Evacuation of people in case of fire. Safe evacuation - people

What do you think will be your reaction to the fire report? According to statistics, only 10% of people prepare to leave the building in response to a signal of imminent danger. The rest examine the premises, call the fire brigade again, notify the others, try to extinguish the fire on their own, or do nothing at all. However, it is the immediate escape from the burning building that is the most appropriate action during the rapid spread of fire and smoke. The result is sad in the opposite case, because the minutes of delay at the beginning of the evacuation in case of fire are equal to the missing seconds at its end. Thus, the time of the start of the evacuation does not coincide with the time of receipt of the fire signal.

Fire alert

It is obvious that the provision of detailed information and clear instructions provides a lower value of the time to start evacuating people in case of fire. That's why the best way to raise fire safety people is early detection of fire and early warning of it technical means- warning and evacuation control systems (SOUE). Unfortunately, information about a fire is often perceived with skepticism. Therefore, the calculation of the time of the beginning of the evacuation provides not only technical, but also organizational inertia (passivity, lack of action).

Just as the operator, having received a signal about a fire, will not immediately turn on the warning and evacuation control system, so other people in the building, having heard the signals of the ECD, do not leave the building until they are duplicated by other workers.

Having made the decision to leave the building during a fire, a person plans a path to a safe place, which he passes along the corridors, foyers, stairs, lobbies, entrances and exits. But not every exits are recognized as evacuation exits, but only those that lead directly or through the corridor (lobby, foyer, staircase) outside from the first floor; or from the premises of any floor directly to the stairs (possibly through the hall); or in next room with similar outputs. Such exits should not have sliding, lifting or revolving doors or turnstiles.

Ways and exits

Often, the media report frightening cases of crush resulting from mass evacuation of people in the event of a fire. In fact, the crowds and "traffic jams" on the escape routes indicate not panic, but insufficient bandwidth inputs and outputs. Correctly designed escape routes should ensure the unimpeded movement of human flows that form when leaving the building. The established patterns of human actions during evacuation made it possible to develop methods for calculating the movement of human flows as a single process. On their basis, instructions and regulations were developed (SNiP II-2-80, GOST 12.1.004).

After a person has planned his actions, he goes on a common path, which other people have also chosen, and merges with the flow of people. The lower the flow density, the more comfortable people feel and the faster they can move. If you calculate the travel time at the maximum flow density, you get the following values: 17 m / min - horizontally, 10 m / min - down the stairs, 8 m / min - up.

Stages of exiting the building

damaging factors fire - debris, debris and toxic substances.

Calculations show that the most dangerous areas, where there is a high probability of the formation of clusters a large number people and as a result of this - compression injuries, are the boundaries of adjacent areas.

Therefore, the instruction obliges to check to what extent the conditions for unimpeded movement are met at each section of the calculated escape route(RAP). In general, the possible evacuation time should not be longer duration the initial stage of the fire.

Creation of an evacuation plan

Evacuation exits and routes, rules of behavior for people and the order of their actions during a fire are reflected in the evacuation plan. It is desirable to display several options in the plan. fire evacuation, depending on the time of day, the number of people in the building, the likely places of fire, etc. If there are more than 50 people on the floor of the building, a fire evacuation plan is developed based on the calculation of the parameters of the movement of human flows and the throughput of the entrances and exits. The graphical part of the plan should be clearly framed and in good visible place... The instruction stipulates that employees, the procedure for which is prescribed in the plan, must be familiarized with them against receipt.

Particular attention should be paid to the evacuation of children and people with disabilities. In order to prevent panic attacks, people who are responsible for children need to supervise them during the entire evacuation process. First of all, children should be taken out of the room in which the fire began and the rooms adjacent to it. All rooms should be carefully checked, especially under beds, in closets where a child can hide, and posts should be posted at exits to prevent the child from accidentally returning to a burning building.

According to the instructions, for the evacuation of a low-mobility group of the population, special requirements... So, when calculating the requirements fire safety the building plan takes into account the need to design security zones. They are necessary for the evacuation of the elderly, disabled people and other persons with mobility restrictions, who, due to low speed and high fatigue, may not be able to quickly leave the building together with the flow of people.

Any movement of the victim in a fire is traumatic for him, as it can cause additional suffering and worsen his condition. A quick, unprepared evacuation is permissible only if his life is in immediate danger. If possible, it is better to carry out transportation with the help of several people. After taking out the victim, it is necessary

Safe evacuation people are also ensured by the correct organization of their movement from the location in the room to the exit outside or into the stairwell. The streams of people in all cases are planned in advance in directions that exclude the possibility of their intersection or oncoming movement of people. Escape routes and exits shall be arranged so that they provide a safe and secure organized evacuation of people.
Uninterrupted and safe evacuation of people and material assets from industrial and other buildings and premises is ensured even at the design stage of oil refineries and petrochemical enterprises. A sufficient number of free and shortest escape routes are provided for people.
The required evacuation time depending on the volume of the room, min. To ensure the safe evacuation of people from premises and buildings, the estimated time for the evacuation of people should not exceed the time required for this. The estimated time for the evacuation of people is set based on the time of movement of one or more streams through evacuation exits from the most distant places where people are accommodated. All the way to go flow of people divided into sections - passage, corridor, doorway, flight of stairs, vestibule.
To ensure the safe evacuation of people in the event of a fire, the norms establish the number emergency exits and their width depending on the number of people and the functional fire hazard of the premises.
To ensure the safe evacuation of people, a run of a flame of any duration is unacceptable, since even due to its short duration, it may not be hazardous in terms of thermal effects, but it will be dangerous as a source of panic.
Evacuation lighting serves for the safe evacuation of people from premises and from open spaces in case of emergency extinguishing of the working light. Instructions in which cases emergency and evacuation lighting is needed are contained in SNiP and in the industry standards for artificial lighting. According to SNiP, emergency lighting must create an illumination of at least 5% of the standardized illumination, but less than 2 lux indoors and 1 lux outside. Illumination of more than 30 lux indoors and more than 5 lux outside is allowed to be created if there are appropriate justifications.
Organizational measures to ensure the safe evacuation of people given in the RJ are divided into the following areas: development of appropriate instructions and plans for evacuation, development of centralized traffic control systems, training the population in actions in case of fire, mass propaganda on radio and television about the danger of emerging fires for people and their consequences.
To ensure the safe evacuation of people in industrial, auxiliary and other buildings in the event of a fire, evacuation exits are provided. They must ensure the safe exit of people outside by the shortest route in the shortest possible time.
From the point of view of ensuring the safe evacuation of people, structures on the escape routes should not spread flame over their surface (including the passage of a flame of any duration) at temperatures equal to or less than the temperature at which safe evacuation of people in case of fire is ensured.
Evacuation lighting serves for the safe evacuation of people in the event of failure of the working lighting. Evacuation lighting should provide an illumination of 0 5 lux on the floor. Evacuation lighting must be provided in places dangerous for the passage of people, along the line of evacuation of people and in production facilities, where cases of injury are possible when the working lighting fails. Such premises include industrial premises dry cleaners, laundries, ateliers, repair shops, etc. At the exits from rooms where more than 100 people can gather, exit light indicators are installed, connected to the evacuation lighting network.
When designing buildings, provide for the safe evacuation of people in the event of a fire. Evacuation routes are called passages, corridors, platforms, stairs leading to an emergency exit, ensuring the safe movement of people during the required evacuation time.
The rescue alarm is intended to ensure the safe evacuation of people from buildings and is required element systems of organizational measures to ensure the safety of people in case of fires. One of the areas of rescue signaling is the voice alarm for high-rise buildings. In 1978, the experience of the development and implementation of a voice alarm system (SRTS) for alerting people in high-rise buildings is reported. The need for SRTS is justified by the fact that the likelihood of injury and death largely depends on the behavior of people in emergency situations. The following requirements are imposed on the SRTS: transmission of precise instructions in various emergency situations (fire, accident, military action, etc.)
For ease of maintenance and to ensure the safe evacuation of people between the equipment, a main passage with a width of at least 1 25 m is provided for refrigeration units with an ammonia content of 20 to 300 kg and at least 1 5 m for refrigeration units with an ammonia content of more than 300 kg. The passage between the protruding parts of the machines must be at least 1 m; passage between smooth wall and a machine or unit - not less than 0 8 m, if it is not the main passage for service, and not less than 0 5 m (for small machines) in the absence of a passage.
The design of buildings should provide for the safe evacuation of people in the event of a fire. In the event of a fire, people must leave any building within the specified minimum time, which is determined by the shortest distance from the location to the exit.

When designing buildings with a height of more than 10 floors, the safe evacuation of people becomes especially essential... In these buildings, 50% of the stairwells should be smoke-free. Smoke-free staircases are provided by floor entrances through the air zone through balconies or loggias. It is allowed to design smoke-free stairs with entrances directly from the floor corridors or halls.
The special literature also regulates other conditions for ensuring the safe evacuation of people in case of fire.
In a high-rise building, one of the essential conditions safe evacuation of people is the operation of smoke protection systems. It provides for a check of the operation of the backwater and smoke removal systems (indicating the signs by which one can judge effective work systems), and in case of inactivity of these systems - remote activation with an indication of how to implement it.
The experience of developing organizational measures to ensure the safe evacuation of people in case of fires using special equipment is noteworthy.
In the event of a fire, it must be possible to safely evacuate people in the building through emergency exits. The number of emergency exits should, as a rule, be at least two.
In the event of a fire, it must be possible to safely evacuate people, as well as animals and poultry from agricultural buildings.
In the event of a fire, it must be possible to safely evacuate people in production building.
In the event of a fire, it must be possible to safely evacuate people in the building.
Determination of the width of emergency exits. Evacuation exits in the event of a fire must ensure the possibility of safe evacuation of people in shortest time.
Emergency lighting serves to ensure the possibility of continuing work or for the safe evacuation of people when the work lighting is suddenly (emergency) switched off. Provides emergency lighting for all explosive and fire hazardous installations in which a sudden shutdown of the working lighting can cause an explosion, fire, accidents or disruption. technological process.
Emergency lighting serves to ensure the possibility of continuing work or for the safe evacuation of people when the work lighting is suddenly (emergency) switched off. Emergency lighting is provided for all explosion and fire hazardous installations, in which a sudden shutdown of working lighting can cause an explosion, fire, accidents or disruption of the technological process. The emergency lighting network is powered from an independent power supply source.
Compliance fire safety requirements reducing the likelihood of fires and ensuring the safe evacuation of people is one of the most important design requirements public buildings... For buildings and structures firefighting measures are installed depending on their fire resistance, which is subdivided into five degrees.
Accommodation primary funds fire extinguishing in corridors, passages should not interfere with the safe evacuation of people.

In the design and construction of buildings, evacuation exits are also provided to facilitate the safe evacuation of people and property in the event of a fire.
It is allowed to use a higher type of SOUE for buildings, provided that the conditions for ensuring the safe evacuation of people are met.
In industrial and auxiliary buildings, in the event of a fire, it should be possible to safely evacuate people in the building through special (evacuation) exits.
In the event of a fire in industrial and administrative buildings, it must be possible to safely evacuate people.
Emergency lighting for the evacuation of people is arranged in rooms and in open areas to enable the safe evacuation of people in the event of a sudden extinguishing of the working lighting. Such lighting is performed in the aisles of workshops, in corridors and on staircases along the line of evacuation of people.
From all production, auxiliary and administrative buildings and premises, it must be possible to safely evacuate people in the event of a fire.
Systems of supply and exhaust smoke ventilation of buildings (hereinafter referred to as smoke ventilation) should be provided to ensure the safe evacuation of people from the building in the event of a fire in one of the premises.
Systems of supply and exhaust smoke ventilation of buildings (hereinafter referred to as smoke ventilation) should be provided to ensure the safe evacuation of people from the building in the event of a fire in one of the premises. Smoke ventilation systems must be autonomous for each fire compartment.
Emergency lighting is provided in those rooms where it is not allowed to stop the work of personnel or to ensure safe evacuation of people in case of emergency shutdown of working lighting. At power plants, such rooms include the boiler room and machine room, fuel supply, control rooms, relay and voltage switchboards in the main building, main closed switchgears, battery rooms and charging units, electrolysis, compressor, circulating pumping, fire fighting pumping, ignition fuel oil -pumping room, a room for an engineer on duty, offices of the director and chief engineer, a gas distribution point, a telephone exchange and a radio center, a doctor's office in a medical center, a computer room, special rooms, main aisles and stairs in workshops with emergency lighting.
The projects for the production of work should provide for measures to ensure fire safety at the repair site and the possibility of safe evacuation of people in the event of a fire.
If, in the event of accidents (for example, fires and explosions), it is impossible to ensure safe evacuation of people from individual sections of the mine field, then rescue chambers should be equipped within such areas. The chambers must be securely fastened, have sealed doors and a supply of liquid oxygen in the cylinder. When the depth of the chamber from the surface is less than 200 m, it is advisable to organize separate ventilation of the chambers through two wells drilled from the surface with a diameter of 250 - 400 mm. Cameras should have emergency lighting, a supply of first aid equipment and a telephone connection with the dispatcher.
The club car should be located in the middle of the train and equipped on both end sides with walkways with handrails to ensure the safe evacuation of people to neighboring cars.
Theater auditoriums and all rooms with mass stay people must have the required number of evacuation exits to ensure the safe evacuation of people. The width of the passages is taken at least 1 m, and the passages located opposite the exits - not less than the width of the doors themselves.
Premises classified as explosive and fire hazardous must have two exits to staircases on each floor to ensure safe evacuation of people during emergency... Buildings 10 m high must have fire escapes to the roof. It is recommended to place explosion and fire hazardous installations in open areas. Between the outdoor equipment and the room, it is allowed to place an overpass for pipelines of this production.

The evacuation of people from a building in the event of a fire is a process of orderly and organized independent movement of people from premises where exposure is possible. dangerous factors fire.
Exits are evacuation exits if they lead:
a) from the premises of the first floor to the outside:
directly;
across the corridor;
through the lobby (foyer);
through the staircase;
through the corridor and lobby (foyer);
through the corridor and staircase.
b) from the premises of any floor, except for the first:
directly into the stairwell or on the stairs of the 3rd type;
to the corridor leading directly to the staircase or to the stairs of the 3rd type;
to the hall (foyer), which has an exit directly to the staircase or to the stairs of the 3rd type;
v adjacent room on the same floor, provided with exits indicated in a) and b).
Exits from the basement and basement floors, which are evacuation, as a rule, should be provided directly outside, separated from the general staircases of the building.
However, the norms allow for the possibility of arranging evacuation exits from basements through common staircases with a separate exit to the outside, separated from the rest of the staircase by a deaf firewall 1st type. It is also possible to provide for exits from the foyer, dressing rooms, smoking and sanitary facilities located in the basements or basements of buildings of classes F2, F3 and F4 (banks), to the first floor via separate stairs of the 2nd type.
Exits are not considered evacuation exits if their openings are equipped with sliding and lift-down doors and gates, revolving doors and turnstiles.
To ensure the safe evacuation of people in case of fire, the norms establish the number of evacuation exits and their width, depending on the number of people and the functional fire hazard of the premises.
At least 2 emergency exits must have floors of buildings of class F4 (banks), basements and ground floors with an area of ​​more than 300 m2 or intended for the simultaneous stay of more than 15 people, premises intended for the simultaneous stay of more than 50 people.
It is allowed to provide for one escape exit from the floors of 2-storey buildings of class F4.3 (banks), provided that the height of the floor does not exceed 6 meters, while the number of people on the floor should not exceed 20 people.
The number of emergency exits from a floor must be at least two, if a room is located on it, which must have at least 2 emergency exits.
The number of emergency exits from the building must not be less than the number of emergency exits from any floor of the building.
If there are 2 or more emergency exits, they should be dispersed.
The height of the evacuation exits in the clear must be at least 1.9 m, the width at least: 1.2 m - from premises and buildings with the number of evacuees of 50 or more people; 0.8 m - in all other cases.
In all cases, the width of the evacuation exit should ensure the possibility of unhindered carrying of the stretcher with a person lying on them.
Escape doors and other doors on escape routes must open in the direction of the exit from the building.
The direction of door opening is not standardized for rooms with a simultaneous stay of no more than 15 people, storerooms with an area of ​​no more than 200 m2 without permanent workplaces, sanitary facilities, exits to the landing of stairs of the 3rd type, external doors of buildings in the northern construction climatic zone.
Doors of staircases leading to common corridors, doors of lift halls and doors of vestibules with constant air pressurization should have devices for self-closing and sealing in the narthex, and doors of vestibules with pressurized air in case of fire and doors of rooms with forced smoke protection should have automatic devices for closing them in case of fire and sealing in the vestibules.
Evacuation routes should not include elevators and escalators, as well as sections leading:
through the corridors with exits from the elevator shafts, through lift halls and vestibules in front of elevators, if the enclosing structures of elevator shafts, including the doors of elevator shafts, do not meet the requirements for fire barriers;
through "walk-through" staircases, when the landing of the staircase is part of the corridor;
on the roof of buildings;
on the stairs of the 2nd type, connecting more than 2 floors, as well as leading from the basements and basements.
In buildings of all degrees of fire resistance and classes of constructive fire hazard, it is not allowed to use materials with a higher fire hazard, how:
G1, B1, D2, T2 - for finishing walls, ceilings and filling false ceilings in lobbies, stairwells, elevator halls;
G2, B2, D3, T3, or G2, B3, D2, T2 - for finishing walls, ceilings and filling suspended ceilings in common corridors, halls and foyers;
G2, RP2, D2, T2 - for floor coverings in lobbies, staircases, elevator halls;
B2, RP2, D3, T2 - for floor coverings in common corridors.
Suspended ceiling frames in rooms and on escape routes are made only of non-combustible materials.
All substances and materials (finishing and facing sheets, slabs, floor coverings, roofing materials), building construction and electrical products, devices and devices (cable products, residual current devices - RCDs), heat generating devices in accordance with the List of products subject to compulsory certification in the field of fire safety, must have fire safety certificates.
The height of the horizontal sections of the escape routes in the clear must be at least 2 meters, the width of the horizontal sections of the escape routes and ramps must be at least:
1.2 m - for common corridors, along which more than 50 people can be evacuated from the premises of banking institutions;
0.7 m - for passages to single workplaces;
1.0 m - in all other cases.
In the floor on the escape routes, height differences less than 45 cm and protrusions are not allowed, with the exception of thresholds in doorways... In places of elevation differences, stairs with a number of steps of at least 3 or ramps with a slope of no more than 1: 6 are provided.
For ladder heights over 45 cm, fences with handrails should be provided.
The device is not allowed on the escape routes. spiral staircases and winders, as well as stairs with different tread widths and step heights within the march and staircase.
When constructing curved staircases leading from office premises with no more than 5 people constantly staying in them, as well as curved front staircases, the width of the steps in the narrow part of these staircases should be at least 22 cm, and service stairs - at least 12 cm.
Stairs and staircases intended for evacuation are subdivided into the following types:
stair types:
1 - internal, placed in stairwells;
2 - internal open; 3 - outdoor open.
conventional staircase types:
L1 - with glazed or open openings in the outer walls on each floor;
L2 - with natural light through glazed or open openings in the roof.
smoke-free staircases types:
H1 - with an exit to the staircase from the floor through the outer air zone along open passages, while the smoke-free passage through the air zone must be ensured;
H2 - with air pressurization into the staircase in case of fire;
Н3 - with the entrance to the staircase from the floor through the airlock with air pressure (constant or in case of fire).
The width of the flight of the stairs intended for the evacuation of people must be at least:
1.2 m - for buildings with more than 200 people on any floor except the first;
0.7 m - for stairs leading to single workstations;
0.9 m - for all other cases.
The slope of stairs on escape routes should, as a rule, be no more than 1: 1.
The width of the tread is at least 25 cm, the height of the step is no more than 22 cm. It is allowed to reduce the tread width of curved front stairs in the narrow part to 22 cm.The width of the tread of the stairs leading only to rooms with a total number of workplaces of no more than 15 people is up to 12 cm.
In stairwells intended for the evacuation of people both from the above-ground floors and from the basement or basement floors, separate exits from the basement or basement floors should be provided, separated by the entire height of one floor by a deaf fire-prevention partition of the 1st type.
Separate stairs for communication between the basement or basement, leading to the corridor, hall or lobby of the first floor, in order to evacuate people from the basement or basement floor not taken into account.