seasons, days of the month, and even hours of the day. The sun and the moon affect the biochemical composition of plants. Often in old recipes it is written that this or that plant must be harvested on a full moon or "when the month is at a loss," or even "on a moonless night." According to astrological attitudes, during the waxing moon, juices and energy are directed to the sky, filling the terrestrial part of the vegetation, during the waning moon, they fill the earth and underground organs of plants. The full moon is the most unfavorable period for gathering.

In folk medicine, the belief about the especially healing properties of herbs collected on July 7, on the day of Ivan Kupala, is firmly established, and herbs collected at dawn have the maximum effect. Some of the Russian herbalists were engaged in collecting herbs, attracting assistants, only on the specified day.

These guidelines need to be heeded.

In order to preserve as many nutrients as possible in plants, certain conditions must be observed when collecting and drying plants, which can be found in special literature.

Every year interest in medicinal plants increases, they are harvested more and more, the number of adherents of herbal treatment is steadily increasing. In this regard, some endangered medicinal plants have already entered the Red Book. We need to help nature maintain balance. To do this, you need to skillfully, carefully handle its riches, in particular, with medicinal herbs.

Below are the most common herbs, plants, berries and mushrooms of Altai, which are used for food and medicinal purposes. This is a description of a small part of all plants suitable for food and treatment. The site format does not allow to include all medicinal herbs, plants, berries and mushrooms growing in Altai. But acquaintance with only a small part of them will give the reader an idea of ​​the variety of their medicinal and nutritional qualities.

Medicinal herbs

Big-leaved badan – Bergenia crassifolia L.

Saxifrage family- Saxifragaceae Juss

Popular name: Mongolian, or Chagir tea.

Badan thick-leaved is a perennial herb of the saxifrage family.

It grows in Altai - on the slopes of the mountains, more often in the north, on stony soils, boulders, rocks, as well as in dark coniferous (cedar, fir) and deciduous forests. Due to the branching of the rhizome, it forms dense dense thickets.

In medicine, extract of leaves and rhizomes is used, it has astringent, anti-inflammatory, diuretic and disinfecting properties... It is also used to treat colitis, enterocolitis, stomatitis, gingivitis, and cervical erosion.

In folk medicine, infusions and decoctions of badan rhizomes are recommended as astringent, hemostatic, disinfectant and anti-febrile agent, for diseases of the oral cavity, nose, for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, female diseases, headache, fever, for wound healing, with pneumonia.

Badan leaves are widely used for diarrhea, fever. Tea from old leaves of the plant is used for diseases of the urinary tract, goiter, toothache. After soaking, rhizomes are eaten. Powder from the dry roots of bergenia is sprinkled on wounds and ulcers to speed up their healing.

Contraindications: hypotension, tachycardia, hemorrhoids, thrombophlebitis, bowel disease with a tendency to constipation.

Galega officinalis - Galega officinalis L.

Legume family- Fabaceae

Popular name: medicinal goat's rue.

Medicinal galega - The galega is found in wet places in meadows, along river banks, along gullies, forest edges.

The aerial part of the plant in the form of decoctions and infusions is used for diabetes mellitus.

Leaves and flowers are included in antidiabetic fees. They have been used for a long time in folk medicine as diuretic, diaphoretic, lactogenic, anthelmintic agent.

Internal use of galega officinalis requires great care, since the plant poisonous.

Elecampane high - Inula helenium L.

Compositae family- Compositae

Elecampane tall refers to the ancient medicinal plants, which were widely used in their time by the doctors of the era of Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Pliny. This plant was used in the practice of Avicenna. Pliny wrote that elecampane grew out of the tears of Elena, the daughter of Zeus and Leda, whose abduction by Paris, according to legend, was the pretext for the Trojan War.

Decoction elecampane apply

Infusion of elecampane used for:
with pneumonia,
bronchitis,
tracheitis,
colds
with high blood pressure,
hemorrhoids
as a blood purifier for various skin diseases.

Ointment elecampane is used for eczema and itching of the skin.

Juice- for coughs and bronchial asthma.

Tincture- with malaria.

Essence from fresh roots and rhizomes is used in homeopathy. In Bulgarian folk medicine, tincture - for palpitations, headaches, epilepsy, whooping cough.

Rhizomes and roots of elecampane are a part of expectorant, gastric, diuretic charges.

Contraindications and possible side effects: elecampane is not recommended for use in severe diseases of the cardiovascular system, kidneys, during pregnancy. It should be remembered that high elecampane preparations can only be used as directed by a doctor. In case of an overdose, symptoms of poisoning may appear.

Oregano - Origanum vulgare L.

Family of labiates- Lamiacea
Popular name: dushmyanka, motherboard.

Perennial herb. Oregano is widespread in Altai. It usually grows in groups of several plants on sandy and loamy dry and fresh soils in coniferous and mixed forests, on their edges, clearings and clearings, on dry and floodplain meadows.

The medicinal properties of the plant are mentioned in the works of Dioscorides, Aristotle, Aristophanes. According to Avicenna, oregano was used in ancient times for joint diseases, liver and stomach treatment. It was recommended to chew the herb for toothache and to remove stones from the teeth.

Oregano is part of the sedative collection for the treatment of neuroses, breast and diaphoretic fees, it is prescribed for intestinal atony.

In obstetric and gynecological practice, the infusion is for amenorrhea, baths - for gynecological diseases.

In homeopathy, the essence is for hysteria, erotomania, nymphomania.

In folk medicine infusion of oregano used for:

outwardly- with skin rashes, furunculosis, abscesses, headache.

In folk medicine, it is part of balms and ointments - for neuralgia, rheumatism, paralysis, paresis, toothache and ear pain.

Contraindications to the use of oregano preparations are serious diseases of the cardiovascular system, pregnancy.

St. John's wort – Hepericum perforatum L.

Hypericum family- Hypericaceae

Perennial herb.

Distributed almost over the entire territory of Altai.

Grows on fresh sandy loam and sous clay soils in pine and mixed forests, in clearings, clearings, on fallow lands, on roads.

Rarely forms large thickets (usually on fallow lands), more often it grows in narrow stripes along the edges of the forest.

In the old days, St. John's wort was considered a magical plant. V countryside When filling mattresses for children, the Bogorodsk herb (thyme) was necessarily added to the straw so that the child had sweet dreams, and St. John's wort, so that the smell of this plant would protect the child from fear in his sleep.

And adult boys and girls were guessing on the stalks of St. John's wort. They twist it in their hands and see what kind of juice appears: if it is red, it means that it loves, if it is colorless, it doesn’t. The old people believed that St. John's wort drives away evil spirits, diseases and protects a person from the attack of wild animals. The Germans called it the palace, because they believed that St. John's wort drives out devils and brownies.

St. John's wort was considered a medicinal plant in ancient Greece and Rome. Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Pliny the Elder, Avicenna wrote about him. People call it a herb for 99 diseases, and there was practically no collection that did not include St. John's wort as the main or auxiliary medicine.

The herb St. John's wort (Herba Hyperici) is used as a medicinal raw material, that is, the tops of the stems with flowers, leaves, buds and partially unripe fruits. St. John's wort is harvested in the flowering phase of the plant, before the appearance of unripe fruits.

In folk medicine use a decoction of St. John's wort at:

• stomach ulcer
• increased acidity of gastric juice,
• gout,
• sciatica,
• rheumatism,
• scrofula,
• hemorrhoids
• with nocturnal enuresis in children,
• diarrhea,
• nervous diseases,
• with diseases of the oral cavity.

In folk medicine St. John's wort juice I'm at:

• bronchial asthma,
• colds,
• hypotension,
• scurvy,
• inject,
• stomatitis,
• gingivitis
• gallstone disease,
• kidney disease
• cystitis,
• urinary incontinence in children,
• gastritis,
• bloody diarrhea,
• liver diseases,
• jaundice
• nervous diseases,
• headache,
• anemia,
• uterine bleeding
• hemorrhoids
• cough
• with decreased appetite,
• rheumatism.

Essential oil- for the treatment of burns, leg ulcers, stomach and duodenal ulcers. St. John's wort oil (externally) - as a wound healing agent, internally - on the recommendation of a doctor for gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer.

Hypericum seeds have a strong laxative effect and have antibacterial activity.

Contraindications: St. John's wort herb can cause discomfort in the liver and a feeling of bitterness in the mouth, constipation, decreased appetite. Since St. John's wort increases blood pressure, it is advisable to prescribe it to persons suffering from hypertension only as part of the collection.

“Just as bread cannot be baked without flour, so many diseases of people and animals cannot be cured without hypericum,” people say.

Ivan – narrow-leaved tea – Chamaenerion angustifolium L.

Family of fireweed- Onagraceae
Popular name: fireweed, Kapor tea.

Perennial herb.

Distributed almost over the entire territory of Altai. It grows on fresh sandy loam and loamy soils in clearings, clearings in coniferous and mixed forests, near ditches, on drained peat bogs, along railway embankments.

Ivan tea is also called Kaporsky tea after the name of the village of Kapory in the Leningrad region, where it was first used in Russia instead of Chinese tea.

For medicinal purposes, use the herb, leaves, flowers of the plant, which are harvested during flowering.

In folk medicine ivan-tea is used at:

decoction (in the form of rinsing)

Decoction and infusion of ivan tea

• anti-inflammatory,
• astringent,
• emollient,
• diaphoretic,
• sedative,
• anticonvulsant,
• with gastrointestinal diseases,
• gastritis,
• colitis,
• ulcers of the stomach and intestines,
• metabolic disorders,
• anemia,
• headache,
• scrofula,
• insomnia
• scurvy,
• gonorrhea,
• syphilis,
• as a cardiac stimulating agent.

Outwardly- for washing wounds, ulcers; poultices- as an analgesic for otitis media, bruises, arthralgia; powder- for the treatment of infected wounds.

Side effects: With prolonged use of fireweed tea, gastrointestinal disturbances may occur.

Tea penny, red root - Hedysarum thenium L.

Legume family- Fabaceae

The kopeck pot is a perennial herb with a thick, long, woody, powerful root (up to 5 m). The kopeck pot is found in subalpine meadows, river banks, streams, in the subalpine zone.

The penny is used as:

Leuzea safflower (maral root) - Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.)

Compositae family- Compositae

Leuzea is a perennial plant. It is usually found in alpine and subalpine tall-grass meadows, sometimes enters the alpine tundra, and is common in the Altai mountains.

Leuzea liquid extract is used for:

In folk medicine, rhizomes, roots (sometimes grass) are used in the form of infusions, decoctions, tinctures on vodka as a stimulant in case of loss of strength, insomnia, fatigue, after severe illnesses, impotence, excessive irritability.

Contraindications: pregnancy, age up to 15 years. Long-term use of Leuzea drugs can cause a persistent increase in blood pressure, a slowdown in the rhythm and an increase in the amplitude of heart contractions,

Big burdock-Arctium lappa L.

Aster family- Asteracea

Large biennial herb. Distributed almost over the entire territory of Altai.

In medicine, burdock is used in the form of infusions.

Infusion of burdock is drunk with:

Family of rosaceae

Perennial herbaceous creeping plant of the Rosaceae family.

In the Middle Ages, alchemists used the dew gathering on the leaves of the cuff as “heavenly dew”, with the help of it they tried to look for the “philosopher's stone” - hence the origin of the Latin name of the plant “alchemilla”. V Western Europe in the Middle Ages, the cuff was known as a magical herb.

For a long time it was believed that if you wash your face in the morning with dew collected from the leaves of the cuff, then your former beauty returns to the person. Until now, in some countries, and especially in Switzerland, women wipe their face with dew-covered leaves to remove freckles and remove acne.

Distributed throughout Altai, grows in forests, on wet soils, on dry and wet meadows, river banks, near houses.

For medicinal purposes, the stem, leaves, flowers and rhizome of the common cuff are used. The leaves are harvested from spring to July and air dried in the shade. It is necessary to collect them when the morning dew or drops of water, actively secreted by the plant on wet nights, dry up.

Used in traditional medicine infusion of the cuff (inside) at:

• kidney disease
• Bladder,
• colitis with diarrhea,
• gastritis,
• peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum,
• bronchitis,
• colds
• atherosclerosis;

• ulcers
• wounds,
• inflammation of the eyes,
• nosebleeds,
• to kill blackheads,
• furunculosis;

as poultice- with dislocations.

Juice, infusion externally (in the form of lotions)- for tumors, wounds, eye diseases; in the form of douching - with leucorrhoea, bleeding; in the form of compresses - with dislocations.

Lungwort - Pulmonaria officinalis L.

Borage family- Boraginaceae
Popular name: water springs, spotted grass, pulmonary root.

It is widespread in Altai, grows in thickets, among bushes, in deciduous forests.

In folk medicine use lungwort:

• to replenish iodine deficiency in the body,
• with diseases of the upper respiratory tract,
• pneumonia
• pulmonary tuberculosis,
• bronchial asthma,
• as a means of regulating the activity of the endocrine glands,
• improves hematopoiesis,
• as a pain reliever and diuretic.

Juice, infusion externally - for tumors, wounds, eye diseases; in the form of douching - with leucorrhoea, bleeding; in the form of compresses - for dislocations.

Lungwort greens can be used for spring vitamin salads and soups.

Contraindications: individual intolerance to iodine preparations.

Common bracken-Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.

Family of millipedes- Polypodiaceae

Large fern with split leaves. Distributed on the globe almost everywhere.

Young shoots and leaves of bracken are edible. In the spring, young leaves are harvested, when the leaf blade has not yet unfolded, they are immediately processed and salted.

Salads, spices and independent dishes are prepared from them.

In folk medicine, a decoction of bracken roots was taken as anthelmintic, laxative, diuretic, antipyretic and pain reliever.

Outwardly, rhizomes were used for skin diseases.

Orthilia one-sided – Orthilia secunda L.

Grushankov family- Pyrolaceae
Popular name: upland uterus, ramishia one-sided, upland grass, borovinka, wine grass, wine, pear, hare salt, zymosol, forest pear.

It is found in Altai mainly in the middle and southern taiga and in the subtaiga, as well as in deciduous and mixed forests, sometimes in forest meadows with shrubs and woodlands. It is found mainly in areas with a humid climate.

Orthilia one-sided is widely used in medicine to treat:

• gynecological diseases of an inflammatory nature,
• fibroids of the uterus,
• infertility
• uterine bleeding
• toxicosis,
• menstrual irregularities,
• adhesive processes,
• obstruction and inflammation of the tubes,
• as a disinfectant for inflammatory processes in the kidneys and bladder,
• with cystitis,
• pyelonephritis,
• with inflammation of the prostate gland,
• hemorrhoids
• urinary incontinence in adults and children,
• acute ear inflammation (purulent).

Contraindications: individual intolerance, pregnancy.

Common tansy – Tanacetum vulgare L.

Compositae family- Compositae
Popular name: immortal grass, wild mountain ash, nine, nine.

Perennial herb with a strong camphor odor. Distributed throughout the Altai. It grows on dry and fresh sandy loam, loamy and clayey soils in light, mixed, deciduous forests, along forest edges, glades, along road shoulders. Plant venomously, especially inflorescences!

Tansy preparations have choleretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antihelminthic, astringent and anti-febrile action.

They contraindicated pregnant women and young children.

Tansy is prescribed for diseases:

• liver and gallbladder,
• with inflammatory processes in the small and large intestine,
• bladder,
• and also for malaria.

Its infusion has an antiseptic and diaphoretic effect, improves digestion and appetite.

In folk medicine infusion of tansy is used for:

Powder(with honey or sugar syrup) - with ascariasis, enterobiasis.

Tansy juice is used for:

• intoxications caused by pulmonary tuberculosis,
• fever
• peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum,
• gout,
• rheumatism,
• nervous diseases,
• epilepsy,
• migraine,
• headache,
• aching joints
• low acidity,
• infectious and acute respiratory diseases,
• inflammation of the small and large intestines, bladder, kidneys;
• with urolithiasis,
• violation of the menstrual cycle and heavy menstruation;
• has a hypnotic effect;

externally (in the form of baths and compresses):

• for the treatment of sluggish wounds and ulcers,
• with scabies,
• gout,
• inflammation of the joints;

in the form of microclysters- for expelling roundworms and pinworms.

In France, tansy flowers are used as an antihelminthic, antifebrile, antiseptic, gastrointestinal agent.

Contraindications and side effects: treatment of common tansy must be carried out under the supervision of a doctor, since the plant is poisonous. Pregnant women and young children should not be prescribed tansy preparations. In case of an overdose, indigestion, vomiting occurs, and with a large dose, convulsions.

Perennial herb. A rare endangered species included in the Red Book. It grows in sparse coniferous and deciduous forests, in tall-grass and taiga meadows, on the edges and forest glades, in birch copses. In the mountains, it is most abundant in light forests at the upper limit of woody vegetation. The plant is very poisonous!

The name of the genus Paeonia is found in Theophrastus and comes from the Greek word paionis healing, healing, healing. Greek legend connects this flower with the name of the doctor Paeon, who healed the god of the underworld Pluto from the wounds inflicted on him by Hercules. Paeon's teacher Aesculap, envying his student, decided to poison him. But the gods saved Paeon by turning him into a flower.

According to another legend, the plant got its name from the Thracian area of ​​Paeonia, where it grew in large numbers.

Peony in Ancient Greece and in the Middle Ages in Europe was attributed to miraculous medicinal plants that help with suffocation, gout. Peony roots have long been used (1st century AD) in China and are part of anti-cancer funds.

In traditional medicine, a tincture of a mixture of roots and herbs is used as sedative for insomnia, vegetative-vascular disorders. Under the action of the drug, sleep improves, headaches caused by stress and overwork decrease, and efficiency increases.

In folk medicine, especially in the Tibetan and the local population of Siberia, the evading peony is used more widely. Peony seeds and alcohol tincture of rhizomes are used with impotence due to diabetes.

Aqueous infusion and alcoholic tincture are used for:

• urolithiasis,
• liver diseases,
• pulmonary tuberculosis,
• whooping cough
• bronchitis.

Perennial herb.

Plantain is distinguished by its extraordinary fertility and per season produces several tens of thousands of seeds, which in autumn bad weather adhere together with mud to the footwear of pedestrians, the hooves of horses and cows, the wheels of cars and quickly seize new spaces. Thus, our weed swam across the ocean, and the Indians began to call it "the white man's footprint."

Large plantain grows throughout Siberia, does not form large thickets. It grows like a weed along roads, near dwellings, in flooded meadows, vegetable gardens, in orchards.

Infusion from the leaves of the large plantain renders expectorant action and is used as an adjuvant for bronchitis, whooping cough, bronchial asthma, tuberculosis.

Juice from fresh plantain leaves is effective for:

• chronic gastritis,
• peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum with normal or low acidity of gastric juice.

Patients note, when treated with juice from plantain leaves, a decrease or disappearance of pain and dyspeptic symptoms, an improvement in appetite. By the end of the course of treatment, muscle tension and soreness of the abdominal wall during palpation, spastic phenomena in the large intestine disappear, and the acidity of gastric juice increases.

The presence of phytoncides in a plant determines antimicrobial action drugs.

Water infusion and fresh juice from the leaves of the plant promotes rapid cleansing and healing wounds... These drugs are used in the form of lotions and washes for bruises, fresh cuts and wounds, for chronic ulcers, fistulas, abscesses, boils.

Pentaphylloides shrub – Pentaphylloides fruticosa (L.) O. Sehwarz.

Family Rosaceae - Rosaceae
Popular name: Kuril tea.

Kuril tea is an erect or spreading shrub of the Rosaceae family 20–150 cm high. Kuril tea grows along the valleys of mountain rivers, along the pebble and sandy banks of these rivers and the slopes of mountains in Altai and in the East Kazakhstan region.

Kuril tea is close to real tea in composition, content of biologically active substances and mineral elements. However, Kuril tea is still healthier for human health.

It was found that the plant exhibits bactericidal, antiallergic, hepatoprotective, antiviral, immunostimulating and antidiabetic properties.

V gynecological practice Kuril tea is used for:

• erosion of the cervix,
• profuse menstruation
• uterine bleeding.

A thick broth of Kuril tea is used as a rinse for tonsillitis, stomatitis and other diseases of the oral cavity.

A decoction of the leaves and flowers of Kuril tea in folk medicine is prescribed for inflammatory liver diseases as choleretic and with fever like diaphoretic.

Infusion of Kuril tea is used for bloody diarrhea as hemostatic and an appetite-improving agent, as well as for various neuropsychiatric diseases and blood diseases.

Rhodiola rosea (golden root) - Rhodiola rosea L.

“The one who finds the golden root will be lucky and healthy until the end of his days, he will live for two centuries,” says an old Altai belief.

For centuries, Chinese emperors have equipped expeditions in search of Rhodiola rosea and smugglers smuggled it across the border.

Rhodiola rosea is widespread in Altai. It grows in rocky river valleys, on the northern slopes of ridges with abundant flowing moisture, the presence of a large amount of fine earth and silt particles.

The people fell in love with tea from the golden root with the addition of blackberry leaves, raspberries, strawberries, black currants, thyme herb, St. John's wort flowers, cinquefoil shrub. Such a drink, usually prescribed for hard physical or mental work, restores metabolism, has a tonic property. It is prescribed for disorders of the stomach and intestines, colds and oncology.

Contraindications: individual intolerance to the components of the product, pregnancy and lactation, diabetes mellitus, increased nervous excitability, insomnia, high blood pressure, cardiac dysfunction, severe atherosclerosis, admission in the evening. It is recommended to consult a doctor before use.

Thyme creeping (thyme) - Thymus serpillum L.

Infusion of flowering herb thyme or dried herb is used for pulmonary diseases as expectorant, disinfectant means.

Infusion of thyme herb for inhalation is used for inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity.

For kidney diseases, thyme infusion is used orally as diuretic and a disinfectant.

A decoction of thyme is used in the treatment of:

• alcoholism
• as an antiseptic for disinfecting the oral cavity,
• as an anthelmintic.

Thyme is used as a spice and as a seasoning for various dishes.

Thyme preparations contraindicated during pregnancy, decompensation of cardiac activity, decreased thyroid function, acute inflammatory kidney disease.

Achillea millefolium L.

Compositae family - Asteraceae

A perennial herb that grows in dry meadows, on steppe slopes and in sparse forests, along roadsides, at the edges of fields and in garden plots.

It has a diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, bactericidal and hemostatic effect; enhances bile secretion.

It is a part of gastric and mouth-watering teas - preparations of yarrow improve digestion, especially with secretory insufficiency of the glands of the stomach, collections of yarrow with nettle are prescribed as a hemostatic agent for internal and external bleeding.

Yarrow is used as:

• hemostatic agent for local bleeding - nasal, dental, from small wounds, abrasions, scratches,
• with pulmonary and uterine bleeding, fibroids, inflammatory processes, hemorrhoidal bleeding;
• with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract - colitis, gastritis, peptic ulcer;
• colds of the respiratory tract;
• also recommended for inflammation of the biliary and urinary tract,
• bedwetting.

Contraindications for use. Some people, upon contact with yarrow, develop a severe skin rash, and not only when using it for baths, lotions and compresses as an external remedy, but also when simply touching the plant. If such rashes appear during treatment with yarrow, it must be immediately canceled.

Flora of Altai (flora)
Completed by: Shabanova Marina Gennadievna, primary school teacher at MBOU Sarasinskaya secondary school, Sarasa village, Altai district, Altai Territory 2014

The flora of the Altai Territory is rich and varied. The vegetation here was influenced by the geological history of the development of the territory, and the climate, and a kind of relief. Almost all types of vegetation of northern and central Asia, East Kazakhstan, and the European part of Russia are found in Altai. Forests cover most of the Altai Territory. Here grow the only ribbon pine forests in the entire territory of Russia - a unique nature formation, which is not similar anywhere on our planet.

The origin of the ribbon pine forests has an interesting history, which is associated with the period when there was a large sea in the south of the West Siberian lowland, the water flow from it passed through deep hollows towards the Aral basin. The flowing water carried sand, and when the climate warmed, and the Ob again flowed into the seas of the Arctic Ocean, pine trees began to grow on the sand-filled hollows of the ancient runoff. This is how five ribbons of pine forests were formed, which stretch parallel to each other from the Ob at Barnaul in the southwestern direction towards the Irtysh and Kulundinskaya lowland.

The woody flora of the mountainous part of Altai is richer than on the plain. Here cedar-fir forests grow with admixtures of birch and, in large quantities, pines. This is the so-called black taiga, which is not found in other forest regions of the country. In the dark taiga, many shrubs grow - raspberries, mountain ash, viburnum, currants, bird cherry.

A very common tree in Altai is larch. Larch wood is hard and durable, retains its qualities well both in the ground and in water. Larch is valuable building material: houses are erected from it, which can stand for centuries, dams are made, bridges, piers are built, used for the manufacture of railway sleepers and telegraph poles. Larch forests are light and clean and resemble natural parks in which each tree grows apart.

Siberian cedar pine, cedar is a famous tree species of the Altai forests. It is a mighty tree with a dark green crown and long spiny needles. Forms frequent, solid cedars on mountain slopes or occurs as an admixture in deciduous and fir forests.

In the forests of the Altai Territory, the most common deciduous species are birch, aspen and poplar. In the flat part of Altai, both birch and mixed groves are found everywhere - small groves of trees of these species with abundant shrubs.

There are several dozen species of shrubs in the region, many of which give edible berry- raspberries, blackberries, currants, honeysuckle, blueberries, lingonberries. The slopes of the mountains are beautiful in early spring, covered with a blooming bright crimson-purple evergreen maral (Siberian wild rosemary, Daurian rhododendron).

Often there are thickets of juniper, Potentilla, meadowsweet. The region is famous for its abundant thickets of useful shrubs - sea buckthorn, which gives berries, from which a valuable medicine is made - sea buckthorn oil.

In taiga meadows with mountain herbs, bees collect exceptionally fragrant honey, the fame of which is known far beyond the borders of our country. In spring and early summer, the plains and slopes of the Altai mountains are a beautiful carpet of colorful flowers: bright orange lights, dark blue and pink tulips, blue bells, carnations, daisies, white and yellow buttercups.

Archaeological excavations convincingly prove that medicinal plants have been known in Gorny Altai for more than 5 thousand years. Remnants of dried medicinal plants (wormwood, Kuril tea, hemp, thyme, peony roots) and special dishes for cooking and grinding them are found in the mounds of leaders and military leaders.

Books on medicinal herbs in Russia appeared already in 1306 - "Zeleinik or Travovrach". In 1588, the first official Russian "Travnik" was published - the prototype of the future pharmacopoeias. Siberian herbs in Russia were especially appreciated. Voivode Romodanovsky had a decree "to collect St. John's wort growing in Siberia, dry, grind and send to Moscow a pood for every year."

In 1719, by order of Peter I, including "to search for all kinds of rarities and pharmaceutical things: herbs, flowers, roots, seeds, other articles belonging to the medicinal formulations", Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt, a German physician and botanist, was sent to Siberia, the head of the first Siberian scientific expedition, the founder of Russian archeology, who discovered. For 8 years he carried out this work, its result was the description of more than 380 species of Siberian plants.

The extensive five-volume "Flora of Siberia", which describes 1,178 species of Siberian plants, 500 of which were previously unknown, was compiled by Johann Georg Gmelin, a German naturalist in the Russian service, doctor, botanist, ethnographer, traveler, explorer of Siberia and the Urals.

Lomonosov was interested in studying the natural resources of Siberia. All expeditions in the second half of the 17th century were based on his ideas and instructions.

The Decembrists who lived in Siberia after serving hard labor made their contribution to the study of medicinal plants. Thus, Alexander von Humboldt, the founder of the geography of vegetation, a German scientist and encyclopedist, was accompanied to Altai by the Decembrist Stepan Mikhailovich Semyonov. Ivan Dmitrievich Yakushkin took part in collecting materials about medicinal plants for the expedition of Alexander Fedorovich Middendorf, Russian traveler, geographer, botanist, founder of permafrost science. Ippolit Irinarkhovich Zavalishin wrote a book about the nature of Western Siberia, in which he included information about Siberian folk medicine.

The study of medicinal plants in Siberia was greatly influenced by the work of Porfiry Nikitich Krylov, he wrote the seven-volume Flora of Altai and Tomsk Province and the twenty-volume Flora of Western Siberia, completed after his death by his students, describing 1,800 plant species.

Research carried out at the initiative of WWF (World Wildlife Fund) within the framework of the Living Planet program has revealed about two hundred regions of the world in which 95% of all species of living organisms on Earth are concentrated. By preserving them, mankind will be able to preserve the biological diversity of our planet. Altai is part of these unique regions of the world (Global 200).

Almost all are represented in Altai climatic zones: tundra, steppes, meadows, coniferous and deciduous forests, and, of course, a special completely unique zone of the high-mountain belts of Gorny Altai - alpine meadows. The unique features of the Altai vegetation are formed by its geographical position, complex geological structure and variety of climatic conditions.

More than 2000 plant species grow on the territory of Altai, 660 species are used by humans, more than 100 species of plants are endemic, they are found only in Altai and nowhere else in the world. In Altai, there are 32 relict plant species - unique living monuments of the past geological eras.

The most famous medicinal plants of Gorny Altai are:

Golden Root - Rhodiola Rosea- an adaptogen, practically not inferior to ginseng, increases mental and physical performance, improves memory, increases the body's resistance to adverse effects, slows down aging processes, normalizes metabolic processes, positively affects the functions of the gonads and reproductive organs, accelerates the healing processes of wounds, injuries, bone fractures, effective for overwork, stress, depression.

Maral root - Safflower Leuzea- adaptogen, increases efficiency in physical and mental fatigue, has an exciting effect on the central nervous system, is effective in low blood pressure, physical and mental fatigue, reduced efficiency, decreased potency, functional disorder of the nervous system, as well as in the treatment of chronic alcoholism.

In the spring, deer - marals dig in the roots with their hooves and eat them, that's why the plant got its name - "maral root" or "maral grass".

Red brush - Rhodiola four-part- adaptogen, increases the vitality of the body, promotes its rejuvenation. Effective for cancer. For men, it is effective for prostate adenoma, prostatitis, weakening of potency. For women, it is effective for hormonal disorders, menstrual irregularities, infertility.

Borovaya uterus - Ortilia one-sided- an adaptogen, has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, resorption, analgesic and diuretic effects, helps to maintain immunity, helps to increase the functional activity of the uterus and appendages, improves the functioning of the reproductive system of a woman as a whole. Effective in the treatment of infertility.

Of course, we have presented far from all medicinal plants of Gorny Altai, and we have not described all health-improving and healing properties these plants. We are just beginning to get acquainted with this amazing world - the world of medicinal plants, a unique living pharmacy of Gorny Altai, given to us by Nature itself for health and active longevity!

The Altai Mountains are located in the very center of Asia on the territory of four states at once: Russia, Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia. Altai is usually called the Russian part of the mountain system.

Altai is a unique place. At the junction of natural zones, in the very center of the continent, at an equal distance from the Pacific, Indian and Arctic oceans, nature has created an amazing land of blue lakes, high cliffs, impenetrable taiga, dry steppes and vast and rich meadows. Here the Russian Old Believers have long been mixed with the culture of Asia, here Genghis Khan's cavalry rode here, and the pioneers were looking for a way to the mysterious Shambhala. Altai is a kind of mix of Asian flavor and the Slavic world, archaic and modern "in one bottle".

The nature of Altai is just as unique. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains, completely indented by river valleys and intermountain pits. In Altai, there are over 200 thousand rivers and lakes, and most of them are mountain rivers - with clear water, strong currents, steep rapids and strong drops.

The entire territory of the Altai Territory occupies a little more than 167 thousand square meters. km. And in such a relatively small space, 6 natural zones are represented at once: tundra, forest, steppe, semi-desert, subalpine and alpine zones.

In 2002, 5 natural sites in Altai at once were included in the UNESCO World Natural Heritage List.

The flora of Altai

The originality of the flora of Altai is due to the originality of the relief, special climatic conditions and features of historical development. Almost all plants characteristic of northern and central Asia and the European part of Russia are represented here.

One of the most famous wonders of Altai is the ribbon pine forests. Such nature formation is not found anywhere else in the world. Immediately five years of pine forests stretch parallel to each other from the Ob to the Irtysh. Biologists explain the amazing arrangement of plants by the fact that in the prehistoric era, most of Altai was occupied by the sea. Over time, the sea waters flowed towards the Aral basin. And along the way, at the place where the hollows were formed, pines began to grow.

The second miracle of Altai is the black taiga. Here pines grow alongside firs, and mighty Siberian cedars are surrounded by curly birches. Deciduous forests are very widespread. Altai larch is highly valued in construction.

And a huge number of shrubs: raspberries and viburnum, blueberries and currants, mountain ash and bird cherry. In spring, the slopes of the mountains look very picturesque. Here and there, thickets of honeysuckle and blueberries stretch like a continuous carpet, an evergreen maral is spreading like crimson-purple paths. Dunar rhododendrons and Siberian wild rosemary, cinquefoil and juicy sea buckthorn grow here.

The flat part of Altai abounds in tall grasses. Often there are groves - small groves where aspen, birch, poplar and maple grow. And how many flowers are there! Sky blue bells and sapphire tulips, orange lights and snow-white daisies, sunny yellow buttercups and multi-colored carnations. It is not surprising that Altai honey is considered the most delicious in Russia.

In total, there are over two thousand plant species in the Altai Republic, of which 144 are listed in the Red Book.

Fauna of Altai

The richness of the Altai fauna is also explained by the diversity of the landscape. High in the mountains live golden eagles, for which mice, ground squirrels and marmots serve as prey.

The taiga Altai regions are home to formidable wolverines and brown bears, huge moose and predatory lynxes, fluffy ermines and funny chipmunks. Squirrels fly from tree to tree, moles and hares burrow under trees. And the most valuable Altai animal, the sable, is hiding in the most windbreak places.

There are foxes on the plains. Wolves are also not uncommon. But most of all are jerboas, hamsters and several species of ground squirrels.

Altai reservoirs are the favorite habitats of muskrats and beavers. A huge number of birds also live here: ducks and snipe, teals and gray geese, cranes and gulls. During the flights, swans and northern geese stop in the swamps and lakes of Altai.

But there are not many reptiles in Altai. The most poisonous is the shitomordnik, and the largest is the patterned snake, reaching a length of 1 meter. There are unusual viviparous lizards, a lot of vipers - steppe and common.

Lakes and rivers are famous for their abundance of fish. Perch, gudgeon, ruff are caught in the rivers. The most important river in Altai is the Ob, where pike perch, sterlet and bream are found. And on the Altai lakes, a good catch of pikes and perches is obtained.

Climate in Altai

Altai's climate is distinguished by its variegation and contrast. So, in the northern regions, summers are warm and dry, and winters are mild and with little snow. But in the mountains, the summer is hotter, and the winter is harsher.

The coldest point of Altai is the Chuya steppe. The average winter temperature is minus 32ºC. The absolute minimum is also recorded here - 62 degrees below zero. Cold regions also include the Ukok plateau and the Kurai depression.

Winter frosts are established at the end of November. And the snow lies until mid-April. Then a short and stormy spring gives way to a warm summer. Moreover, in the lowland part, the summer is hotter and drier. Already at the end of August, it is time for leaf falls and cool winds. Autumn by the beginning of September fully comes into its own.

But Chemal, Kyzyl-ozek, Bele and Yaylyu are considered warm regions of Altai. In winter, temperatures rarely drop below minus 10ºC. This is due to the fact that these areas are located near Lake Teletskoye and there are often blowing hair dryers - dry and warm winds.

There are many poisonous and potent medicinal plants that must be handled with great care. At home, you can use only commonly used non-toxic plants and fees sold in pharmacies, and even then after consulting a doctor. The doses of medicinal plants given in the book are calculated for an adult.
For a full description of all medicinal plants of the Altai Territory indicated in the book, see the category of medicinal plants or through the block search by name.

INDEX OF MEDICINAL PLANTS BY THEIR PHARMACO-THERAPEUTIC ACTION AND APPLICATION.
Cardiac.

The hawthorn is blood red. Spring adonis. The jaundice is gray. Lilac pod

Vasodilators used in hypertension.

The hawthorn is blood red. Valerian officinalis. Elecampane tall, medicinal sweet clover. Kalina (juice from berries). The capsule is yellow. Mordovnik ordinary.
Shepherd's bag. Patrina is average. Common tansy. Motherwort five-bladed. The marsh drier. Pharmacy dill. Chemeritsa Lobel. Three-part succession

Increasing blood pressure.

Sandy immortelle. Leuzea is safflower. Rhodiola rosea. Field steel. Thermopsis lanceolate

Hemostatic.

Badan is thick-leaved. Sandy immortelle. Highlander serpentine. The mountaineer is peppery. St. John's wort. Kalina (bark). Horse sorrel. Stinging nettle. Burnet is medicinal. Erect cinquefoil. Larch sponge. Shepherd's bag. Common tansy. The plantain is large. Siberian mountain ash. Field steel. Yarrow. Horsetail. Blueberry.

Expectorants.

Marsh calamus. Marshmallow officinalis. Marsh Ledum. Elecampane tall, ordinary soul. Siberian isstod. Mullein bear ear. Coltsfoot. Dandelion medicinal. The primrose is large-cup. The plantain is large. Cyanosis is blue. Ural licorice. Pine (buds). Lanceolate thermopsis. Creeping thyme. Common caraway.

Exciters to the nervous system.

St. John's wort. Leuzea is safflower. Mordovnik ordinary.Plow-ram. Rhodiola rosea. Lanceolate thermopsis.

Calming.

Marsh calamus. The hawthorn is blood red. Helen scooping. Valerian officinalis. The mountaineer is peppery. Oregano ordinary. Kalina (bark). Mullein bear ear. Patrina is average. Peony evading. Wormwood. Motherwort five-lobed. Pharmaceutical camomile. Cyanosis is blue. The marsh drier. Celandine big

Stimulating appetite.

Marsh calamus. The watch is three-leafed. Large-leaved gentian. St. John's wort. Dandelion medicinal. Wormwood. Yarrow.

Astringents (antiperspirant).

Badan is thick-leaved. Cowberry. Highlander serpentine. The mountaineer is peppery. St. John's wort. Burnet is medicinal. Erect cinquefoil. Altai rhubarb. Pharmaceutical camomile. Yarrow. Blueberry. Rosehip is cinnamon. Horse sorrel. Spotted orchis.

Laxatives.

The watch is three-leafed. Zhoster is a laxative. Buckthorn is brittle. Larch sponge. Dandelion medicinal. The plantain is large. Altai rhubarb. Pharmaceutical camomile. Rowan (fruit). Ural licorice. Field steel. Common caraway. Horse sorrel.

With gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer.

Marsh calamus. Birch (buds). Marshmallow officinalis. Cyanosis is blue. St. John's wort. Erect cinquefoil. Sea buckthorn buckthorn. Peony evading. The plantain is large. Pharmaceutical camomile. Ural licorice. The marsh drier. Yarrow. Chaga mushroom. Rosehip is cinnamon.

For diseases of the liver and biliary tract.

Marsh calamus. Birch (leaves). Sandy immortelle. The watch is three-leafed. The hair is golden. Elecampane high. St. John's wort. Stinging nettle. Buckthorn is brittle. Dandelion medicinal. Shepherd's bag. Common tansy. Wormwood. Altai rhubarb. Pharmaceutical camomile. Common caraway. Pine (buds). Rosehip is cinnamon. Horse sorrel. Celandine is great. The sequence is three-part.

For diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract.

Marsh calamus. Badan thick-leaved (leaves). Birch (liega and buds). Cowberry. Spring adonis. Elecampane high. St. John's wort. Mullein bear ear (flowers leaves). Stinging nettle. The capsule is yellow. Burdock. Dandelion medicinal. Primrose is group-cup. Wormwood. Pharmaceutical camomile. Siberian mountain ash. Scotch pine. Field steel. Creeping thyme. Horsetail. The sequence is three-part. Celandine is great. Cinnamon rosehip (achenes). Horse sorrel

Uterine.

Multi-colored carnation. The mountaineer is peppery. Elecampane high. Viburnum ordinary (bark). Shepherd's bag. Stinging nettle. Yarrow.

Antihelminthic.

Marsh Ledum. Valerian officinalis. The watch is three-leafed. Elecampane high. St. John's wort. Fern is male. Common tansy. Wormwood. Pine (turpentine). Creeping thyme.

For skin diseases.

Hanging birch. Highlander serpentine. Morison's sorrel. Elecampane high. Medicinal sweet clover. Oregano ordinary. Burdock. Sea buckthorn buckthorn (oil). Dandelion medicinal. Patrina is average. The plantain is large. Wormwood. Pharmaceutical camomile. The marsh drier. Horsetail. Chemeritsa Lobel. The sequence is three-part. Celandine is great.

Antiseptic.

Marsh calamus. Badan is thick-leaved. Hanging birch. Sandy immortelle. Cowberry. Oregano ordinary. St. John's wort. Burnet is medicinal. Erect cinquefoil. Coltsfoot. Common tansy. The plantain is large. Wormwood. Pharmaceutical camomile. Scotch pine. Creeping thyme. Yarrow. Celandine is great. Horse sorrel.

Insecticidal.

Marsh calamus. Marsh Ledum. Larkspur is high. The capsule is yellow. Common tansy. Wormwood. Lanceolate thermopsis. Chemeritsa Lobel. Celandine is great.

With alcoholism.

Plaun ram. Creeping thyme.

Strengthening hair.

Burdock. Stinging nettle. Coltsfoot. Chemeritsa Lobel. Common hops.

With reduced sexual function.

Leuzea is safflower. Rhodiola rosea. Spotted orchis.

Medicinal plants collection calendar.

NATURAL GEOGRAPHICAL ZONES OF THE ALTAI REGION.
I. Steppe zone

Burlinsky, Khabarsky, Slavgorodsky, Tabunsky, Blagoveshchensky, Kulundinsky, Klyuchevsky, Rodinsky, Mikhailovsky, Volchikhinsky, Uglovsky, Loktevsky, Egorievsky. Rubtsovsky, Novichikhinsky, Pospeli-Khinsky, Shipunovsky, Aleisky, Romanovsky districts.

II. Forest-steppe zone

A) left bank of the river. Obi

Pankrushikhinsky, Kamensky, Pavlovsky, Topchikhinsky, Tyumentsevsky, Rebrikhinsky, Mamoitovsky, Zavyalovsky *, Baevsky *, Kalmansky, Ust-Pristai districts.

B) the right bank of the river. Obi

Talmensky, Pervomaisky, Kosikhinsky, Troitsky, Ust-Pristaysky, Biysky, Tselinny, Sorokinsky *, Kytmanovsky districts.

III. Salair

(Foothills and mountains of Salair),

Zalesovsky, Sorokinsky *, Togulsky, Yeltsovsky, Soltonsky districts.

IV. Altai foothills

Tretyakovsky, Zmeinogorsky, Kurinsky, Krasioschekovsky, Ust-Kalmansky, Petropavlovsky, Bystroistoksky, Smolensky, Sovetsky, Krasnogorsky districts.

V. Altai Mountains

Charyshsky *, Soloneshensky *, Altai * areas.

Vi. Mountain Altai

Turochaksky, Mayminsky *, Shebalinsky, Ongudaysky, Ust-Koksinsky, Ust-Kansky, Ulagansky and Kosh-Agachsky districts.

* The territory of the marked areas is located in two zones.

Formulation and application fees.

I. Gastrointestinal diseases.

II. Respiratory diseases.

III. Diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract.

Vi. Diseases of the liver and biliary tract.

V. Vitamin fees.

Vi. Fees used for nervous and cardiovascular diseases.

Vii. Other fees.

General information about the procurement and use of herbal medicinal raw materials.
Active ingredients of medicinal plants.

Forms of application of medicinal plants.

Collection, drying and storage of herbal medicinal raw materials.

Rules for the collection of raw materials.

Drying rules for raw materials.