The life path of the priest Paul Florensky. Pavel Florensky: biography

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Biography

Born on January 22, 1882 in the family of a railway engineer in p. Evlah (Elizavetpol Province, Russian Empire, now - Azerbaijan).

In 1900, the 2nd Tiflis gymnasium graduated with the Gold Medal. In 1904 with a 1st degree diploma - the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University.

1904-1908 - The 1st graduate of the LXIII course was left by the professorship scholarship.

Since 1908, he performed the position of associate professor at the Department of Philosophy History.

At the end of April 1911, ordained in the priest to the Blagoveshchensk Church of the village of Annunciation 2.5 km north-west of the Trinity-Sergiye Lavra.

From 05/28/1912 to 03/05/1917 was the editor of the magazine "Theological Bulletin".

In 1914 he was awarded a master's degree of theology for the work "On spiritual truth. The experience of the Orthodox Fudice (M., 1912).

P.A. Florensky - Extraordinary (1914) Professor at the Department of Philosophy History.

In 1918-1921, the Scientific Secretary of the Commission for the Protection of Monuments of the Trinity Sergiye Lavra and at the same time (from 1919) a teacher in the Sergiev Institute of National Education.

From 1921, he lived mainly in Moscow, Professor Vhowemas and an employee of a number of institutions in the field of electrical engineering, from 1927 he worked as amended by the "Technical Encyclopedia".

Arrested on 05/21/1928, sentenced 08.06.1928 to expulsion for 3 years from the Moscow lips.

Left to Nizhny Novgorod, but at 09.1928 returned to the petition through E. Peshkov.

Continued to work in the Electrotechnical Institute.

REDE arrested on 03/26/1933 and sentenced to 10 years of camps.

In 1934 sent to Solovetsky camp.

On November 25, 1937, he was sentenced to the highest exposure to the NKVD of the Leningrad Region.

Carried from Solovkov to Leningrad, shot and buried 08.12.1937 on the Levashov desert.

Works

• Cult philosophy // Theological works. Vol. 17. M., 1977. P. 143-147
• Names // Experiments. Literary and philosophical yearbook. M., 1990. P. 351-412
• The value of spatiality // Articles and research on the history and philosophy of art and archeology. M., Thought, 2000
• Analysis of spatiality<и времени> In the artistic and visual works (manuscript of the book, written in 1924-1925. After reading lectures in Vhutemas "E) // Florensky P.A., Priest. Articles and research on the history and philosophy of art and archeology. M.: Thought, 2000. S.79-421
• Heavenly signs: (reflections on symbols of flowers) // Florensky P.A. Iconostasis. Selected works on art. St. Petersburg., 1993. P.309-316
• Reverse perspective // \u200b\u200bFlorensky P.A., priest. Open 4th TT T.3 (1). M .:, 1999. p.46-98
• Estimated state device In the future: Collection of archival materials and articles. M., 2009. ISBN: 978-5-9584-0225-0
• The meaning of idealism, Sergiev Posad (1914)
• In watersheds of thought // Symbol, No. 28,188-189 (1992)
• By honors of higher knowledge. (Features of the character of Archim. Mashkina serapion) // Religious questions. M., 1906. Vol. one
• Data and biography of Archim. Serapion (Mashkina) // Theological Bulletin. Sergiev Posad, Feb.-March. 1917.
• Florensky P.A. Iconostasis. M.: "Art", 1994. 256 p.
• Florensky P.A. Selected works on art. M.: Fine art, 1996. 286 p. Bibliography in notes.
• Science as a symbolic description
• Recommendation Bibliography for Olga's daughter

Pavel Vasilyevich Florensky. Pavle Florensky-XXI Cases (Viewing Archives)

• 1892 - 1896. The first letters of P.A.Florensky
• 1897 year. Letters of relatives P.A.Florensky
• 1898. Letters of relatives P.A.Florensky
• 1899 year. Correspondence P.A.Florensky with relatives
• 1899 year. The 20th of October. Letter Alexander Ivanovich (Father) to Paul Florensky
• 1900 year. First semester of the first courses of the university.
• 1901 year. Letters of Alexander Ivanovich Florensky Paul Alexandrovich Florensky.
• March 19, 1901, the statement of his Excellency Mr. Rector of Moscow Imperial University
• 1902 year. Correspondence Pavel Florensky
• 1904 year. Letters Paul Alexandrovich Florensky family

miscellanea

• Father Alexander Ivanovich Florensky - Russian; Mother - Armenian Olga (Salomia) Pavlovna Saparova (Saparian), from the ancient Armenian kind.
• The life of Paul Florensky is a great spiritual feat of a person who has known the truth in the most inhuman conditions.
• In Italy, our compatriot is called "Russian Leonardo", in Germany - "Russian Goethe", compare with Aristotle, then with Pascal ...

About the origin about. Pavel Florensky

Pavel Florensky was not only grateful to the forefathers for his life given to him, but he considered his duty to instill the same attitude towards his own roots. He constantly collected and systematized everything that was able to find ...

• "Saparov - immigrants from Karabakh. In the 16th century there was a plague, and they moved to the village of Bolnis Tiflis province with their peasants, hiding treasures, property and paper in the cave over the River Inch ... Then their surname was also a melik- Poisselas. When the plague ended, almost all the Melik-Burellov returned to Karabakh. From the nicknames of the three brothers who remained in Georgia, surnames related to the surnames - Satarov, Panov and Schurdovy. "

• "My mother, Olga Pavlovna Saparova, was when baptized named Salomia (Salome - in Armenian). She is Armenian-Gregorian religion. Her father, Pavel Gerasimovich Saparov ... I am buried at the Khozhansky cemetery, not far from the church ... and in the signal And in Tiflis he had at home. Generally, he was a very rich man, had, by the way, a silk factory ... was a legislator of mod. The brothers married him in French people. But the grandfather was too impaired. It seems his rogue crawl .. . "

• "The grandfather had an older sister of the tel, the remaining not married. She lived in a signal and Tiflis, often in the family of a nephew, Arkady (Arshaka) ... was already known no longer under his name, and under the nicknamed Mamida, that in Georgian means - "aunt"."

• "Mom's brother, Gerasim Saparov, lived in Montpellier, in the Armenian colony. There he knew him well by Minasyansev's family."

• "The main genealogy of Melik-Polations is recorded in the Tolseshinsky Gospel of the 9th century, in the first sheets. The gospel was kept in the generic church ... On the Mount Harek, where the ruins of their castle still stand, but was stolen by one peasant family, which, Solding it on sheets to the Bogomolets, the more lives "...

Images

Bibliography

• Armenians-people Corridge of other civilizations: 1000 famous Armenians in world history / S. Shirinyan.-Er.: Auth. ed., 2014, p.281, ISBN 978-9939-0-1120-2
• Volkov B. Povered Florensky, or noble flickering of genius // Teacher's newspaper. 1992. # 3. January 31. P. 10.
• Kedrov K. Immortality in Florensky. / In the books: "Parallel Worlds". - M., AIFPRINT, 2002; "Metacode" - M., AIFPRINT, 2005
• Pavel Florensky. Letters from Solovkov. Publication M. and A. Trubachevoy, P. Florensky, A. Sanchez // Our heritage. 1988. IV
• Ivanov V.V. On linguistic studies of P.A.Florensky // Questions of Linguistics. 1988. No. 6.

Pavel Alexandrovich Florensky was born on January 21, 1882 in the town of Evlah in the West of this Azerbaijan. His pedigree on his father leaves the Russian clergy, and the mother came from an old and notable Armenian kind.

Florensky's family before the departure of the eldest son Paul to study in St. Petersburg. Spring 1900. Sit: Alexander Ivanovich Florensky, Raisa, Paul, Elizabeth, Olga Pavlovna, Alexander; Stand: Olga, Elizabeth Pavlovna Melik-Poison (Saparova), Julia

Florensky early discovered mathematical abilities and at the end of the gymnasium in Tiflis entered the Mathematical Department of Moscow University. After graduating from University Pavel Alexandrovich entered the Moscow Theological Academy.

Back in the years of the student, his interests cover philosophy, religion, art, folklore. He is included in the circle of young participants in the symbolic movement, tying friendship with Andrei White, and his first creative experiments are articles in the symbolist magazines "New Way" and "Scales", where he seeks to introduce mathematical concepts into philosophical issues.

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Novosyov (left), the head of the "Circle of Christian Enlightenment in the spirit of the Orthodox Christ Church", in which Siberist Paul Florensky (in the center) and philosopher S. N. Bulgakov took part

In the years of study, in the spiritual academy, he arises the idea of \u200b\u200bthe book "Pillars and Approval of Truth", most of which he completes the end of the study. After graduating from the Academy in 1908, he becomes a teacher of philosophical disciplines. In 1911 he takes a priesthood. In 1912 he was appointed by the editor of the Akademic Magazine "Theological Bulletin".

In 1918, the spiritual academy moves Moscow, and then closes at all.

In 1921, the Sergiev Pasadsky Temple is closed, where Pavel Florensky served as a priest. In the period from 1916 to 1925, it works on religious and philosophical works: "Essays of the cult philosophy", "Iconostasis".

Pavel Alexandrovich parallel to physics, mathematics, works in the field of technology and materials science. From 1921, he works in the Glavnergo system, taking part in Goello, and in 1924 issues a monograph of dielectrics.

In the second half of the twenties, Florensky's circle is forced to be limited to technical issues. In the summer of 1928, it is referred to Nizhny Novgorod. But in the same year, at the request of E. P. Peshkova, it is returned from the link.

At the beginning of the thirties vs. Florensky, a huge campaign in the Soviet press with the articles of a pogrom and informative nature is unleashed. On February 26, 1933, he was arrested and after 5 months he was sentenced to 10 years of conclusion.

In September 1934 he was transferred to the Solovetsky camp of special purpose (elephant), where he arrived on November 15, 1934. Here he worked at the Iodine Industry Plant, where he was engaged in the problem of mining iodine and agar-agar from seaweed and made a number of scientific discoveries.

Some sources argue that Between July 17 and 19, 1937 Florensky disappeared from the camp. On November 25, 1937, the Decree of the Special Three of the Office of the NKVD under the Leningrad Region Florensky was sentenced to the highest punishment "for conducting counter-revolutionary propaganda." According to archival data - Shot on December 8, 1937. The place of his death and burial is unknown.

There are some legends who claim that Florensky was not shot, but also long years He worked without the right of correspondence in one of the secret institutions over military programs, in particular, over the Soviet uranium project. These legends were confirmed by the fact that until 1989 were not exactly known time and circumstances of his death. In 1958, after rehabilitation, Native Florensky was issued a certificate of his death in the camp on December 15, 1943..

In a letter, the son of Cyril from June 3-4, 1937, Florensky revealed a number of technical details of the method of industrial heavy water. As you know, heavy water is used only for the production of nuclear weapons.

It is because of the issues raised in the letters on the production of heavy water, Florensky disappeared from the camp in mid-June 1937, because, as well as the secret institutions, prisoners often lost the rights of correspondence.

Another legend states that 13 days have passed between the submission of the Florensky mortal sentence. In normal cases, sentences of special trips were carried out for 1-2 days. Perhaps a delay with the execution of the sentence was caused by the fact that the prisoner was delivered to Leningrad from Solovkov or, on the contrary.

And naturally, there remains an insignificant probability that Florensky could work under a stranger name in one of the closed research institutes of the NKVD.

bibliotekar.ru\u003e Filosofia / 91.htm

P. Florensky with P. Capterev in the camp

In the last letter from Solovkov, Florensky speaks hopefully, as if inviting us to dialogue: "In the end, I am joy in thought that when the future will come from the other end to the same, then they will say:" It turns out that in 1937 such a NN has already expressed the same thoughts on the old-fashioned language for us. Surprisingly, as they could think to our thoughts! " And perhaps, you will arrange an anniversary or a commemoration, which I will only rush. All these commemoration after 100 years are amazingly arrogant ... "

Many great words spoken by Florensky came true, except for the fears of arrogance of descendants - before the arrogance of us before the unfavorable memory about such unforgettable people, like Father Paul, especially now? .. - After all, the word, in Florensky, is "an infinite unit. ", Which unites the substance, the internal power of which comprehends the Cudesman in his wicked, which thus forming the Benesis itself; The word is human energy, and the genus of human, and a separate person.

http://www.topos.ru/article/on...

Florensky. Religious and philosophical readings.

From Pre-sistreovia

Appeal to such difficult, especially for intelligent Russians, times to spiritual accomplishments of ancestors, there is a testimony of a free, sincere and disinterested movement of the soul, its instinctive thirst for insight and recovery. This is evidence that we are still not indifferent to neither the case of historical truth and justice, nor the concept of moral debt, national conscience, honor and dignity.
It is significant that the initiative in this comes from the Kostroma land, which are inextricably linked about. P. Florensky and V.V. Rozanova. It is encouraging that the act is united by people such different life positions, education, professions, political and other views. This cannot but see a real step towards spiritual unity, without which there is no civil world and harmony, nor everyday well-being. And finally, it is significant and encouraging that this event itself has become possible both efforts and efforts of civilians and institutions and thanks to the active assistance of Russian Orthodox church in the face of Kostroma diocesan

Philosophical ideas P. A. Florensky and modernity

The image of the thinker P. A. Florensky

Florensky, like a pagaris peasant, praised every year the earth for a new fruiting, praises the soul. An interested reader, regardless of how much he took this teaching, how much agreed with him, first of all the image of the teacher, and experiences the same feelings for him, which he expressed about the Gamlet: "... After all, he suffered, and from - He died, he died, looking for the path in which you can go to the new consciousness ... Do not feel it, listening to him that there is no time between us, that this is our genuine brother, who speaks face to face with us. "
The word "image" itself is very capacious and multivalued - most of all, in our opinion, comes to the original interpretation of Florenian various concepts, to the study of different side Life. For example, the mind is determined by them as "something living and centripetal - a body of a living being, the modus of the relationship of knowing and knowable, that is, the type of communication of being." We are also more familiar to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe mind that Florensky rejects: "Geometric composure of its content."

The ratio and dependence of the mind and truth.

When studying Florensky, the question arises, on which it is more focused on the critical analysis of the read or on clarifying the consequences for each of us from the "repaid soul". (It should be reminded here that for the whole human life there was a well-known ban on extensive areas of knowledge.)
V. V. Rozanov wrote S. N. Bulgakov about Florensky: "He is ... a priest," emphasizing this most important thing in Florensky. But we did not know the priests at all, and even more so priests engaged in with theology (and often on the basis of it) also philosophy, and mathematics, and philology, and many others. Unwittingly arise in front of us in the aggregate of Leonardo da Vinci and Nikolai Kuzansky.
And yet, without claiming much, we will consider critically from the knowledge of the knowledge of the article "Names". In general, the approach to the Word, to the Writer, to the literary work is determined in the Florensky strong influence of the era of symbolism in the literature.
In the interpretation of the image and the importance of the main character through his name, in our opinion, the image of the author itself is lost, as well as the image of the word created by him (cf. "Word about law and grace", "Word about the regiment of Igor", etc.) . In this case, we would not feel the very father of Paul, standing behind the names in his writings. But it is not. Without this mighty image of the exploration of the author, they would have scattered on separate abstractness or, at best, would remain a positivistic system of some scientific knowledge. But against such a "naked" systematics, as we now know, the Florensky himself performed continuously.

The concept of "transition" in Florensky.

The transition from the logical apparatus to a specific sensory experience occurs at Florensky at the time of despair of consciousness from the attempt of the "painful" mind to know the world in parts. Scattering and peace, and consciousness. The transition is thus one of the most important concepts at Florensky: the transition from the "forefall" to the very thought, the transitions between "I", "You", "He" - the concept of trolling. Transitions from the pagan consciousness to Christian (the article "Hamlet"). Our transition, in turn, from the world of purely material, pragmatic to the world of Pavel Florensky promises to us the truth "in the first instance", which we have so walked by our ionism. At the same time, we will not forget that at the same time with the bare church, the Church's Church has happened and the other shrine for us - the land with which the true landpaste was left and who also the road was Florensky-Patriot, Floren-Naturulist, Florensky - a collector of folk art.

Semenov R. A. (Galich district)

Pavel Florensky Pavel Alexandrovich Florensky (January 9 (January 21) 1882 December 8, 1937) Russian Theologian and Scientist, Orthodox Priest, Novomartic. Contents 1 Biography ... Wikipedia

Florensky, Pavel Alexandrovich - Pavel Alexandrovich Florensky. Florensky Pavel Alexandrovich (1882 1937), Russian scientist, religious philosopher, theologian. In the composition "Pillar and approval of truth. The experience of Orthodox theodice "(1914) developed the doctrine of Sofia (wisdom ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1882 1936) Religious thinker, scientist Encyclopedist. He studied at the Moscow Union on the physico mathematical faculty, became a commitment to the mathematical school of prof. N. Bugaeva, and on the historical philological faculty, visited Seminars S.P. ... ... Philosophical encyclopedia

- (1882 1937) Russian scientist, religious philosopher, theologian. In writing a pillar and approval of truth. The experience of the Orthodox theodice developed the doctrine of Sofia (the wisdom of God) as the basis of meaningfulness and integrity of the universe. In the works of 20 x Gg ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Russian scientist, religious philosopher. He graduated from the Physics and Mathematics Separate Moscow University (1904) and the Moscow Theological Academy (1908), where he was a professor (1912√17); ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Florensky Pavel Alexandrovich - (1882 1937) Religious philosopher, scientist encyclopedist, many of which are important for psychology, especially culturally historical. F. developed an instrument approach to culture. In addition to the machines and tools, "there is also a race of guns, ... ... Big psychological encyclopedia

- (1882 1937), Orthodox philosopher and theologian, physicist, mathematician, engineer. In the composition "Pillars and approval of truth. The experience of Orthodox theodice "Developed the doctrine of Sofia (God's wisdom) as the basis of meaningfulness and integrity of the universe. ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Fr. Pavel) (1882 1937), Russian philosopher, theologian, art historian, literary critic, mathematician and physicist. I had a significant impact on the work of Bulgakov, especially noticeable in the "Master and Margarita" novel. F. Born on January 9/21, 1882 in ... ... Encyclopedia Bulgakov

Florensky Pavel Alexandrovich - (9 (21) .01.1882, Evlah Elisavetpol lips. (Now Azerbaijan) 8.12.1937, Leningrad) Religious thinker, scientist. F. Childhood spent in Tiflis and Batum, where his father, a communication engineer, built a military batura by the Akhaltsy road. Studied… … Russian philosophy. Encyclopedia

Florensky, Pavel Alexandrovich - (1882 1937) Russian philosopher, theologian, scientist naturalist, cultureologist, philologist, art historian. He graduated from the gymnasium in Tiflis. He studied at the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University and in the Moscow Theological Academy. In 1911 ... ... Aesthetics. encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Pillar and approval of truth. The experience of Orthodox theodice in twelve letters, Florensky Pavel Alexandrovich. The book of the priest Paul Florensky "Pillars and the approval of the truth. The experience of the Orthodox theodice" - one of the most significant and influential works of Russian religious and philosophical thought of the beginning ...
• From the history of antique philosophy, Florensky, Pavel Alexandrovich. The presentation included lectures on the history of antique philosophy, read by P. A. Florensky in the Moscow Theological Academy in 1908-1910. They are brought with later additions ...

Pavel Alexandrovich Florensky was a professor at the Moscow Spiritual Academy, the author of many books, articles, monographs, poet, astronomer who defended the geocentric concept of peace, mathematician, physician, art historian, engineer, inventor, author of a number of patents, professor of promising painting, musician, sign of music, polyglot , owned Latin and ancient Greek, modern european languages, as well as the languages \u200b\u200bof the Caucasus, Iran and India, the folklorist, the founder of new sciences, a cosmist philosopher and a scientist of new science, i.e. Schemist scientist. N.O.Lossky called his "New Leonardo da Vinci", and Alexander Men said that "... Like Solovyov, Florensky appeared as a man who was standing on the top of culture, and not came from somewhere and enjoyed by its fruits only for your needs<…> He himself was a culture. And Florensky, and Solovyov is the culture of the person herself. "

P.A.Florensky was born on January 21, 1882 in the town of Evlah, Elizavetpol Province, the Russian Empire, died on December 8, 1937. Father, Alexander Ivanovich Florensky, engineer, took place from the genus of Florensky clergy, and the mother, - Olga Pavlovna Saparov from Ancient Armenian Saparov (Saparian).

Since childhood, Pavel Alexandrovich paid attention to those moments of life, "where the calm course of life is disturbed, where the fabric of ordinary causality is breaking, there seeuded ... Pledges of the spirituality of being," where the "border of common and private, distracted and concrete" arose. Drinking by physics and observations by nature during training in Tiflis gymnasium, he comes to the conclusion that "all scientific worldview is a pipe and a convention that does not have any attitude towards the truth." He is looking for the inner feeling of the truth of the universe, which is developing by the person himself in the entire totality of his states, bodies, images, knowledge. All of its subsequent creativity of P.A. Florensky, absorbing the foundations of world culture, asserts the Mystery of a person who represents the unity of micro and macrocosmos. He writes: "The truth has always been given to people, and it is not a fruit of learning some book, not rational, and something much deeper construction, inside us living, what we live, breathe, eat."

P.A.Florensky - Poet. He printed in magazines of symbolist poets "New Way" and "Scales", his last poem "Oro", written in conclusion, is a peculiar result of his life. Currently, the collections of its unknown persons were published earlier and its poetic creativity is investigated.

Florensky attached great importance to family and family. In 1904, he went to the "homeland of his ancestors on the paternal line," where he was engaged in the collection and study of folklore: chastushki, spiritual poems, ballads and studied the ethnic composition and culture of the Kostroma province. P.A. Floronsky appears before us as an ethnolingwist, folkloride and researcher of folk culture.

At the end of the gymnasium, he enters the mathematical department of Moscow University, where he also visits lectures on the historical and philological faculty and independently examines the history of art. The articles of L.N. Tolstoy, the teaching of Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov. He took part in the activities of the "Christian Brotherhood of Fight" in 1904-5, condemned the death sentence of Lieutenant P.P. Shmidt and the unleashing of mutual bloodshed, for which he was briefly arrested. The candidate essay writes: "On the peculiarities of flat curves as places of interrupt disturbances," conducting a thought of impulsive effect on the evolutionary development of the world in opposition to the dominant theory of consistent development. In 1904 ends the university, refuses the proposed teacher's post and enters the Moscow Theological Academy. Pavel Alexandrovich, according to him, wanted to "produce the synthesis of church and secular culture, fully connecting to the church, but without any compromises, honestly, to perceive all the positive teachings of the church and the scientific and philosophical worldview together with the art." In 1908, he writes the candidate essay "On Religious Truth", which becomes the basis of a book and the dissertation on the degree of master "Pillars and Approval of Truth".

In 1911 he takes a priesthood, from now on all his life is connected with Trinity-Sergiye Lavra. In 1912 he was the editor of the Bologosovsky Bulletin academic journal. During the First World War, in 1915, Paul's father is a regimental priest of a military sanitary train, leaving the front.

After the 1917 revolution, Father Paul, according to Alexander I did not emigrate: "He worked. He realized himself with a scientist who will work for his fatherland. " He was confident that the crisis of 1917 would cause a spiritual search for the people in the future. In one of the letters of this period, Pavel's father wrote: "... After the collapse of all this abomination, the hearts and minds are no longer, sluggishly and with a loaf, and headdled, will turn to the Russian idea, to the idea of \u200b\u200bRussia, to the Holy Rus<…> I am sure that the worst is still ahead. " Save the foundations of spiritual culture, preserve museums, material images of culture - the goal of the actions of Father Paul during this period. In 1920, P.A.Florensky wrote, and he had the right to say so: "From the beliefs of their own, they never come. Remember, the assignment leads a new concession, and so - to infinity. " P.A.Florensky works in many Soviet institutions, without removing the correction, openly testifying that he is a priest. Sergey Nikolayevich Bulgakov will write in emigration: "Life to him as it would be offered to choose between Solovki and Paris, but he chose ... Motherland, although there were Solovki, he was excited to share his fate with his people. Father Paul organically could not organically and did not want to become an emigrant in the sense of free or involuntary separation from his homeland, and he himself and the fate of him is the glory and greatness of Russia, although at the same time the greatest crime. "

Pavel Alexandrovich is a scientist, an engineer, inventor. He is interested in the problems of the verge of sciences with inthiotia, then Inomirity, from which the synthesis of the science of the future is born. In 1929, in a letter to V.I. Vernadsky, he assumes the presence of a pneumatosphere in the biosphere, "a special substance that is involved in the cycle of culture or coupling of the Spirit", noting that the pneumatosphere is inherent in the "special durability of real formations", which, according to one of one of Modern researchers of his creativity, Elena Maller, "gives cultural operations planetary meaning." P.A.Florensky Culders and ingenious in his thoughts and discoveries. It is unusually talented in many areas. In science, as in all creativity, it is inherent in huge diligence and curiosity. For him, science is joy, it's wings, it's fun. For him, the ancient science is sacred and mysterious, new - strict, but the science of the future is happy, she is inherent in the "Easy Writing of the Coming," Cheerful Science ".

Pavel Alexandrovich is art historian and innovator museum business. In 1921, he is a professor of the highest art and technical workshops (Vhutemas), where from 1921 to 1927 he reads lectures on the theory of perspectives. At the same time he writes a number of articles on Old Russian, medieval art, icon painting. October 22, 1918 P.A. Floronsky entered the Commission for the Protection of Monuments of Art and Starny, the Trinity-Sergiye Lavra, became her scientist secretary. In the article "Trinity-Sergiyev Lavra and Russia", noting that "Lavra is a artistic portrait of Russia in her whole," he will put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bthe living museum, insisting on the preservation of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra as the "Living Museum of Russian Culture in general and Russian art in particular" . The Commission described the wealth of Lavra and prepared the conditions for the decree "On the appeal to the Museum of Historical and Artistic Values \u200b\u200bTrinity-Sergiyeva Lavra", signed by V.I. Lenin in 1920.

In the work "Temple act as a synthesis of art" P.A. Floronsky proposed "to create a system of a number of scientific and educational institutions in order to" carry out the Supreme Synthesis of Arts, which so much dreams of the latest aesthetics. " The idea of \u200b\u200bthe living museum provides, in his opinion, the preservation of each subject in connection with the situation and the relevant circumstances of life inherent in this subject. He insisted that "the artwork is a combination of a whole," beam conditions ", beyond which it simply does not exist as an artistic." In the circle of "Temmar Art" - the term P.A.Florensky - turns on vocal art and poetry. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe living museum echoes the ideas of N.K.rerich about the synthesis of arts.

P.A.Florensky also acts as defense of the optical desert, calling this abode "the powerful collective causative agent of spiritual experience." He addresses the Soviet administration with a letter to the need to "preserve the optical desert (the monastery that existed since 1821, which at one time visited N.V. Gogol, F.M.Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy)." In the same letter, Pavel Alexandrovich will write that "Optina is the planting of a new culture", and the culture of the spiritual, from which the Spirit "burns" from contact. He warns that the destruction of the "optical desert" "threatens nothing to lose us all and the whole culture of the future." Researcher of creativity P.A.Florensky I.L. Galinskaya reports that "as a result of actions, O. Pavl and the trip N.P. Kislev (commodited drug addresses) in Optio desert was really organized by the" Living Museum ", which existed until 1928 "

Since 1928, the persecution of P.A.Florensky, reference and subsequent condemnation for ten years of conclusion begins. In the link and conclusion, he managed to work. In conclusion, he will write the book "Eternal Merzlot and Construction on It", which in 1940 his employees were published, the ideas of which were subsequently used in the construction of cities in the eternal Merzlot. He studies the problem of mining iodine from algae and discovers extraordinary medical properties iodine.

On November 25, 1937, he was sentenced to the highest possible punishment and shot on December 8, 1937. Subsequently rehabilitated. The OGPU destroyed the unique library Pavel Alexandrovich, in which "in the form of book summaries, the key to which I am alone," his future finished works were kept, his writings that were already half ready. " "The destruction of the results of my life for me is much worse than physical death," Pavel Alexandrovich Florensky wrote.

When Paul Alexandrovich was twenty years old, before reference and imprisonment, in the book "Pillar and Approval of Truth" he will write:
"And with anger I fused the nagging:
"Do you really not be ashamed, an unfortunate animal, whining your fate?
Do you really can't donate from subjectivity?
Do you really can't forget about yourself? Is it really - oh, shame! - Are you not understanding that it is necessary to surrender to the objective?
Objective, out of you standing, the above you is - really it does not hobble you?
Unhappy, pathetic, stupid! You are humpy and complain, as if someone is obliged to meet your needs. Yes? You can't live without this and without this? Well, and what?
You can not live, - die, have been bleeding, and still live objective, do not go to contemptible subjectivity, do not look for living conditions.
For God, we live, and not for yourself.
Silver, it is hardened, be objective to live, in pure mountain air, in the transparency of the vertices, and not in the stuffing of the valleys, where chickens are drunk in dust and pigs are lying in the dirt. A shame! "
Pavel Alexandrovich in life, "Hands and Human Legs" performed his spiritual feat. Only in the work of improving the surrounding space, bringing the good the earthly personality approaches its highest ideal. According to P.A.Florensky, the personality should "be through experience, through personal communication, through an unceasing peering in the face of Christ, after finding out in the son of human genuine, genuine humanity" to find an example for himself, in order to become a holy, such what it seems in their perfect image. "Personality can and should correct itself, but not on external for her, at least an external norm, but only by itself, but in his perfect form" Florensky claims that without creativity a person's self, or his earthly carnal personality, destroy him. Creative labor associated with the highest transforms the self - says the learning of living ethics.

In the main work of his life, in the book "Pillars and Approval of Truth" P.A. Florinsky creatively rethinks the heritage of world culture. The book is written in the form of letters to a friend, Sergey Semenovich Troitsky: "That's why I am writing to you" letters "instead of making an article that I am afraid to say, but I prefer to ask." Interview, conversation with the reader - the principle of the book and the principle of the study of the world for P.A.Florensky, who, chatting with the world and readers, knows the internal relationship between man and the universe.

In the book "Pillars and Approval of Truth" Pavel Alexandrovich Florensky studies the history of Christianity. He recognizes the truth in many preventions. Describing the origins of the future in past achievements of humanity, P.A.Florensky recognizes the achievements of many of the prophets who were before Christ: "As Christ the Christians existed, and the Spiritians still exist." Synthesizing the world cultural heritage in the field of philosophy, religion, science, he allocates the main directions of development of Christian thought and world culture, and formulates the main problem of the upcoming crisis: a departure from the spiritualization of life and human activity. Having considered the problem of "new consciousness" - to his representatives, he refers such its contemporaries as D.S. Mezhekovsky, Z.N.Gippiius, N.A. Bardyaev - he emphasizes that "new consciousness" will cease to be "new" and inevitably It will lead to his carriers in a dead end, if the synthesis of knowledge with the spiritualization of life and the activity of the person himself is the expressant of this "new consciousness". According to DS Lihachev, P.A.Florensky one of the first reminded the Russian intelligentsia about the need for spiritual life.

Studying this tragedy of modernity, Florensky is looking for her origins, that point from which the development of human thought went to the false direction. In his opinion, it was the era of the Middle Ages that became a turning point for humanity. In such works as "image in geometry", "Iconostasis", "names", in the book "Pillars and Approval of Truth", he writes that the spiritual perception of the world, which was inherent in the Middle Ages, is subsequently lost by people, and secular science loses The relationship with spiritual vision, plunging into materialism, setting the first place man of the earthly, denying his connection with the divine, with space. The Epoch of Enlightenment, according to Florensky, is not progress, but the regression of mankind, the departure of him from spiritual worldview. Many researchers consider this moment the mistake of Father Paul, idealizing, in their opinion, the Epoch of the Middle Ages.

P.A.Florensky has always remained among those scientists and researchers in the philosophy of religion, which at different times in different presences preserved the inner intimate life of the church - its spiritual part implemented in life. Florensky, from this point of view, the expressive of the best spiritual quests of Russian priesthood, manifested in such movements as Isychasm, Imaslavia, and many other currents of the inner life of the Church, which we may be unknown. Alexander Men recalled: "Florensky appeared as a man who was standing on the top of culture, and not coming from somewhere on the part and enjoyed by its fruits only for his needs ... He himself was a culture. And Florensky, and Solovyov is the culture of the person herself. "

The approach to his work from the standpoint of only religion leads to the lack of understanding of his ideas. As Lyudmila Vasilyevna Shaposhnikova rightly approves, it cannot be called a "religious philosopher". He is the one who now we can rightly rank to philosopams-cosmists. Philosophy P.A.Florensky is basically overhanging with the idea of \u200b\u200bSolovyov about alliance: "Everything is interconnected. The whole world is permeated by uniform. And the divine power enters the universe, there is nothing separated, and everything is intertwined, in one place hurts - in the other it is felt. "
"... if the truth is,
then she is a real intelligence
and reasonable reality;
it is the ultimate infinity
and endless limb
Or, I will express mathematically,
relevant infinity
Infinite, thoughtful
as a single
Unity…"

In 1923, at the time when the country comes the time of the destruction of churches and temples, P.A.Florensky writes the article "Christianity and culture", in which the origins of disappointment in the Christian faith, the origins of discrepancies between the various branches of Christianity, which have previously become reasons religious wars. In his opinion, the essence of this problem is not in differences in rites, and even dogmas of those or other branches of Christianity: "The Christian world is full of mutual suspicion, unfriendly feelings and hostility. He rotted at the very basis of his own, does not have the activity of Christ, does not have courage and complaints to recognize the rottenness of his faith. No church office, no bureaucracy, no diplomacy inhales the unity of faith and love where there is no it. All external gluings not only do not unite the Christian world, but, on the contrary, they can be only insulation between confessions. We must confess that not those or other differences in the teachings, rite and church apparatus serve the true cause of the fragmentation of the Christian world, and a deep mutual distrust, mostly faith in Christ, the Son of God, in the flesh of the coming. " Pavel Alexandrovich is not "placed" into the framework of the generally accepted scheme: he is not an ordinary priest and not an ordinary philosopher, he is the thinker of the new time, the thinker-cosmist. From the study of philosophy, the foundations of religion, mathematics, physics, many natural sciences and the simultaneous spiritual comprehension of the foundations of the universe and the relationship between Being, the synthesis of scientific knowledge, philosophical concepts with spiritual experience were born. This synthesis, whose expression we see in the work of P.A. Florinsky, was born on that verge of private and general, internal and distracted, which he also spoke about him. L.V.Shaposhnikova called this state "Duloyemic". P.A.Florensky noticed that modern science Not yet engaged in the study of spiritual experience, and that the denial of the science of achievements in the field of knowledge, which are obtained during the spiritual experience, the true followers of the teachings of Christ denies the most science as such.

The most fully transferring the state of the "dowemicia" and make the results of this state the achievement of a person can art. In the book "The Thorny Way of Beauty", L.V.Shaposhnikova notes that since 1910, the period began, "when creative personalitiesAnd first of all, artists, drew attention to the treasure of Russian culture - Orthodox icons. " It was in the icons and father Paul saw (and revealed in his works "Iconostasis" and others) the role of art as a method in comprehending of being and inhibition as a method of transmitting "Dvouliiria".

Icon, it is Russian icon - a reflection of the act of creativity of the artists-icon painters, bringing them spiritual experience in life. Icon - a line between the worlds. But it becomes such only with the spiritual work of the person himself. P.A.Florensky claims that the method of the reverse perspective used by Russian icon painters is not an error or inability to portray the world, namely skill in the image of another space, other plans of being. The strength and genius of a true artist is not in naturalism, which "does not reflect the multi-volume space", but imitates the external truthfulness and creates "twins of things"; The genius of the artist in the transfer of a special look at the space and the world, in the transfer of the vision of their inhibition. P.A. Florensky believes that the drawings of children often reflect the phenomenon of the reverse perspective and "only with a loyalty of a direct relationship to the world, children lose the reverse perspective<…> as child thinking - This is not weak thinking, but a special type of thinking, "transmitting the synthetic perception of the world. A person sees not just eyesight, eyes, a person in the process of vision perceives the image of the thing, the phenomena, which consists of his mental perceptions. That is why "the artist must and can depict his presentation of the house, and not at all the home to be moved to the canvas."

The article "Organoposition" P.A. Floronsky considers the relationship between mechanisms and humans, equipment and culture. He proposes to consider a person in all its aggregate, as a microcosm, as a basis for projection possible mechanisms, stressing that only in this case the technique can be considered as part of the culture. P.A.Florensky points to many not yet studied, hidden opportunities for a person. The man is the universe, the microcosm, pays in itself many secrets, not yet disabled by the person himself. It is necessary to study the relationship between micro and macrocosm, humans and nature, their finest interactions. The denial of these relationships leads to the denial of the person himself, warns Florensky. P.A.Florensky prophetically saw that the idea of \u200b\u200b"conquering nature", approved in the materialism of the twentieth century, will lead to the primacy of a ramumous, mechanistic civilization, the process that currently leads to the collapse of the mechanistic civilization itself.

P.A.Florensky indicates special relationships and interaction of sound and words, studying these questions on the example of the relationship between the person and his name. When the Soviet government claimed himself, conducting the renaming of streets, cities, people, P.A.Florensky writes the article "Names", in which it shows how the interaction of the image of a thing, the phenomena is drawn up in the person's representation through the sound in the word: "... The name is embodied in sound , then the spiritual essence is comprehended mainly by the acquisition of his flesh sound. " In renaming streets, people, the cities of Florensky sees the action with a clear goal - the destruction of the foundations of culture. "Names behave in society as some focuses of social energy; Let these endocks, but for the eye seeing them, and imaginary, they are quite equivalent to the focus valid. " The name is the fact of culture, not to understand the meaning and the meaning of the role of the name - it means not to understand the meaning of culture. Humanity can not "without self-destruction<…> Declar validity of culture that binder human race. " P.A.Florensky emphasizes: "The name is a word, even a condensed word; And because every word, but to a greater extent, it is a tireless playing energy of the Spirit. " P.A.Florensky was close to imaging, he studied the energy relationship between the number and letters with sound.

The limb of the physical world and the infinity of other existence, the types of spaces, the spheres of being are considered by P.Florensky in the article "Through-image in geometry". The space in Florensky multidimeno, multi-line. It distinguishes several species and subspecies of space, saying that "for each of the planned divisions of space, large and fractional, you can, abruptly speaking, think very different." P.A. Florensky criticizes the basics of euclide geometry, based on the metaphysical perception of the world by the author of the "Divine Comedy", recognizes the providence of Dante as a scientific fact and this fact is building a mathematical theory. For him, poetic reality is the reality "imagined and thought, means that contains the data for clarification ... geometric premises." Explaining the meaning of his article "Through-image in geometry" in a letter to politicalotel, P.A.Florensky wrote: "My thought - taking genuine words of Dante, show that symbolically, he expressed an extremely important geometric idea of \u200b\u200bnature and space." P.A.Florensky "was" was also fundamentally hostile to Spiritualism, an abstract idealism and such metaphysics. " He believes that "the worldview must have strong concrete-life roots and end with the vital embodiment in the art, art and so on." Mathematical analysis and poetic image as "the expression of a certain psychological factor", monism of the world order, "non-Euclidova geometry in the name technical applications In electrical engineering "- on the verge of these combinations of sciences, at the joints of science and poetry P.A. Floronsky opens up new opportunities for research and applying the results of this research in life. P.A.Florensky - a cosmist scientist, for whom the person's thinking is not limited to the narrow framework of the dense world, but expands to the endless sizes of space, acconging the universe and transforming the knowledge gained to improve life on Earth.

Thought, according to P.A. Florensky - independent essence: "Thought is conceived and embodied, born and grew up; Nothing will return her to the mother's womb: Thought - an independent center of action. " In the book "At watersheds of thought", he studies the rhythm of thought, the processes of its origin and development. The rhythm of thought reminds him of the Russian folk song, where "Unity is achieved by the internal understanding of the performers, and not by external framework." P.A. Florensky professionally knew music. The subtle states of the soul, observing the birth of thought, ideas, those verses that are so indecent in dense earthly matter, can pass music and art. The watersheds of thought on the verge of being and inthius, on the verge of time, where the mysters of the evenings and the morning are found - "these two secrets, two lights - referees of life" - these states of "dowemicia" are inherent in P.A.Florensky, tolerator and scientist new spiritualized science. Lyudmila Vasilyevna Shaposhnikova in the book "Bulletin of Space Evolution" notes that 2000 years ago, the Apostle Paul was executed for approving the need for a constant remembrance of the worlds of other measurements, and Father Paul Florensky is executed in the twentieth century for the same ideas.

Name P.A.Florensky For a long time, it was forbidden to mention. But the thoughts and ideas of P.A.Florensky were used in the practice and technique of the life of the twentieth century and contributed to the transformation of the consciousness of people and their lives. Cosmist Thinker P.A. Florensky his creativity, works and thoughts gave impetus to the evolutionary transformation of the complex living space of the twentieth century.

Florensky Pavel Alexandrovich

(Fr. Pavel) (1882-1937), Russian philosopher, theologian, art historian, literary critic, mathematician and physicist. I had a significant impact on the work of Bulgakov, especially noticeable in the "Master and Margarita" novel. F. was born on January 9, 1882 in the town of Evlah Elisavetspol Province (now Azerbaijan) in the family of the railway engineer. In the fall of 1882, the family moved to Tiflis, where in 1892 F. entered the 2nd Tiflis classical gymnasium. Shortly before the end of the gymnasic course, in the summer of 1899, survived the spiritual crisis, realized the limitations and relativity of rational knowledge and appealed to the adoption of the Divine Truth. In 1900, F. graduated from the Gymnasium by the first student with a gold medal and entered the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University. Here he wrote a candidate essay "On the peculiarities of flat curves as places of interrupt disturbances", which F. planned to make part of the general philosophical work "Interrupt as an element of the worldview". He also independently studied the history of art, listened to the lectures on the philosophy of the Creator "Specific Spiritualism" L. M. Lopatina (1855-1920) and participated in the philosophical seminar of the supporter of "specific idealism" S. N. Trubetsky (1862-1905) on historical and philological Faculty. F. perceived many ideas of Professor N. V. Bugaev (1837-1903), one of the founders of the Moscow Mathematical Society and the Father of the writer A. White. While studying at University F. made friends with white. In 1904, after graduating from the University, F. thought to take a monasticism, but his defender Bishop Anthony (M. Florence) (1874-1918) did not bless him for this step and advised to enter the Moscow Theological Academy. Although F. brilliantly graduated from the university and was considered one of the most gifted students, he rejected the proposal to stay at the Department and in September 1904 he entered MDA in Sergiev Posad, where it settled almost thirty years. On March 12, 1906, the preaching of the "Bloody" was delivered in the academic church - against mutual bloodshed and death sentence, the head of the uprising on the cruiser "Ochakov" P. P. Schmidt ("Lieutenant Schmidt") (1867-1906), for which he was arrested and She spent a week in a Tagan prison. After the end of the MDA in 1908, F. remained there a teacher of philosophical disciplines. His candidate essay "On Religious Truth" (1908) became the kernel of a master's thesis "On the spiritual truth" (1912), published in 1914 as the book "Pillars and the approval of truth. The experience of Orthodox theodice in twelve letters. " This is the main essay of the philosopher and theologian. On August 25, 1910, F. married Anna Mikhailovna Hiacintova (1883-1973). In 1911, he accepted the priesthood. In 1912-1917. F. was the chief editor of the MDA magazine "Theological Bulletin". On May 19, 1914, he was approved into the degree of Master of theology and made an extraordinary professor of MDA. In 1908-1919. F. read courses on the history of philosophy on the topics: Plato and Kant, thinking Jewish and thinking Western European, Occultism and Christianity, religious cult and culture, etc. In 1915, F. served on the front by a regimental priest of a military-sanitary train. F. became close to such Russian philosophers and religious thinkers as S. N. Bulgakov, V. F. Ern (1882-1917), Vyach. I. Ivanov (1866-1949), F.D. Samarin (died in 1916), V.V. Rosanov (1856-1919), M. A. Novoselov (1864-1938), E. N. Trubetka ( 1863-1920), L.A.Tikhomirov (1852-1923), Archpriest Joseph Fudel (1864-1918), etc., was associated with the "Society of memory of the VL. S. Solovyova ", founded by M. A. Novoselovy" Circle of Christian Enlightenment "and the publisher of religious and philosophical literature" Path ". In 1905-1906 Entered the created S. N. Bulgakov, A. V. Yelchaninov, V. F. Ern, V. A. Sventitsky, etc. The "Christian Brotherhood of the struggle", whose activities developed in the direction of Christian Socialism. In 1918, F. participated in the work of the Department of the Local Cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church on spiritual and educational institutions. In October 1918, he became a scientific secretary of the Commission for the Protection of Monuments of Art and Starny, the Trinity-Sergius Lavra and the Keeper of Risnica. F. put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bthe "Living Museum", which had the preservation of exhibits in the environment where they arose and existed, and therefore proceeding for the preservation of the Museums of the Trinity-Sergiye Lavra and the optical desert as existing monasteries (F.'s proposal was not carried out). After the closure of MDA in 1919, F. continued to informally read the philosophical courses of its former and new students in the Danilovsky and Petrovsky monasteries and private apartments in the 1920s. In 1921, F. was elected a professor at the senior art and technical workshops (Vhutemas), where he read lectures on the theory of perspectives until 1924. Since 1921, F. also worked in the system of the Glavlectro Supreme Council of the National Economy of the RSFSR, studying scientific research in Areas of dielectrics, the result of which became the "Dielectrics and their technical use" published in 1924. F. created and headed the Department of Materials Science at the State Experimental Electrical Institute, made a number of discoveries and inventions. In 1922, the book of F. "Thimble in Geometry" was published, based on the course he read in MDA and Sergiev Pedagogical Institute. This book caused a sharp criticism for the idea of \u200b\u200bthe ultimate universe from the official ideologues and scientists. In 1927-1933, F. also worked as deputy chief editor of the Technical Encyclopedia, which published a number of articles. In 1930, F. became part-time assistant director of the scientific part of the All-Union Energy Institute. In the 1920s, F. creates a number of philosophical and art historical works, who did not see the light with his life: "Iconostasis", "Reverse Perspective", "Analysis of Spatio and Time in Artistic and Fine Works", "Cult Philosophy" and Dr., who, according to the plan, were to compile a single work "At the watersheds of thought" - a peculiar continuation of the "pillar and the approval of truth", designed to the theotice, the doctrine of the justification of God, admitting evil in the world, to complement the anthropodsia, the learning about the justification of a person, about the world and Man in their involvement in God.

In May 1928, OGPU conducted an operation on arrest of a number of religious figures and representatives of the Russian aristocracy, after the revolution of those who lived in Sergiev Posad and its surroundings. Before this, a campaign under the headlines - slogans were deployed in a controlled press: "Trinity-Sergiyev Lavra - asylum of former princes, manufacturers and gendarmes!", "The nest of the mannemotens near Moscow!", "Shakhovsky, Olsufyev, Trubetsky, and others lead religious propaganda! " and so on May 21, 1928 F. was arrested. He was not incriminated to nothing concrete. In the indictment of May 29, it was argued that F. and other arrested, "living in Sergiev and partly in the Sergievsky district and being in its social origin" former "people (princess, princes, graphs, etc.), in The conditions for revitalizing the anti-Soviet forces began to submit to comprehensive some threat, in the sense of government activities for a variety of issues. " On 25 May 1928, about the photographs of the royal family F. showed: "Nicholas II photocarta is stored by me as a memory of the Bishop Anthony. I treat Nikolai well and I'm sorry for the person who in his intentions was better than others, but who had tragic fate reign. To covoral, I treat well (another answer to the interrogation in the OGPU, I did not have to expect and did not. - B.S.) and lead research related to the military department of a secret nature. I took these works voluntarily, offering this branch of work. I treat covoral as the only real strength that can enhance the situation of the mass. With some events, I do not agree with some events, but definitely against any intervention of both military and economic. " On July 14, 1928, F. in administrative procedure was exiled for three years to Nizhny Novgorod. In September 1928, at the request of the wife of Maxim Gorky (A. M. Peshkov) (1868-1936) Ekaterina Pawlovna Peshkova (1878-1965) F. was returned to Moscow, commenting on the situation in the capital with the following words: "Was in the link, returned on the cautious ". On February 25, 1933, F. was re-arrested and accused of leading the counter-revolutionary organization "Renaissance of Russia" in the leadership of the OGPU. Under the pressure of the investigation F. recognized the justice of this charge and referred to them on March 26, 1933. The authorities compiled by them the philosophical and political treatise "The estimated state structure in the future". It was allegedly set out the program of the Renaissance of Russia, which was called the National Fascist consequence. In this treatise F., being a convinced supporter of the monarchy, defended the need to create a rigid autocratic state, in which people of science were to play a major role, and religion was separated from the state, since "the state should not bind its future with coding clerics, but it needs Religious deepening of life and will be waiting for such. " On July 26, 1933, F. was convicted of a three special meeting for 10 years of correctional labor camps and on August 13, he was sent under the stage to the East Sibirsk Camp "Free". On December 1, 1933, he arrived at the camp and was left to work in the Bamgrant Research Department. February 10, 1934 F. was sent to an experienced permissal station in Skovorodino. F. Studies held here formed the basis of the book of his employees N. I. Bykov and P. N. Kapteva "Eternal Merzlot and Construction on It" (1940). In July-August 1934, with the help of E. P. Peskova to F., a wife was able to come to the camp with the younger children - Olga, Mikhail and Maria (Senior Vasily and Kirill at that time were in geological expeditions). The family brought F. Proposal of the Czechoslovakian government to agree with the Soviet government about his liberation and departure to Prague. For the beginning of the official negotiations, F. was required. However, he refused. In September 1934, F. transferred to the Solovetsky camp of a special purpose (elephant), where he arrived on November 15, 1934. There worked at the factory of the iodine industry, where I was engaged in the problem of mining iodine and agar-agar from seaweed and made a number of scientific discoveries. On November 25, 1937, by the decision of the special triple of the Office of the NKVD under the Leningrad Region F. was sentenced to the highest penalties "for conducting counter-revolutionary propaganda" and, according to the Act of Safety Authorities, the act of death and the burial of F. is unknown. F. Left the unfinished memories of "My Children", published posthumously. In 1958 he was rehabilitated.

F. was five children: Vasily (1911-1956), Cyril (1915-1982), Olga (in the marriage of Trubachev) (1921 birth), Mikhail (1921-1961) and Maria-Tinatin (1924 birth) .

The essence of its philosophical, scientific and theological activities of F. is most compressed and accurately revealed in the letter to the son of Cyril on February 21, 1937: "What did I do all my life? - considered the world as a whole, as a single picture and reality, but at every moment or, more precisely, at every stage of his life, at a certain angle of view. I looked through the global relations on the context of the world at a certain direction, in a certain plane and tried to understand the structure of the world on this, this stage I take a sign. The plus plane changed, but one did not cancel the other, but only enriched. From here - the ultimate dialectivity of thinking (change of the planes of consideration), with the constancy of the installation on the world, as an integer. " And at the interrogation in OGPU in March 1933, he described himself as follows: "I, Florensky Pavel Alexandrovich, Professor, a specialist in electrical materials science, in the warehouse of his political views Romantic Middle Ages about the XIV century ..." Here I remember "New Middle Ages" (1924 ) N. A. Berdyaev, where the author saw signs of the sunset of the humanistic culture of the new time after the First World War and the onset of the new Middle Ages, the most distinctly expressed by the Bolsheviks in Russia and the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) in Italy. Berdyaev himself in the "Russian Idea" (1946) argued that the "pillar and statement of truth" "could be counted for the type of existential philosophy," and F. "According to the mental school", he considered the "new man" of his time, "famous years began XX century. " Along with S. N. Bulgakov F. became one of the founders of Sofiology - the teachings on Sofia - the wisdom of God, the developing views of V. S. Solovyov (1853-1900).

Bulgakov was vividly interested in the work of F. In his archive, the book F. "Thimmed in Geometry" with numerous marks was preserved. In 1926-1927 Bulgakov with the second wife L. E. Belozerskaya lived in M. Levshinsky Lane (4, sq. 1). In the same alley then lived and F.

In addition, L. E. Belozerskaya worked in the editorial office of the Technical Encyclopedia simultaneously with F. However, there is no data on the personal acquaintance of Bulgakov with a philosopher. Nevertheless, the influence of ideas F. is noticeable in the novel "Master and Margarita". It is possible that in the early edition of F. served as one of the prototypes of the Humanitarian scientist of Flei, professors of the historical and philological faculty and predecessor of the Master of next editions. Between F. and Fesa, you can spend a range of parallels. Fesu ten years after the revolution, i.e. in 1927 or 1928, accused of which he, as if kidding himself over the men in his near Moscow estate, was now safely covered in Humat (so transparent Bulgakov disguised Vhutemas): in one "A combat newspaper" appeared "article ... however, to call her author no need. It said that a certain Trover Reryukovich, being at one time a landowner, mocked the men in his near Moscow estate, and when the revolution deprived of his estates, he hid out of the thunder of righteous anger in Humat ... "The article invented by Bulgakov very much reminds those that Published in the spring of 1928 in connection with the campaign against the nobles and religious figures, accused in Sergiev Posad. She, as it were, prepared the first arrest of F. and his comrades. Then, for example, in the "Working Newspaper" dated May 12, 1928, A. Lāss wrote someone: "In the so-called Trinity-Sergius Lavra, the nest of all kinds of" former ", mainly princes, Freilins, priests and monks. Gradually, Trinity-Sergiyev Lava turned into a kind of black and religious center, and a curious change of the authorities occurred. If previously printed princes were protected, now the princes are protected by Popov ... the nest of the mannesotanes should be destroyed. " It is no coincidence that the Fesu in the article was called the descendant of the first Russian prince Rüric. We also note that on May 17, 1928, the correspondent of "Workers' Moscow", which was hiding under the pseudonym M. Ami, as a note "under the new brand" claimed:

"On the western side of the feudal wall only a sign was appeared:" Sergiev State Museum ". Covered by such a saving passport, the most stubborn "men" settled here, taking on the role of two-legged rats, disappearing the ancient values \u200b\u200bhiding the dirt and spreading the stench ...

Some "scientists" of men under the brand name of the State Research Institution issues religious books for mass distribution. In most cases, these are simply collections of "saints" icons, different crucifixes and other rubbish with the corresponding texts ... Here is one of these texts. It you will find on page 17 of the volume (in fact, at all of the total. - B.S.) Labor of two scientists of the Museum employees - P. A. Florensky and Yu. A. Olesufyeva, released in 1927 in one of the state publishers called "Ambrose, Trinity Cutter of the XV century." The authors of this book, for example, explain: "Of these nine dark images (we are talking about engravings attached at the end of the book. - M. A.) Eight really belong to events from the life of Jesus Christ, and the ninth is to the prevention of John's head."

It is necessary to be really clever naked, so that under the brand of the "scientific book" in the tenth year of the revolution to give such nonsense to the reader of the Soviet country, where even every pioneer knows that the legend about the existence of Christ is nothing more than Popovsky quarrel. "

F. was also criticized for teaching in Vhutama, where he developed a course on the analysis of spatiality. He was accused of creating a "mystical and idealistic coalition" with the famous artist-schedule Vladimir Andreevich Favorsky (1886-1964), illustrated by the book "Thimming in Geometry". Probably attacks on F. suggested Bulgakov the image of an article in a "combat newspaper" directed against the Fleas. Bulgakovsky hero the thesis of the thesis had the exact opposite of the one that was in F., "the category of causality and causal communication" (causality, unlike F., fie obviously understands as a simple causality, without identifying it with the fishery of God). Bulgakov was a commitment to Renaissance, while F. was deeply hostile to Renaissance culture. But both, and the hero and the prototype, in their own way are romantics, highly separated from the modern life. Ftya is a romantic associated with the cultural tradition of revival. These are the topics of his works and lectures, which he reads in Humat and other places, - "Humanistic criticism as such", "History as a biographies aggregate", "The secularization of ethics as a science", "Peasant Wars in Germany", "Form and Form Affiliation The proportionality of the parts "(the last course, taught in the university, the name of which was not preserved, reminds the course of F." Thinth in Geometry "in the Sergiev Pedagogical Institute, as well as lectures in the inverse perspective in Vhutemace). Some works of F. can be opposed to the works of Fles, for example, "Science as a symbolic description" (1922) - "Stories as an aggregate of biographies", "Religious self-knowledge" (1907) - "Spellarization of ethics like science", "Anthony Roman and Anthony Traditions "(1907) (in connection with the novel of Flaubert" The Temptation of St. Anthony ") and" Several comments to the collection of chastushki Kostroma province of the Nekhort County "(1909) -" Ronsar and Pleiad "(about French poetry of the XVI century). The topics of the works of the Fleas are emphasized by secular, but he is fond of Western European demonology and mystics and therefore it turns out to be involved in contact with unclean power. F., unlike the Flei, according to his own recognition, is a romantic of the Russian Orthodox medieval tradition, where, as in the works of F., there was a very mystical beginning.

Some features of F., possibly reflected in the late image of the master. The philosopher, as he himself wrote in the abstract of a biography for the encyclopedic dictionary Grenad (1927), after 1917, "Consorment by an employee of the museum department ... Developed a method of aesthetic analysis and describing the objects of ancient art, for which these technologies and geometry attracted The keeper of the county of the Sergiev Museum. Bulgakovsky master before won on a lottery ticket 100 thousand rubles and sat down for the novel, worked as a historian at the museum. In the author's abstract for the vocabulary Grenat F. Detected its worldview "the IMA-XV century-corresponding warehouse. Russian Middle Ages, "but emphasized that" foresees and wishes other constructions, corresponding to a deeper return to the Middle Ages. " Masters in the last flight wave shall like a romantic writer and philosopher XVIII century. Inspiration the main character The last Bulgakov novel draws in an even more distant era of Yeshua Ga-Nozri and Pontius Pilate.

Architectonics "Masters and Margarita", in particular, the three main world of the novel: the ancient Yerschalaimsky, eternal exterior and modern Moscow, can be put in the context of the exercise of F. on Trochnoye as the primancy of being developed in the "pillar and approval of truth". The philosopher spoke "On the number" Three ", as an immanent truth, as internally inseparable from her. It can not be less than three, for only three hatchings extremely make each other in the fact that they are marked the very essence. Only in the unity of the three each hyposta receives an absolute statement establishing it as such. " According to F., "every fourth is an idea contributes to itself the first three one or another order and, it means that IPPACE puts in unequal activities in relation to itself as the fourth hat. It can be seen that with the fourth hatterance begins the essence of a completely new one, whereas the first three were one being. In other words, the Trinity can be without the fourth hat, whereas the fourth - independence cannot have. Such is the general meaning of the tricious number. " F. connected terrain with the Divine Trinity and pointed out that it was impossible to withdraw "logically, for God is above the logic. It is necessary to firmly remember that the number "Three" is not a consequence of our concept about the Divine, derived from there by receptions of conclusion, and the content of the very experiencing of the Divine, in its above-ravous reality. From the concept of the Divine it is impossible to withdraw the number "Three"; In the experience of the heart of our deity, this number is simply given as a moment as the side of an infinite fact. But, since this fact is not just a fact, then it is not just a given, and the dality with infinite-in-depth intelligence, the replacement of the unformed smart gave ... The numbers are generally unweight from anything else, and all attempts on Such deduction suffer a decisive wreck. " According to F., "The number of three, in our mind, characterizing the unconditionality of the Divine, is characteristic of everything that has relative self-exclusiveness, - inherent in themselves to the species of being. Positively, the number three is everywhere, as some kind of main category of life and thinking. " As examples, F. led the three-dimensionity of space, the three-dimensionality of time: the past, present and future, the presence of three grammatical persons in almost all existing languages, the minimum size of the full family in three people: father, mother, child (more precisely, perceived by full human thinking), The philosophical law of the three moments of dialectical development: thesis, antithesis and synthesis, as well as the presence of three coordinates of the human psyche expressed in each personality: reason, will and feelings. Add here and the well-known Linguistics Law: in all the languages \u200b\u200bof the world, the first three numerals are one, two, three - belong to the ancient lexical reservoir and never borrow.

It is necessary to emphasize that the proven F. Troproity of human thinking is directly related to the Christian Divine Trinity (such tricious structures are present in almost all known religions). Depending on whether the observer believes in God or not, the troopiness of thinking can be considered divine inspiration, or, on the contrary, the divine Trinity can be considered a derivative of the thought structure. From the point of view of science, the ternaryness of human thinking can be associated with the experimentally detected asymmetry of the functions of two hemispheres of the brain, for the number "three" is the simplest (smallest) expression of asymmetry in the integers according to formula 3 \u003d 2 + 1, unlike simplest formula Symmetry 2 \u003d 1 + 1. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine that the human thinking was symmetrical. In this case, people probably, on the one hand, would have experienced a state of splitness, could not make decisions, and on the other, they would always be in the position of "Buridanov Osla", located at an equal distance from two haystacks (or knitting twigs) And the doomed to die from hunger, since the absolute freedom of will does not allow him to prefer some of them (this paradox is attributed to the French Skolasta XIV century. Jean Buridan). F. Tropic asymmetry of human thinking contrasted symmetry of the human body, pointing also to homotype - like not only the right and left, but also the upper and lower parts, also considering this symmetry given by God: "What is commonly called the body is not more than ONTOLOGICAL SURFACE; And for her, on the other side of this shell lies mystical depth of our being. " Bulgakov, not being mystic and Orthodox, hardly directly attached to the Trochniki "Masters and Margarita" any religious symbolism. At the same time, in contrast to the majority of the main functionally similar characters of the three worlds forming triads, two such important hero, as a master and Yeshua Ga-Nozri form only a couple, and not a triad. The other pair of the master forms with his beloved, Margarita.

F. In the "Pillar and Approval of Truth" proclaimed: "Personality created by God, means, holy and unconditionally valuable inner core, - personality has a free creative will, revealing as a system of action, i.e. as an empirical character. Personality, in this sense of the word, is character.

But the creature of God is a person, and it must be saved; The angry character is exactly what prevents the individuals of being saved. Therefore, it is clear from here that the separation of personality and character is postulated by salvation, the separation of that and the other. One should become different. How is it? - Just like a triple one in God. Essentially one, I'm split, i.e., I remained, at the same time, I cease to be psychologically, this means that the evil will of a person who detects himself in lips and in the pride of character, is separated from the person himself, receiving independent, bessubstation Being situation and, at the same time, being "for another" ... absolute nothing. "

Bulgakovsky Master - its free creative will implements in the novel about Pontiya Pilate. To save the Creator of the Ingenious Work, Woland really has to make a personality and character: first poison the masters and Margarita so that, separating their immortal, substantial entities, put these entities in the last shelter. Also members of Satan Sweets are, as it were, the materialized evil wills of people, and it is no coincidence that they provoke modern characters of the novel to identify evil character traits that prevent the liberation and salvation of the individual. In the "Master and Margarita", in all likelihood, the color symbolism, adopted in the Catholic Church and the given F. in the "Pillar and Approval of Truth", was reflected. Here, the white color "marks innocence, joy and simplicity," Blue - Heavenly contemplation, red "proclaims love, suffering, power, justice," crystalline-transparent personifies abrupt purity, green-hope, imperious youth, and contemplative life, yellow " means a test of suffering ", gray - humility, gold - heavenly glory, black - sorrow, death or peace, purple - silence, and purple symbolizes royal or bishopan san. It is easy to make sure that Bulgakov colors have similar meanings. For example, Yeshua Ga-Nochri is dressed in Blue Hiton, and on his head there is a white bandage. Such an outfit emphasizes the innocence and the simplicity of the hero, as well as his involvement of the world of the sky, Koroviev-Fagot turns in the last flight in a silent purple knight. The words of Yeshua recorded by Leviem Matvey that "Humanity will look in the sun through a transparent crystal," express the idea of \u200b\u200bextinguishing purity, and the gray hospital bathrobe of the wizard symbolizes the humility of the hero of the fate. The gold of the Yerschalaim temple personifies heavenly glory. The crimson of the mantle, in which, as it should be dressing margarita in front of the great ball in Satan, bathing in the blood, is a symbol of her royal san on this ball. The red color in the "Master and Margarita" reminds of suffering and innocently spilled blood, such as, for example, a bloody pilor at Pontius Pilate. A black color, especially abundant in the last flight scene, symbolizes the death of heroes and the transition to another world, where the reward is prepared for them. Yellow, especially in combination with black, as a rule, creates an extremely disturbing atmosphere and foreshadows future suffering. At Tuchi, stacked by Yershlaim during the execution of Yeshua, "black smoky belly was chosen yellow." The same cloud fell into Moscow when the Master and Margarita end ends. Subsequent misfortunes seemed to be predicted when at the first meeting the master sees Mimosa Margarita - "alarming yellow flowers", which "very clearly stand out on the black spring coat."

In the Bulgakov novel, the principle formulated by F. in "Mimons in Geometry" is used: "If you look at the space through not too wide a hole, I myself, aside from it, then the wall plane falls into the field of view; But the eye cannot accommodate simultaneously and on the space wall and on the plane of the opening. Therefore, focusing on the attention on the illuminated space, in relation to the hole itself together and sees it and does not see it ... The view through the window glass even more convincingly leads to the same split; Along with the scenery itself in consciousness and glass, earlier the landscape we saw, but further not visible, although perceived by tangible vision or even simply touching, for example, when we touch his forehead ... When we consider a transparent body having a significant thickness , for example, an aquarium with water, glass solid cube (inkwell) and so on, the consciousness is extremely disturbing between various positions in it (conscious), but uniform in content (- and in this last circumstance - an anxiety source -) perceptions Both faces of a transparent body. The body swings in the consciousness between the assessment of it, as something, that is, the bodies, and as nothing, visiting nothing, as it is ghostly. Nothing vision, it is something touch; But this is something converted by a visual memory in something like. Spectator. Transparent - Ghostly ...

Somehow I had to stand in the Christmas Sergiev Posad Church, almost right against the closed royal gates. Through the threads, they clearly seen the throne, and the most gates, in his turn, were visible to me through the carved copper grill on the Ambon. Three layers of space, but each of them could be visible only by the special accommodation of view, and then the other two received a special position in consciousness and, therefore, relatively with the fact that it was clearly visible, assessed as semi-existent ... "

Even in his diary, "under the fifth" Bulgakov seemed to mention this phenomenon in one of the records of December 23, 1924: "... I remembered the car in January of the 20th year and a flask with vodka on a gray belt, and a lady that I fled me for the fact that I twitch so scary. I looked at the face of R. O. and saw a double vision. He was told, and he remembered himself ... no, not double, and triple. So, I saw R. O., at the same time - the car in which I did not go there, where it is necessary (perhaps a hint of a trip to Pyatigorsk, after which, on the memories of the first wife Bulgakov T. N. Lappa, the writer became infected with abdominal typhus and not I was able to retreat from Vladikavkaz along with white. - B.S.), and at the same time - the picture of my contusion under the oak and the colonel, wounded in the stomach ... He died in November 19th during a hike for Shali-Aul .. . "Here in the Bulgakov vision, like F., three spatial and temporal layers are combined at once. We see the same three space-time worlds in the "Master and Margarita", and their interaction in readership perception is largely like an optical phenomenon, disassembled F. When we see the converse of the world of ancient legend, real before the tangibility, as otherwise and modern worlds The novels look sometimes "semi-existent." Guessing the creative imagination of Master Yershalaim is perceived as unconditional reality, and the city where the author of the novel lives, becomes like a ghostly, populated chimers of the human consciousness that generates Voland and his retinue. The same optical principle acts in the scene before the great ball at Satan, when the wave demonstrates the work of the Abadonna war demon on his magic crystal globe: "Margarita leaned toward the globe and saw that the square of the Earth expanded, painted multiply and turned into a relief card. And then she saw the ribbon ribbon, and some selection near her. The house, which was the size of the pea, scratched and became like a match box. Suddenly, and silently the roof of this house flew upstairs together with the black smoke club, and the walls were collapsed, so there was nothing left of the two-story box, except for a heap, from which black smoke. Another closer look, Margarita saw a small female figure lying on the ground, and near her in a puddle of the blood of a small child. " Here, the effect of a multilayer image in a transparent globe enhances the alarm of the heroine, affected by the horrors of war.

In the author's abstract for the grenade v. The main law of the world called "the second principle of thermodynamics - the law of entropy, taken expansion as the law of chaos in all areas of the universe. The world is opposed to Logos - the beginning of ectropy (entropy is a process leading to chaoticization and degradation, and ectropy is the process, opposite entropy and aimed to order and complicate the structure of something. - B.S.). Culture is a conscious struggle with the world equalization: culture is insulation, as a delay in the equalization process of the Universe, and in increasing the difference in potentials in all areas, as a living condition, as opposed to equality - death. " According to F., "Renaissance Culture of Europe ... finished its existence by the beginning of the XX century., And from the first years of the new century, the first sprouts of the culture of different type can be observed in all lines of culture.

In the "Master and Margarita" at the time of the creation of a novel about Pontius Pilate, the master is consciously isolated from the world, where primitive intellectual equalization of personalities is dominated. Bulgakov worked after the cultural catastrophe of 1917 in Russia, in many ways that F. as the end of the European culture of the new time leading from the Renaissance. However, the master belongs to this, in the opinion of F., culture, in the traditions of which he creates the history of Pilate and Yeshua, thereby overcoming the rupture designated by the revolution. Here Bulgakov is opposite to F. Philosopher thought that the type of culture oriented to the Orthodox Middle Ages would come to replace the Renaissance culture. The author of "Master and Margarita" created a completely wrong Orthodox version of the Gospel Legend and forced the main character, the master, in the last flight to turn into Western European romance of the XVIII century, and not in the Orthodox monk XV century, so close to the type of worldview F. at the same time The master with his novel is opposed to the "world equation", it organizes the world by Logos, i.e. performs the same function as the culture of F.

In a letter to the political notion, which contained the request for the publication of the book "Through Geometry" F. claimed: "Working out a monistic worldview, the ideology of a specific, labor attitude to the world, I was and there is a fundamentally hostile spiritualism, an abstract idealism and the same metaphysics. As I always believed, the worldview should have durable concrete-life roots and end with the vital embodiment in technique, art and so on. In particular, I defend the Neeavklid geometry in the name of technical applications in electrical engineering ... The theory of image can have physical and, consequently, technical use ... "

It is significant that in the copy of the "viamns in geometry", preserved in the Bulgakov archive, the words F. are emphasized, as if the special principle of relativity argues that "no physical experience is impossible to make it impossible. In other words, Einstein declares Copernicus system with pure metaphysics, in the most huge sense of the word. " Attracted the attention of the writer and the position of F. that "the Earth rests in space - this is the direct consequence of Michelson's experience. An indirect investigation is a superstructure, it is an assertion that the concept of movement is straightforward and uniform is deprived of any intimidative meaning. And if so, because of what was to break feathers and burn with enthusiasm supposedly compressed device of the universe? " The following thought of philosopher mathematics was clearly close to Bulgakov: "... no and fundamentally there can be no evidence of the rotation of the Earth, and in particular, nothing proves the notorious experience of Foucault: with fixed earth and rotating around it, like one solid, the sky, the pendulum would also change the plane of its swings relative to the ground, as under the usual, Copernikov assumption about the earthly rotation and immobility of the sky. In general, in the Ptolemiere system of the world, with its crystal sky, the "hardness of heavenly", all phenomena should occur in the same way as in the Copernicus system, but with the advantage of common sense and loyalty to the earth, earthly, truly reliable experience, with compliance with philosophical mind and Finally, with geometry satisfaction. " The author of the "Master and Margarita" stressed in the work of F. and the place where the radius of "Earth Being" was determined - about 4 billion km - "The region of earthly movements and earthly phenomena, whereas the world begins at this maximum distance and New, region of heavenly movements and celestial phenomena, - simply the sky. " Bulgakov highlighted the idea that "the world's world is quite comfortable." The writer noted that according to F. "The border of the world has to be just where it was recognized from the deepest antiquity", that is, behind the orbit of uranium.

At the same time, "on the border of the earth and the sky, the length of every body is made equal to zero, the mass of infinite, and his time, from the side observed, is infinite. In other words, the body loses its length, goes into eternity and acquires absolute stability. Is it not there is a retelling in physical terms - signs of ideas, according to Platon - intimidated, immutable, eternal entities? Isn't that aristotelian pure forms? Or, finally, is it not the war of heaven, - contemplated from the ground as a star, but the earthly properties are alien? " Bulgakov emphasized one of the most fundamental assertions of F., that "in the border of limit speeds (this border, the author of" virtuality in geometry "considered the limit of earthly existence. - B. S.) extends the kingdom of goals. In this case, the length and mass of the bodies are made with imaginary. " The writer also noted the final lines of the book f.: "I am figuratively figuratively, and with a specific understanding of space - and not figuratively, it can be said that the space breaks down at speeds, high speed light, just like the air breaks when the bodies move, with speeds, large sound speed; And then there are qualitatively new conditions for the existence of space, characterized by imaginary parameters. But, as the failure of a geometric figure means not to destroy it at all, but only its transition to the other side of the surface and, consequently, the availability of creatures that are on the other side of the surface and the imaginaryness of the body parameters should be understood not as a sign of irradiance, but - only as Certificate of its transition to another reality. The area of \u200b\u200bthe manyness is real, compresses and in the dand language is called empire. All space we can imagine a double, composed of the real and from the coinciding with them of imaginary Gaussian coordinate surfaces, but the transition from the surface actually to the surface with imaginary is possible only through the spill of the space and turning the body through itself. While we imagine a means to this process only an increase in speeds, maybe the speeds of some body particles, the proven speed C; But we have no evidence of the impossibility of any other means.

So, breaking the time, "Divine Comedy" suddenly turns out not behind, but ahead of us modern science. "

F. As if gave a geometric interpretation of the transition from time to eternity, the transition, which occupied I. Kant in the Treatise "End of Total Following" (1794). It was this interpretation that attracted the attention of Bulgakov in "Mimensions to Geometry". The "Master and Margarita" final demonstrates the equality of two systems of the device of the Universe: Claudia Ptolemy's Geocentric Ancient Greek Astronoma (about 90 - about 160) and Heliocentric Polish Astronoma Nikolai Copernicus (1473-1543), proclaimed by F. In the last flight stage, the main characters together with Woland and His retinue leaves the "Fogs of the Earth, her swamp and river." Master and Margarita are given "with a light heart in the hands of death", looking for soothing. In flight Margarita sees, "How the appearance of all flying to his goal is changing" - her beloved turns into a philosopher of the XVIII century, such as Kant, Hippopotamus - in the boy's boy, Koroviev-Fagot - in a gloomy violet knight, Azazelo - in the Desert Demon, And Woland "flew, too, in his own guise. Margarita could not say what his horse was made, and thought that it was possible that these lunar chains and the coquer was only a globe of Mraka, and the mane of this horse was a cloud, and the spurs of the rider - white stains of the stars. " Satan at Bulgakov on the way to the kingdom of goals turns into a giant rider, sizes comparable to the universe. And the locality where flying sees the Pilate sitting in the chair in the chair, "this is essentially not the earthly area, since before that," sad forests drowned in the earthly gloom and carried away for their dull blades of rivers. " Weld with satellites is hidden in one of the mountain failures, "in which the Light of the Moon did not penetrate." Note that F. actually predicted the discovery of the so-called "black holes" - stars, as a result of the gravitational collapse of the resulting in cosmic bodies, where the radius tends to zero, and the density - to infinity, from where it is impossible to irradiatingly and where the heavy duty attraction is irretrievably delayed by matter . The black failure, where the devil disappears with his retinue, can be considered as an analogue of such a "black hole" (although at the time of F. and Bulgakov this term has not yet been used).

The last shelter of the masters and Margarita is comfortable as the world of earthly, but obviously belongs to eternity, i.e. it is on the border of the sky and earth, in the plane where the actual and imaginary space come into contact.

Bulgakov endowed the creatures "on the other side of the surface", such as Koroviev-Fagota, hippopotamus and azazello, humorous, jerking features, and, unlike F., hardly believed in their real being, even in the world of the world. The writer was not agreed with the philosophical system set forth in the "Pillar and Approval of Truth" and "Mimensions in Geometry". At the same time, he, apparently, drew attention to the words F. On the dependence of philosophy from human thinking, about the "philosophical mind", which would be the best of all correspond to the Ptolemeyev system of the universe device. The more clearly this idea F. formulated in the article "Term", written on the basis of a special course, reading MDA students in 1917, and published only in 1986: "In an uncertain opportunity, the thought of pretext, to move in every way, in the vastity of the sea thought, In the flow of stream, it is put to themselves solid facets, fixed intertarous stones, and, moreover, they are set as something imposed, that is, symbolically, through some superlogic act, will above, although it is manifested by personality, Estimated in the spirit of concrete unconditionalness: and then consciousness arises. There is nothing easier how to break these borders and shift the aircraft stones. Physically, it is easier. But for those dedicated to the taboo for our thought, for it is established in this meaning, and the thought knows the keeper of her natural heritage and is afraid of violating them, as the collateral and conditions of their own consciousness. The more definitely, the harder - the thoughts put the obstacles of thought, the brighter the topics of the synthetic consciousness. " F. considered these "meta" or "taboo" essay from God and therefore insurmountable. Bulgakov, apparently, was less dogmatically in this matter. In the "Master and Margarita" writer, trusting creative fantasyIt turns out that Dante Aligiery (1265-1321) in the "Divine Comedy" (1307-1321), as if "ahead of us modern" philosophy. F. could not overcome many restrictions imposed on the philosophy of the peculiarities of thinking, such as trolling or even more fundamental desire to consider all the phenomena as having the beginning and end. If infinity, the human mind can still perceive, understanding it as a constant increase in some kind of number, then the original is a problem for thinking much more difficult, because the human experience says that everything around, including his own life, has the beginning, although It does not necessarily have the end. Hence the dream of eternal life, embodied in immortality given to the deities. However, in almost all existing myths, the gods tend to be born. Not only endless, but only one absolute God has the original Being (in some philosophical systems, understood as the world mind). But even this god is always represented by the Creator of the Universe, which, therefore, should have its origin and different scientists and philosophers are considered either as an elliptical (final) or as hyperbolic (infinite). F. recognized the world space with the beginning and end, for which he was sharply criticized by Marxists. Bulgakov in the "Master and Margarita" managed to reflect the idea of \u200b\u200bnot only infinity, but also irreparality. Yeshua, master, Margarita, Woland, and subject to the demons led to the endless space. At the same time, two of the most important hero, as a master and Ga-Nozri, and the wave itself, enter the novel in fact without a biography. Here, they differ significantly from Pontia Pilate, whose life-looking, albeit in an encrypted form, is present in the novel. The readers have the impression that without remembering their parents of tramp from Galilee and the Creator of the history of the procurator of Judea existed and will always exist. In this respect, they are liked to God, Whose Being is eternal. We indicate that, as well as the Genesis of God, it would be logical to introduce the universe not only infinite, but also initially, which, nevertheless, rebel against the indigenous features of human thinking and does not find support in philosophy systems recognizing primary consciousness. Despite this, the initially endless interpretation of world space is present in the final of the last Bulgakov novel.