Types of mansard roofs - features and design requirements. Mansard roof - mansard roof technology for a private house Mansard roofs with an entrance group

The popularity of the mansard roof (and attic-type living space under it) was brought by the Frenchman Francois Mansart. In the 17th century, he began to decorate and use the attic for residential purposes, providing the under-roof space with windows and turning it into inexpensive housing. Since then, by the name of this architect, the space under a steep roof has been called an attic. In Paris, it became fashionable to keep a residential attic, which continued to be considered an attic and was not taxed.

Attics can have a very different shape: triangular or, be asymmetrical, go along the entire width of the building or only along one side. Sometimes the attic floor can go beyond the boundaries of the walls of the building itself, in this case additional supports are used - columns or walls. A variety of attic designs allow you to revive the look of houses.

The main feature of the mansard roof is the division of the slope into two parts, when the upper one remains gentle, and the lower one, which forms the walls, becomes steeper. If you use different slope angles and raise one of them, you can significantly increase the useful area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe attic. A sloping roof with an inclined truss system is considered the most common version of the mansard roof.

Photo of mansard roofs

The mansard roof, like any original building element, has its pluses and minuses, the assessment of which will allow you to correctly orient yourself before the construction of this structure.

Benefits of attics

• The living area is increased by using the attic space.
• Improved appearance of the building.
• Savings on energy consumption by reducing heat loss through the roof.
• You can install an attic in two levels.
• Works are carried out without resettlement of residents.
• There is no need to use heavy equipment.

Disadvantages of attics

• Sloping ceilings reduce the height of the walls - the usable area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room is lost.
• The need to use more expensive skylights.
• Snow accumulates on the windows, reducing the insolation of the room.
• You need a complex thermal insulation, as well as waterproofing.
• Psychologically, life in a room with sloping walls makes people feel threatened, so it is better to use the attic as a temporary residence (library, recreation room, billiard room).

It is better to initially introduce a mansard roof into the design of the house. This will allow you to make the correct calculations of the loads on the supporting structures and correctly position the window openings.

The most comfortable version of the attic is obtained if the height of the attic space is two meters and twenty centimeters, and the width is at least three meters.

A spiral staircase will be the most aesthetic and economical option for entering the attic.

Usually on the attic floor they make a full-fledged housing, that is, they provide good thermal insulation, sound insulation and a pleasant external and internal view. or ceramic tiles provide the best thermal insulation.

Attic windows are mounted in the roof and serve to illuminate and ventilate the room, simultaneously performing decorative functions. The roof is covered with any good roofing material, equipped with grounding (in case of a thunderstorm) and a drain.

From the inside, the surface is ennobled with wood, drywall, plywood or block house. In interior decoration, attics use the space as ergonomically as possible, arranging shelving and furniture in steps.

When building a mansard roof with your own hands, do not forget to carefully impregnate all wooden elements with protective solutions that slow down the spread of fire, protect against insects and prevent the process of decay.

Mansard roof structure

Mansard roof in its design is very different from the usual. The durability of the mansard roof depends on the literacy of the project, the right choice of materials and the quality of installation.

If the attic is being completed on an existing building, then light structures and materials must be used. Bearing structures for attics, you can choose wooden, metal or reinforced concrete. When the attic floor is formed on a separate level, the main weight is transferred to the supporting pillars.

If the mansard roof is not properly insulated, then it will be cold in the attic in winter and too hot in summer. The type and quality of thermal insulation will determine the level of heat loss and the comfort of living conditions both in the attic and in the lower floors.

Roofing pie in the attic system performs a dual function: heat-insulating and waterproofing. The performance of the roof, the life of the roof without repairs and the overall performance of the entire attic system depend on the work of the parts of the roofing pie.

Typically, the construction of a roofing pie consists of a vapor barrier layer, layers of insulation and waterproofing. Roofing waterproofing protects the inside of the roofing from condensation and at the same time prevents the penetration of moisture from the outside.

With proper preparation and correct calculations, a mansard roof can be built independently, however, in order to avoid mistakes and miscalculations at the design and technological level, it is better to entrust the construction of such a roof to professionals.

The mansard roof allows you to have an additional room without affecting the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe site

At its core, the attic is a modified attic of a private house. But the requirements for the attic roof are much higher. After all, the roof is affected not only by weather disasters, but by various factors from the inside. What should be the device of the mansard roof, how to properly insulate it, make it reliable and durable? We will talk about all this in this article.

Features of mansard roofs

At first glance, it seems that small alterations of the attic roof and interior decoration are quite enough to build an attic. But this is actually a common misconception. Only an understanding of the design features of the attic of the house will make it possible to make a reliable and durable room with a solid roof.

Experts consider the height of the room to be the fundamental difference between the attic and the attic. If the walls under the roof are more than one and a half meters, then this design can be considered an attic. The height of 1.5 meters allows you to accommodate a person in a sitting position.

The attic of the house is distinguished by its device, the room can be:

• triangular in vertical cross section;
• broken (polygonal);
• asymmetrical;
• occupying all the space under the roof.

The main advantage of the attic is the increase in living space of an existing house. The useful area, as a rule, is used for arranging a living room or some kind of utilitarian purpose (a gym, for example). Such an expansion of the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house is cheaper than an extension. At the same time, the landscape of the site does not change and the backyard area does not decrease. Plus, the attic looks quite presentable, improving the appearance of the house. So, for example, a gable, broken roof with unequal slopes and a straight break looks very impressive. And the attic room under a direct roof is much more convenient.

In fairness, it should be mentioned about the shortcomings.

• The rise in the cost of the construction of the whole house, compared with a simple attic.
• The complexity of designing a roof with an attic, the need to contact specialists.
• Order and installation of special skylights.
• The complexity of the work on the device of the roof, requiring special care and painstaking work.

Even small inaccuracies in the installation of the attic roof can lead to the need for repairs after a short period.

Roof types

The specifics of the attic roof largely depends on its type. There are several types of roofs that differ in their design:

1. Shed. The simplest option looks like a right triangle in section. In such roofs, attics are rarely arranged.
2. Gable. Sometimes called gable, a roof structure with two inclined planes. The attic room is perfectly built in here.
3. broken line. A variation of the previous type, having slopes with a break (changed angle). Allows you to make a comfortable attic with an optimal configuration. A large number of modern houses can be seen precisely with a sloping roof.
4. Hip (semi-hip) Chetyrehskatnaya roof, which allows you to conveniently place an attic under it.
5. Conical or domed. As a rule, it is used for buildings of a polygonal or round shape; it is most difficult to build an attic for such a design.
6. Multi-forceps. Non-standard design, also allowing the installation of an attic. But such a design, as well as the variant with a sloping roof, requires painstaking calculation, only an experienced architect is able to make a good project, and the cost of work is very high.

Mansard roof insulation

An important nuance of attic roofs is the fact that not only external weather factors act on the roof, but also internal ones:

• heat from the living quarters;
• evaporation;
• condensate formed from the temperature difference in the attic and outside.

Therefore, the requirements for mansard roofs contain additional conditions. This is the laying of vapor barrier materials, a heat-shielding layer and waterproofing. In addition, it is necessary to equip the effective ventilation of the under-roof space, otherwise the room is threatened with constant dampness.

To reliably insulate the attic, mineral or eco-wool is usually used; in combination with a waterproofing and vapor barrier film, good protection from external and internal influences is obtained. And the air gap between different insulators will ensure ventilation of the gable and roof.

Roof material

The roof of the attic should be light, because in addition to its own weight, the attic room itself with all its contents also exerts a load on the walls of the houses. Therefore, for attics, a material with a low specific gravity is selected:

• metal tile;
• metallic profile;
• soft roof (for example, ondulin).

Heavier materials are used only in cases where it is necessary to maintain the uniformity of a wooden house with neighboring buildings. But in these special cases, additional load calculations are required.

The same requirements apply to the truss system, it is also recommended to use durable materials with low weight, aluminum structures or wooden structures - the most suitable and common version of the attic roof frame. Stone and cement-concrete elements are not suitable here. When installing the roof, it should be remembered that it must be resistant to mechanical stress and reliably protected from bad weather.

Attic roof project

As mentioned above, a well-designed project should be the key to a reliable and durable roof. As a rule, it consists of several sections and drawings. It contains calculations and all information about the roof structure:

• first of all, the project determines the main parameters - the shape of the roof, its dimensions, the slope of the slopes, the presence of a pediment;
• the second, and no less important point, is a list of all materials for each node, indicating their quantity;
• a separate section should be devoted to the calculation of load-bearing structures, indicating the section of the rafter beams, the dimensions of the floor elements and other nodes;
• drawings in various projections with details of the main units;
• a section with calculations of the thermal properties of the roof structure and instructions on insulation and waterproofing with a list of recommended materials;
• recommendations for roofing material based on the calculation of the maximum loads on the structure.

Calculation of the attic roof

We emphasize once again that the calculations should be carried out by a specialist with experience in designing such objects. Even small errors can lead to incorrect load distribution of load-bearing nodes and elements. Excessive weight of the roof, exceeding the strength of the rafters, can lead to a weakening of the overall structure and sad consequences. This is especially important for a broken structure.

For calculations, an important parameter is the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe attic room and its size of useful volume. The latter is calculated along the lines connecting the points where the height from the floor to the ceiling plane is 90 cm. The rest of the space is considered to be non-residential, suitable only for closets and closets.

The total area is taken from the plans of the house and attic. The calculation of the roof area is carried out based on the total area of ​​​​internal structures. The entire roof frame can be represented as a collection of elements with different geometries. By calculating the area of ​​​​such figures separately, and adding the values, you can get the total area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe roof structure. This value is necessary not only for further calculations of the strength and weight of the structure, but also for calculating the necessary materials.

The next stage of calculations is the calculation of the angle of inclination of the slopes, the dimensions of the pediment and the selection of the roofing covering material. An incorrectly selected slope of the slopes can lead to accumulations of snow crust, under the weight of which the roof may be destroyed. On the contrary, a too steep slope and a high structure is exposed to winds, which also negatively affects the integrity of the roof. Therefore, calculations should be carried out taking into account local climatic conditions.

Attic calculation

Roof insulation

An important part of the mansard roof calculations is the section on insulation. To create an atmosphere suitable for living in the attic, the roof must be reliably and efficiently insulated. In addition, vapor barrier and waterproofing films are laid together with heaters. To prevent leakage from the outside and accumulation of condensate from the inside, special modern materials are used. Thus, a “layer cake” is formed, laid between the roofing and the attic room. Such a "pie" should include the following layers:

1. Vapor barrier. Special, air-tight film materials, laid from the inside of the attic room with sealed joints. The task of this layer is to prevent the penetration of moisture into the upper layers of the "pie".
2. Warming. As a heat insulator, foam or foam boards, mineral wool, eco-wool, etc. are used. Laying is carried out with an overlap or with subsequent sealing of the seams with construction foam.
3. Waterproofing. Special film membranes that protect the insulation from atmospheric precipitation and prevent the formation of condensate. They are laid along the rafters while maintaining the air gap between the film and the roofing material.

Proper insulation of the attic and attic ceiling

Mansard roof truss system

The rafter system is the basis of any roof, its skeleton. Its main purpose is to give the roof strength and reliability. In addition, the rafter system is designed to evenly distribute the load on the walls of the house. There are several types of truss systems that allow you to arrange an attic:

1. Hanging or suspended rafter system. With this design, there are no intermediate pillars to support the rafters, and the connection is made with wooden or metal puffs. Very convenient for an attic device.
2. Layered system. As a rule, it is used in gable roofs. It is used with the use of intermediate supports or in the construction of houses with a central load-bearing wall. Rafters are installed with support at one end on the walls and the other on intermediate pillars. SNiP regulates the device of a similar design for gable roofs only in cases where the distance between the bearing walls is not more than 6.5 meters.
3. Sloped roof rafter system. A complex design that requires good design and careful calculations. For a sloping roof, it is possible to make the attic higher and minimize the unused area.

Often a combination of these roofing systems is used. It is important that the rafter scheme is calculated at the design stage of the building. According to the results of calculations carried out according to a complex methodology, it is necessary to obtain data on the loads per 1 sq.m of the rafter system. SNiP regulates the standard value of 50 kg per sq.m. Also, according to the results of calculations, you can choose one or another type of rafter system.

Important!

To increase the living space of the house, it is necessary to prefer the construction of a multi-pitched, sloping attic roof.

Rafter system of a gable mansard roof

Installing support rafters

1. Next, we proceed to the installation of support racks. For their manufacture, as a rule, a beam of 10x15 cm is used. We fix the rack on the rafters along the pediment. Checking the verticality (using a plumb line), we fasten the supports with the help of jibs.
2. After that, we proceed to the installation of intermediate supports along the beams in two parallel rows, also controlling the verticality.
3. After that, we mount the runs, using for this a 10-15 cm board with a thickness of 4-5 cm. We fasten the runs with nails, additionally fixing them with corners.
4. Next, lay the crossbar from the board. In order for the design to be reliable and rigid, we fasten the board with the butt. For the convenience of laying roofing material, temporary supports can be placed under the crossbars so that the structure does not sag. For the same purpose, you can fix the puffs with boards or slats.

Rafter installation

Installation of the truss system, starting from the bottom. For the manufacture of rafters, you can use a board 4-5 cm thick and 15 cm wide. The rafters should rest with their lower part on the Mauerlat, close to the floor beams, and with the upper part they are fixed on the run, using a corner.

To mount the rafters, it is necessary to mark the central axis of the roof along the ridge. The rafters should be measured in advance and cut to the same size. You can use a template (a board with cuts made at the ends), according to which all the rafters should be prepared.

Advice!

At the joints of the rafters and girders, a fastening assembly should be made of metal plates.

Mansard roof truss system installation

crate

In conclusion, the installation of the frame of the attic roof, we proceed to the crate. If the floor beams are installed in the openings of the walls, then we fix fillies on the first rafters from the bottom, which will help to make the roof overhang. In cases where the ceiling is laid along the Mauerlat, there is no need for fillies, since the beams in this design protrude beyond the perimeter of the walls, thereby creating a roof overhang.

Important!

The type of lathing is selected in accordance with the planned roofing material. The crate is made either with small gaps, or solid, with the laying of the board close.

We lay a layer of waterproofing on top of the crate. Now you can sew up the gables and proceed with the installation of the finish coating.

During the operation of a private house, a country cottage or a country house, the question of increasing the living space often arises. It is usually solved by means of an extension or add-on.

Building a house is a tricky business. In addition, the residential extension has one significant drawback - it “steals” the usable area of ​​the site.

Therefore, a popular way to expand the living space of an individual house is to build a second floor or attic, i.e. attic roof. The design of the mansard roof allows you to use the resulting space as a living space.

What is better attic or second floor

The following facts speak in favor of the attic: lower construction costs, better insulation of living space, less load on the foundation. In general, the attic is the highlight of the house, giving it a certain flavor.

If in essence, then a full-fledged 2nd floor is more practical and easier in terms of implementation than an attic one. It all depends on the situation, if the house is being designed, then it is better to immediately provide for the second floor, because. arranging an attic is a more troublesome task. And if the house is residential and has a mansard-type roof, then it would be reasonable to equip a living room in it instead of an attic "for the right things."

Types of mansard roof

The optimum angle of inclination is 40°. The slope should be located on the leeward side. Allows you to equip a small attic above the attic. Due to only one acute angle, the usable area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room increases.

Double pitched mansard roof

A simple gable (pitch or gable) consists of two slopes connected at a certain angle. The advantage of a gable roof is the ease of manufacturing the rafter part and finishing. The disadvantage is the appearance of a "deaf" area (at the junction of the roof to the wall), which is usually not used. Often attics with a gable roof are erected along with the walls. A 45° pitched roof is ideal for houses up to 6m wide.

Asymmetrical gable roof. A private house with such a roof will be original and functional at the same time.

The complexity of building a roof with asymmetrical slopes is to carry out calculations.

Broken mansard roof. Its difference is that each slope has two components. The sloping roof device allows you to get a higher attic room. And also reduce the unused area. Such roofs are the most common, due to the possibility of attaching a garage or a summer kitchen under one roof.

Four-pitched mansard roof

Hip mansard roof. In this design, the roof slopes play the role of walls.

One of the varieties of the hip mansard roof is the Danish hip roof. Its construction is distinguished by the presence of gables, which allow you to mount ordinary windows (dormer windows) rather than roof windows.

Semi-hip mansard roof (two-slope, four-slope). A complex design, low slopes protect the gables of the house from precipitation.

Pitched roofs can be single or multi-level.

Non-standard solutions are also quite possible for a mansard roof. Their device requires careful calculation of loads, stability, etc. Without special education, installation is difficult, so the cost of work is higher compared to classical designs.

Some examples of the original mansard roof are in the photo.

We have decided on the types, the question remains how to make a mansard roof with your own hands.

Brief instructions contain the main stages of work and draw your attention to some of the nuances of their implementation.

Stage 1 - Design and calculation

The choice of the appearance of the mansard roof, and the calculation of its parameters is made taking into account such factors as:

A reliable assistant in the calculations will be SNiP 2.01.07-85 "Loads and Impacts".

Nuance. The greater the angle of inclination, the lower will be the height of the attic room (the minimum ceiling height of the room on the attic floor is 2.2 m). Accordingly, the smaller the angle of inclination of the mansard roof, the larger the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room will be. If the slope is insufficient, then precipitation can collect on the roof, which will lead to additional loads on it.

Closer attention is paid to the calculations if a non-standard mansard roof is being built. For example, an asymmetrical gable mansard roof has a displaced center of gravity. This affects the uniformity of load transfer to load-bearing walls and foundations.

At this stage, such an issue as a way to access the attic floor is also solved. The choice of the location of the stairs to the attic is an important decision. The internal location allows you to use it at any time of the year. External allows you to save the usable area of ​​the lower floor.

Advice. Ceiling folding ladder for the attic floor is the most economical option, but the least practical.

Mansard roof truss system

The choice of truss system is influenced by:

1. attic dimensions;
2. span parameters;
3. roof shape;
4. construction of the first floor;
5. location of load-bearing walls and additional supports;
6. roofing weight.

Mansard roof truss system design

There are two types of roof rafter system with an attic:

• hanging rafters. The walls of the house serve as the basis for the rafter legs. During the construction of hanging trusses, a mauerlat is not always installed (depending on the wall material);

• layered rafters. In this case, it is necessary to build an additional support. Which is used as a ridge run or an attic wall reinforced with reinforced concrete. The device of a layered truss system is allowed with a distance between the bearing walls of up to 7 meters.

The structural difference between the device of the roof with hanging and layered rafters is shown in the diagram.

When building a mansard roof, a combined type is more often used - hanging rafters on top of the system, and layered on the sides.

At the same time, drawings are necessarily made indicating the location of individual elements and the distance between them. An example is shown in the figure.

The material was prepared for the site www.site

Calculation of the rafter leg for the mansard roof

The choice of wood species and the rationale for its optimal thickness.

The amount of material required for the truss system depends on its type and all the factors listed above.

Nuance. The gap between the rafter legs depends on the lumber used.

The step of the rafter legs under the mansard roof will be 60-90 cm.

As a material, glued timber (80x80, 100x100 mm), a board (for slate and metal tiles section 50x150, for ondulin 50-200) can be used.

Nuance. The length of the spans increases the diameter (section) of the rafters or reduces the gap between them.

As for the breed, it is recommended to use pine. Its wood is characterized by high strength, flexibility, ease of processing, and the absence of knots. Commercial wood must be at least grade 2. Solid beams can be replaced with glued timber, it has higher quality characteristics.

The thickness of the board for the manufacture of rafters (section of the rafter leg) must be at least 50 mm. The width of the board for the rafter leg is from 150 mm (if the length of the rafters is up to 6 meters, if more, then 180-200 mm). On the one hand, this requirement is due to the fact that it has a load, on the other hand, a heater is placed between the rafter legs.

Council - any construction or restructuring must be legalized in the relevant authorities.

Stage 2 - Installing the Mauerlat

Mauerlat - additional wooden trim along the upper perimeter of the building.

The purpose of the Mauerlat is to create conditions for secure fastening of the lower part of the rafters. As well as the redistribution of the load, which is created from the pressure of the roof on the load-bearing walls and the foundation of the building.

Installation of a simple gable mansard roof requires the installation of a Mauerlat only on those walls on which the rafter legs will rest. A four-pitched roof requires its installation around the entire perimeter of the building.

Advice. In a wooden frame, the role of the Mauerlat is played by the upper crown. This can be done, but subject to the installation of rafter legs on sliding fasteners. Because due to the load on the rafter system (wind, snow), horizontal pressure is created and the upper logs can move outward. In addition, if the material for the truss system is not properly dried, then over time, with rigid fastening, the roof is deformed.

Nuance. A stone cottage and house requires the arrangement of a Mauerlat around the entire perimeter of the outer walls. In brick, you can install its links only under the rafters.

Mauerlat parameters for logs - diameter 150 mm, for timber - 100x100 mm.

The breed is pine, but larch is better.

The Mauerlat mount must be reliable, because this is the basis for the entire truss system.

There are several ways to fasten the Mauerlat: with anchor bolts, studs or reinforcement (fixed at the base of the load-bearing wall);

Advice. If the building is erected from foam concrete or other porous material, only long bolts or reinforcement can be used, the length of which is 3 times the width of the Mauerlat beam. This is due to the fact that any other fasteners are pulled out very easily from a porous material.

• annealed wire (embedded in brickwork);

• wooden dowel (used when installing a Mauerlat in a log house).

Nuance. To prevent the destruction of the Mauerlat, it is necessary to provide proper waterproofing, for example, put roofing material, and treat the beam itself with antiseptic solutions.

If the width of the attic matches the width of the house, the rafter legs rest on the base of the load-bearing wall. But, it’s better to install a Mauerlat anyway.

Stage 3 - Mansard roof construction

Mansard roof frame device

Cover beams. Installed on the Mauerlat. In the future, they will serve as the basis for the device floor in the attic.

Mansard roof truss system

For a simple roof, the manufacture of rafter legs consists in the formation of simple triangles. They can be assembled on the ground and installed in the form of ready-made triangles.

For a gable sloping roof, a U-shaped frame is first attached, and the rafter part is already fixed on it in a hanging (for the top) and inclined (for the sides) way. The diagrams below show this more clearly.

The lower ends of the rafter leg must be sawn down and attached to the Mauerlat with nails or metal staples (movable fastening).

Nuance. Wash down the legs must be very accurate to ensure a snug fit to the Mauerlat.

Rafter legs are installed at the same distance from each other. Otherwise, the load on the system will be unevenly distributed.

Installation starts from the extreme legs. Then between them you need to pull the rope. So the horizontal will be maintained when installing the intermediate legs.

After all the rafters are installed, they are interconnected. The step of the lathing depends on the chosen roofing material.

Advice. Places intended for the installation of roof windows are reinforced with a transverse beam. Thus, the window will be securely fixed.

With a significant width of the mansard roof, you need to install a ridge beam. It will serve as an additional support. And part of the load (from the weight of the roof and snow) is redistributed to it.

With a considerable length, the ridge beam is supplemented by a support.

Mansard roof waterproofing

A hydrobarrier film is attached to the crate. The peculiarity of its fastening is to make an overlap of 100 mm. Most manufacturers mark the overlap with a bright stripe.

The waterproofing film is fastened with a construction stapler. And in case of rain, it will reliably protect the structure even in the absence of roofing material.

Mansard roof insulation

The insulation is placed under the waterproofing. Professionals recommend using flexible heaters for these purposes - mineral and basalt wool. Their advantage is flexibility, the ability to fill any voids.

Laying the vapor barrier

The vapor barrier film protects the roof insulation from steam penetrating into it from the attic living quarters.

Advice. It is important to provide the necessary gaps between the roofing material and the insulation. Their presence and parameters are determined by the type of insulation, the class of films used and the roofing material.

Mansard roof construction - video

Stage 4 - Installation of skylights

The area of ​​windows, for sufficient daylight penetration, should be at least 12.5%.

Due to the design features of the mansard-type roof, special roof windows are used for glazing. The installation technology provides for the installation of windows before finishing work. At the same time, windows must be opened to allow fresh air to enter. In bad weather, they, of course, should be closed.

Stage 5 - Mansard roof roof

People who want to have a private home often face questions regarding the size of the desired structure, the number of rooms inside and their placement. And it is clear that the larger the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house, the more expensive its arrangement will be. This is also due to the fact that land prices in our time are quite high. But in this case, there is a solution: create a house with a mansard roof.

Thanks to this trick, the owners get the opportunity to equip an additional room without affecting a piece of land that can be useful for other purposes. This article will discuss the types of mansard roofs, features, pros and cons, as well as what the cost of creation depends on. For those who want to make an attic in their house, this is irreplaceable information.

Let's start with the history of the attic

The history of the creation of the mansard roof began in the middle of the 17th century. It all started with the fact that there were so many people who would like to live in Paris that there was simply not enough living space for everyone. Complicating the situation was the fact that housing there was very expensive. Craftsmen, domestic workers and students had to live in a basement or closet under the stairs.

During this era, one architect, whose name was Mansart, looked at the standard French roof, which was with a break. He saw that such a design allows you to arrange an additional room under it. Now those who did not have the opportunity to live in apartments began to huddle in a room under the roof. They were so grateful to the architect that they named this roof in his honor - the attic. Since it was hot in summer and cold in winter, the cost of the room was low.

In this regard, in Paris, the expression is still preserved, according to which a great person is only one who is fried and frozen in the attic. On the one hand, you can't argue with him. Even some celebrities who are engaged in art huddled in such rooms. However, today the situation has changed dramatically. The mansard roof has become not only warm, quiet and comfortable, but beautiful and original. Mansard roofs of private houses have changed and become very popular.

Is it economical to make an attic

The logical question would be how much money you need to spend to make a mansard-type roof. To begin with, the process is beneficial, as there is no need to spend money on the creation of load-bearing walls. Most of the funds will be spent on the rafter part of the structure, the cost of which depends on the type of mansard roof (we will talk about them later). Timber prices in the region also play an important role.

The second point is the arrangement of the attic. In order to live in it comfortably, warmly and comfortably, a number of complex and costly works will have to be carried out. We are talking about attic insulation, vapor barrier and finishing. For the Russian climate, a layer of insulation of at least 200 mm is required. And a vapor barrier and waterproofing layer is added to it.

Do not forget about the windows that equip the roof of the attic. Without them, there is simply no way. Installation of skylights will cost one and a half or two times more. The windows themselves are more expensive by the same amount. The attic is equipped with two types of windows - vertical and inclined. They can be installed both separately and in one project.

I would like to pay attention to the roofing material recommended for the attic. Roofs should be not only beautiful, but also practical. For example, the use of rigid metal roofing materials, such as metal tiles, corrugated board, seam roofing, and others, is not recommended. Why? There are several reasons for this:

1. thermal conductivity quality. Metal is not famous for its thermal insulation qualities and transmits heat. And this means that you will need to apply a thick layer of insulation, which is more expensive. Otherwise, the attic will be cold in winter and hot in summer.
2. High noise level. Everyone has heard the sound that metal makes when rain falls on it. The noise is loud and obnoxious. No one will be pleased to live in an attic when the rain drums on the roof and does not give rest.

So it turns out that when installing an attic, it is recommended to use a soft roof, ondulin, roofing material, bituminous roofing, etc.

What can be the conclusion? Having calculated all the costs associated with the creation of such a structure, you can understand that the attic will not be as cheap as we would like. But, all this is more than paid off by the advantages of construction.

Benefits of a mansard roof

Before spending money, it is important to know what you can get for it. Let's look at the list of benefits that will bring you the creation of a mansard roof in your private home:

• allows you to increase the living space and use it for your own purposes;
• thus, the total area of ​​​​the house is reduced, and free land can be used to create a recreation area, garden, etc.;
• construction is fairly fast.
• all the work on creating an attic can be done with your own hands;
• you can build an attic already on an existing house;
• the attic has a beautiful appearance.

This is more than enough for the average person. Even the fact that he will receive additional living space is already thought provoking. It is clear that one cannot do without minuses, which are expressed in sloping ceilings due to the types of roofing, small space, high cost and the inability to create an attic. But, many make a choice in the construction of a mansard roof.

Separately, I would like to draw attention to the features of the materials for the work and the specifics of the arrangement. There are a few rules to keep in mind here:

1. All materials for work with the attic should be light in weight so as not to load the structure.
2. Wooden elements are necessarily protected by impregnations and antiseptics, in order to avoid rotting.
3. Finishing inside is done with lightweight profiles and drywall.
4. Thermal insulation materials should be of high quality and light.
5. It is important to provide high-quality waterproofing and vapor barrier.

Now that everything has become clear with the attic roof, you can consider the types of roofs of private houses for the attic. After all, the interior space and design features depend on it.

Flat roof

Each of the types of roofs for houses with an attic has its own advantages and disadvantages. The choice of one or another option may depend on many factors, ranging from the complexity of the work and personal preferences, ending with the cost. The simplest roof option for an attic is a flat roof. It has a slope of no more than 2-3 degrees, which people often do not notice.

Note! This slope is needed so that precipitation does not accumulate on the roof, but flows down it.

What is special about this roof? Let's look at this point by point:

An example of a flat roof of private houses photo:

Shed roof for attic

It is somewhat reminiscent of a flat one, only the angle of inclination in this case can be very different. In addition, in this case, the location of the rafters is different. They are located at different heights of the flat walls of the structure. The slope is chosen taking into account what style needs to be achieved, what precipitation falls in the region, as well as the presence of a mansard roof.

What is so special about this roof? It, like the first option, is also quite economical and simple. Costs are reduced, since all the work can be done independently, and the materials for the device will take a little. Although such a roof looks very simple, it is not without beauty and grace. Especially if you choose the right finishing material. These roofing options are much more common in Russia. This option is complemented by storm sewers.

This is what a shed mansard roof looks like from the inside. With such a design of the space inside the attic, one should not expect much. The peculiarity is that one of the sides will be quite spacious and high, but the second, on the contrary, is low. This is not very convenient. But, such places can be profitably used by installing a small chest of drawers or decorative elements there.

Gable roof for attic

Perhaps it is a classic. This roof is the most popular in our country. Here, instead of one slope in a certain direction, there are two, which create a good design for the attic. Its device will require a little more effort and money, but such a roof allows you to implement many design solutions.

The slopes are symmetrically located relative to each other. Another similar form of roofing is called gable, because the triangle formed between two slopes is called gable or gable. According to the architects, such structures are the most stable in the face of various kinds of loads. If you build a mansard gable roof correctly, then it will not be afraid of wind, downpour and a lot of snow and ice. Outside, the roof looks very dignified, and inside the attic there is a lot of space for the realization of various ideas. As for roofing materials, any of them can be used for a gable roof. But, as mentioned above, options with better thermal insulation and noise absorption are better suited for the attic.

But what does the attic look like with a gable type of roof? You can recall the shed roof, in which one side was spacious and the other narrowed. Here the situation is very similar. Only here in the center a large usable space is formed, which can be used for different purposes. And only on the sides there are bevels, which is not so convenient to use. Look at the photo to understand how you can design such an attic.

Hip roof for the attic

We can say that this is an improved gable roof. Only this type has not two slopes, but four. In this case, two slopes are trapezoidal, and the other two are triangular. Thanks to this, an unusual and original design is obtained. This roofing option is ideal for those regions where heavy rainfall often falls. This is because, thanks to such a device, it is easier to get rid of them.

In the classic version, the four-pitched hip roof has an angle of inclination equal to 45 degrees. Although in our time, thanks to the development of architecture, other options for the angle of inclination are provided, which are more selected with a smaller angle. This design is the most complex and it will be very difficult to complete it yourself. But the roof will perfectly cope with winds and precipitation.

It is worth noting that the attic with this roof design is very spacious, comfortable and most of all resembles an ordinary room. It is very easy to work with finishing and arranging the structure. You can implement any design solutions. In the photo you can see an example of this type of attic arrangement.

Hip roof for attic

This type of roof is installed for those structures that are made in the form of a rectangle or a regular square. With such a roof, the slopes are triangular. If you look at the photo of this roof, you can see that it is somewhat reminiscent of the Egyptian pyramid.

This design is quite attractive and unusual. From the aesthetic side, everything is done with a bang. As for the complexity of the work, everything is not so simple here. This is a complex truss system that only professionals in their field can create. This to some extent makes the creation of such a roof expensive.

As a roofing choose a soft roof, slate or metal tiles. And here is how the attic looks with a tent type of roof.

Dome roof for attic

It is rare to find a roof like this. The thing is that it is intended for a house with a complex design, which has extensions. With such a roof, you can not do without a large number of angles with a variety of slopes. This is the most complex roof that can be created. It will cost the most. If we talk about the ease of use of the attic and the appearance, then this is a very worthy option.

Since the roof surface is round, the use of traditional metal roofing materials will not work here. You need to use a soft material that can be formed. Bituminous tiles are ideal for this purpose. And for the attic, this is, in general, the best option. Here's how you can implement an attic with a domed roof.

What roof for the attic to choose

Now that we have considered the roofing options for creating an attic room, it remains to decide which type to give preference to. What should be guided by this? Here are some tips:

1. First you need to understand that the roof is mainly a functional structure, and only then external beauty. Therefore, it is important to build on functional features.
2. It is important to consider what kind of attic room you will do. If you need a small office where you have to retire and focus on work, then the roof can be shed. And if you need a living room or a full-fledged spacious bedroom, then here you already need to choose a gable or other option.
3. The cost of construction is also important. Calculating the budget is the first thing to do. It is important to remember that in addition to creating the roof itself, money will be spent on arranging the attic.
4. Consider the region and climate you live in. In heavy rainfall, it is better to stay on solid structures.
5. Well, do not forget about personal preferences, because you will have to live in this house.

Given all these wishes, everyone will be able to choose the option of the roof that he likes the most.

Summing up

The attic is more than a useful room. And even if you have to spend your hard-earned funds on its creation, but its further use will more than pay for everything. And thanks to the various options for roofing under the attic, you have a choice. Each type of roof is unique in its own way. It remains only to choose the best option for yourself and bring everything to life.

Surely, sooner or later, every owner of a private house comes up with the idea of ​​arranging an attic roof - the so-called attic. It allows you to expand the space of the building, thereby preserving the treasured meters of the site itself. In addition, if you show a little imagination in the construction and decoration of this part of the house, then a non-standard and attractive look will delight not only guests, but also ordinary passers-by. You can learn how to competently combine all the requirements for the safety of construction and an individual design plan from this article.

What it is?

Many people associate the image of the attic with the bohemian creative life of Paris, whose representatives - writers, musicians and artists - lived on the topmost dimly lit and unheated floors. In the literal sense, these were utility rooms that the poor could only afford.

Today, the presence and design of the mansard roof speaks of the wealth and sense of taste of the owner. The architectural geometry of the roof, unusual combinations of window openings and balconies will not only distinguish a private house from others, but also functionally increase the living space, eliminating the cost of another floor.

Also, the room can affect the reduction of heat loss of the building. Officially, according to all standards, the attic must have a height of at least 2.5 m from the floor level, otherwise it will be considered an attic.

When building a mansard roof in Russia, one should remember about the peculiarities of natural conditions - rather frosty winters with frequent temperature changes require special attention to the quality of insulation of the attic room.

Device Features

The design features of the attic oblige to adhere to some rules:

• soundproofing;
• reliable insulation and vapor barrier;
• no stretch marks and bevels;
• ventilation gap;
• functional and aesthetic combination with the overall exterior of the house.

At the same time, compliance with all the rules does not limit the choice of options for all kinds of designs of the structure itself: single-pitched, double-pitched, sloping, two-level, conical roofs, with or without a balcony, mid-pivot or balcony skylights. Lots of variations. For reliability and safety, it is important to choose the type of roof, calculate the dimensions, the amount of insulation and roofing materials.

Comfortable living in the attic directly depends on thermal insulation which will allow you to enjoy a slight coolness in summer and keep warm in winter. Consider the method of laying the "pie" of the mansard roof, which will serve not only as a heater and the base of the roof, but also as protection against all surfaces inside the attic floor - the ceiling, floor and walls. It is important to first draw up an attic plan with all communications and an indication of the thermal conductivity of the materials from which the building and load-bearing coatings were erected. Only after this is the selection and calculation of the insulation made.

Particular attention should be paid to the indispensable presence and exact sequence of each layer of the "pie" of attic insulation:

1. vapor barrier layer;
2. insulation;
3. ventilation gap;
4. waterproofing material;
5. roofing.

In this list, the layer of insulation and ventilation are especially important. The following materials can be used as a heater.

Styrofoam

A modern demanded material with a low density, but at the same time high strength. Differs in soundproofing, does not give in to corrosion and does not attract dust. However, a significant disadvantage is the high flammability and the release of toxic substances. If we dwell on this insulation, then the foam layer must be protected by at least 3 cm of a fire-retardant structure, for example, with a two-layer drywall. In addition, the foam is susceptible to the influence of rodents.

Mineral wool

The most common material for attic insulation. Among its characteristic features are resistance to temperature extremes, fire safety, high sound and heat insulation, harmlessness from an environmental point of view. It can be purchased in the form of a roll, plate or mat. The latter is recommended as an attic insulation. The material certainly needs good ventilation.

polyurethane foam

The main advantages are durability, long-term use, not susceptible to moisture, mold, suitable for any surface, non-toxic. But behind all the advantages lies the high cost and the work of exclusively specialists with equipment.

It must be remembered that the thickness of the insulation layer is determined depending on the climatic zone.

To insulate the attic you will need:

• waterproofing film;
• insulation material;
• vapor barrier;
• mounting tape;
• cord (nylon);
• nails;
• a hammer;
• pliers;
• sharp knife.

The thermal insulation of a room is directly related to the quality, type and size of skylights; their structures are usually placed between the roof rafters in order to avoid costly reconstructions. Therefore, in choosing it is important to focus on the available dimensions. Among other things, you need to take into account the height of the slopes, the total area and purpose of the room.

The standard sizes of roof windows are considered to be 78x118, 78x140, 78x160 cm and larger ones - 94x140, 114x118 and 114x140 cm.

In the event that the rafters are installed closer than the established frame standards, it is likely that a custom-made window will be required, which, of course, will affect costs.

According to the way of opening roof windows are divided into:

• mid-turn structures;
• with side axle
• raised axis of rotation;
• with bottom axle
• the combined axis allowing to turn a leaf on 180º.

The most popular option among Russian summer residents is with a central axis of rotation. As advantages - ease of use (such windows are easy to clean).

Remote-controlled windows are a separate variety, which will be convenient if the location does not allow you to reach them on your own. Often equipped with rain sensors.

Depending on the model, several types of windows can be distinguished.

• Vertical. They are mounted in a special so-called attic "birdhouse", because of which you have to slightly change the roof structure. However, they guarantee a large amount of light.

• Balcony attic. They are two wings, when opened, one rises, the lower one moves forward, forming a miniature parapet. Just like the previous model, they require a lot of money.

It should be noted that, if load-bearing walls are possible, a hanging balcony can also be made, which can be located either on columns serving and decorating in front of the entrance, or you can move the gable (part of the end wall between the roof slopes and the cornice) of the attic floor from the load-bearing wall, and the ledge roof done by continuing the roof to the level of the outer wall.

• Extensions. Decorative window tops. They fit perfectly into the design and most often have a round, semicircular or triangular shape.

• Light tunnel. It combines a reflective tunnel into the room and a plafond already directly in the room itself, which evenly scatters light.

• Cornice models. They are located at a right angle in the gap between the wall with the roof.

• Glazed bay window. A rather exotic and costly glazing model. The structure extends beyond the plane of the wall.

Leading Russian manufacturers of high-quality roof windows are Velux, Fakro, Roto. Velux models are slightly more expensive. For example, a window measuring 78 cm will cost 21-24 thousand rubles, wider - from 26 thousand.

Also, do not forget about some additional useful accessories:

• blackout curtains;
• roller shutters, blinds;
• heat-absorbing nets;
• mosquito nets.

According to the established norms, the glazed area should be at least 10% of the floor area.

Advantages and disadvantages

The advantages of the attic floor can rightly be considered:

• Profitability. The attic allows you to reduce the cost of heating the room. The air space between the floor and ceiling of the attic does not allow the generated heat to escape through the roof. The low thermal conductivity of the air allows more heat to be stored on the ground floor.
• The savings on the completion of another floor or an increase in living space due to the expansion of the foundation are also obvious. The attic allows you to get constructive additional space at minimal cost.
• aesthetic appeal. Undoubtedly, the attic with the complexity and expressiveness of the roof gives the building a harmonious, architectural and finished look.
• Construction speed. Such an extension will not last for several years, as is often the case with the expansion of the foundation. Installation can be completed within a week.

In addition to the advantages, there are also disadvantages.

• Savings on heating and replacing the second floor with an attic in the future will result in a pretty penny. The room provides for the installation of specialized windows, which are much more expensive than ordinary ones.
• Sloped ceilings reduce the height of the walls.

• The vulnerability of the structure is due to the fact that the attic takes on all the main "impacts" of nature, and therefore needs increased attention and periodic inspection. If it is necessary to repair or replace the insulation, damage to the finish along with the vapor barrier cannot be avoided.
• A complex coal roof leads to the formation of hard-to-ventilate areas, which negatively affects the quality of the coating.
• Individual requirements for hydro- and thermal insulation.

Problems that can be encountered during the construction of the attic:

Undoubtedly, the ideal option for the attic would be to include it in the project drawing even before the start of construction work at home. But often the idea of ​​​​an attic comes with the need to expand the usable living space after a certain period of use. In this case, one has to deal with the choice of the type of construction. There are such types of mansard roofs.

Shed

The usual uncomplicated attic with one corner of the roof and one full wall, which allows you to expand the area. The most successful angle of inclination in this variant is in the region of 35°-45°. Otherwise, it may lead to the accumulation of a large amount of snow. The slope is located on the windy side. At the same time, window frames can be placed both on an inclined roofing surface and on the main vertical wall. However, this design is not used so often, because due to the norms of wall heights of more than 2.5 m, the slope turns out to be very steep. And this requires strengthening the frame of the rafters and, therefore, extra costs. However, such a roof looks rather non-standard.

gable

A more rational and optimal option due to the uniform rise of the ceiling, in contrast to the single-slope model. Two roof slopes are located at the same angle to the walls. For a rational distribution of space, 45 ° is enough. It is also divided into subspecies: symmetrical with a ridge above the middle of the house and asymmetric with a shift from the center. The pediments in this version are straight, and the room takes the form of a trapezoid. Such an attic can be equipped with a balcony at the end, and the design of the structure itself allows you to get rid of the “cubism” typical for a house. However, this also seems to be a significant disadvantage, limiting the area of ​​​​the attic space on the sides. As an exit, you can provide this space for pantries or cabinets.

broken line

The most common type in the construction of the attic without the involvement of specialists. In fact, the same gable structure, but built from two parts located under different slopes. The advantage of a broken shape can be considered the ability to avoid the formation of uninhabitable "dead" zones at the junction of walls and ceiling, as in a gable structure. By reducing the angle of inclination, the height of the walls increases. And the presence of two slopes allows you to reduce the load on the roof.

When choosing this option, it is important to pay attention to the special tipping truss system.

With remote consoles

This design provides for the displacement of the vertical wall of the attic to the edge of the facade of the house or beyond. This feature allows you to significantly expand the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room. The rafters are reinforced with struts and rest on floor beams that protrude beyond the load-bearing walls. The vertical wall provides a flight of fancy in the choice of window design.

Two-level

This type of attic is designed exclusively together with the dwelling and is considered the most complex structure. It consists of several rooms at different levels and is not some separate part of the building, but a full-fledged room in the structure of the whole house. With this design, it turns out not a one-story attic, but two additional mini-floors. Particular attention should be paid to the preliminary calculation of the load on the walls and the truss system.

Multi-gable roof

The intricacy of the design is expressed in a whole complex of angular protrusions. The non-standard appearance, the strength of the truss structure and the absence of accumulation of precipitation are priority over the difficulties of design and increase in calculations. However, such characteristics require the work of exclusively specialized personnel. And the cost of such a mansard roof significantly exceeds the prices of other types of structures.

Four-slope

This design of the roof of the house is considered the most attractive. In addition, it is very convenient to maintain - precipitation almost does not accumulate on it, and due to the inclined design, the wind does not carry a large load, as a result of which such a roof will last longer. However, during construction, you will have to significantly spend money on warming such an attic. But there will not be so much usable living space due to the sloping ceiling on all four sides.

hip

They are a typical version of a four-pitched type of roof. A comfortable and spacious space is obtained by increasing the area of ​​​​the two facade slopes of the house, made in the form of a trapezoid. Hips are also called slopes from the end of the building in the form of triangles. The semi-hip construction is a slope that does not reach from the ridge to the eaves. This type of roof is used infrequently, since the truss system is one of the most expensive and complex.

Shatrovaya

A suitable option for a square-shaped house. The roof in this design is the slopes of the same parameters and requires arrangement by specialists. Among the options are 4 or more slopes, in the form of a dome or pyramid.

Asymmetrical

It turns out as a result of lengthening one of the surfaces of the roof. Such an attic looks both outside and inside very non-standard. Behind the seemingly simple roof displacement lies a detailed calculation of the load parameters for each wall. Living space in such a room will be unevenly distributed depending on the side and angle of the roof.

With "cuckoo"

"Cuckoos" in this case are called small protrusions in the shape of a triangle, where windows are most often located. Moreover, on one slope there may be several such structures with individual truss systems. The shape of the structure can be completely different, both one- and four-slope.

L-shaped

Quite an inexpensive option for a roof with a non-standard look. Most often, two gable roofs are used for this, docking with each other at a right angle, which is the most difficult structural unit. Of course, such models are mainly used in buildings of a similar shape.

Having listed the main forms of attic structures, it should be added that combinations of such roofs are also possible. Let's say a lean-to can be erected as a broken line. The most important thing in this case is to comply with all operational and design requirements during construction.

Shapes and sizes

The construction of the attic floor also has variability in terms of the embodiment of various architectural forms of the room itself. The geometry of the attic room can be triangular or broken, cubic or L-shaped, symmetrical or asymmetric, one-story or two-level, occupy the entire space of the house, only partly or even with removal outside the load-bearing walls based on columns. Lots of alternatives. A complex design involves the correct calculations of dimensions and the preparation of a construction plan.

Calculating the exact parameters of the attic floor area involves a number of preliminary calculations. To draw up a project, it is required to schematically divide the space into simple geometric shapes: trapezoids, rectangles, parallelograms, squares, triangles, and after calculating the area of ​​each of them, add up the results. This principle applies to almost all attic structures. And if all the height standards (at least 2.5 m) of the attic are met, then the floor area should be at least 16 m².

It should be noted that in addition to the established height parameters, where such calculations are possible, there are attics of other sizes:

• attic in the range from 0.8 to 1.5 m;
• semi-attic less than 0.8 m.

In such cases, or when the slope of the roof is quite significant, the following formula is applied:

P \u003d AxL + 2Bx0.7L

P \u003d L (A + 1.4B),

where P is the area;

L - the length of the attic plane;

A - floor width for walls above 1.1 m;

B - floor width for walls above 0.8 m.

The usable living area is calculated from the points on the ceiling, located 90 cm perpendicular to the floor. The rest is considered a "dead" zone.

Such formulas allow both to calculate the strength and weight of the structure, and to determine the amount and type of material used.

Thanks to modern technology, today it is quite possible to calculate the parameters of a mansard roof online. To do this, you will need to enter data on the type of attic, the scheme of the truss frame, the material of the roof and insulation.

truss system

The converted truss system is the key difference between mansard roofs and others. This already heavy structure can withstand the weight of the roof, floor beams, the load of the attic floor, and precipitation. Therefore, only one that is made in compliance with all requirements can be considered a reliable and durable system.

One of the basic rules is that the system should provide for an even distribution of pressure on the base and load-bearing walls.

Only high-quality, well-dried and antiseptic-treated wood is used. The optimal parameters of the rafters are 100 × 100 mm in cross section, they will create a weather-resistant structure.

Cutting a tree into the lower crown is strictly prohibited. The slope of the rafters is in the range from 30°–60°. For their fastening, exclusively rigid metal materials (corners, staples, nails) are used.

Particular attention should be paid to the pitch of the rafters, since the choice of the width of the insulation and the size of the windows located between the two rafters depend on this. It is worth adding that the step width between them should be 3 cm less than the width of the insulation to reduce waste.

All of the above requirements are met regardless of the choice of one of the types of construction of the truss system, which is of the following types.

hanging

Differs in economy and a practicality. This design rests on the side walls of the structure, and the rafter legs are fastened with horizontal jumpers for rigidity - crossbars, which also serve as the basis for the ceiling. The advantage is the location of the main elements of the system outside the used part of the room, which allows you to expand the usable space.

When installing such a system, you should pay attention to the fact that:

• roof overhang supports should not fall on the bottom, brought out beyond the bearing walls, rafter legs;
• for roof rigidity, a wind board should be nailed between the ridge and the Mauerlat;
• the moisture content of the rafter wood should not exceed 15%. Otherwise, the system may lose stability. If such material is nevertheless used, then it is better to connect it with the help of bolts, which, if necessary, can be tightened.

Layered

It is used in attics with a load-bearing partition in the center of the room, which is an additional support. Most often, such a system is used for large areas of the house and heavy roofing materials. The design principle consists in laying a plank on the inner walls, which acts instead of a Mauerlat, and installing a special rack to support the ridge run.

Features of the arrangement of the layered system:

• the thickness of each element is from 5 cm;
• all nodes are smooth and located exclusively in the proper places according to the project;
• the connection of the Mauerlat and the rafter leg is strictly horizontal;
• symmetry in the position of racks and struts;
• reliable and high-quality ventilation;
• waterproofing at the junction of knots and masonry;
• the length of the rafter leg without support - up to 4.5 m.

The independent design of the truss system provides for the implementation of a certain order and requirements:

• Mounting the Mauerlat (the base of the rafter system over the area of ​​​​the house). The strength of the fastening with the lower slings will protect against a “roof failure” in the literal sense of this expression. The material used is dry processed bars with a section of 150x100 mm. Mauerlat transfers some of the load of the truss system to the walls.
• The base of the beams is laid horizontally, always using a level. Fastens to walls with bolts or brackets.
• The waterproofing layer is located on the crowns, columns of the frame building or on the brickwork. You can use roofing felt, roofing material, bitumen.

• Frame racks. Ideally even vertical and horizontal racks are fastened with staples or nails to long beams, insulation is placed between the vertical ones. Before continuing work, it is mandatory to check the racks for mobility - they should not loosen. Otherwise, strengthen with braces or screeds.
• Runs fasten the rafter legs. There is a ridge run on top, side ones on the side. If the length of the rafter legs is less than 8 m, it is not necessary to install a ridge. An element that performs its functions can be stretch marks that fix the attic ceiling.
• The final stage of the construction of the system is the fastening of the crate.

Of undoubted importance for the roofing system is the crate, which takes on all its load.

It consists of bars laid perpendicular to the legs of the rafters. Moreover, different materials are used here depending on the type of coating: boards, timber, plywood, tes. Although usually a 40–50 mm edged board is used for this. Soft types of cover suggest a continuous crate, and with harder materials, a distance between the boards of 25–40 cm is provided.

All rafters are connected at the highest point of the roof - the ridge. The ridge gives the whole structure rigidity and stability. Therefore, it is obvious that the duration of operation of the entire roof depends on the reliability of this part of the system.

The connection of the rafters, and, consequently, the formation of the ridge, occurs with the help of such fasteners:

• overlap is formed by laying rafters on top of each other and connecting through fasteners;
• cutting into half a tree as a result of laying rafters, in which half the thickness and fastening are selected at the edges;
• trimming the end sides of the bars involves the imposition of rafters on top of each other and trimming in a mirror image at one angle.

In the area of ​​​​the ridge, the rafters are fastened with overlays of plates made of wood or metal, metal corners, brackets, brackets, wooden wedges, nail plates. During the construction of the rafter system, the installation of such an important part of the house as the cornice is carried out. To do this, either the length of the rafters increases, or a filly is used.

Among his primary tasks:

• protection of walls from moisture and dirt;
• partially eliminates the ingress of water and snow from the roof to the foundation of the building, preventing blur;
• harmonious and complete view of the overall structure of the roof of the house.

building requirements

The design of the attic floor involves the following requirements:

• interconnection of communications of the attic space and the whole house;
• the selected material for the attic must be technically and harmoniously connected with the building material;

• compliance of the plan of the additional floor with the design of the building;
• compliance with safety rules when carrying out work with the presence of people in a residential area;
• strict adherence to fire safety rules;
• compliance of the light-transparent fence with the general concept of the building style.

Mounting technology

The assembly of all elements of the attic room occurs in this order:

• the calculation of the strength of the building is best done with the involvement of specialists;
• preparation of the attic and roof project can also take place with the participation of qualified people or on the basis of a ready-made version;
• dismantling of the old roof, if it is no longer a new building that is being rebuilt;

• the manufacture of a wooden truss frame is one of the most difficult points in the construction of an attic;
• it is necessary to verify the accuracy of the erection with the help of a cord stretched between the arches, which ideally should be in a horizontal position;
• fixing the arches with each other with nail plates or stamping corners;
• vapor barrier material on the inside of the rafter system, fixed with building brackets;
• a layer of insulation tightly adjacent to the rafters;
• installation of the crate on the insulation material is carried out using wooden blocks;

• waterproofing is laid on the outside of the rafter system - often a plastic film is used for this, and another layer of boards is stuffed on top of this layer;

• for natural ventilation of the space under the roof, special cavities are arranged between the hydro- and heat-insulating layers in the area of ​​​​the eaves, which are displayed in the upper part of the ridge;
• overlapping the frame with roofing material, depending on the preferences of the owner of the house.

Among the options for finishing coating, you can consider the following options:

• Metal tiles are used not only because of their attractive appearance. This material is excellent value for money. Durable, light in both installation and weight. Reliably withstands shock, but at the same time it transmits all sounds well, which is the main drawback.