In the basket of plants depicted in the drawing of flowers. Municipal stage of the All-Russian Olympiad of Schoolchildren on Biology. Obroat and separate flowers

INFLORESCENCE

The value of inflorescence.Inflorescence is called Escape or System of Escapes Carried Flowers. The biological meaning of the occurrence of inflorescences is obvious because the likelihood of pollination of flowers both in the anemogamic and entomogamous plants increases. It is clear that the insect per unit time will visit much more flowers collected in inflorescence than solitary. The consistent blooming of flowers in inflorescence is also a significant biological advantage. Some scientists note that the damage to a single flower leads to the infertility of all escape. It is very important that one or another type of inflorescence is associated with a certain type of nozzle and with devices for the spread of fruits and seeds. Taking all the above, it does not have to be surprised that inflorescences are characteristic of the enormous majority of flowering plants.

Classification of inflorescence.The inflorescences shall share and complex. Among simple inflorescences, two groups are distinguished: 1) racing (beacon), or monopodial, and 2) cloous, or sympodial. For racing sophisticated inflorescences, the dissolution of the highest flower is last. Flowers are dissolved acroptally (bottom-up), centripetally (from peripherals to the center of inflorescence). Basic options for racewall inflorescences Three: 1) brush and related demolois, head and cigarette, 2) umbrella inflorescences, 3) baskets.

Figure - Schemes of simple raceous inflorescences with finite flowers: 1 - Brush, 2 - Colosis, 3 - Coppoon, 4 - umbrella, 5 - head, 6 - basket, 7 - shield

For cerebral inflorescences, blooming the upper flower is characterized on the main axis first. Flowers are dissolved Basiphetally (from the top to the base), centrifugal (from the center to the periphery). Cyms of inflorescences are divided by: 1) monohasia, 2) of dichanis and 3) playohyzia.

Figure - Schemes of some cerebral inflorescences: 1, 2 - Monohaziy, 3 - Dihazii, 4 - Pleiozia

IN simple forms Cyms and racewall inflorescences are easily distinguishable, but in specialized forms to establish the type of inflorescence is often very difficult.

All mentioned inflorescences relate to simple inflorescences. Complicated inflorescences are formed from several or many simple inflorescences, both racing and cloous.

The number of flowers in inflorescences is quite different, sometimes reaches tens of thousands. The largest inflorescences seem to have a CoryPha palm with a diameter of up to 12 m.

Romacious inflorescences.It is acidically combined by the location of flowers on the elongated axis, on the flowering. A similar type, but with sedent flowers are called spike. The spikes with a thick fleece axis are called the chick. Finally, if the main axis is shortened, the inflorescence is called the head. The inflorescences of the first two options are especially common.

Colos, very close to the brush. The difference is exclusively in the fact that the spike flowers do not develop. In this regard, there is a lack of bracts. Often, the form of inflorescence serves as a systematic sign.

Cophew is a spacing with a thick fleet of inflorescence. The cobs are extremely characteristic of the species of the tropical family of aroid, which bright coloring the pillage often contrasts with an equally bright coloring sheet. All this attracts small insects-pollinators. Very few Aoid are found in the moderate zone of Eurasia. The most famous is often in our overwhelming water bodies with a whitish connector sheet.

Umbrellas are complicated in nature quite wide. Typical can be considered on the example of usual in our garbagest places. Umbrellas finish both the main and side shoots. The latter carry fewer flowers. The main umbrella consists of 7-9 flowers and corresponds to the scheme. It was too mentioned that the umbrella can be derived from the brush, in which the height of the axis is completely inhibited and the cutting leaves and the flower makers are bored in the socket. The inflorescences of the apple tree that are formed on shortened shoots and are typical umbrellas, for the most part of 6 flowers. Typical umbrellas also have bows, some primors, bars and other plants.

The shield to a certain extent intermediate between the brush and the umbrella. It is found, for example, near the famous apple tree of garden pear, and like an umbrella of an apple tree has beyond the side of the top flower.

Typical basketcharacter for the huge, largest among covered bridge, families of complex color. Schematically baskets are depicted on , however, the crumbling leaves in many species are very small, and sometimes absent at all.

In baskets, flowers are tightly adjacent to each other and are located on a platform or a conical surface corresponding to the extended axis of inflorescences. On the edge of the basket there is a wrapper consisting of leaves, to varying degrees of specialized. It should be emphasized that wrapper is formed by sterile riding leaves. Biologically, but not morphologically (analogy, but not homology!) The basket corresponds to the flower, and the external similarity is aggravated by often differentiation of flowers. The expanded saucer or conical base of inflorescence is sometimes called a common bloody or just a bowl.

Like the brush, in a basket, essentially, the acroptal order of blooming flowers. The latter blooming central, upper flowers.

Since the wrapper is the most characteristic sign of the basket, it should be touched specifically. Biologically, it corresponds to a cup (again an analogy, but not homology!) And it has, actually, similar to a cup of origin.

In some comprehensive leaflets, wrappers are brightly painted and playing the role of petals. This is very pronounced at the so-called immortals (XERANThemum, Helichrysums dr.). A particularly large number of leaflets of wrapper in garden immortalsfrom South Africa.

Complicated inflorescences are distributed in nature quite wide, especially complex, or double, brushes and complex, or double, umbrellas.

To the doubles, the inflorescences of many Veronica, a number of moths and other plants. Consider a double brush on the example of the clover inflorescences (trifoliumcampestre). It is formed in the latter by several commercial brushes, coming from the sinuses of crumbling leaves. The interstices are very elongated, and brushes far away from each other. Along with the brushes, which in this case are replicated inflorescences, in the sinuses of the crumbling leaves, the clover also arise the apparent kidneys. At a certain distance from the top of the sinuses of the main axis, there is no brush, but the desirable shoots, that is, the second order axes repeating the branching of the main axis. Their calls are called enrichment, and the plot of the main axis, on which they arise, is a zone of enrichment. So called the main interstitial intercourse (between the upper escape of enrichment and the lowest private inflorescence) separates the inflorescence from the vegetative zone with the enrichment zone.

Complex, or dock, umbrellas for the enormous majority of representatives of a large asylum family. Double umbrella can be imagined if you imagine that in a simple umbrella, each flower is replaced by an umbrella. As a rule, complex umbrellas are open. Therefore, private umbrella inflorescences arise as a stubby formation. Usually umbrellas are sitting on legs, and the length of the latter in many umbrella (carrots) decreases in the direction of external umbrellas to the inner.

Figure - Scheme of a complex umbrella

The so-called complex ears, characteristic of some cereals, represent very peculiar inflorescences to a large extent due to the fact that their sheets are very specialized and transformed by the scenes. The scenery of cereals are always complex, consisting of private inflorescences-spikes; In a complex spike, the spikelets seem to replace the flowers of simple collisions. Spikelets are located on the axis of the inflorescence is double-row or spiral. The crumbling leaves of the spikelets are absent, which often happens in the inflorescences of other types. Each spikelet encloses one or more (rarely more than 10) flowers. The latter, except for stamens and pestle, have yet tiny films - Lodikulas . The flower is concluded between the two scales. Flower dissolves contribute to the lection. Flowers are located in the spikelet mostly double-row. In addition to the above-mentioned organs, the spikelet usually has at the base of the lower and upper spiked scales .

Figure - Wheat inflorescence: 1 - flower after removal of scales, 2 - circuit breaker of the spikelet; NCC - Lower oskoskaya scales, ankle-top flame scales, NCCC - lower flower scales, VCVC - upper flower scales

In most cereals, the spikelets are sitting on the legs, and the axis of the inflorescence is branched, resulting in the inflorescences of a buzzing character (Oats, Mintik, Bonfire, etc.).

Equelching from a double brush with a multi-life branch system. Of course, the third order axes are usually available only in the lower and middle parts of the panicle, and only the main axis with side and (often) finite flowers remain in the upper part, .

Figure - Makele scheme with opposition

Cyminosional inflorescence.Simple cerebral inflorescences are divided into mono-, di- and playohyazial, which are adjacent to some less common types.

Dihazium is obviously the easiest possible version of cinema inflorescence. The blooming of the inflorescence begins with the top flower, called the first-order flower; Both side flower turn out to be second-order flowers. Of the sinuses of the latter there are third order flowers and so on. , and the frudition axis becomes sympect.

Dichazional inflorescences are particularly characteristic of plants with the opposition, for example, for representatives of the clove family. The inflorescences of the species of star, Yaskolok (Cerstium) correspond to the above disassembled scheme. You should pay attention to the movements produced by flowers. During flowering, they are directed upwards, during flowing, sharply fade down and again straighten with the time of fruiting. Sometimes the "correctness" of Dihasia is violated due to the fact that one of the branches develops stronger than the other (SusteliaMedia Musicians). Like many other signs, the number of flowers of flowers in Dihasia depends on the surrounding conditions.

So, many species of Yaskolock and Smolevok (Silepe) in the extreme conditions of existence form single flowers corresponding to the first-order flowers of dichazial inflorescences. There are cases among the same cloves, when one of the two branches of each pair is regularly suppressed. The inflorescence arising, like some Sminsheng (Silenenglica, S.PenDula), externally extremely similar to the brush (Fig. 358), i.e. The axis of inflorescence turns out to be winding. It is already a transition to monohazial inflorescences.

Typical monohasihasharacterizes by development, as a rule, only one bractank (prevenue), especially among the flowers of the third and higher orders.

Monohazal inflorescences are divided into two groups: winding and curls. Ivilina occurs when the consecutive axes of monohasia relative to the covering sheet of the top flower go to the left, then to the right , in the case of an axis curl, in relation to the cover sheet, aimed in one direction is sent, due to which the unacceptable part of the inflorescence is spinning as if spiral.

Monohasia is very common in the Burent family, and, since the axis of inflorescence in the formation of fruits is completely straight, they are often appearance Extremely reminiscent of brushes or ears.

Figure - Celebration Charts: 1 - Dihazii, 2 - Cross, 3 - Curl, 4 - Double Curl

Complex cinema inflorescences made up of monohaziev and dikhaziev are called tirzoid inflorescences.

Tirzoid inflorescences include, in particular, the ferries of alder, birch and other, so-called surveillance plants. Inflorescences Here often separately, characterized by the development of crumbling leaves and bracts. Olhi, for example, the axis of men's earring carries the crumbling leaves, from the sinuses of which there are first-order flowers; The latter have bracts that serve as tailoring leaves for second-order flowers; The latter, however, is developed only by one bract. Thus, the inflorescence consists of three-color dichaziev. Sometimes (like Oshness) the picture is very confused due to the fire of sheet and axial organs.

Figure - Olhi Scenery Parts

Playohasius is characterized by the fact that from each axis carrying the top flower, it comes out more than two branches that develop the main axis and having the same type of branch.

Self-infloretia from the vegetative part and its origin.

Sign of inflorescence is not always specialization of leaves. It should be borne in mind that the inflorescence is delivered from below the so-called basic interstilius, often exceeding the length of the next length. It is preceded by a leaf (or a couple of leaves), in the sinus of which the enrichment can occur, repeating the main escape. Thus, there is differentiation on the inflorescence and "foundation" (vegetative zone) with shoots of enrichment.

Scheme of the inflorescence of Veronica. Ohm - the main intersection

Some scientists believe that the phylogenetically initial location of the flowers is their single location on the tops of the shoots, which can be seen in magnolia, some peonies and other plants. The stubborn position of single flowers is secondary. Other scientists believe that inflorescences, possibly cinema, possessed the very first coated bridges.

Tasks "C" EGE_ 2007 - from 2

Call the method and phase of dividing the cells shown in the figure. What process do they illustrate and what is its essence?

1) MEIOS I proofased;

2) the conjugation and crosslinker are depicted;

3) Crossingrigner - exchange of sections, genes between homologous chromosomes, which leads to the recombination of genes.

Determine the type and phase of dividing the cell shown in the figure. What processes occur in this phase?

1) the figure shows mitosis metaphase;

2) in this phase, two-line chromosomes are built in the equator plane;

3) The filaments of the separation of division are attached to the center meters of chromosomes.

Name the monomer shown on the diagram presented. Describe the functions of the biopolymer, which includes it. What is indicated by letters a, b, in?

1) DNA thyminic nucleotide molecule;

2) DNA functions: storage and transfer of hereditary cell information;

3) A is a nitrogenous base of thymin, b - carbohydrate deoxyribosis, B - the residue of phosphoric acid.

ABOUT offer the root zone designated in Fig. Figures 1, 2, 4, and specify their functions.

1) 1 - root case, protects the root tip from mechanical damage;

2) 2 - the division zone, ensures the growth of the root in length due to cell division;

3) 4 - zone of suction, zone of root hairs, ensures the absorption of water and minerals.

Name parts of the pistil designated in the figure in the figures 1, 2, 3, and the functions they perform.

1) 1 - a stitch, catches pollen;

2) 2 - an embryonic bag, in it there is a double fertilization, participates in the formation of the embryo and endosperm of the seed;

3) 3 - seed coverings, from it is formed by seed peel, covering seed.

What parts of the bean seed embryo are indicated in the figure figures 1 and 2, and what functions do they perform?

1) 1 - root, tieney (germinal stem and leaves), 2 - cotyledts;

2) the root develops into the main root, escape develops from the kids;

3) cotyledts - provide seedlings with nutrients

ABOUT offer a class and family of a coated plants depicted in the figure. Name the types of inflorescences and fetus characteristic of this family.

1) a class of dietary plants;

2) Bob family (moth);

3) inflorescence - brush, head;

4) Fruit - Bob.

Which family of flowers include a plant shown in the picture? Name the organs marked with letters a and b, and indicate their role in the life of the plant.

1) family of cabbage (cruciferous);

2) A - Kochan - this is a modified escape (kidney), provides winter-air cabbage wintering;

3) B - the fruit - the pod, ensures the distribution and protection of seeds.

N. azovite the object presented in the figure and its systematic position (kingdom, bite, type). What process is depicted in the figure and what is its biological meaning?

1) shower infusoria; The kingdom of animals, facing the simplest (unicellular), type of infusoria;

2) the process - the useless division of the division in two (simple division); 3) Biological significance: reproduction of organisms identical to parental individuals.

ABOUT offer and family of flowering plant depicted in the figure. Describe the structure of its flower. Name the organ marked in the picture of the letter A, and explain its role in the life of the plant.

1) a class of dicotyledtic, family of rosetic;

2) Flower: perianth of 5 bunny petals and 5 cups, many pestles, in some types of families - one, many stamens;

3) The modified escape is a mustache (or column), provides vegetative reproduction.

Specify the numbers of simple and complex inflorescences. What figures are the inflorescences basket and head are indicated? Plants of which families have them?

1) Simple - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, complex - 8, 9, 10;

2) 5 - head, 6 - basket;

3) Basket - Family Family Color, Head - Family Moth (bean).

TO what type of animal depicted in the figure? What is marked with numbers 1 and 2, what is the role of these formations in the life of the animal?

1) type of sarkozhikovy;

2) 1 - a contractile vaccination, collects and outlines excess water from the cell and exchange products;

3) 2 - the kernel, participates in the storage and transfer of hereditary information, regulates the metabolism.

Name parts of the flower designated in the figure of 1, 2, 3 figures, and explain their functions.

1) 1 - stamens, participate in sexual reproduction, form pollen with men's gates (sperms); 2) 2 - the marking of the pestle, participates in sexual reproduction, contains a sickness with an egg (Women's Games);

3) 3 - CHASSELISTICS AND PETALS OF THE HOWER (DISCOVER), serve to protect the stamens and pestle, are involved in attracting insects (pollination).

Find errors in the given text. Specify the numbers of offers in which errors are made, explain them.

1. The front spinal cord roots include sensitive neurons processes. 2. Rear flares consist of motor neurons processes. 3. When the front and rear roots are fused, a spinal nerve is formed. 4. The total number of spinal nerves - 34 pairs. 5. The spinal cord has a cavity filled with spinal fluid.

1) 1 - the front roots of the spinal cord contain the processes of motor neurons;

2) 2 - rear spinal cord roots contain sensitive neurons processes;

3) 4 - the total number of spinal nerves - 31 steam.

Name the fetus whose incision is shown in the figure. What elements of the structure are indicated in the figure figures 1 and 2, what functions do they perform?

1) the fruit is a grain;

2) 1 - endosperm - the stock of organic substances;

3) 2 - an octoplodnik, who has grown with a seed peel, is the protection of the seed and the embryo.

It's no secret that many plants are covered with flowers that are modified shoots. At the same time, some plants possess single colors, and some whole inflorescences. What is the inflorescence? So, the inflorescence is not just a visual escape, but whole system Escapes from which fruits with seeds subsequently appear.

Classification of inflorescence

There are many botany in different ways Classification of types of inflorescences: depending on the presence of leaves on them, depending on their branching, in the direction of the disclosure of the leaves and so on. But the most popular method is the classification of inflorescences in the degree of branching, according to it all inflorescences, first of all, can be divided into simple and complex.

Simple inflorescence

• umbrella,
• brush,
• ear,
• shield
• head,
• basket.

On some of them you can stop more.

In the picture of the inflorescence of the umbrella, on it, all the flowers leave the top of the axis of the inflorescence. An example of the inflorescence of an umbrella can be a cherry.

Here we have the inflorescence of the brush, it has separate flowers, located for each other on well-noticeable flowerwomen. Examples of inflorescences Brush can be lily of the lily (depicted in the picture), cherry, cabbage.

Complete colos - forms flowers that do not have flowers, they are located on common axis Inflorescences, such as the plantain.

The inflorescence basket is different in that it usually numerous small seats are located on a thick and wide bed of inflorescence. Examples of the inflorescences of the basket may be the inflorescence of sunflower, dandelion, asters, odds and many other plants.

Complicated inflorescence

Complicated inflorescences in turn are formed from simple, as the result of the branching of the main axis. Examples of complex inflorescences can be a mop, a complex spike, a complex umbrella and so on.

The inflorescence complex spikes in the picture are distinguished by the fact that it is sitting in a total axis several spikes, each of which is formed by several colors. An example of inflorescences Complex colos is rye.

What makes the inflorescence

What kind of practical use and inflorescence values \u200b\u200bin biology? Very important, because inflorescences play a big role in pollination of flowers, it is due to them the effectiveness of this very pollination increases. Insects are much easier and easier to notice a very large compliment, rather than small flowers. Also, thanks to the inflorescences, it is more convenient for them to fly from one flower to another.

Inflorescences, video

And at the end of the thematic video with detailed story About inflorescence.

Task 1. "The reproduction of flowering"

1. First flower plants appeared (_).

2. The flowering occurred from (_).

3. Evanty, the strobilex hypothesis of the flower origin assumes that flower (_).

4. According to the pseudial hypothesis, the flower is (_).

** Task 6. "The origin of a flower"

Consider the drawing and answer questions:

1. Write down, which figures are drawn signs characteristic of monocotyledonic plants.

2. Write down, which figures are drawn signs characteristic of bipartite plants.

3. What plants, digestive or monocotyledonian, more ancient?

Task 8. "Dichildo Plants"

The number of seeds in the nucleation of the seed - (_). Spare nutrients In the seed can be in (_), in (_) or (_).

Packer has a sheet more often (_). Cambier in the stem (_). Conductive beams in (_) type are located in the stem (_). Root system usually (_). Secondary thickening of the stem and root (_). Life forms - (_) and (_) plants. The number of flowers parts usually multiple (_) or (_). The perianth is more often (_).

Task 9. "One-Oil Plants"

Write down issue numbers and missed words (or words group):

1. The number of seeds in the seed embryo - (_).

2. Spare nutrients in the seed are in (_).

3. The housing of the leaves is usually (_).

4. Sheet snacks more often (_).

5. Cambier in the stem (_).

6. Conductive beams in (_) type are located in the stem (_).

7. Root system usually (_).

8. Secondary thickening of the stem and root (_).

9. Life forms - (_) plants.

10. The number of flowers parts usually multiple (_).

11. Porceller more often (_).

Task 10. "Family of Cruccetic"

Consider the drawing and answer questions:

Task 12. "Family of legumes"

Consider the drawing and answer questions:

Task 13. "Family Polenic"

Consider the drawing and answer questions:

Task 14. "Family of complex color"

Consider the drawing and answer questions:

What amount of species unites the family of comprehensible? What life forms are the plants of the family? What flowers are indicated by numbers 1 - 4? What is the inflorescence of all plants of the family? What fruits (5) in difficult? What is the value of the plant's plants?

Task 15. "Singlean class class. Filly family

Consider the drawing and answer questions:

What number of species unites the Lily family? What life forms are the plants of the family? What is the Flower Flower Flower? What are the fruits of Lily? What underground shoots are characteristic of Lily? What is the value of the plant's plants?

Task 16. "One-Odong class. Family Zlaki »

Consider the drawing and answer questions:

1. What is the digit of the cross-color diagram? Formula flower? Fruit?

2. What is the number indicated by the roster chart? Formula flower? Fruit?

3. What is the digit of the legume diagram designate? Formula flower? Fruit?

4. What is the number marked with a chart of the Parenic? Formula flower? Fruit?

5. What is the figure indicated by the chart of comprehensible? Types of flowers? Inflorescence? Fruit?

6. What figures are monodular charts marked? Formulas of flowers? Fruit?

Answers:

Exercise 1.1. 1 - Sumpers; 2 - germ bag; 3 - stitch; 4 - pollination; 5 - germination of the pollen tube; 6 - double fertilization; 7 - seed; 8 - Sleeps, developing sporophyte. 2. Seeds are formed inside the octal cell.

Task 2.

Task 3.1. About 250 thousand species. 2. Trees, shrubs, shrubs, half-workers, Liana, herbate plants. 3. Flameable plant. 4. Pollen grain. 5. A germs bag. 6. The appearance of a flower and fetus. 7. Dust Nockets of the Anther. 8. Nicklus in the Summer. 9. No. 10. When forming a dispute. 11. Gamenaophytes. 12. Different plant plants.

Task 4.1. Spores in algae are more often absent, the diploid of the zygote; at moss - a box on the leg; Playov, horsages, ferns, gone and flowering - leafy plant. 2. Gametophytes in algae are presented more often represented by a layer, forming a gamete; at the moss - a leafy plant; in plauines, horsages and ferns - a reproduction, in a vicered pollen grain and endosperm with two archeganis; At the coated-brine - pollen grain and a germs bag. 3. The development of the sporophyte and the reduction of the gametophyte occurs.

Task 5. 1. In the Mesozoic Era in the chalk period. 2. From non-specialized ancient voted. 3. This is a modified shortened sporing escape, originally reminded the bump of gifted. Megarophylls turned into rest, microspophilles - in the stamens. 4. Assembly of reduced dilution of gates that have surrendered among themselves.

Task 6. 1. 1 - apocarpny; 2 - sinkarpny; 3 - Lysicpnaya (fruits are fucked by sides, but their walls are then destroyed with the maintenance of the central column, to which the nephelters are attached); 4 - Paracardic (arises as a result of the captivity of the structures of the edges). 2. Monocarpny. 3. Sinkar, lizicpnaya, parakropny. 4. Tagging Ginetsay, in which the boundaries of the instinction are invisible, and the only nest of the wound is carrying only one of the segments.

Task 7.1. Signs of one-bedroom: 2, 3, 4, 5, signs of dwaround: 1, 6, 7, 8, digestive more ancient.

Task 8.1. Two. 2. endosperm, perisperm or cotyledons. 3. Mesh. 4. Present. 5. Is available. 6. Open; round. 7. Rod. 8. occurs. 9. Herbatous I. wood plants. 10. four or five. 11. Double.

Task 9.1. One. 2. endosperm. 3. Arc or parallel. 4. None. 5. None. 6. Closed; Two and more rings. 7. Uriscouched. 8. None. 9. Usually herbaceous plants. 10. Three. 11. Simple.

Task 10.1. About 3200 species. 2. Herbate plants prevail. 3. * CH4L4T2 + 4P1. 4. Pods or pods. 5. Simple and complex. 6. Vegetable and decorative plants.

Task 11.1. About 3000 species. 2. Herbal plants, shrubs and trees. 3. * CH5L5T ∞P1, * CH5L5T ∞P∞., Or * h5 + 5l5t ∞ ∞ 4. Chashloristers at the rosehip (see Figure). 5. Rosehip - false fruits from a concave scared color (zinarodies) and inside the real fruits - nuts; Cherry - Kostyanka; Strawberries - false fruits from a convex scared color (frag, or earthland) and real fruits nuts (multi-case); Blackberry - Kostyanka (multicast); Apple tree and pear - Apple. 6. Simple and complex. 7. Fruit-berries, decorative.

Task 12.1. More than 12,000 species. 2. Trees, shrubs, herbs. 3. 1 - CHASSELISTICS; 2 - sail; 3 - oars; 4 - boat; 5 - Pestik; 6 - ten stamens; 7 - Bob fruit; 8 - Nodules on the roots of pea. H (5) l1 + 2 + (2) T (9) + 1P1 or h (5) l1 + 2 + (2) T (10) P1. 5. Brush, head. 6. Beans. 7. The pea is peristoids; At the beans - the trochy; At peanuts and yellow acacia are peristoids; Lupine has a palc clutch. 8. There are food plants (peas, beans, soybeans), there are decorative (Karagan, or yellow acacia, robinium, or white acacia, fragrant peas), feed (clover, alfalfa), medicinal plants (dononnik). 9. contain a lot of protein. 10. Together with roots in the soil, nitrogen compounds formed by the nodule bacteria remain.

Task 13.1. About 3000 species. 2. Herbs, shrubs, tropical latitudes - even trees. 3. * h (5) l (5) T5P1. 4. Berry or box. 5. Simple and complex. 6. Food plants (potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, annual pepper), decorative (petunia, fragrant tobacco). 7. Belena, Duram, male, tobacco.

Task 14.1. About 25,000 species. 2. Herbatous plants, shrubs are found in tropical countries. 3. 1 - Tubular, 2 - Languages, 3 - False-language, 4 - funnels. 4. Basket. 5. Seed. 6. Food (sunflower, salad); decorative (asters, dahlias, chrysanthemums); lot medicinal plants (Dandelion medicinal, daisy medicinal).

Task 15.1. About 4,000 species. 2. Perennial herbaceous plants. 3. * O3 + 3T3 + 3P1. 4. Berry or box. 5. Rhizomes and bulbs. 6. Vegetable (Asparagus, onions, garlic); Decorative (lilies, tulips, hyacinths, aloe), medicinal (Voroniy Eye, Lily of Mayski).

Task 16.1. 1 - sparkling scales; 2 - floral scales; 3 - pestle with two twisted fluffy stigs; 4 - stamens; 5 - two flowering films; 6 - Stem Solmin; 7 - Vagina Sheet; 8 - fruit grain. 2. Most are grassy plants, but there are shrubs and wood forms. 3. Flowers have two flowering scales, two flowering films, three stamens and one pestle, flower formula - o (2) + 2t3p1. 4. Complex spicy, spill, pillage, Sultan. 5. Grains. 6. Vaginal, narrow, long with parallel housing. 7. In most cereals, Stem Solmin. 8. Grain crops (wheat, rye, corn, rice and others) are the main food product containing protein.

Task 17.12; * CH4L4T2 + 4P1. Fruits of pods or pods. 2. 6; * Ch5L5T ∞P1, * C5L5T ∞P∞., Or * b5 + 5l5t ∞p∞. False fruits from a nude from a concave cut color (zinarodius) and inside the real fruits - nuts; False fruits from a convex scaled color (frag, or earth farming) and real fruits nuts (multi-s); Kostyanka; Prefab Kostyanka (multicast); Apple. 3. 7; H (5) l1 + 2 + (2) T (9) + 1P1 or h (5) L1 + 2 + (2) T (10) P1. Fruits - beans. 4. 1; * H (5) l (5) T5P1. Fruits - berry or box. 5. 4; Flowers - tubular, bunch, false-language, funnelid. Inflorescence - basket. Fruits - seed. 6. 3 - Lily; * O3 + 3T3 + 3P1. Fruits - berry or box. 5 - cereals; O (2) + 2T3P1. Fruits - grains.

Municipal Stage of the All-Russian Olympiad of Schoolchildren on Biology

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District - Ugra

2015-2016 academic year

Grade 9.

Congratulations to the Municipal Stage of the All-Russian Olympiad of Schoolchildren on Biology! Answering questions and performing tasks, do not hurry, since the answers are not always obvious and require the use of not only biological knowledge, but also the general erudition, logic and creative approach.Task execution time 180 minutes (3 hours). Maximum score 68. Success to you in your work!

Part I.

You are offered test tasks that require only one response from four possible. The maximum number of points that can be dial - 30 (1 point for each test task). Answer index that you consider the most complete and correct, specify the answer matrix.

1. Mycobacteria are causative agents:

a) syphilis;

b) jaundice;

c) tuberculosis;

d) mycoses.

2. Cukushkin Luck breeds:

a) zoospores;

b) seeds with adverse conditions;

c) disputes;

d) Aplane's.

3. Red algae differ from green and brown algae in that:

a) Red algae do not form chlorophyll a.;

b) red algae does not have sex process;

c) unicellular red algae is not detected;

d) in the life cycle of red algae there are no cells with flavors.

4. From the listed algae are able to absorb organic substances from the environment:

a) spirohyra and fus;

b) spirohyder and ulotrix;

c) chlamdomanade and chlorella;

d) laminaria and fus.

5. In the basket of the plant depicted

in the picture, flowers:

a) tongues;

b) false-language;

c) tubular and false-language;

d) tongue and tubular

6. Leaves of strawberries:

a) unpaired;

b) troy-grained;

c) palphatine;

d) complex one-grade.

7. On the cross section of the 3-year-old linden stem can be seen:

a) Cambier, inside it the core, and the outside - the bark;

b) Cambier, inside it wood, and out - bark;

c) Proconbius, outwards from him, and inside - wood;

d) Provilly, outward a central cylinder, and inside - wood.

8. In one cell of the pulp of mature rowan fetus under the microscope, you can see the plasts:

a) leukoplasts, chloroplasts and chromoplasts;

b) leukoplasts and chloroplasts;

c) leukoplasts and chromoplasts;

d) chromoplasts.

9. Underground seed germination is characteristic of:

a) Kleschevina;

c) pumpkins;

d) oak cherry.

10. Smith strokes are characteristic of:

a) coniferous;

b) comprehensive;

c) umbrella;

d) all listed plants.

11. What blood is in the heart of toothless: venous (low oxygen content) or arterial (saturated with oxygen)?

a) venous;

b) arterial;

c) in the atrods of venous, and in the ventricle arterial;

d) in the left atrium arterial, in the right of the atrium venous, in the ventricle mixed.

12. What is filled with pericardial sine at river cancer?

a) water;

b) nominal liquid;

c) arterial blood;

d) venous blood.
13. What are the representatives of this type of animal (see Figure) are dangerous for a person?

a) carriers of the simplest - causative agents of hazardous disease;

b) bearings of bacteria - causative agents of dangerous disease;

c) have poisonous glands, bite presents a danger to people with diseases of the cardiovascular system;

d) nothing is dangerous.

14. The figure shows the motion body characteristic of:

a) jellyfish;

b) crustaceans;

c) iglinodi;

d) ringed worms.

15. How to breathe a river cancer?

a) atmospheric oxygen;

b) oxygen dissolved in water;

c) in different ways, depending on the degree of pollution of the reservoir;

d) in different ways, depending on the time of year.

16. Which group of insects are closest to the world?

a) bees;

b) ants;

c) cockroaches;

d) straight bumps.
17. Which of these groups of animals has grade rank in classification?

a) manochable;

b) Plechenogi;

c) bucheloga;

d) Krylonium.

18. Mask is part oral apparatus:

a) Termitic soldiers;

b) buriel beetles;

c) spider-crushes;

d) dragonfly larvae.

a) echinococcus;

b) Askarida;

c) feline duxtile;

d) bullish chain.

a) echinococcus;

b) malaria plasmodium;

c) dysentery amosa;

d) Vlasman.

21. Which birds specializes in harvesting in flight?

a) Black Drozd;

b) the charge;

c) championship;

d) black strife.

22. Which mammal is characterized by the lack of fangs in the dental system?

a) manul;

b) earthmock;

c) zebra;

d) Suskslik.

23. Which birds suits the nests in the Duples?

a) Drozd-Rubbinnik;

b) ordinary range;

c) Slavka-Chernogolovka;

d) Green foam.

24. What class representatives are worms?

a) round clock;

b) mammals;

c) reptile;

d) amphibians.
25. How is the polar bear in nature hunting penguins?

a) knocks down a paw in the air;

b) comes in ambush;

c) catch up with the blade;

d) in no way.

26. In sparrow birds, a short powerful beak is associated with food:

a) seeds;

b) fruit;

c) large animal food;

d) insects.

27. When the dog pulls out someone else's urinary label, this is an example:

a) motivation;

b) alarm;

c) orientation;

d) communications.

28. In birds the leading authority is:

a) vision;

b) sense of smell;

d) touch.

29. Which of the listed species is better satisfying the concept

"R-strategist"?

A) herbal frog;

b) African elephant;

c) redhead;

d) Vivorifying lizard.

30. For whom of the mammals is characterized by the lack of fangs in the dental system?

a) redhead evening;

b) hareboat;

31. The bones of the roof of the skull belong to the bones:

a) air-capable;

b) sponge;

c) flat;

d) tubular.

32. Unlike an adult, the child has no time for 6-7 years:

a) cutters;

b) fangs;

c) small indigenous teeth;

d) large indigenous teeth.
33. The membrane rest potential with an increase in the concentration of extracellular potassium:

a) increases;

b) does not change;

c) decreases;

d) changes the sign.

34. In skeletal muscles, the appearance of calcium in the cytoplasm is due to:

a) activation of calcium pumps;

b) activation of sodium calcium exchanger;

c) the closure of potential-sensitive channels in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum;

d) the discovery of calcium-dependent calcium channels in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.

35. Cross-striped fibers are characteristic of muscle tissues that provide:

a) the turns of the eyeball;

b) compression of the walls of lymphatic vessels;

c) the narrowing of the pupil;

d) the expansion of the pupil.

36. Slunival centers are in:

a) middle brain;

b) cerebellum;

c) intermediate brain;

d) oblong brain.

37. Clamps of the stomach mucous membrane secrete:

a) pepsinogen;

b) trypsinogen;

c) hydrochloric acid;

d) alpha amylase.

38. Erythrocytes placed in a hypertensive solution:

a) burst, freeing the contents in environment;

b) decrease in volume and shrink;

c) retain a disk shape due to the activation of electrolyte transfer systems;

d) sticking (agglutinating) to form a precipitate.

39. Organoishes available in cells and prokaryotes, and eukaryotes:

but) endoplasmic reticulum;

b) mitochondria;

c) lysosomes;

d) Ribosomes.

40. Animals living in the soil and caves have some common features. Find one wrong among them.

a) reduction of pigmentation;

b) reduction of visual perception;

c) the reduction of all senses;

d) adaptation to constant abiotic conditions.

Part II.

You are offered test tasks with one option of response from four possible, but requiring a preliminary multiple selection. The maximum number of points that can be dial - 20 (2 points for each test task). Answer index that you consider the most complete and correct, specify the answer matrix.

1. 
   Balantidium infusor - 1) dwells in fresh reservoirs, 2) moves with the help of flagella, 3) does not have a contractile vacuole, 4) performs the sexual process - conjugation, 5) has one core.

1. 
   The animal depicted in the figure - 1) is covered with horny scales, 2) multiplied at the larval stage (neural), 3) has one lumbar vertebra, 4) performs double breathing, 5) does not have a solid nose.

1. 
   The optical system of the eye includes - 1) pupil, 2) cornea, 3) scler 4) lens, 5) retina.

1. 
   Of the listed substances in water are soluble - 1) beta-carotene, 2) erythrose, 3) ATP-AZA, 4) Maltosis, 5) Inulin.

Part III.

You are offered test tasks in the form of judgments, with each of which should either agree, or reject. In the matrix of answers, specify the option of the answer "yes" or "no", putting the X icon in the appropriate graph. The maximum number of points you can dial - 10 (1 point for each task).
1. All autotrophic organisms are also phototrophic.

2. Of the total light energy reaching photosynthetic organisms, about 1% of visible light is used by them.

3. The intensity and quality of light change vertically in the forest column.

4. The body of the lower plants is always represented by a layer with large leaves.

5. Barriers of the hawthorn are modified shoots.

6. Semenome germin in the earliest stages of germination of heterotrophne.

7. Two-plating fish - extincting a group of fish, from which the first amphibians occurred.

8. Mixins do not have in the development cycle of the larval stage.

9. All representatives of the type of chords are separate animals. 10. Regeneration in polyps occurs due to the division of skin-muscular cells.

11. All invertebrates use external fertilization.

12. The bulk of muscles in the birds is located on the abdominal side.

13. The group of skin glands of mammals includes sweat, greasy and dairy.

14. The main body that under the influence of insulin hormone provides a decrease in blood glucose levels, is a liver.

15. Strict bed regime within a month does not affect the water and electrolyte balance of blood.
Part IV.

You are offered test tasks that require conformity. The maximum number of points that can be dial - 8. Fill out the matrix of the responses in accordance with the requirements of the tasks.

1. Comparison these biochemical processes and organicides in which these processes flow.

2. In mammals, hormones take part in the regulation of numerous processes. Take advantage using lettering symbols, the names of these hormones designated by numbers with their functions indicated by letters.

3. Install the correspondence between the forms of cells of pathogens of bacterial infections (1 - 4) and the diseases they cause (a - s).