FIRE CARS. DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION

FIRE CARS. DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION

Fires arise and develop wherever there are combustible materials and sources of ignition. Fire is uncontrolled burning. It is characterized by a high speed of flame propagation, accompanied by the release of a large amount of thermal energy and, consequently, a rapid increase in temperature near the combustion source. In addition, combustion products contain: soot, oxides of various gases, toxic substances, etc.

Thus, fires are characterized by a rapid increase in dangerous fire factors. This creates a great danger to people's lives and leads to the rapid destruction of material values. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate the fire and put out the fire as soon as possible, i.e. create conditions under which combustion processes cannot develop.

Materials of various aggregative states are exposed to combustion. Extinguishing them requires the use of fire extinguishing agents that provide a rational extinguishing mechanism. For its implementation, the necessary fire extinguishing agent with a certain intensity must be supplied to the combustion center.

Thus, in order to successfully extinguish fires, two basic requirements should be met: start extinguishing them as soon as possible and supply fire extinguishing agents of the required composition and with the required intensity to the combustion center. These two requirements are reflected in the technical characteristics of fire equipment.

fire fighting equipment- these are technical means of extinguishing a fire, limiting its development, protecting people and material values ​​from it.

Currently, fire equipment covers a large arsenal of various means: primary fire extinguishing equipment, fire engines, fire extinguishing installations and communications equipment.

Before the start of extinguishing fires, a number of special works can be performed: reconnaissance of a fire, removal of combustion products from premises, rescue of people, opening of structures, etc. To perform these works, a range of special fire engines with special equipment is required.

Fire engine is a transport or transportable vehicle designed to extinguish a fire.

Auxiliary fire engines are used to service personnel and fire equipment, especially on large fires.

Fire engines are created on the basis of various vehicles: wheeled and tracked vehicles, swimming and aircraft, trains. They are called: fire trucks (PA), fire boats, ships, helicopters, trains.

Fire trucks are equipped with units of the State Fire Service (SFS). Some of them use fire boats, helicopters, tanks.

Fire trucks are also equipped with fire departments of various ministries (railway transport, forestry, etc.).

Fire trucks consist of a chassis, a vehicle base, and a fire superstructure. It may include a cabin for combat crews, units for various purposes (fire pumps, ladder mechanisms, etc.), containers for fire extinguishing agents, compartments for fire-technical weapons (PTV).

A variety of fires and fire extinguishing conditions, as well as the work performed during combat operations, required the creation of PA for various purposes. According to the main types of work performed, PAs are divided into main, special and auxiliary. The main PAs, in turn, consist of PAs of general and targeted use. (Table 1).

Table 1

Basic PA designed to deliver the personnel of the State Fire Service units, fire extinguishing agents and equipment to the fire site and supply fire extinguishing agents to the combustion zone. PA general use designed to extinguish fires at urban facilities and in the residential sector. PA intended use provide fire extinguishing at petrochemical industry facilities, airfields, etc.

The main PAs of general use are designated as follows: fire trucks - AC; pump-hose fire trucks - ANR; fire trucks with high pressure pumps - AVD, first aid fire trucks - AMS. They are characterized by a number of parameters. Fire safety standards have established that the main parameters that determine the functional purpose of the PA are: tank capacity, m 3; pump flow, l/s, at rated speed of the pump shaft; pump head, m w.c.

The initial letters of the PA names and the main parameter of the PA type form the basis of their conventional designations.

Examples of symbols.

Example 1 AC-5-40(4310), model XXX. Fire truck, tank capacity 5 m 3 of water, water supply by pump 40 l / s, chassis
KamAZ 4310, the first modification of the model.

Example 2 AKT-0.5 / 0.5 (131), model 207 - combined extinguishing vehicle, tank capacity for powder and foam concentrate 500 l (0.5 m 3), chassis of the ZIL-131 car, model 207.

Example 3 PNS-110(131)-131A - fire pumping station, pump flow 110 l / s, chassis of the ZIL-131 car, model 131A.

Special PA are used to perform a variety of works: lifting to a height, dismantling structures, lighting, etc. As the main parameters, characteristics of the PA that determine the functional purpose, for example, the height of the ladders, the power of the generator of the emergency rescue vehicle, etc. are used.

Examples of symbols:

AL-30(4310) is a fire tank truck with a ladder knee lift of 30 m on the chassis of a KAMAZ 4310 vehicle.

ASA-20(4310) - rescue vehicle, generator power 20 kW on the chassis of the KamAZ 4310.

Auxiliary vehicles ensure the functioning of fire departments. These include: trucks, tankers, mobile repair shops, etc.

In order to distinguish PA from the general traffic flow in conditions of significant density and intensity of traffic, they must have a certain information content. It is carried out by the shape of the product, color, light and sound signaling.

All fire equipment products are painted red. To enhance the information content in the color-graphic scheme, a contrasting white color is used. The color and graphic scheme, inscriptions and identification marks, as well as the requirements for special light and sound signals are established by the standard. The breakdown of the surfaces to be painted, the location of the inscriptions and symbols are set in the order shown in Fig. 5.

On the cabin door are indicated the number of the fire department and the city, on the stern - the type of PA, for example AC, - the tank truck and the number of the fire department. According to the color-graphic scheme, PA bumpers are painted white, the frame, wheel disks and visible parts of the running gear are painted black.

The knees of fire escapes, cars and foam lifters are painted white or silver.

When performing an operational task, the information content of the PA is enhanced by sound and light signals.

The alarm light signaling of the PA is created by a blue flashing beacon. They operate from the on-board network with a voltage of 12 or 24 V, providing a flashing frequency of (2 ± 0.5) Hz, while the dark phase should not be less than 0.2 s.

The sound signal can be generated by DC sirens, giving two or more alternating signals with a sound frequency from 250 to 650 Hz. The sound pressure level at a distance of 2 m from the siren should be in the range of 110-125 dB.

A siren activated by engine exhaust gases can be used as an audible signal.

The high combat readiness of fire departments and the efficiency of fire equipment is achieved by proper maintenance, as well as by carrying out scheduled maintenance of fire trucks and servicing them in the shortest possible time after a fire. To ensure the combat readiness of fire departments, the correct organization of the storage of fire equipment (oxygen-insulating gas masks, pressure hoses, etc.), stocks of fuels and lubricants, foam concentrate, etc. is of great importance.

Maintenance of fire trucks and storage of fire equipment is carried out in fire stations and on the territory of fire departments. The fire brigades also house a training campus, a petrol station, and the paramilitary fire brigades have barracks for personnel. On the territory of some units, it is possible to place educational and training facilities of garrison significance (for example, smoke chambers, sports complexes, etc.).

A fire station is a building that houses a fire department guard, fire trucks and fire equipment. The fire station (Fig. 6) should have a garage, a communication point, a battery, post or base of the gas and smoke protection service (GDZS), offices of commanding staff, classrooms, rest rooms for the duty shift, etc.

Rice. 6. An example of a fire station layout:

A - facade; B - plan of the first floor of the new depot: 1 - garage; 2 - office of the head of the unit; 3 - office; 4 - office of the deputy head of the unit; 5 - premises of public organizations; 6 - room for briefing; 7 - room for instructors;
8 - switchboard; 9 - battery; 10 - point of contact; 11 - control room; 12 - traffic safety corner; 13 - control post; 14 - workshop post maintenance; 15 - pantry; 16 - compressor; 17 - drying sleeves; 18 - training tower; 19 - washing sleeves; 20 - drying clothes; 21 - gym

In connection with the organization of centralized maintenance of hoses in garrisons in the newly built fire stations, premises for servicing fire hoses are not provided.

The fire station is designed for 2, 4 and 6 fire trucks. In fire stations of large fire departments, 8 or more fire trucks can be installed. When designing a fire station for 2 vehicles, the land area of ​​the fire station must be at least 2500 m 2. With more cars N its area is determined approximately by the formula

S = 1000 N,

Where S - land area, m 2.

Fire stations should be located so as to ensure safe, convenient and quick exit of fire trucks.

Depot buildings must be designed not lower than the III degree of fire resistance. The layout of the depot should ensure the quick and safe collection of personnel on combat alert and the departure of fire trucks in the shortest possible time.

Fire alarm and communication equipment, as well as battery equipment, are located in a special room adjacent to the garage on the right side. A window measuring 0.5 x 0.75 m is arranged in the wall adjacent to the garage, located opposite the driver's cab of the fire truck, through which a waybill is issued and the departure of fire trucks is monitored.

The duty guard room is usually located on the first floor behind the back wall of the garage or on the second floor. When located on the ground floor, exits to the garage are made at the rate of one exit measuring 1.2 x 2 m for each fire truck. When placing a room for a guard on duty on the second floor, in addition to the common staircase, they arrange descending metal poles to the garage at the rate of 1 pole for 7 people. Descending posts with a diameter of 100 mm must have a perfectly smooth surface. Soft mats should be laid at the base of the pillars.

Washing and drying of sleeves are usually carried out in the observation tower shaft. The area of ​​drying shafts is determined from the calculation
0.16 m 2 per sleeve, but not less than 2.4 m 2 per shaft.

The height of the shaft from the floor to the blocks on which the hoses are suspended can be 12 m when the hoses are suspended at half their length and 22 m when the hoses are suspended for the full length. The height of the room above the blocks must be at least 2 m.

In the lower part of the drying shaft, a washing machine, a tank for washing sleeves, and a calorific unit are installed. To dry the sleeves, you can use infrared emitters, which are installed in a special room.

The layout and equipment should ensure that fire trucks are on alert in the shortest possible time. In this case, you can focus on the complexity of the work (in man - min).