Rules of conduct during forest and peat fires. What to do in case of a forest fire - wind in the field.

Why do forest fires occur? If you find yourself in a forest where there is a fire, what should you do?

Forest fires are uncontrolled burning of plant flora over a large area. The danger of this terrible phenomenon lies in the rapid and literally spontaneous spread of fire, which is quite difficult to fight. The trees burn like candles. The fire in their crowns jumps to the neighbors. Some of the burning branches fall down...

The consequences of forest fires include a rather long recovery of forest flora and fauna, as well as damage to the ecological and material condition of the regional territory where such a tragedy occurred.

Causes of forest fires

Let's find out what reasons can trigger a forest fire, there are several of them:

In the first place is a person’s careless handling of fire;
Violation of basic safety measures in the forest belt when lighting a fire;
Children playing pranks with matches in the forest;
A lightning strike strikes a tree trunk;
Burning grass and garbage near the so-called forest area;
Sparks from the so-called exhaust pipes of a car or motorcycle getting into easily flammable vegetation in a forest belt, for example, dry grass or wood chips;
Combustion of cleaning material soaked in gasoline or oil;
Accidental focusing of the sun's rays by the glass of a bottle.

In addition, fires can occur when buildings catch fire in any populated areas, from power lines, from flammable substances, which leads to the spread of fire over fairly large areas.

Rules of behavior in case of fire in the forest and safety measures

One of the main factors behind forest fires is the human factor. To avoid forest fires, it is necessary to follow some safety measures.

You cannot throw unextinguished cigarette butts and matches on the ground;
You cannot burn garbage in the forest;
You cannot make a fire during the so-called fire danger period;
Cannot be left in the forest belt glass bottles;
During hunting, wads made of smoldering material should not be used;
You cannot leave garbage in the forest area, in particular soaked flammable liquid cleaning material.

If we talk about the rules of behavior in the forest belt, then we can note the following parameters that should be adhered to:

You can light a fire only in places specially designated for this;
If there are no such places, it is recommended to clear the grass area for the fire yourself;
Before leaving the forest, the fire must be completely extinguished, making sure that not a single branch is smoldering anymore;
In the event of a fire, the fire can be extinguished with water or covered with earth.

Knowing the safety measures and rules of behavior in the forest area, you can prevent the development of a fire due to human factor.

How to prevent fires in the forest, what does fire prevention consist of?

Such preventive measures in the event of a forest fire are carried out in order to protect the local population and prevent the penetration of fire from the forest into populated areas. For this purpose, during massive fires, clearings are cleared and so-called soil strips are laid, the width of which in mixed forests can range from 5 to 10 meters, and in coniferous forests - up to 50 meters.

Special trenches are dug around the populated area and filled with water so that the fire cannot spread to the residential sector. Settlements must have fire ponds or some other reservoirs, and their capacity should not be less than 30 cubic meters per hectare of area.

When threatened fire situation the population organizes a vigil to monitor the situation in the forest belt on the border with the populated area. The ground between the forest zone and the residential sector is being cleared to ensure safety for people in the event of a fire. The population should have respirators or cotton-gauze dressings to protect the respiratory system. In dry times, it is better to refrain from visiting the forest.

Ground fire

Most often in the forest belt the so-called ground fire when gradual smoldering of grass, shrubs, tree rhizomes, and the peat layer occurs. The speed of such a fire spreads slowly - from 1 to 3 meters per minute.

The danger of a ground fire lies in the ignition of the peat layer; it is a flammable material and can ignite on its own almost even without access to air. For this reason, it is quite labor-intensive to extinguish smoldering peat bogs.

Horse fire

Dry weather, as well as strong winds, can cause a so-called rapid crown fire. In this situation, tree trunks and crowns quickly ignite; coniferous trees are especially engulfed in fire. The speed of fire spread under the influence of a hurricane can be up to 80 meters per minute, which is scary.

Rules of conduct in case of a fire in the forest

It is important to immediately warn everyone nearby about the impending danger. People should immediately leave the fire area. You should go out into a clearing or closer to a body of water. It is recommended to leave the fire zone perpendicular to the direction of the wind and fire. It is important to cover yourself with wet clothes and sit on the ground if necessary, since the air next to it is less smoky.

After a person has managed to get out of the fire zone, they must immediately report the incident to fire service, naming the exact location of the fire, and, if possible, take part in the measures to extinguish it.

If a fire occurs, you should urgently call “01”, and for mobile communications from all operators this number is “112”.

REMINDERto the population on actions in case of a forest fire

To avoid fires, it is necessary to follow the rules of behavior in the forest.

During the fire season, it is unacceptable to be in the forest:

Throwing burning matches, cigarette butts, smoldering rags into the forest;

Make a fire in dense thickets and young coniferous trees, under low-hanging tree crowns, next to timber and peat warehouses, in close proximity to mature crops;

Leave spontaneously combustible material in the forest: rags and rags soaked in oil or gasoline, glass containers and dishes that are in sunny weather can focus Sunbeam and ignite dry vegetation;

Burn dry grass in forest clearings, gardens, fields, under trees;

Make a fire using flammable liquids or in windy weather;

Leave the fire unattended or unextinguished after leaving the parking lot.

If a special fire mode, visiting forests is strictly prohibited until it is cancelled.

Signs of a forest fire: a persistent burning smell, foggy smoke, restless behavior of birds, animals, insects, their migration in one direction, night glow on the horizon.

What to do if you find yourself in a forest fire zone:

If you are in a forest where a fire has broken out, then determine the direction of the wind and the spread of the fire;

Leave the danger zone only along the path of the fire;

Run along the front of the fire; do not outrun a forest fire; to overcome the lack of oxygen, bend down to the ground;

Breathe through a wet handkerchief or dampened clothing;

If it is impossible to get away from the fire, enter the pond or cover yourself with wet clothes and plunge into the nearest body of water.

After leaving the fire zone, report the location, size and nature of the fire to fire department by phone 01, forestry or by phone 112.

Rules safe extinguishing small fire in the forest:

When you smell smoke, determine what is burning and where; Having decided to put out a small fire, send for help to a populated area;

The flames of small ground fires can be knocked down by covering them with branches of deciduous trees, flooding them with water, throwing them with wet soil, or trampling them underfoot. Peat fires are extinguished by digging up burning peat and pouring water on it.

When extinguishing a fire, act carefully, do not go far from roads and clearings, do not lose sight of other participants, maintain visual and audio contact with them.

When extinguishing a peat fire, keep in mind that deep craters can form in the combustion zone, so you should move carefully, having first checked the depth of the burnt layer.

What to do if the fire approaches a populated area:

It is necessary to evacuate people, primarily children, women and the elderly. People must be removed or removed in a direction perpendicular to the spread of the fire. You should only move on roads, as well as along rivers and streams, and sometimes even on the water itself. In case of strong smoke, cover your mouth and nose with a wet cotton-gauze bandage, a towel, or a piece of clothing. Take documents, money, and extremely necessary things with you. Personal belongings can be saved in stone buildings without burning structures or simply in a hole covered with earth.

If it is impossible to evacuate (massive fires in populated areas), all that remains is to wait it out, taking refuge in sealed stone buildings, or in large open squares, stadiums, etc.

If you discover a fire in the forest, do not panic. First, quickly analyze the situation. You need to climb to a high point in the relief or climb onto tall tree, find the location of the fire, determine the direction and speed of fire spread, note the location of the reservoir, swamp, edge, populated areas.

If you are caught in a forest fire with a rapidly approaching wave of fire, throw away your things, except for emergency supplies, and quickly cross the edge of the fire against the wind, covering your head and face outerwear. You need to leave the zone of any forest fire in the windward direction, perpendicular to the edge of the fire, along clearings, roads, clearings, banks of streams and rivers. And as quickly as possible, so as not to be cut off by a continuous edge of fire. Know that detecting you from an airplane (helicopter) will be very difficult due to the heavy smoke, so you must rely only on your own strength.

If the path is cut off, you should take refuge from the fire on islands, shallows, in a swamp, on rocky peaks, etc. Choose hiding places away from trees - in the event of a fire, when the roots burn, they can fall silently. When fire approaches, wet your clothes generously with water and lie down in the water, but not next to the reeds. In shallow water, wrap your head in a sleeping bag, after wetting it and your clothes with water. Once in the fireplace, turn over periodically, moisten the dry areas of clothing, protect your face with a multi-layer bandage, preferably made of gauze, which you constantly moisten. If you get into a fire, remove all nylon, nylon and other melting clothing, get rid of flammable and flammable equipment.

Today, the share of natural fires (from lightning) is about 7%-8%, that is, the occurrence of most forest fires is associated with human activity. When going on vacation, hunting or fishing in the forest, follow the rules fire safety and remember, during the fire season it is unacceptable to throw cigarette butts on the forest floor, burn dry grass, make fires, leave flammable materials in the forest, etc.

Causes of forest fire:

• careless handling of fire;
• non-compliance with safety measures when lighting fires in the forest belt;
• children playing pranks with matches in a forested area;
• burning of garbage and dry grass in close proximity to the forest;
• accidental sparks from the exhaust pipes of a car or motorcycle;
• lightning striking a tree;
• ignition of cleaning material soaked in oil, gasoline or other spontaneously combustible composition;
• accidental focusing of sunlight by bottle glass.

To avoid a fire in the forest, it is prohibited:

• throwing burning matches, cigarette butts, smoldering rags into the forest;
• make a fire in dense thickets and young coniferous trees, under low-hanging tree crowns, next to timber warehouses;
• leave spontaneously combustible material in the forest: rags and rags soaked in oil, gasoline, glassware, which in sunny weather can focus the sun's ray and ignite dry vegetation;
• burn dry grass in forest clearings, gardens, fields, under trees;
• make a fire in windy weather and leave it unattended;
• Use wads made of flammable or smoldering materials when hunting.

A fire can be caused by filling the vehicle's fuel tanks with fuel while the engine is running, as well as by malfunctioning the engine power supply system. In some cases, natural fires are the result of deliberate arson, man-made accident or catastrophe.

Safety measures and rules of behavior in the forest:

• Light a fire only in designated areas.
• If there are no such places, then prepare the site for its cultivation yourself, clearing it of grass, leaves and branches down to the ground.
• The fire must be completely extinguished before leaving the site. Leave the resting place only after making sure that not a single log or branch is smoldering anymore.
• In the event of a dangerous fire, extinguish the fire with water or, by covering it with earth, you can knock out the fire with branches of deciduous trees.

If you find a fire in the forest

the first thing to do is to report the location of the fire to the forest guard, administration, police, and rescuers:

• single telephone number: 01
• With mobile phone: 112.

When reporting a fire in the forest, take care of your own safety. To avoid tragic situations, you should take a series of consistent actions.

How to escape from a forest fire

1. If a natural fire is detected, you should immediately warn all people nearby and try to leave the danger area.
2. You need to go out onto the road, a wide clearing, the edge of a forest, or a pond.
3. You should move perpendicular to the direction of fire spread, that is, towards the wind that drives the fire.
4. If circumstances prevent you from escaping the fire, you need to enter a body of water or stop in an open clearing, covering yourself with wet clothes.
5. Breathe better with air near the ground (it is less smoky), covering your mouth and nose with a gauze bandage or a wet rag.

Rules of conduct in case of fire in the forest

Taking the right actions in the event of a forest fire will help you deal with it faster. emergency and save the forest, buildings, property and, possibly, lives. If you accidentally find yourself near a fire and are unable to independently cope with its localization and extinguishing. You should immediately warn everyone nearby about the danger. People must leave the danger area immediately. It is advisable to go out onto the road, clearing, wide clearing or to a pond. You should exit the fire zone perpendicular to the direction of the wind and the movement of the fire. If it is impossible to leave, you should enter the pond or cover yourself with wet clothes. If you managed to reach open space, make sure you are safe, sit on the ground and breathe, covering your mouth with a rag or cotton-gauze bandage - the air near the ground is less smoky.

After leaving the fire zone, immediately notify the fire service or district administration about the fire. State the exact location of the fire and its approximate size. It is also advisable to know the local signals to alert the population about the approaching fire and give such a signal so that people begin to accept fire protection measures at home or on the outskirts of a populated area.

If possible, take part in firefighting activities. Exist various ways extinguishing forest fires, but you must strictly follow the orders of the firefighters who happen to be nearby. In case of a ground fire, the flame can be knocked down with the help of branches of deciduous trees, filled with water, covered with earth or trampled underfoot. Peat fires are extinguished by digging up peat and pouring water. It should be remembered that peat burns unevenly. During a peat fire, quite deep craters can form into which you can fall. Therefore, you should move very slowly and carefully, probing the depth of the burnt-out layer. When extinguishing a fire, you should be very careful and cautious. The rate of fire development is very high. Do not move too far from other rescuers, constantly maintain contact with each other, and do not go far from the clearing or road.

Fires in the forest: ground and crown forest fires

Most often, ground fires occur in forests, in which the lower cover of the forest burns and smolders: grass, shrubs, undergrowth, tree rhizomes, and peat layer. A ground fire spreads quite slowly - at a speed of 0.1-3 m/min.

Dry weather and strong winds can cause the occurrence and spread of crown fires, in which trees are engulfed in fire from the roots to the crown, especially trees coniferous species. The speed of crown fire spread can increase under the influence of hurricane winds and reach 80 m/min.

If a crown fire is dangerous because it spreads quickly, a ground fire is dangerous because when the peat layer and tree rhizomes burn, fires can occur. underground fires, which spread in all directions at once. Since peat is a good combustible material, it can not only ignite spontaneously, but also burn underground with virtually no access to air, including under water. For this reason, smoldering peat bogs are quite difficult to extinguish completely. A cloud of sparks and peat ash may form over already burning peat bogs and be transported strong wind over very long distances, contributing to fires in other areas, covering more and more new territories with fire. In addition, this burning dust causes burns to animals and people.

Remember, following the rules of fire safety and behavior in the forest, you will prevent the occurrence of fires.

A fire is the uncontrolled spread of fire. It causes not only the destruction of material objects, but also the death of people. You were resting, and you were caught. What to do? Follow a few simple rules behavior, and you will understand how to act in an emergency situation.

Fire theory

Forest burning is the uncontrolled spread of fire. The forest itself has no sources of fire. About 8% of fires are caused by natural factors. They could be lightning or severe drought.

In all other cases, the forest burns due to the fault of man or subsequently his activities in the forest.

If the height of the flame does not rise above 2.5 m, then the fire is of a grassroots nature. If the crowns of trees are burning - the horseman. The spread of a crown fire at a speed of up to 70 km/h is called a crown hurricane fire. If, then it is called underground.

Anyone caught in a fire may experience severe disadvantage oxygen from smoke. At the same time, he loses orientation in space and can be injured by falling trees.

Algorithm of actions

First of all, if a forest area is on fire and the current situation is present, you should not visit the forest in order to obtain information about the impending threat. And before any trip during a fire-hazardous time of year, it is necessary to assess the situation and possible risks. But if, after all, you are caught in a fire in the forest, then let’s look at a possible algorithm of action.

• firstly, do not panic and try to assess as competently as possible the area, location and strength of the fire that has arisen;
• secondly, in case of a small fire, take available extinguishing measures: jackets, brooms made of green branches. And if you have a tool, throw earth at the edge of the fire.

It is important to remember that a pedestrian walks through the forest at a speed of no more than 5 km/h, and if there are obstacles, this speed is even lower.

The fire spreads at a speed of more than 10 km/h, it is impossible to overtake the spreading disaster, so evacuation actions must be started in a timely manner.

• if the situation gets out of control, you should notify everyone in the forest accessible ways and gather the group in a relatively safe place. After this, determine the direction of the wind and choose the direction of movement: against the wind, perpendicular to the line of fire;
• If possible, look for access to the river, in open field, on the road or clearing. And in case of heavy smoke, try not to lose orientation, control the composition of the group and keep an eye on those lagging behind;
• it may happen that at some point in time the line of fire becomes narrow enough to pass through. Try to overcome it by covering your head and body with wet clothes;
• after leaving the area covered by fire, inform the Ministry of Emergency Situations, warn the local administration and forestry.

If it's impossible to escape

But there are situations when exiting the ring of fire is not possible. And only one thing is clear - you will have to stay in the ring of fire until the fire passes.

In this situation, it is best to find a body of water and enter it, or simply find a low-lying place. In this case, you need to clear the space as much as possible from flammable objects and lie down on the ground. If possible, find a natural depression, cover your head with clothes, and try to wait out the passage of the fire.

2. Healthy lifestyle (HLS).

Healthy lifestyle- the lifestyle of an individual for the purpose of preventing diseases and promoting health. A healthy lifestyle is a concept of human life aimed at improving and maintaining health through appropriate nutrition, physical fitness, morale and giving up bad habits.

In a narrow biological sense, we are talking about the physiological adaptive capabilities of a person to the influences of the external environment and changes in the state of the internal environment. Authors writing on this topic include different components to a “healthy lifestyle,” but most consider them to be basic:

education with early childhood healthy habits and skills;

environment: safe and favorable for living, knowledge about the influence of adverse factors environment to your health.

quitting smoking, drug use, alcohol consumption.

healthy diet: moderate, corresponding to the physiological characteristics of a particular person, awareness of the quality of the products consumed;

movements: physically active life, including special physical exercise, taking into account age and physiological characteristics;

personal and public hygiene: a set of hygienic rules, the observance and implementation of which contributes to the preservation and strengthening of health, mastery of first aid skills;

hardening.

A person’s physiological state is greatly influenced by his psycho-emotional state. Therefore, some authors also highlight the following aspects: healthy image life:

emotional well-being: mental hygiene, the ability to cope with one’s own emotions and problems;

intellectual well-being: a person's ability to recognize and use new information for optimal actions in new circumstances. Positive thinking.

spiritual well-being: the ability to set truly meaningful, constructive life goals, strive for them and achieve them. Optimism.

Some researchers also highlight “social well-being” - the ability to interact with other people.

10 tips for a healthy lifestyle There are 10 tips developed by an international group of doctors, nutritionists and psychologists that form the basis of a healthy lifestyle. By following them, we can extend and make our lives more enjoyable. 1 tip: by solving crosswords, studying foreign languages, doing mental calculations, we train our brain. Thus, the process of age-related degradation of mental abilities slows down; the work of the heart, circulatory system and metabolism is activated. Tip 2: work – important element healthy lifestyle. Find a job that suits you and makes you happy. According to scientists, this will help you look younger. Tip 3: Don't eat too much. Instead of the usual 2,500 calories, get by with 1,500. This helps maintain cell activity and relieve stress. You should also not go to extremes and eat too little.

Tip 4: the menu should be age appropriate. Liver and nuts will help 30-year-old women slow down the appearance of the first wrinkles. Selenium contained in kidneys and cheese is useful for men after 40 years of age, it helps relieve stress. After 50 years, magnesium is needed, which keeps the heart in shape and calcium, which is good for bones, and fish will help protect the heart and blood vessels. Tip 5: Have your own opinion on everything. Living a conscious life will help you become depressed and depressed as little as possible. Tip 6: love and tenderness will help you stay young longer, so find yourself a partner. Strengthening the immune system is facilitated by the hormone of happiness (endorphin), which is produced in the body when a person is in love. Tip 7: It’s better to sleep in a cool room (at a temperature of 17-18 degrees), this helps preserve youth. The fact is that the metabolism in the body and the manifestation of age-related characteristics also depend on the ambient temperature. Tip 8: Move more often. Scientists have proven that even eight minutes of exercise a day prolongs life. Tip 9: Pamper yourself periodically. Despite the recommendations regarding a healthy lifestyle, sometimes allow yourself something tasty. Tip 10: Don’t always suppress your anger. Various diseases, even malignant tumors, are more susceptible to people who constantly scold themselves, instead of telling what upsets them, and sometimes arguing.

Optimal work and adequate rest also affect our health. Active activity, not only physical, but also mental, has a good effect on the nervous system, strengthens the heart, blood vessels and the body as a whole. People engaged in physical labor need rest that is not associated with physical activity, and it is better if mental stress is carried out during rest. For people whose work involves mental activity, it is useful to engage in physical work during rest. Such a concept as a daily routine is becoming less and less common in the life of a modern person, but this factor also plays an important role in maintaining health. The rhythm of a person’s life must necessarily include time for work, rest, sleep, and food. A person who does not follow a daily routine becomes irritable over time, overwork accumulates, and such people are more often susceptible to stress and illness. Unfortunately, it is difficult for a modern person to maintain a good daily routine; he has to sacrifice time allotted for sleep, eat only when there is time for it, etc. A correct daily routine will not only help you maintain health, but will also better organize your time.

3. Levels of the human immune system and their organs.

The immune system is a collection of organs, tissues and cells, the work of which is aimed directly at protecting the body from various diseases and to destroy foreign substances that have already entered the body.

The human immune system consists of: 1. Central lymphoid organs: - thymus (thymus gland); - Bone marrow; - fetal liver; - lymphoid formations of the colon; - lymphoid formations of the appendix. 2.Peripheral lymphoid organs: - lymph nodes; - spleen. 3.Immunocompetent cells: - lymphocytes; - monocytes; - polynuclear leukocytes; - white branched epidermocytes of the skin (Langerhans cells); The organs of the immune system have their own weight and in normal condition it is about 1 kg. Human immune system builds its defense in several levels. Moreover, each level of protection of the human immune system is more specific than the previous one. The human immune system at the first level consists of ordinary physical barriers. If the pathogen penetrates through these barriers, then the second level comes into play - the human innate immune system. If the human innate immune system turns out to be powerless against the invasion of a foreigner, then the human immune system has a third level for this - acquired immune defense. This part of the human immune system is formed during any infectious process in the form of immune memory. This memory allows the human immune system to react faster and stronger to the appearance of the same infection.

5. Morality. Influence on the physical and psychological state of a person.

Question #6

Structure of the Ministry of Emergency Situations

Management Minister Vice Minister Chief of Staff

Secretariat Assistant to the Minister Assistant to the Minister for Regime Advisor to the Minister Head of Department - Representative in the ATC of the National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Emergency Prevention Department Department for the Prevention of Natural Emergencies Department for the Prevention of Technogenic Emergencies

Emergency Response Department Directorate for Organization of Emergency Rescue Works Directorate of Forces and Facilities of Emergency Rescue Services

Department of Civil Defense Directorate for Planning Civil Defense Activities and Public Training Directorate for Protection of Population and Territories Directorate for Military Mobilization Work and Military Units

Department of Strategic Planning, Information and Analytical Work, Science and New Technologies Department of Strategic Planning, Science and New Technologies Department of Information and Analytical Work

Department of Information and Communications Communications Department Informatization Department

Department of Internal Control and Audit Department of Internal Control, Audit and Decision Preparation Department of Control over the Activities of Territorial Subdivisions Department of Internal Audit of Financial Operations

Department of Economics and Finance Financial and economic management Department of accounting and reporting

Logistics Department Department of Public Procurement Department of Logistics and Assets

Department of Legal Support Department of Legal Expertise and Development of Regulatory Legal Acts Department of State Legal Work

Human Resources Department Department for selection, placement and accounting of personnel Directorate for selection, placement and accounting of personnel of territorial bodies Department of professional training, personnel certification and social issues

Department of Administrative Work Department of Documentation Support and Control Department of State Language Development

Department of International Cooperation

Office of Disaster Medicine and Psychological Services

Office of Special Work

Press service (with management rights)

In each region, emergency commissions are formed, which are headed ex officio by the first deputy akim of the region. The members of the commission are representatives of emergency situations, transport authorities, and medical services. service, representatives of public utility services.

Question No. 8.

Classification of emergencies by scale and severity of consequences.

According to the specific situation and the severity of the consequences, emergency situations can be divided into; - local, when up to 10 people were injured or the living conditions of at least 100 people were disrupted, material damage caused up to 1000 minimum sizes wages and when the harmful consequences of the situation do not extend beyond the sanitary protection zone; (as an example of a local emergency, you can give an example:

In Karaganda, in the area named after. Kazybek bi, on the street. Ermekova, in a 9-story apartment building on April 7. at 15:03 there was a fire in an apartment on the seventh floor. This was reported by the press service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The fire area was 20 sq.m. During the fire extinguishing, 2 people (including 1 child) were rescued, 48 people (including 6 children) were evacuated. The body of a 48-year-old man was found at the scene of the fire.

Local emergencies, which in terms of impact do not extend beyond the boundaries of the municipality and when up to 50 people were injured or the living conditions of up to 300 people were disrupted, and the material damage caused was at least 5,000 times the minimum wage; (example: collapse of the Besoba housing complex From a dilapidated house 138 people were resettled.) - territorial emergencies that covered several districts, when up to 500 people were injured or the living conditions of up to 500 people were disrupted, and material damage amounted to up to 500 thousand minimum wages; (In Karaganda, in thirty-degree frosts, it did not become sharply cold only on the street, but also in the apartments of citizens. At the main thermal power plant of the regional center, a shutdown occurred due to a failure on high-voltage lines.) - regional emergencies covering the territory of at least two subjects, when up to 500 people were injured or the living conditions of up to 1000 people were disrupted, and material damage amounted to up to 5 million minimum wages; (As a result of the earthquake in the Zhambyl region, 20,850 people were left homeless. 4,175 houses were severely destroyed and cannot be restored.)

Global, when the consequences of an emergency extend to several regions or even states (the Aral Sea problem).

Question No. 9

Earthquakes- tremors and surface vibrations Earth caused by natural causes (mainly tectonic processes), or (sometimes) artificial processes (explosions, filling of reservoirs, collapse of underground cavities in mine workings). Small shocks can also be caused by lifting lava during volcanic eruptions.

Richter scale

RICHTER SCALE, a classification of earthquake severity created and introduced in 1935 by American geologist Charles Richter (1900-1985). The scale is based on the logarithm principle: each division is increased by a factor of 10, and is based on the total energy released by an earthquake, as opposed to an intensity scale that measures the damage caused to a given area.

Intensity scale

Measured by the effects of an earthquake.

point (imperceptible) - soil vibrations detected by the device;

point (very weak) - the earthquake is felt in some cases by people, being in a calm state;

score (weak) - fluctuation is noted by few people;

score (moderate) - the earthquake is noted by many people; possible vibration of windows and doors;

points (quite strong) - swinging of hanging objects, creaking of floors, rattling of glass, shedding of whitewash;

points (strong) - slight damage to buildings: thin cracks in plaster, cracks in stoves, etc.;

points (very strong) - significant damage to buildings; cracks in plaster and breaking off individual pieces, thin cracks in walls, damage to chimneys; cracks in damp soils;

points (destructive) - destruction in buildings: large cracks in the walls, falling cornices, chimneys. Landslides and cracks up to several centimeters wide on mountain slopes;

points (devastating) - collapses in some buildings, collapse of walls, partitions, roofs. Landslides, screes and landslides in the mountains. The speed of crack propagation can reach 2 km/s;

points (destructive) - collapses in many buildings; in the rest - serious damage. Cracks in the ground up to 1 m wide, collapses, landslides. Due to the rubble of river valleys, lakes arise;

points (catastrophe) - numerous cracks on the surface of the Earth, large landslides in the mountains. General destruction of buildings;

points (severe disaster) - change in relief in large sizes. Huge collapses and landslides. General destruction of buildings and structures.

Mercalli earthquake intensity scale used to determine intensity earthquakes By external signs, based on damage data. The scale is named after Giuseppe Mercalli, who laid the foundations for its use in 1883 and 1902. Used mainly in the USA.

Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik scale (MSK-64)

The 12-point Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik scale was developed in 1964 and became widespread in Europe and the USSR. Since 1996, the European Union has used the more modern European Macroseismic Scale (EMS). MSK-64 is the basis of SNiP II-7-81 “Construction in seismic areas” and continues to be used in Russia and the CIS countries. In Kazakhstan, SNiP RK 2.03-30-2006 “Construction in seismic areas” is currently used.

when there is a threat of an earthquake

In this case, you must proceed as follows:

Turn off gas, water, electricity, extinguish the fire in stoves, close windows and balconies.

Notify your neighbors about the danger, take with you the necessary things, documents, money, water, food and, having locked your apartment, go outside; Hold children by the hand or in your arms. Pay attention to the behavior of animals: before an earthquake, dogs howl, cats carry their offspring outside, and even mice run away from houses.

Choose a location away from buildings and power lines and sit there, listening to information on a portable radio. If you are in a car, stop without blocking the road, avoiding bridges, tunnels and multi-story buildings. Do not return home until there is no threat of an earthquake. Write down the phone number of the seismic station. React immediately to external signs of an earthquake: shaking of the ground or building, rattling glass, swaying chandeliers, thin cracks in plaster. You must remember that the greatest danger comes from falling objects, parts of the ceiling, walls, balconies, etc.

11. Wildfires. Rules of conduct in case of fires.

By fire called uncontrolled burning outside a special fireplace, accompanied by the destruction of valuables and posing a danger to human life. Fire zone- the space in which the fire occurs. Combustion- a physical and chemical process with the release of heat, light, smoke. For combustion to occur, the presence of three factors is necessary: ​​a combustible material, an oxidizer, and an ignition source. Combustion zone- the space in which the combustion process takes place. Smoke zone- the space adjacent to the combustion zone, filled with smoke. Flame- a space in which vapors, gases, and suspensions burn. All types of fires are characterized by: - ​​interaction in the flame layer of a flammable substance with oxygen or other oxidizing agent; - release of heat, light, and combustion products in the combustion zone. Natural fires are caused by natural factors (lightning, spontaneous combustion, friction, falling cosmic bodies). In 80% of cases, fires are the result of human violation of fire safety requirements. Natural fires lead to the destruction of forests, death of animals and plants, air pollution, disruption of heat balance, and soil erosion. In some cases, natural fires cause death.

Forest fires

Forest fires are divided into grassroots, upland, peat, underground.

Ground fires account for approximately 90% of the total number of forest fires. At the same time, the lower parts of trees, grass, dead wood, underbrush, and protruding roots burn. The speed of spread of ground fire is 2.5-3.0 m/min. Flame height is from 0.5 to 1.5 m.

Mounted (runaway) fires are characterized by burning and rapid movement of fire along the crowns of trees in strong winds. The speed of a crown fire sometimes reaches 400-500 m/min. As popular wisdom says, “you can’t ride away from a strong fire even on a fast horse.” During a quick fire, the wind carries burning branches and sparks, which set fire to the forest tens and sometimes hundreds of meters ahead, creating new fires. Forest fires are rightly considered one of the largest natural disasters in terms of area coverage. Every year, about 200 thousand such fires are registered in the world, in which 40 million hectares of forest burn out (an area larger than the area of ​​Norway). Every year, 0.1% of all forest reserves on the planet are destroyed by fire. In Russia, such fires occur every year. Forest and peat fires in 1972 engulfed the central regions of Russia in a short time. 650 thousand hectares of forest and 4,900 piles of peat were destroyed. In 1976, in the Khabarovsk Territory, a fire destroyed a vast area of ​​forest, 11 villages were completely burned, and 19 settlements were partially damaged. In 1987, 90 thousand hectares of forest burned in the Chita region. In 1989, the forests on the island almost completely burned down. Sakhalin. Forest fires also lead to loss of life. In 1985, more than 300 people died during such a fire in Portugal. In 1996, 29 forest fires broke out in Buryatia over an area of ​​4 thousand hectares. more than 100 residential buildings burned down and country houses. 5 people died. And one more alarming figure: in 1996 in Russia total area forest fires were 6 times larger than the area affected by fire in the previous year.

Peat fires occur in areas where peat fields and peat deposits are located. When it ignites, the fire quickly spreads across the surface of the field. and with a strong wind, burning peat particles are thrown over considerable distances and form new fires. When fire penetrates deep into the peat massif, the lower layers of peat ignite. The speed at which such a fire spreads is several meters per day. Sometimes flames from an underground fire break out, which causes ground fires in populated areas, forests, agricultural lands, piles and caravans of peat. A characteristic feature of peat fires is the release of large amounts of smoke, which leads to smoke in large areas.

Underground fires occur in mines, mines, and mineral deposits. They are caused by both external thermal impulses (careless handling of fire, faulty electrical equipment, friction of moving parts of machines and mechanisms), and spontaneous combustion of coal, carbonaceous rocks, and sulfide ores. Underground fires in places where explosive substances accumulate, including methane, coal and sulfide dust, pose a particular danger. Prevention of underground fires and prevention of their consequences lies in the fact that, along with general fire prevention measures (the use of non-combustible materials for securing mine workings, low-flammable conveyor belts and electrical cables in non-flammable shells, installation of an extensive fire water supply network, etc.). the use of special schemes for opening and preparing deposits is envisaged. They allow you to localize an area in the event of a fire and divert fire gases into the general mine outgoing air stream, bypassing other areas where people are located.

Steppe fires are the result of fires in dry grass or mature crops and spread in windy weather at speeds of up to 120 km/h.

Reed fires occur due to the fire of dry reeds and emergent vegetation. A characteristic feature of such fires is the high density of fire, its rapid spread, and a large amount of smoke. In order to prevent and prevent natural fires, the areas of their spread are limited, the population is evacuated from the danger zone, and the animal and plant world is protected. To successfully extinguish fires, a unified system of state and public measures has been developed and is being implemented, called fire prevention. Fire prevention is achieved by: - ​​development, implementation and monitoring of compliance with fire standards, rules and GOST; - improving the system of training specialists, the population, and technical fire extinguishing equipment; - conducting regular fire-technical inspections of territories and facilities; - promoting fire-technical knowledge among the population.

Basic rules of conduct in case of fire

Having discovered a fire, try to soberly assess the situation, your strengths and find helpers;

First of all, call the fire department (by phone 01, through neighbors, using an elevator or courier, via the radio station of official vehicles: police, ambulance, emergency services etc.);

In risky situations, do not waste time and energy saving property;

The main thing is to save yourself and others in trouble in any way;

Take care of saving children and the elderly; take them away from the fire site, because explosions of gas cylinders, gas tanks and rapid spread of fire are possible;

It is imperative to send someone to meet the fire departments to give them the necessary information (exact address, shortest access routes, what is burning, whether there are people there).

If a person is on fire

If your clothes catch fire, do not try to run - the flames will flare up even hotter;

Try to quickly throw off burning clothes; you are lucky if there is any puddle or snowdrift nearby - dive there; if there are none, fall to the ground and roll until you knock out the flames;

The last opportunity is to throw on yourself any thick fabric(coat, blanket, etc.), while leaving the head open; do not attempt to remove clothing from burned areas of the body until you see a doctor.

If there is a fire in the entrance

Never enter the entrance, as the smoke is very toxic, and hot air can burn your lungs;

First of all, call “01”;

It is extremely dangerous to climb down ropes, sheets and drainpipes; and even more so, you should not jump from windows;

Seal your front door with a wet cloth to prevent smoke from entering your apartment;

The safest place is on the balcony or near the window; besides, this is where the firefighters will find you first; just dress warmly if it’s cold outside and close the balcony door behind you;

If you accidentally find yourself in a smoky entrance, do not despair: move towards the exit, holding on to the walls (railings often lead to a dead end);

At the same time, hold your breath as long as possible, or even better, protect your nose and mouth with a scarf or handkerchief;

Do not use the elevator under any circumstances - it can be turned off at any time;

And since fire and smoke spread from the bottom up, residents of the upper floors should be especially careful.

Fire in the apartment

2/3 of fires in our city occur in residential buildings and apartments; and most often due to careless handling of fire, especially when smoking “drunk”; Fires from faulty or unattended electrical appliances are also common;

If you or your neighbors have a fire, the main thing is to immediately call the fire department; she will arrive in minutes; and may you not have home phone- there are no hopeless situations: a distress signal can be given from a window or balcony; for those who are bedridden, you can make unusual noise (knock on the radiator or the floor and walls, throw some objects out the window or from the balcony, etc.);

A household electrical appliance that catches fire must first be de-energized;

If possible, leave the apartment through the front door; It is very important not to forget to tightly close the door of a burning apartment behind you; this will prevent the fire from spreading throughout the apartment;

If the path to front door cut off by fire and smoke, escape through the balcony; Be sure to close the balcony door behind you; you can go to the lower floor using the balcony hatch or to your neighbors on the adjacent balcony;

Another way of salvation is through the window; seal the door to the room with rags or furniture; as soon as you are sure that your call for help is heard, lie down on the floor, where there is less smoke from the fire; Thus, you can hold out for about half an hour.

12. Cyclone- an atmospheric vortex of huge diameter (from hundreds to several thousand kilometers) with reduced air pressure in the center. The air in a cyclone circulates counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern. A cyclone is not just the opposite of an anticyclone; they have a different mechanism of occurrence. Cyclones are constantly and naturally produced by the rotation of the Earth, thanks to the Coriolis force. A consequence of Brouwer's fixed point theorem is the presence of at least one cyclone or anticyclone in the atmosphere. There are two main types of cyclones - extratropical and tropical. The former are formed in temperate or polar latitudes and have a diameter of from a thousand kilometers at the beginning of development, and up to several thousand in the case of the so-called central cyclone, and Tropical cyclones form in tropical latitudes and have smaller sizes (hundreds, rarely more than a thousand kilometers), but large pressure gradients and wind speeds reaching storm speeds.

Anticyclone- an area of ​​high atmospheric pressure with closed concentric isobars at sea level and with a corresponding wind distribution. In a low anticyclone - cold, the isobars remain closed only in the lowest layers of the troposphere (up to 1.5 km), and in the middle troposphere increased pressure is not detected at all; It is also possible that there is a high-altitude cyclone above such an anticyclone.

A high anticyclone is warm and maintains closed isobars with anticyclonic circulation even in the upper troposphere. Sometimes an anticyclone is multicenter. The air in an anticyclone in the northern hemisphere moves around the center clockwise (that is, deviating from the pressure gradient to the right), in the southern hemisphere it moves counterclockwise. An anticyclone is characterized by the predominance of clear or partly cloudy weather.

Signs of an anticyclone:

Clear or partly cloudy weather

No wind

No precipitation

Stable weather pattern (does not change noticeably over time while the anticyclone exists)

In summer, the anticyclone brings hot, partly cloudy weather. In winter, the anticyclone brings severe frosts, and sometimes frosty fog is also possible.

A blocking anticyclone is an almost motionless powerful anticyclone that has the ability to prevent other air masses from entering the territory it occupies. The average lifespan of such an anticyclone is from three to five days; only 1% of anticyclones reach 15 days.

Beaufort scale- a twelve-point scale adopted by the World Meteorological Organization for an approximate assessment of wind speed by its effect on ground objects or by waves in the open sea. Average wind speed is indicated at a standard height of 10 m above an open, level surface.

The scale was developed by the English admiral F. Beaufort in 1806. Since 1874 it has been adopted for use in international synoptic practice.

Avalanches- snow masses falling from mountain slopes under the influence of gravity. Snow accumulating on mountain slopes, under the influence of gravity and weakening of structural bonds within the snow column, slides or crumbles down the slope. Having started its movement, it quickly picks up speed, capturing more and more snow masses, stones and other objects along the way. The movement continues to flatter areas or the bottom of the valley, where it slows down and stops.

Slopes with a steepness of 25-45° are most favorable for avalanche formation, but avalanches are known to occur on slopes with a steepness of 15-18°. On slopes steeper than 50°, snow cannot accumulate in large quantities and rolls down in small doses as it arrives, but a slope of 15° or steeper than 60° is considered completely avalanche-proof.

Caught in the path of an avalanche, It’s as if you feel as if someone is suddenly pulling out the rug on which you are standing from under your feet. Only a snow carpet can weigh hundreds or thousands of tons and move at a speed of about 160 km/h, destroying everything in its path. Every year, approximately 150 people die from this natural disaster around the world.

To try to survive under the pressure of the snow mass, you need to know the following:

Algorithm of actions:

1. Climb up. In most cases, the victims themselves provoke an avalanche, and the snow cover begins to disappear right from under their feet. If this is what happens to you, try to take a position above the snow mass above the fault line, although this is very difficult to achieve in practice.

2. Move to the edge of the avalanche. This should be done without delay, since the snow in the middle part of the avalanche moves much faster and the bulk of its volume is concentrated there. If an avalanche descends above you, by reacting quickly, you can run away from its path and thus escape.

3. Try to maintain an upright position for as long as possible. This will help you get into a side position faster, especially if you are on skis. If you do fall, try to throw off your skis, poles and backpack so that the extra weight does not drag you into a snowball.

4. Grab something along the way. It could be a tree or a block of stone. Even if the flow of snow breaks you off and carries you further, you can gain time and let the main part of the avalanche pass down, which will increase the chances of not being buried in snow, or at least not being buried too deeply.

5. Row with your hands to stay near the surface of the avalanche. It is better to do this “with the flow”, moving down along with the snow, which will significantly save your energy for further struggle. Try to keep your head above the surface of the avalanche.

6. If you can’t get upstairs, build an air chamber around yourself. When the avalanche stops, the snow will begin to fall very quickly. If you are stuck at a depth of more than 50 cm, it will be extremely difficult to get out alone, and the air cavity will help you wait for help from the outside.

To create a cavity around your nose and mouth, cup your hands in front of your face when stopping an avalanche. Such manipulations will allow you to breathe for about 30 minutes;

Take a deep breath and hold your breath before stopping the avalanche. Thus, the expanded rib cage and will free up even more space around you.

7.Save air and your energy. Move inside the snowball, but not to the detriment of the air chamber. While close to the surface, try to dig a tunnel. You should not do this if you are lying deep in the snow, so as not to start panicking and not waste air. If you hear the voices of people nearby, call for help. Do not continue shouting if you are convinced that no one can hear you at the moment. Expect help.

A few more tips

Closely monitor the weather forecast in areas where avalanches occur. Listen to the recommendations of ski resort workers;

If you get caught in a skid alone, try to see if there are gaps in the snow. Try to dig a passage towards the light. Dig the snow in the direction in which the steam from your breath rises;

If you were unable to get to the edge of the main flow of snow and grab a tree, try to take cover behind a massive object so that the debris that rushes down with the avalanche does not injure you; if this opportunity does not present itself, curl up into a ball and hold your body in this position, covering your head with one hand and keeping the other closer to your body so that you can use it later as a shovel;

If you can’t throw off your skis or poles, don’t despair right away. There have been cases when people were found in the rubble precisely because of ski equipment sticking out of the snow;

If you see a person caught in an avalanche, do not remain indifferent. You may be his only hope for salvation;

When preparing to go on a trip to a dangerous zone, take with you all the necessary equipment, including special backpacks and hydration packs. Their presence increases your chances of survival;

If you feel the urge to urinate under the snow, do not hesitate to do so. For search dogs, the smell of your excrement can become the main identifying sign of your location;

Infectious animal diseases- a group of diseases that have such common characteristics as the presence of a specific pathogen, cyclical development, the ability to be transmitted from an infected animal to a healthy one and become epizootic.

Examples: Foot and mouth disease (disease of artiodactyls), bird flu, plague, etc.

Epizootic focus- the location of the source of the infectious agent in a certain area of ​​the area, where, in this situation, transmission of the infectious agent to susceptible animals is possible. Epizootic focus there may be premises and territories with animals located there that have this infection. According to the breadth of distribution, the epizootic process is characterized by three forms: sporadic morbidity, epizootic, panzootic.

Epizootic- average degree of intensity (tension) of the epizootic process. An epizootic is characterized by the widespread spread of infectious diseases in a household, district, region, or country. Epizootics are characterized by mass occurrence, a common source of the infectious agent, simultaneity of damage, periodicity and seasonality.

Classification.

1. mass participation. 2 common sources of infectious agents. 3. simultaneity of defeat. 4. frequency and seasonality.

Panzootia- the highest degree of development of the epizootic. It is characterized by an unusually wide spread of an infectious disease, covering one state, several countries, and a continent. Infectious animal diseases with a tendency to panzootics include foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, swine and poultry plague.