The rules of conduct for people in case of fire are brief. Burning flammable liquids must be extinguished with a fire extinguisher, sand or thick cloth. Unplug the burning TV first from the mains, cover with a thick cloth. When burning fat in the pan, cover

The Main Directorate of EMERCOM of Russia for the Udmurt Republic reminds:

Basic rules of conduct in case of fire

finding a fire, try to soberly assess the situation, your strength and find yourself helpers
first of all call fire brigade(by phone 01, through neighbors, by means of an elevator or courier, by radio station of official cars: police, ambulance, emergency services etc.)
in risky situations, do not waste time and energy on saving property
The main thing is to save yourself and others in trouble in any way.
take care of the salvation of children and the elderly; take them away from the place of fire, because explosions are possible gas cylinders, gas tanks and the rapid spread of fire
it is imperative to send someone to meet the fire departments to give them necessary information(exact address, shortest access roads, what is on fire, are there people there)

If a person is on fire

Explosive, but not incendiary. The links between explosion and fire are very close. The fire can explode gas appliance, and an explosion is often the cause of a fire. In some disasters, the expert must answer the question of the order "who, the chicken or the egg, was he first?" The question matters because, according to his answer, the owner is considered to be responsible or, conversely, the victims of a third party will have to prove their guilt, because the owner of the device is considered responsible if the device explodes without causing a fire, but causes a fire to a neighbor ...

if your clothes are on fire, do not try to run - the flame will flare up even more
try to quickly throw off burning clothes; you are lucky if there is any puddle or snowdrift nearby - dive there; if they are not there, fall to the ground and roll until you knock out the flames
the last opportunity is to throw on any dense fabric (coat, blanket, etc.), while leaving your head open; do not try to remove clothing from burned areas of the body before seeking medical attention.

Help with burns

Given this complexity, the jurisprudence is unclear as to the applicable liability regime. Some judges believe that in all cases it is necessary to prove the guilt of owner A when the fire was caused by an explosion that occurred in his house. While others believe that the consequences of a fire are inextricably linked with the consequences of an explosion and that the responsibility of the owner of the device that exploded is still assumed. This is what the judges of the second civil chamber of the Court of Cassation decided in a case where the spontaneous burning of a television set was the cause of a fire.

first of all, put the burnt place under the stream cold water
when the pain subsides, apply a clean, dry bandage; under no circumstances lubricate the burn with grease, alcohol, oil, or cream
before the arrival of the doctor, give the victim any anesthetic, give it warm tea and cover it warmly; in case of shock, urgently give 20 drops of valerian tincture
in case of serious burns, your help to the victim is to wrap him in a clean cloth and send him to the trauma center

If there is a fire in the entrance

Finally, in the event of an explosion, the judges share the regime of responsibility. They believed that the owner's liability was assumed for damage caused to a third party as a result of an explosion, when it was necessary to prove the guilt of the same owner for the damage caused by the fire! Victims are entitled to compensation for their harm without the need to prove the owner's guilt vehicle... Thus, if a vehicle catches fire on the street, including at a bus stop, and the fire spreads to another vehicle or building, the owner is assumed to be responsible.

never enter the staircase, as the smoke is very toxic, and the hot air can burn the lungs
first of all call "01"
it is extremely dangerous to climb down ropes, sheets and downpipes; and even less should you jump out of windows
seal your front door with a wet cloth to prevent smoke from entering the apartment
the safest place is on the balcony or near the window; besides, here the firefighters will find you first of all; just dress warmly if it's cold outside and close behind you balcony door
if you happen to find yourself in a smoky entrance, do not despair: move towards the exit, holding onto the walls (the railing often leads to a dead end)
at the same time, hold your breath for as long as possible, and even better - protect your nose and mouth with a scarf or handkerchief;
in no case use the elevator - it can be turned off at any time;
and since fire and smoke spread from the bottom up, residents of the upper floors should be especially careful.

In case of fire on the balcony

Indeed, parking a car on a public road is a “fact of movement” within the meaning. Public Proof and Private Uncertainty. This is what the judges considered in a case where a car burning was declared in the third basement of a condominium building's car park, which damaged the condominium. the owner of the vehicle, since the fire broke out in the property owned by the co-owner, the neighbors must prove that the owner of the car made a mistake that occurs as a result of the fire. it is often difficult to prove the origin of a vehicle fire.

a fire on the balcony is dangerous because the fire can quickly spread to the upper floors or enter the apartment
after reporting the fire to the fire brigade, try to cope with the flame using any available means; if possible - throw the burning object from the balcony - just make sure that there is no one below
if it was not possible to extinguish the fire on your own, close the balcony door, window and wait for the arrival of firefighters on the street
there are small children in your family - always keep the door to the balcony closed: children are very fond of letting down "flammable airplanes"
in no case should combustible materials be stored on the balcony
do not cut fire escapes and block passages to adjacent sections.

If the TV is on

Civil liability rules in the Civil Code are complex and case law is sometimes vague in the event of a fire. In practice, victims are reimbursed either by their damage insurer or the renter or fire site owner's liability insurance, as most contracts covering fire also include “third party and neighbor” insurance. This warranty protects the occupant from any treatment in the event of a fire in the property of a third party. Then insurers and their experts enter the scene.

first of all, unplug the plug or de-energize the apartment through the electrical panel
a burning TV emits a lot of toxic substances, so immediately get everyone out of the room, especially children and the elderly
cover the tv any thick cloth to stop air supply; if this does not help, fill the TV with water through the hole in the back wall; while doing this, try to be on the side: the picture tube may explode
if you cannot cope with the situation, leave the apartment and call the firefighters; just check if all windows and vents are closed, otherwise access fresh air will add strength to the fire.

Fire in the apartment

Smoke extraction technology allows you to rehabilitate old structures or historical monuments that make some modifications impossible, or to design complex and innovative works. The smoke evacuation technique makes it possible to justify the effectiveness of the smoke extraction system in the presence.

The smoke evacuation technique allows you to study the evacuation conditions of the structure depending on the flexibility conditions to. Justify the effectiveness of a smoke evacuation scheme that does not meet the prescriptive requirements. Compare the effectiveness of several smoke evacuation schemes in between. ... The increasing complexity of structures in terms of size and configuration requires a more accurate analysis of the evacuation conditions of the structure. Depending on the complexity of the book, its ability, and the nature of the audience present, two types of approach can be implemented.

2/3 of the fires in our city occur in residential buildings and apartments; and most often due to careless handling of fire, especially when smoking "on a drunken head"; there are frequent fires from faulty or unattended electrical appliances
if you or your neighbors have a fire, the main thing is to immediately call the fire department; it will arrive in a matter of minutes; and even if you don't have home phone- there are no hopeless situations: a distress signal can be sent from a window or balcony; those who are bedridden can make unusual noise (knock on the radiator or on the floor and walls, throw objects through the window or from the balcony, etc.)
a lit household appliance must first be de-energized
if possible, leave the apartment through the front door; it is very important not to forget to tightly close the door of the burning apartment behind you; this will prevent the fire from spreading throughout the apartment
if the path to front door cut off by fire and smoke, escape through the balcony; be sure to close the balcony door behind you; you can go to the lower floor using the balcony hatch or to the neighbors on the adjoining balcony
another way of salvation is through the window; seal the door to the room with rags or furniture; as soon as you are sure that your call for help is heard, lie down on the floor, where there is less smoke from the fire; thus, you can hold out for about half an hour

rules fire safety in forests

Engineering study of the fire behavior of structures

Analytical calculations for the simplest cases, Numerical modeling for more complex cases. The evacuation time of the structure is the main parameter of the evacuation analysis. It depends on many factors such as.

Provide an accurate estimate of the time to evacuate the structure.
Suggest optimization solutions from the building structure.
Identify and treat critical areas of an existing building.

These rules set standards for fire resistance under normal fire. These requirements are based on a prescriptive approach to fire safety.

Overwhelming majority forest fires arises from the careless handling of fire by people or their violation of fire safety requirements when working and resting in the forest. Statistics say that in 9 cases out of 10 - the culprit of forest fires is a person.

On weekends, the number of sunburns in the forest reaches 40% of their number per week; in a 10 km zone around settlements, the most visited by the population, occurs up to 93% of all sunburns.

In parallel with this approach, the rules allow the use of the approach fire fighting equipment, which is an objective approach to assessing and verifying the fire resistance of structures in real fire conditions. These studies cover all types of buildings and all types of structures. They are manufactured in accordance with the Eurocodes according to simplified and advanced methods of fire parts.

The general research methodology is as follows. Various stages of calculation require the use of a special software for calculation: fire development tools, finite element code for heat transfer calculations, finite element code for fire behavior in structures.

The vast majority of forest fires arise from bonfires, which are laid out for heating, cooking, scaring off midges, and even just for the sake of pampering.

A lot of fires are caused by smokers throwing open matches and cigarette butts in the forest. Also, forest fires can arise from other reasons, for example, from smoldering rusty wad, unextinguished cigarette butts thrown out of the windows of trains, from sparks from engine exhaust pipes, etc. While in the forest, it must be remembered that the danger of a forest fire from an insignificant source of fire is quite real, especially in dry, warm, windy times.

Opinion on the technique of fire behavior

These studies use advanced computational techniques and include sophisticated simulations in fire, heat transfer, and thermomechanical calculations. According to the researchers, it is necessary to check the relevance. Desired safety objectives and associated performance criteria, Analysis methodology used, Calculation tools used, Design assumptions, Design results. Structural recognition: visual inspection: identification of materials, structural condition and identification of structural pathologies, non-destructive tests: ferroscan, heat chamber, sclerometer, etc. destructive testing, laboratory tests. Structural diagnostics of structures. ... However, the absence of a heat shield for a constructive process is possible if a risk analysis leads to the use of the process, showing that it does not bring additional risk to the public.

Natural factors, due to which a forest fire can start, are dry thunderstorms, spontaneous combustion of forest trash, etc.

If a fire is detected in the forest or near forest litter, litter, rags, felling remains, the main task is to prevent the fire from gaining strength and spreading. To do this, extinguish the fire, carefully inspect the burning site and make sure that there are no burning foci left. In cases where it is not possible to extinguish the fire on your own, it is necessary to report the fire to the forest protection authorities, local authorities or the police.

This analysis should be the subject of a report by a laboratory competent in the field of resistance and reaction to fire. The method of analysis used to determine the scope of employment consists in assessing the additional risks arising in a fire situation in relation to the public, namely.

Classified installations for environmental protection

Study of the mode of destruction of warehouses

You want to demonstrate the demolition mode of the buildings you work in and identify the best reinforcement solutions to control your risks. We offer a global approach to risk management, hierarchical and tailored to your problem.

When extinguishing forest fires, the most common method is to overwhelm the fire at the edge of the fire. Green branches are used to overwhelm. Effectively throwing soil at the edge of the fire, cooling the burning materials and depriving them of air access.

During extinguishing, it is necessary to comply with fire safety rules and be firmly aware that in case of forest fires, when the crowns of trees are burning, the banks of reservoirs, large glades, deciduous forest without coniferous undergrowth can serve as a refuge. You should not seek refuge on roads and clearings surrounded by coniferous forest, especially young stands with low crowns, as well as in logs overgrown with forest.

Optimized determination of the measures to be performed, taking into account your technical and economic constraints, finding the most profitable technical and economic solution. This research in the field of fire safety, based on a targeted approach, is to verify the following requirements. No destruction of the structure from the outside, No destruction of the intrachain chain, No destruction of the intercellular chain, Fire behavior of a structure compatible with the integrity of the baffles, Fire kinetics and destruction kinematics compatible with the evacuation of people and the intervention of rescue services. Our analyzes are based on numerical simulations to assess the development of fire and the thermomechanical behavior of structures.

Due to the fact that most forest fires are caused by fires not extinguished, it is better not to light them in dry, warm and windy weather. But if nevertheless the need arises, it is required to observe simple rules... Bonfires should be kindled in specially designated places. If there is no such place, then it can be prepared on sandy and pebble spits along the banks of rivers and lakes, on forest roads, in quarries, on old fireplaces, on lawns and glades covered with green grass. It is necessary around the fire, on a strip at least 0.5 m wide, to remove everything that can burn and cause the spread of fire. It is desirable that there is water near the fire, as well as branches to overwhelm the flame in case of burning propagation. Do not light a fire near trees, as from this they die or, at best, weaken or reduce growth, are populated by insect pests. Try not to light bonfires under the crowns of spruces, fir, cedars, which usually have drooping crowns, as well as in young coniferous stands, because needles - excellent combustible material... Avoid laying fires near hollow trees - they are fire hazardous. It is unacceptable to light fires in old clearings, burned areas, areas of damaged forest, i.e. in areas with a large amount of dry combustible materials. In these cases, even a small spark is enough to create a smoldering, unnoticed source of ignition nearby the fire. Burning wood on open areas always very strong. In dry weather and in the wind, burning branches, leaves, coals are transferred tens of meters.

Vulnerability Diagnostics and Building Strengthening

These studies are carried out as follows. Step 4: Thermomechanical behavior of the structure. Step 5: Verify that the security objectives have been met, Step 6: Offer security. Imposing targets for future urbanization and prescribing protective measures for an existing building.

Determination of safety objectives and associated performance criteria.
Risk analysis and definition of fire scenarios.
Step 3: Calculation of the development of the fire.

In these conditions, it is necessary to conduct a vulnerability diagnosis in order to assess the level of protection of buildings for their passengers from thermal, overpressure and toxic effects from hazards that may occur.

When visiting the forest, you should stop smoking. But if you smoke, you need to know that it is dangerous, especially in coniferous plantations, where there is little green grass and last year's needles, lichens, grass, small twigs and other plant litter dry out during the day. Therefore, it is best to smoke in specially designated areas or areas suitable for making fires and smoking. You should not smoke in the forest on the go, because there is always a danger of a burning match or a cigarette butt being mechanically thrown aside, and as a result - a fire that the culprit may not even suspect about.

You want to assess the vulnerability of your buildings and determine the best reinforcement solutions to control your risks. We offer a global approach, hierarchical and tailored to your problem. Stage 1: Characterization of effects, Step 2: Characterization of the framework based on on-site survey, Stage 3: Diagnosis of vulnerability by parts of structure and by type of effect, Step 4: Optimized identification of enhancement measures and economic assessment. Editor and developer of performance guides and mitigating building vulnerability to thermal and overpressure hazards, our teams help you.

Discipline in the forest, conscientious behavior and strict adherence to simple fire safety rules will guarantee the preservation of forests from fires. This is in the best interest of each of us.

Dear guests and residents of the republic, the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in the Udmurt Republic reminds: when going into nature, observe the fire safety rules and remember, IN THE FIRE DANGEROUS SEASON IN THE FOREST IS NOT PERMISSIBLE:

Earthquake protection studies

Sizing and BOM for your new projects, Diagnostics and definition of work to strengthen existing buildings. It is applicable retroactively to existing installations: thus, operators need to carry out a risk analysis to identify Special Risk equipment and assess its earthquake resistance.

You are an industrialist, a design office or a contractor and you are faced with new seismic regulations. We offer a global and hierarchical approach, including. The status of the respective regulatory requirements, Inventory of relevant installations and equipment, "special risk", Determination of behavioral requirements in terms of operability, integrity, stability or lack of physical interaction, Diagnosis of earthquake vulnerability based on detailed on-site inspection, study of seismic stresses, determination of corrective measures, feasibility study different options, verification of the acceptability of the consequences of residual scenarios, demonstration of compliance. Hazard identification and hazardous events Hazard identification Feedback analysis, Preliminary risk analysis and hierarchy of scenarios, Modeling of effects associated with hazards, Detailed risk analysis using a butterfly approach, Identifying Risk Management Measures to contain intra-site effects, Expertise existing systems of active and passive protection. These tests allow.

use an open fire
use wads made from flammable or smoldering materials when hunting
leave oiled or flammable cleaning material
refuel engine tanks, use faulty cars, smoke or use open fire near cars fueled with fuel
leave bottles or glass shards as they can work like incendiary lenses
burn grass under trees, in forest glades, clearings, as well as stubble in fields, in the forest
to make fires in young coniferous stands, on peat bogs, logging areas, in places with dry grass, under tree crowns, as well as in areas of damaged forest.

A few observations for those caught in a thunderstorm:

the wind does not give the correct idea of the direction of movement of the thunderstorm, thunderstorms often go against the wind
the distance to a thunderstorm can be determined by the time between a flash of lightning and a thunderclap (1 sec. - 300-400 m, 2 sec. - 600-800 m, 3 sec. - 1000 m)
just before the onset of a thunderstorm, calm usually sets in or the wind changes direction
wet clothes and the body increase the risk of being struck by lightning
it is dangerous to camp on bulging landforms
it is preferable to hide in the forest among low trees, in the mountains 3-8 m from the high "finger" 10-15 m, on open area- in a dry hole, ditch
sandy and stony soil is safer than clay
signs increased danger are: hair stirring, the buzzing of metal objects, discharges on the sharp ends of equipment, the lights of "St. Elmo" on the masts of ships.

In a thunderstorm, it is prohibited:

take refuge near lonely trees
it is not recommended to lean against rocks and sheer walls when driving
stop at the edge of the forest
go and stop near bodies of water
hide under a rocky canopy
run and hustle
move in a dense group
be in wet clothes
store metal objects in a tent.

How to behave in a thunderstorm:

If you are caught in a thunderstorm while in large city among high-rise buildings, you have little chance of being struck by lightning. most houses have lightning rods, which are more attractive objects for lightning due to the lower resistance. For example, a lightning strike near the Ostankino TV tower at a distance of its height is almost completely excluded.

If you find yourself outside the city, then in no case hide from the rain under a lonely tree. If you nevertheless find yourself on the field with such a tree, then you need to stand with your face or back to it, in which case, with a possible lightning strike into the tree, the potential difference between your legs will be minimal.

During a thunderstorm, it is dangerous to swim in the river. water is a good conductor of current. In a situation of an impending thunderstorm, and even more so during it, it is dangerous to walk with long objects under power lines, especially for graphite fishing rods, and for an electric shock, direct contact with the wire is not necessary - a "breakdown" can occur at a distance of 1- 2 m.

In case of a thunderstorm, it is advisable to get rid of metal objects; there are cases of lightning striking a bunch of keys in a pocket.

FIRE SAFETY

Fire in the apartment

Notify the fire brigade.
Take the children and the elderly out into the streets.
Try with water (from the water supply, from internal fire hydrants), washing powder, thick cloth, etc. extinguish the fire.
Turn off the automatic devices (on the shield on the landing).
Close windows and vents. In case of heavy smoke, immediately leave the apartment, closing the door behind you.
When leaving the apartment, protect your eyes and respiratory organs from smoke with a respirator, cotton-gauze bandage, moistened with a piece of cloth or a towel with water.

Insure yourself and your property in advance in case of fire.
Keep documents and money in a place known to all family members in case of sudden evacuation in the event of a fire.
Move crouching or crawling (less smoke below).
Cover your head and body with a wet cloth.
If it is impossible to run out on flights of stairs use the balcony stairs; if it is not there, go out to the balcony, closing the door tightly behind you, and shout: "Fire!"
If possible, point firefighters to the location of the fire.

The basement is on fire

Call the fire department.
In no case do not try to enter the basement yourself, it may end tragically for you.
If smoke appears in the basement from a fire, open the windows (but not the door on staircase) and leave the house, notifying the neighbors.
Get out either crouching low or crawling, breathing through a wet cloth or rag. Lost, go out in the direction of the smoke draft.

If you cannot find a way out, lie down in the aisle where the temperature is not very high and try to cover yourself with something.

The TV is on

Disconnect the TV (or apartment).
Notify the fire brigade.
To avoid poisoning by combustion products, immediately remove people from the room, especially children.
If the TV remains lit after switching off, fill it with water through the openings on the back wall, while at the side of the unit, or cover it with a thick cloth. If burning continues, throw the TV out of the window, remembering to look down.
If the TV exploded and the fire intensified, leave the area by closing the doors and windows.

If the property is insured, do not forget to report the incident to the insurance company within three days

The man's clothes caught fire

Knock the person to the ground (using a footboard if necessary) and extinguish the fire with water, earth, snow, or cover it with a thick cloth, leaving the head open.
Call an ambulance, provide first aid. Inform the fire brigade (if you attempt to self-immolate - and the police).

Rules of conduct in case of fire

Unacceptable:

fight the fire on your own without calling the firefighters;
extinguish ignited electrical appliances with water without disconnecting from the mains (you can get an electric shock!);
open windows and doors to release smoke (combustion will intensify due to the flow of air!);
use the elevator if a significant area is already covered by the flame (you can get stuck and suffocate!);
try to get out through a smoky corridor or stairs (smoke is toxic, hot air can burn your lungs!);
to descend along drainpipes and risers with the help of sheets and ropes (a fall is almost always inevitable!);
jump out of the window (above the 3rd floor, every second jump is fatal!).

Primary extinguishing media

1. Chemical foam fire extinguishers (OHP)

The most common fire extinguishers are OHP-10. However, they are not used to extinguish substances burning without access to air and electrical installations under voltage.

OHP-10 fire extinguisher activation:

clean the shower with a hairpin (or needle);
lift the handle and throw it to failure (180 °);
turn the fire extinguisher upside down and shake;
direct the jet towards the ignition source.

2. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers (OU)

Designed to extinguish substances burning without air access. Indispensable for extinguishing fires of electric motors, electrical installations, in chemical laboratories, archives, museums. They are not afraid of low temperatures.

Actuation of the op-amp:

break the seal and pull out the check;
direct the bell to the flame;
push the lever.

Unacceptable:

keep the fire extinguisher in a horizontal position or turn it upside down;
touch the socket with bare parts of the body (the temperature on its surface drops to -60 ...- 70 ° C);
bring the socket closer than 1 m to the energized electrical installation.

3. Powder fire extinguishers (OP)

Designed to eliminate combustion of solid, liquid and gaseous substances, as well as fires at electrical installations under voltage up to 1 kV.

They are supplied to cars, garages, warehouses, offices and banks, industrial facilities, clinics, schools, private houses, etc.

OP activation:

pull out the check;
press the button;
point the gun at the flame;
press the lever of the pistol;
extinguish the flame from less than 5 m;
when using a fire extinguisher, shake it;
the working position of the fire extinguisher is vertical (do not turn it over!).

4. Internal fire hydrants

Actuation of internal fire hydrants:

open the cabinet door;
roll out a sleeve connected to the crane and barrel in the direction of the fire;
open the valve by turning the handwheel counterclockwise;

direct a stream of water from the barrel into the combustion center.