Fire extinguishing under adverse conditions. Extinguishing fires in difficult conditions

APPROVE

Head of the Department of OP and PASR

Colonel of the Internal Service

"__" ____________ 2013

L E C T I A

in the discipline "Fire Tactics"

Topic 10.1 « Extinguishing fires in difficult conditions »

Direction of training (specialty) _ 280705.65 "Fire safety" (specialization "State fire supervision")

(the code, name of the direction of preparation of HPE is indicated)

SMK-UMK-4.4.2-38-2013

The lecture was discussed at the meeting

departments of OP and PASR.

Protocol #_ __ from " ___ » _ _____ _ 201_ G.

Saint Petersburg

Lesson objectives

Training:- to consolidate and expand the knowledge of cadets on the material of the lecture;

- to systematize the types and content of the methodology for calculating forces and means for extinguishing fires in difficult conditions;

stimulate the development of tactical thinking in students.

deepen and consolidate theoretical knowledge;

to instill in students practical skills in solving fire-tactical tasks in the calculation of forces and means, in accordance with the methodology, for extinguishing fires and eliminating the consequences of emergencies in difficult conditions.

Educational:- to instill in students a sense of responsibility for making tactical decisions;

to cultivate in students the desire for in-depth mastering of the material on the topic of the lesson;

to cultivate in students the desire for independent work with primary sources and normative documents.

Calculation of study time

III. Educational and material support:

Teaching aids: computer equipment, multimedia projector, interactive whiteboard.

Demonstration posters, schemes, stands.

Introduction

Under certain conditions of the fire situation, the work of the unit is complicated. The concept of complicated or unfavorable conditions when working on fires includes:

the complete absence of water sources at the site of the fire;

insufficient amount of water in water sources near the fire;

the presence of water sources at a considerable distance from the burning object;

low air temperature in winter time;

strong wind;

night time;

the presence of explosives;

the presence of radioactive substances;

the presence of emergency chemical poisonous substances.

The above and some other conditions, for example, the main work during an explosion, collapses, destruction of a building structure, blockages, in case of fires in high-rise buildings, at energy facilities, in countryside etc. has a very significant effect on the work of the personnel of the unit.

Under these conditions, great dedication, endurance, great exertion of moral and physical strength, ingenuity, excellent knowledge of the tactical and technical data of fire fighting equipment and fire fighting equipment are required from the personnel.

The actions of personnel on fires, in the presence of explosives, radioactive and hazardous chemicals, we will consider in the relevant topics of the course. In this lecture, we will consider extinguishing fires under other adverse conditions.

Putting out fires with a lack of water

If it is impossible to supply the required amount of water to the fire site, the head of logistics must inform the head of the fire extinguishing to change the originally adopted extinguishing plan.

In conditions of insufficient water in water sources near the fire, measures are taken to find additional water sources. Exploration of the location of which (artesian wells, vats, cooling towers, water drains) can be organized by attracting local workers, the police, representatives of economic facilities and the population, by sending out a rear group in directions, having previously carried out a reconnaissance of the area, interviewing the population using a geographical map.

When deciding on a method for ensuring uninterrupted water supply to the fire site, it is necessary to take into account:

Approximate supply of water near the fire

Distance to fire and terrain

Condition of passages to water sources and entrances to them.

If there are small containers of water sources being filled at the site of the fire, the head of logistics must organize their filling from one water source to another or ensure the rearrangement of motor pumps from one water source to another with preliminary preparation hose lines (Fig. 1.).

In cases where in water supply network low pressure and there is no way to increase it, the head of the rear should install fire pumps on hydrants through rigid suction hoses or use hydrant wells as intermediate containers with water intake from them. If necessary, organize the construction of temporary fire reservoirs and piers when extinguishing large, complex and prolonged fires.

In the presence of open reservoirs (river, lake, pond, canals, etc.) with a low water horizon or in the absence of satisfactory approaches to reservoirs, the head of the rear organizes the intake of water from these reservoirs using hydraulic elevators, ejectors, motor pumps.

If it is impossible to supply water through the main hose lines (lack of fire hoses, equipment, water sources), organize the supply of water by tankers with the involvement of fuel trucks, milk trucks, watering machines and other containers adapted for this purpose.

When extinguishing developed fires, the head of the rear organizes an uninterrupted supply of water from more powerful fire equipment; stations for auto-pumping firefighters, sea and river vessels, fire trains, as well as for pumping from fire trucks and motor pumps.

Pay special attention to interaction with the water supply services of the city, facility, if necessary, request drawings and plans of water supply networks from them, and if there is a lack of water due to low pressure in the water supply network, take measures to increase the pressure by starting additional pumps at waterworks and local pressure boosters or by turning off sections of the water supply network, directing maximum water to the fire site.

With a lack of water at the fire site, the work of personnel when supplying trunks and laying hose lines has some features: only shut-off trunks with small-diameter sprays (trunks B) are used to extinguish a fire, trunks with sprayers, ensuring economical use of water, fire hoses lay rubberized smaller diameter, it is more expedient to use water solutions with wetting agents and fire-extinguishing foams.

It must be remembered that the trunks are focused and injected only on decisive direction subdivisions, providing extinguishing in other areas of the fire by dismantling structures and creating the necessary breaks in the paths of fire propagation.

In the presence of internal fire hydrants, stationary fire extinguishing systems, they are put into action in the first place. You must also use primary funds fire fighting: fire extinguishers, sand, etc.

Conclusion: Extinguishing fires with a lack of water leads to a complication of the situation on the fire, creates additional difficulties in extinguishing it. Statistics show that over the past few years, the circumstance and condition for the development of a fire to a large size (along with others) has remained practically unchanged - the unsatisfactory fire condition of the object (34.6%). For objects, this indicator looks like this:

production facilities - 16.7%

warehouses, bases, trade enterprises - 20.4%

agricultural objects - 18.8%

residential sector - 20.5%

Occupational safety and health

To systematize the types and content of the methodology for calculating forces and means for extinguishing fires in difficult conditions; stimulate the development of tactical thinking among students, deepen and consolidate theoretical knowledge; to instill in students practical skills in solving fire-tactical tasks in the calculation of forces and means, in accordance with the methodology ...

PAGE\*MERGEFORMAT2

APPROVE

Head of the Department of OP and PASR

colonel internal service

V.V. peck

"__" ____________ 2013

L E C T I A

in the discipline "Fire Tactics"

Topic 10.1 " Extinguishing fires in difficult conditions»

Direction of training (specialty) _ 280705.65 "Fire safety" (specialization "State fire supervision")

(the code, name of the direction of preparation of HPE is indicated)

SMK-UMK-4.4.2-38-2013

The lecture was discussed at the meeting

Departments of OP and PASR.

Protocol No. _ __ dated "___" _ _____ _ 201 _

Saint Petersburg

2013

Lesson objectives
Training: consolidate and expand the knowledge of cadets on the material of the lecture;

to systematize the types and content of the methodology for calculating forces and means for extinguishing fires in difficult conditions;

stimulate the development of tactical thinking in students.
deepen and consolidate theoretical knowledge;
to instill in students practical skills in solving fire-tactical tasks in the calculation of forces and means, in accordance with the methodology, for extinguishing fires and eliminating the consequences of emergencies in difficult conditions.

Educational:to instill in students a sense of responsibility for making tactical decisions;

to cultivate in students the desire for in-depth mastering of the material on the topic of the lesson;
to cultivate in students the desire for independent work with primary sources and normative documents.

Calculation of study time

Content and order of the lesson

Time, min

INTRODUCTION

MAIN PART

Organization of water supply to a fire in pumping, delivery and hydraulic elevator systems

2.1 Water supply to the fire site.

2.3 Water supply to the fire site using hydraulic elevators

The work of fire departments in conditions of low temperatures, in adverse weather conditions

III . Educational and material support:

Technical teaching aids: tocomputer equipment, multimedia projector, interactive whiteboard.
Demonstration posters, schemes, stands.

Introduction

Under certain conditions of the fire situation, the work of the unit is complicated. The concept of complicated or unfavorable conditions when working on fires includes:

the complete absence of water sources at the site of the fire;
insufficient amount of water in water sources near the fire;
the presence of water sources at a considerable distance from the burning object;
low air temperature in winter;
strong wind;
night time;
the presence of explosives;
the presence of radioactive substances;
the presence of emergency chemical poisonous substances.

The above and some other conditions, for example, the main work during an explosion, collapses, destruction of a building structure, blockages, in case of fires in high-rise buildings, at energy facilities, in rural areas, etc., have a very significant effect on the work of the personnel of the unit.

Putting out fires with a lack of water

If it is impossible to supply the required amount of water to the fire site, the head of logistics must inform the head of the fire extinguishing to change the originally adopted extinguishing plan.

When deciding on a method for ensuring uninterrupted water supply to the fire site, it is necessary to take into account:

Approximate supply of water near the fire

Distance to fire and terrain

Condition of passages to water sources and entrances to them.

If there are small containers of water sources being filled at the fire site, the head of the rear should organize their filling from one drain to another or ensure the rearrangement of motor pumps from one water source to another with preliminary preparation of hose lines (Fig. 1.).

In cases where there is a weak pressure in the water supply network and there is no way to increase it, the head of the rear should install auto-fire pumps on hydrants through rigid suction hoses or use hydrant wells as intermediate containers with water intake from them. If necessary, organize the construction of temporary fire reservoirs and piers when extinguishing large, complex and prolonged fires.

It must be remembered that the trunks are concentrated and introduced only in the decisive direction of the units, providing extinguishing in other areas of the fire by dismantling the structures and creating the necessary gaps in the paths of the fire.

In the presence of internal fire hydrants, stationary systems fire extinguishers are activated first. It is also necessary to use primary fire extinguishing means: fire extinguishers, sand, etc.

Conclusion: Extinguishing fires with a lack of water leads to a complication of the situation on the fire, creates additional difficulties in extinguishing it. Statistics show that over the past few years, the circumstance and condition for the development of a fire to a large size (along with others) has remained practically unchanged - the unsatisfactory fire condition of the object (34.6%). For objects, this indicator looks like this:

production facilities - 16.7%
warehouses, bases, trade enterprises - 20.4%
agricultural objects - 18.8%
residential sector - 20.5%

2. Organization of water supply to the fire by pumping, supply and hydraulic elevator systems

If there are main water sources at a considerable distance from the place of fire, extinguishing is organized by the supply of water by fire or utility tank trucks or by pumping water to the place of fire. In these cases, success in deploying forces and means, concentrating forces and means to extinguish a fire largely depends not only on the precise operational actions of fire departments, but also on the skillful organizational and tactical abilities of commanders, and above all, the head of logistics, who must skillfully organize the work of the rear. The head of the rear is obliged to take the necessary measures to find additional water sources, call the required amount various means and equipment.

2.1. Water supply to the fire

The supply of water to the place of fire is organized in such a way that the operation of the trunks is not disturbed, i.e. water supply must be uninterrupted. The method consists in the fact that one tank truck provides water supply to the fire, the other is filled with water, and the rest are on the way to the water source and to the fire site.

Organize the supply of water to the place of fire - this means:

1. Organize the work of the point of filling water tankers at the water source.

2. Organize the work of the water consumption point for extinguishing at the fire site.

3. Calculate the required number of tanker trucks to deliver water to the fire site.

Filling the tank with water at the filling point can be carried out by fire engines (motor pumps, auto pumps, pumping stations) installed on the water source, from fire hydrants, pumps, using hydraulic elevators or independently.

At the filling point, a convenient platform for maneuvering tankers should be prepared. From a car or a motor pump installed on a water source, one or two hose lines of the required length are laid, to the ends of which a branch is attached. From one to three working filling hoses with rigid suction hoses at the ends of the line can be laid from the branching in order to avoid breaking the hoses when lowering them into the tank neck. To work at the filling point, one fireman is left who works at the junction. The filling of the tanker is carried out by the driver of the arrived tanker and the fireman at the junction.

The main schemes for organizing the work of the filling point are given below.

Fig.1. Methods for filling tankers with water when transporting it to a fire.

If there are a sufficient number of tank trucks at the water consumption point, it is advisable to leave a permanent head tank truck operating on water supply. The place of its parking must be fertilized for the entrance of tankers that bring water and replenish the head tanker. This method will eliminate unnecessary maneuvers and switching of working lines.

With a limited number of tank trucks, it is advisable to directly include a tank truck arriving from the filling point into the existing hose line. The working line from the discharge pipe of the pump consists of a four-meter sleeve, branching and two or three working lines to the trunks.

When using utility tanks that do not have pumping unit, draw water from it with the help of motorized fire pumps and supply water to the trunks.

For the supply of water, you can use national economic equipment that has a tank and a pumping unit for taking water and supplying it to a fire.

If the tank trucks used to deliver water to the fire site have different capacities, the calculation of the number of tank trucks is based on the tank truck with a smaller capacity.

For a clear organization of water supply, radio communication is established between the filling point and the consumption point.

IN.

Fig.2. Options for supplying water from a tank truck to extinguish a fire.

The number of tank trucks for water supply to the fire site is determined by the formula:

where: A - tanker reserve. When the distance from the place of fire to the water source is less than 4 km, A = 1 is accepted, more than 4 km A = 2;

τ sl - time on the way of the tank truck to the water source or back, min;

τ zap - time of filling the tank with water at the filling point, min;

τ flow - time of water consumption from the tank at the point of consumption, min.

Travel time is determined by the formula:

where: L is the distance from the place of fire to the water source, km;

V Wed - the average speed of the tanker (on average, 30 km / h is taken);

The filling time of the tank container is determined by the formula:

where: W c - tank capacity, l;

Q n - the working capacity of the pump, which fills the tank arrived at the refueling, or the flow rate of water from the fire pump, l / min.

The time of water consumption from the tank is determined by the formula:

where: - the number of barrels with the same nozzles (if the barrels have different nozzles, their consumption is summed up);

Barrel productivity, l/s.

When determining the number of tankers needed for the supply of water, it should be remembered that when working a large number trunks at the fire site, it is necessary to organize the work of several flow points, which will lead to an increase in the estimated number of tankers as many times as the number of flow points will be organized.

2.2 Pumping water to the fire site.

The water supply to the pumping is used at a considerable distance from the water source to the place of fire, when the pressure developed by one autopump is insufficient to overcome the pressure loss in the hose lines to create working fire jets. In addition, pumping can also be used in cases where, despite the proximity of a water source, there is no access to it for fire trucks, for example, on steep or steep banks, in wetlands, etc.

As practice and ongoing experiments show, water can be pumped over any distance, over any rough terrain. It all depends on the technical and tactical features of the units. Based on the main task of fire departments in a fire, the limiting distances should be considered as such, at which the deployment of forces and means with the supply of water to the pump is ensured in the shortest possible time, when by the time the fire extinguishing agent is supplied, the fire has not reached the stage of intensive development. Considering technical equipment large garrisons, the maximum distance for supplying water to the pumping can be considered up to 5 km. For garrisons where there is only one hose car, such a distance can be taken up to 2 km, and with two hose cars up to 3 km.

Water transfer can be done in a variety of ways. However, in all cases, one is chosen which, under specific conditions, is more advantageous.

pumping water from pump to pump
pumping water through a tank fire truck
pumping water from the pump through an intermediate tank. It is also possible to use a combination of these methods in the same pumping system.

Fig. 3. Scheme of water supply to pumping from pump to pump through two and one hose lines.

Fig. 4. Scheme of water supply to the pump from the pump to the fire engine tank.

Fig. 5. Scheme of pumping water from the pump through an intermediate tank.

Fig. 6. Scheme of pumping water in a combined way.

When pumping water according to the method from a pump to a pump, serial (along one hose line) or parallel (along two hose lines) water is supplied from one pump to the suction pipe of another pump.

When organizing the pumping of water, certain conditions must be observed:

the largest in terms of supply and power, the pump is installed on the water source;
when pumping water from a pump to a pump, to prevent flattening of the hoses of the suction pipe of the subsequent pump, it is necessary to maintain a pressure in the line of at least 10 m of water column; when pumping water through the capacity of the tank of a fire truck 3.5 - 4 m of water column; when pumping water through an intermediate tank, not less than its height in meters;
the pressure on the pumps must be maintained within 90 m of the water column, which ensures the longest and most stable operation of the pumps; - it is necessary to have radio communication between vehicles and control posts for the condition and control hose systems;
create a reserve of hoses at the rate of 1 hose per 100 m of the length of the main line.

The calculation of the required number of autopumps for the organization of pumping water is carried out in the following sequence:

1. We determine the method of pumping;

2. We determine the distance from the place of fire to the water source by the number of sleeves of the main line, pcs.;

where: 1.2 - hose safety factor, taking into account the terrain and bends of the hose line

L is the distance from the place of fire to the water source, m;

20 - length of a standard fire hose, m.

3. We determine the maximum distance from the lead vehicle to the place of fire (branching) by the number of trunk line hoses, pcs.

where: N n - allowable head on the pump, m.w.st, taken according to Table 1

Table 1

Sleeves

Pressure

Reinforced

Increased strength

New

100

H development - pressure at the fork, m of water st, is taken 5-10 m of water st higher than at the trunk spray;

Z - the level of operation of the shafts in relation to the axis of the pump, m;

h hands - pressure loss in one sleeve, m of water st., is taken according to table 2.

table 2

Number and type of trunks	Hand., m water st.
		sleeve diameter, mm
		51		66		77		89
		P	n	P	n	P	n	P
1 B 2 B or 1 A 3 B or 1 A and 1 B 2 B and 1 A or 2 A 4 B and 1 A or 3 A	1.5 6.0 14 -- --	3.0 12 -- -- --	0.5 1.7 3.8 6.6 --	1.0 3.8 8.5 15 --	0.2 0.8 1.7 3.0 6.6	0.4 1.5 3.3 6.0 13.2	0.05 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.7

4. We determine the distance between the pumps involved in pumping, according to the number of hoses in the main line, pcs.

For the 1st pumping method (from pump to pump)

For the 2nd method of pumping water (through a container

fire truck tanks)

where: 10 - pressure in the hose line when approaching the suction pipe of the pump, m of water st.

4 - pressure in the hose line suitable for the neck of the tank container, m of water st.

Z - terrain elevation, m

5. We determine the number of autopumps for organizing water pumping

Note: 1 . Distances are determined not in meters, but by the number of sleeves in the hose line. To convert distances from the number of sleeves to meters, you can use the formula:

2. When organizing water pumping through two main lines, the total number of hoses for laying main lines increases by 2 times, the distance between pumps increases by 4 times, the number of autopumps decreases.

3. When water is supplied through two main lines without changing the distance between the machines, it is possible to increase the water consumption for extinguishing by 2 times.

4. After the calculation, it is necessary to check for the presence of hoses on autopumps and hose cars.

When organizing the water supply to the pumping station, the following recommendations should be taken into account:

in all cases, the distances between vehicles must be maintained, taking into account the increase in geodetic marks, the lack of calculation can lead to overloading of individual vehicles and disruption of the entire pumping system;
it is necessary to lay hose lines with the help of a hose car and in other ways that accelerate the deployment of forces and means;
at high water consumption and a limited number of machines, pumping should be carried out along two main lines. On sections of the main line, set up control posts with a reserve of sleeves for quick replacement of failed ones;
successful extinguishing of fires with water pumping is ensured by the presence of a sufficient number of main fire trucks, hose trucks, reliable communications and high readiness of units fire brigade;
to reduce the pumping stages, it is necessary to use auto-pumping fire stations.

2.3. Water supply to the fire site using hydraulic elevators.

With poor access to open water sources, as well as if the water level in the water source is below 7 m of the pump axis, water intake can be carried out using hydraulic elevator systems. They can take water from a depth of 20 m or at a distance of up to 100 m horizontally using G-600 jet pumps.

Before starting the hydraulic elevator systems, it is necessary to determine the amount of water needed to fill the sleeves of the hydraulic elevator ring ( V system ). It should be borne in mind that the capacity of one pressure hose V p 20 m long is:

From here:

Where:

V system - the amount of water required to fill the hydraulic elevator system, l;

V zap - the amount of water needed to start the hydraulic elevator system, l;

Number of sleeves with a diameter of 51.66.77 mm, pcs;

Hose line capacity, hoses 20 m long, l;

K is a coefficient depending on the number of hydraulic elevator systems operating from one fire truck, K=2 for one hydraulic elevator system, K=1.5 for two hydraulic elevator systems, K=1.3 for three hydraulic elevator systems.

To assess the situation and the possibility of launching hydraulic elevator systems, one should compare the water supply in the tank truck to which the hydraulic elevator systems are connected with the amount of water necessary to start it.

To determine the possibility joint work pump of a fire engine with hydraulic elevator systems, it is necessary to know the flow rate of the pumping unit in the operating mode. For this purpose, the concept of the pump utilization factor I was introduced.

The pump utilization coefficient I is the ratio of water consumption by hydraulic elevator systems Q syst to pump performance Q n at nominal pressure:

I \u003d Q syst / Q n

The water consumption of the hydraulic elevator system operating from one fire engine is determined by the formula:

Q syst = n r (q 1 + q 2)

where: r - number of hydraulic elevators in the system, pcs.

q 1 - operating water consumption of one hydraulic elevator, l/s

q2 - supply of one hydraulic elevator, l/s

When water is taken from great depths (18-20 m), it is required to create a pressure on the pump of 1-1.2 MPa (10-12 kgf / cm2). In this case, the operating water flow in hydraulic elevator systems will increase, and the pump water flow will decrease compared to the nominal one, and it may turn out that the sum of the operating flow and system supply will exceed the pump flow. Under these conditions, the system will not work.

To determine the required pressure on the pump, when water is taken from deep water sources by the G-600 hydraulic elevator, you can use the data in the table obtained with a length of rubberized sleeves of 30 m and a diameter of 77 mm. If the hose lines exceed 30 m, it is necessary to take into account additional pressure losses, which for one hose are 7 m when 3 B shafts are operating and 2 and 4, respectively, when one and two B shafts are operated. Water supply to the fire can be carried out by one or two hydraulic elevators. There are several schemes. The most commonly used is shown below.

Fig. 7. Schemes of water supply to the fire by hydraulic elevators G-600

Conclusion: The success of the water supply to the fire by the considered methods largely depends on:

availability of well-established operational plans extinguishing a fire;
good training of all personnel;
clear and well-coordinated work of the rear on the fire.

3. The work of fire departments in conditions of low temperatures, in adverse weather conditions

Extinguishing fires at low temperatures is complicated by the possibility of breakdowns in the operation of pump-hose systems, fire equipment and fire-fighting water supply, stiffness of movements and freezing of l / s.

An uninterrupted supply of water to the place of work of fire departments is associated with significant difficulties: firstly, a decrease in the temperature in the water supply system to 0.5-1 ° C, in open water bodies, rivers and lakes to 0 O With, secondly, the danger of freezing of water in the hose lines, especially during the initial period of the pump. At an air temperature of -40 O From and below the temperature of the walls of the sleeves are close to the ambient temperature, and the water moving through them quickly cools, sometimes turning into a paste-forming ice mass that clogs the hose line and the trunk.

In addition, hypothermia of the body in l / s during work leads to stiffness of movements and frostbite. The permissible supercooling temperature of the human body is about 25 O C, after which the revival of a person is doubtful. Under these conditions, the actions of the personnel should be aimed at accelerating the deployment of forces and means of subunits. For this purpose it is necessary:

1) during the operation of fire pumps:

it is advisable to take water from open water sources from great depths, where the water temperature is slightly higher than at the surface (this makes it possible to increase the distance of water supply to the fire site);
when starting the pump, it is necessary to first open the valve of the discharge pipe to which the hose line is not connected. The supply of water to the spout allows the driver of a fire truck to verify the stable operation of the fire pump. After 15 - 20 sec. it is necessary to increase the number of revolutions of the pump shaft, and while smoothly opening the valve of the branch pipe with an attached pressure hose line, at the same time close the valve of the pressure pipe without a hose line (this procedure for starting the pump eliminates the possibility of water freezing in the pressure hose line in the event of a break in the water column);
the fire truck's vacuum system piping must be completely drained of water. To do this, after starting the pump and supplying water to the pressure line, turn on the gas-jet vacuum apparatus (not including the valve of the vacuum system of the pump) and suction the water in the vacuum line; in order for the vacuum apparatus to turn on, it is advisable to reduce the gas for the time of switching the gas distribution damper of the vacuum apparatus;
at the same time, it is necessary to fully open the throttle valve of the engine carburetor (pull the "Gas" lever on yourself to failure) and, depending on the type and number of barrels connected to the hose line, set the required pressure in the pump (according to the pressure gauge), smoothly closing the valve of the pressure pipe;
after setting the appropriate operating mode of the engine with the pump, close the doors of the pump room and monitor the instrument readings through the viewing window;
in case of a long interruption of the water supply, disconnect the suction and pressure hoses and completely remove the water from the pump using drain cocks;
before using the pump after a long stop, carefully turn the crankshaft of the engine with the crank while the pump is on;
when parking cars that are not used in a fire, periodically warm up the engine.

2) when laying and replacing hose lines:

lay hose lines mainly large diameters, if possible, from rubberized sleeves;
in case of outdoor fires, practice laying only trunk lines directly to trunks, avoiding branching;
to lay reserve dry main hose lines, first of all, to the trunks operating in the decisive direction, protecting them from wetting;
avoid laying long hose lines, for which, first of all, use the water sources closest to the fire site, installing on them the largest possible number of auto pumps and vehicles with more powerful fire pumps. Use the running cars at maximum power;
avoid zigzag laying of hose lines. The laying of lines should be carried out as straight as possible, without bends and creases along the curb of the sidewalks or along the sidewalks themselves;
in all cases, to protect the sleeves on the carriageway, use sleeve bridges, in case of a lack of bridges, use boards, poles, etc., which can protect the sleeves from damage when crossing vehicles;
lay hose lines through snowdrifts from rolls or from hose reels installed on pre-made special skis;
all candles and leaks formed on the sleeves must be immediately eliminated by applying sleeve clamps;
when replacing damaged hoses or extending hoses, do not stop the water supply, but extend the line or replace hoses by reducing the pressure in the line.
to protect the hose lines from freezing, it is imperative to backfill the connecting heads with snow, if it is possible to use it on a fire sawdust and other insulating materials;
you should practice warming the connecting heads with a blowtorch or a torch, place linings made of thermal insulation material(boards, rags, etc.) to prevent the connection heads from touching the ground;
for heating pumps and hose lines, if possible, use hot water, by pouring it into a tank, a running car and sucking it into the pump cavity and hose lines;
It should be borne in mind that branchings are the most sensitive part of the hose line to freezing, therefore, when installing branchings outdoors, take measures to insulate them with snow, sawdust, etc. materials, install them inside buildings, mainly on the front and black landings and in the corridors. For the entire period of operation of the shafts at the branches, firefighters should be posted for continuous monitoring of them;
in case of a temporary interruption of the water supply, do not turn off the pump, but by closing the valves of the pressure pipes, continue the operation of the engine with the pump at low speeds or, by opening the valve of the free pipe, let the water drain;
when operating autopumps, it is imperative to use all pressure pipes, with the exception of cases when autopumps are installed on low-power lines;
make sure that the suction nets prepared for water supply from reservoirs, in order to avoid their premature icing, are drained only after the order for water supply has been received.

The listed requirements will help to avoid the formation of ice in fire hoses by heating the water directly with a pump. The essence of water heating in this way lies in the fact that when the pump is operating at maximum speed and not when the valve of the pressure pipe is not fully opened, the water heats up from friction against Working wheel and walls of the pump housing. In this case, the degree of water heating depends on the amount of water supplied by the pump to the hose line, the pressure developed by the pump, and the ambient temperature.

Freezing of water in hose lines at an ambient temperature of up to -35 ° C should not occur if water flows through them at a flow rate of at least 1.5 l / s for hoses 51 mm, 3 l / s for hoses 66 mm, 4.5 l / s for hoses 77 mm and 6 l / s for hoses 89 mm at a distance to the trunk no more than 300 m.

In these cases, the water supply should be made only through one main line, because. an increase in the number of main lines leads to an increase in the total water consumption, as a result of which its heating in the pump is not significant;

3) during the operation of the trunks:

with external open fires and a sufficient amount of water, use trunks with a large flow of water (trunks "A", fire monitors);
in case of internal fires, for a more rational use of water to avoid excessive spillage, trunks with low water consumption are used (mainly trunks "B"). To use more widely the removal of trunks from the premises through windows and doors to the outside when their work is temporarily unnecessary; in some cases, sewer receivers operating inside buildings can be used for this purpose. When removing the trunks to the outside, take special care to prevent damage to neighboring buildings, evacuated property, personnel, and working fire equipment by wetting;
avoid overlapping trunks and branches;
do not allow the use of overlapping shafts and spray shafts;
if it is necessary to change the position of the trunks, do not stop the water supply.
to work with trunks, as a rule, appoint at least two firefighters (barreler and grenade launcher), periodically replacing them with each other.

4) After extinguishing

avoid draining water (when removing it) through stairwells;
frozen hoses in places of kinks and joints should be warmed up with hot water, steam or heated gases;
frozen connecting heads, branchings and trunks in some cases can be thawed blowtorches or torches;
in the case of continuous freezing of the hose lines, they should be assembled without bends and fractures of the sleeves, while sending them to dry in trucks with trailers or on sleds with sledges, laying the sleeves in full length, preventing the sleeves from breaking;
hose lines should be assembled under a pressure of 1-1.5 atmospheres without interrupting the water supply. Assembly lines start from the trunks. The opening of subsequent sleeves should be made only after the last open sleeve is freed from water and rolled up. In exceptional cases, it is permissible to replace the rolled up sleeves with an assembly of sleeves with a length of 3-5 meters. To assemble the sleeves, involve the maximum number of personnel;
before the end of the pump, open the drain cocks, make sure that water passes through them, then stop the pump, disconnect the pressure and suction hoses, open the pressure nozzles, remove all water from the cavity centrifugal pump and water ring (if any);
after the pump has been operating and water has been released from it, turn on the gas-jet apparatus and remove water from the pipeline;
after work on the supply of air-mechanical foam, rinse the pump, pipelines, clinkers and foam mixers. If there is foaming agent sludge in the tank, rinse the latter with water.

The main task of the rear in winter time is to ensure an uninterrupted supply of water to a fire, the operation of all means of fire extinguishing forces, so all the care of the head of the rear should be directed to preserving both water sources and equipment from freezing. Therefore, in his work, the head of the rear is obliged:

strictly monitor the fulfillment by the personnel of the units of all instructions for protecting auto pumps, hose lines, branches, foam generators, water sources from freezing;
pay special attention to monitoring the preservation of existing hose lines from freezing, their heating if necessary, as well as the process of assembling them;
in the absence of pre-arranged ice holes on natural or artificial reservoirs, during the fire extinguishing process, allocate the necessary number of personnel for their quick installation, so that the work proceeds uninterruptedly and is completed as soon as possible;
in order to prevent freezing of both hydrants on which columns are installed and in insulated reservoirs, it is necessary to insulate both hydrant wells and the necks of insulation devices or ice holes in reservoirs with snow, straw, mats and other improvised materials;
to ensure the quick use of hydrants adjacent to the fire site, take measures to prepare them in advance by opening the covers, removing the freezing insulation, cleaning from ice and the case, up to warming the hydrants with steam and hot water.

If it is impossible for any reason to install a fire column, in exceptional cases it is allowed to use hydrants as reservoirs by filling them with water (by drowning the ball valve);

near water sources at the place of work of several auto-pumps, always have backup auto-pumps for replacement in case of failure of the working ones;
at a considerable distance from the place of fire of water sources, it is necessary to organize the supply of water either to pumping, or by transporting it to the fire by tank trucks. To replenish the latter, it is necessary to allocate autopumps. The supply of water by tank trucks should be organized in such a way that the water supply to the fire from the tank proceeds continuously and the approaching tanks cannot damage the operating discharge hose lines;
upon completion of work from open reservoirs or hydrants, take measures to check them and immediately subsequent insulation;
place a reserve of personnel in warm rooms (in buses);
organize periodic replacement of workers, giving them the opportunity to relax and warm up;
organize medical supervision of personnel on fire;
provide for heating of personnel and changing them into dry clothes;
ensure the delivery of personnel to fire stations in closed warm cars.

To ensure the full readiness and ability of fire departments for basic work in winter conditions, it is necessary:

early accounting of all working conditions on fires in winter;
timely training of personnel for actions and methods of work in winter;
taking measures to prevent freezing, freezing and icing of personnel during their work on outdoors;
carrying out special measures for the maintenance and use of fire engines and equipment both in the premises of units and on fires;
preparation and implementation of special measures for the use of all types of water sources in winter.

When extinguishing a fire in strong winds, the RTP must:

extinguish with powerful jets;
ensure, in the shortest possible time, coverage, starting from the flanks, with water jets of the entire burning object;
create a reserve of forces and means to extinguish new fires;
organize observation and protection of objects located on the leeward side by setting up posts and sending patrols, giving them the necessary forces and means;
in especially threatening cases, create fire breaks on the main ways of spreading fire, up to the dismantling of individual buildings and structures.

Final part

recalls the topic of the lesson, the goals of the lesson and indicates the degree of their achievement;
teacher gives assignment practical lesson;
answers questions from students;
issues a task for self-training;
selectively checks abstracts.

Literature

Main

Reshetov A.P., Basharichev A.V., Klyui V.V. "Fire Tactics". Tutorial. (Under the general editorship of Artamonov V.S.). St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State Fire Service EMERCOM of Russia, 2011. 308 p.., pp. 205-223.
Artamonov V.S. and others. "Fire Tactics in Questions and Answers": Textbook. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2009.
Basharichev A.V., Reshetov A.P., Shirinkin P.V. "Fire Tactics": Educationalmanual for solving fire-tactical problems. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State Fire Service EMERCOM of Russia, 2009, 58 p.

Additional

Povzik Ya.S. "Fire Tactics". M.: Special equipment, 2001.
I'M WITH. Pozik. "Fire Fighting Manager's Handbook". M.: ZAO SPETSTEHNIKA, 2004. 361 p. (L 3).
Methodological recommendations on the actions of the units of the federal fire service when extinguishing fires and carrying out emergency rescue operations. May 26, 2010
Guidelines for the preparation of fire extinguishing plans and cards, approved by the chief military expert of the Russian Emergencies Ministry, Colonel-General P.V. Payment on September 29, 2010.
Methodical recommendations for the study of fires. M.: MChS, 2007. Approved Yu.L. Vorobyov. March 12, 2007

Regulatory legal acts

the federal law No. 69-FZ "On fire safety» dated December 21, 1994
Federal Law No. 68-FZ “On the Protection of the Population and Territories from emergencies natural and technogenic nature» dated December 21, 1994 (as amended on October 28, 2002, August 22, 2004, December 4, 18, 2006)
Federal Law No. 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements" dated July 22, 2008.
Order No. 630 dated 31.12. 2002, Moscow. "On the approval and implementation of the rules for labor protection in the divisions of the state fire service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia (POTRO-01-2002)".
Order No. 156 dated 31.03. 2011, Moscow. "On approval of the procedure for extinguishing fires by fire departments."
Order No. 167 dated 05.04. 2011, Moscow. "On approval of the procedure for the organization of service in the divisions of the fire department."
Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia No. 234 dated April 30, 1996, "Manual on the gas and smoke protection service of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia."
Order No. 240 dated 05.05. 2008, Moscow. "On approval of the procedure for attracting forces and means of fire departments, fire garrisons to extinguish fires and conduct emergency rescue operations."

Lecturer at the Department of OP and PASR

Senior lieutenant of the internal service A.A. Cooper

"______" _______________ 20____

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A fire is a disaster that can destroy everything in the area. It's good that now there are services involved in its prompt elimination. But it happens that you have to perform with a lack of water. Or with others difficult conditions which greatly complicate the whole process. I would like to talk about such cases in more detail.

Complicated situation

Putting out fires with a lack of water is very difficult to carry out - especially when there are no sources at the place of ignition where supplies can be replenished. The same problem also arises if they are far from the flaming object. Low air temperatures during the winter and cold months can also become a barrier. Like a strong wind. Also, extinguishing becomes difficult if night reigns in the yard. But some of the most severe cases are fires that occurred in places where there are explosive, radioactive and emergency chemical poisonous substances.

Conditions may vary. In especially difficult situations, personnel must show great restraint, dedication, ingenuity, efficiency and fearlessness. As well as excellent knowledge of fire fighting equipment.

First steps

Now it is worth listing the features of extinguishing fires with a lack of water. First of all, the head of the rear must notify the leadership that the required amount of liquid is not available. The supervisor must be aware that the original fire control plan will be modified.

After that, the personnel take measures to find additional sources of water. Local workers, ordinary citizens, and the police are involved in the search. In this case, an emergency reconnaissance (survey of the area) must be carried out. To speed up the process, a geographical map is used. And everything must be done as quickly as possible. After all, the fire continues to destroy everything that comes in its path, and every second counts.

Preparatory measures

If it is necessary to extinguish fires with a lack of water, then you need to take into account a few more important factors. And focus on them by performing the above steps.

When deciding how to provide a stable water supply to a fire, one must know (at least approximately) how much water is available near the scene. Also what is the distance from the liquid source to the fire. The specifics of the relief are also taken into account. And the condition of passages to the water source must also be taken into account. A clear, unobstructed path should lead to it. Otherwise, the situation will become even more complicated.

If there are containers of filled sources at the place of ignition, then the head is obliged to organize the supply of water to them. It is allowed to rearrange motor pumps. You just need to prepare the hose lines first.

If the pressure in the water supply network is very weak, which cannot be increased, it is necessary to install fire pumps on hydrants. There is another option. Wells of hydrants can be used as intermediate tanks with fluid intake from them. Often this is how fires are extinguished when there is a lack of water.

The organization of water supply to pumping stations and the construction of temporary piers and liquid tanks are also allowed. This practice was observed during the elimination of complex and prolonged fires.

What else needs to be considered?

In the work of rescuers, the tactics of extinguishing fires with a lack of water are extremely important. The main task of each of them is to ensure an uninterrupted supply of fluid. For this, any technique can be used - a station for autopumps, river and sea vessels, and even fire trains.

It is very important to organize communication with the water services of the city/settlement in time. You can request plans and drawings of networks. If the pressure in water pipes too weak, you need to use additional pumps or turn off the fluid supply in other areas in order to direct the maximum amount of it to eliminate the source of ignition. This is how fires are usually extinguished when there is a lack of water.

The organization of water supply is important, but the personnel, extinguishing the hearth, must save it. That is why you need to use barrels with sprayers and sprays of small diameter. And also, if there are internal ones, they will be used first of all.

Elimination of the focus without liquid

So, above it was told about how fires are extinguished with a lack of water. Briefly it is worth talking about the elimination of fire without the use of liquid.

Now actively used It is - modular plants, characterized by versatility. They are used to extinguish a fire of any class. But there are also disadvantages. The disadvantages include the low degree of penetration of the substance, due to which the speed of localization and efficiency is reduced. Visibility is also deteriorating - moving around the object and terrain is complicated. And the most significant disadvantage is that the powder exposure causes enormous damage to property.

In this regard, it is better gas systems. They do not damage property. They are usually used in museums, libraries, research institutes and even in server rooms. Economic option. In addition, using it, you can put out the fire without turning off the electricity.

And aerosol systems, harmless to humans, and foam are also used.

Winter fire extinguishing

A few words should also be said about extinguishing fires with a lack of water when low temperatures. It is clear to everyone what difficulties personnel face in such a situation.

If the yard is -10 ° C and below, then fire equipment may fail. Of course, work can be resumed, but it takes precious seconds. Therefore, in this case, in order to avoid failure of equipment, it is necessary to apply with a large flow rate of liquid. Sleeve coupling heads must be protected with everything possible - even with snow. Branchings, if they are laid outside, must be insulated. But it is better to lay them indoors, inside the building.

Also, it is impossible to allow overlapping of hose branchings or fire nozzles. And, even more so, turning off the pumps. It is also important to identify places where tanks can be filled with hot or at least warm water. It may also be needed to warm the sleeves frozen in places of bends.

When is liquid contraindicated?

Well, how fires are put out with a lack of water is understandable. Now - a few words about the cases in which the liquid is contraindicated.

Water cannot be used to extinguish any burning oil products - be it kerosene, napalm or gasoline. If you pour it on them, then the substance, continuing to blaze, will simply float to the top (since it is lighter) and spread, spreading the fire over a larger area.

It is still impossible to repay electrical installations that are energized with water. Liquid is an excellent electrical conductor. Which, when exposed to such an installation, can kill a person if he inadvertently comes into contact with it (elementary stepping into a puddle).

And it is also forbidden to fill with water substances that react with it, which entails the release of explosive gases. This quicklime, and much more.

Behavior

Finally - a little about what actions should be taken in case of fire. The first step is to call the fire brigade and help get out into the street those who find it difficult to do it on their own - the elderly, the disabled, children and animals (we must not forget about the smaller brothers). Also be sure to turn off the gas supply and electrical appliances from the network. If it is impossible to extinguish the fire with improvised means, you must leave the room and close the door to it. But don't lock the key. It is advisable to pour the door cold water and fill all sorts of cracks with a wet cloth.

And, most importantly - a minimum of panic. In emergency situations, a cold mind is important. Emotions only get in the way of action.

Extinguishing fires under adverse conditions.....

Extinguishing fires in an unbreathable environment.

Extinguishing fires at low temperatures ..........

Extinguishing fires in strong winds

Extinguishing fires with a lack of water ..............................

Extinguishing fires at objects with the presence of radioactive substances

Extinguishing fires in the presence of explosives...

FEATURES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHING ..............................................

Chapter 1. Extinguishing fires in buildings and structures ..........

Extinguishing fires in high-rise buildings...

Extinguishing fires in hospitals, children's institutions and schools .......................................

Extinguishing fires in cultural and entertainment institutions ..............................................

Extinguishing fires in museums, archives, libraries, book depositories, at exhibitions and in the premises of computer centers....

Extinguishing fires in architectural monuments, places of worship, especially valuable, unique buildings and structures that are the cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia............................

Extinguishing fires at the facilities of the chemical, oil refining and petrochemical industries.

Extinguishing fires at power plants and in rooms with electrical installations

Extinguishing fires covering large areas ........

Extinguishing fires in buildings made of metal structures in combination with combustible polymer insulation

Extinguishing fires at the enterprises of the textile industry

Extinguishing fires at the facilities of elevator and storage facilities, mill and feed mills........................................................................... ....... Extinguishing fires at the enterprises of the woodworking and pulp and paper industry .........

Extinguishing fires at metallurgical and machine-building enterprises ...............................

Extinguishing fires in refrigerators

Extinguishing fires at commercial enterprises and warehouses of inventory items

Chapter 2. Extinguishing fires in open areas ...............

Extinguishing fires in tank farms for storing flammable, combustible liquids (flammable, combustible liquids).

Extinguishing fires at storage and processing facilities for liquefied hydrocarbon gases (LHG) ...............................

Extinguishing fires of gas and oil fountains.......

Extinguishing fires in timber warehouses ..........

Extinguishing fires of fibrous materials in riots and stacks..................................

Extinguishing fires in peat fields and deposits....

Extinguishing forest fires ..............................................

Chapter 3

Extinguishing fires of rolling stock in railway transport, at freight and marshalling yards .....

Extinguishing fires in underground structures of the subway ..............................................

Fire extinguishing aircraft on the ground....

Extinguishing fires on sea, fishing and river vessels in ports, shipbuilding and ship repair yards .................................................................. ......... Extinguishing fires in garages, trolleybus and tram depots..................................

Chapter 4. Extinguishing fires in rural areas.....

FIRE EXTINGUISHING UNDER ADVERSE CONDITIONS

Extinguishing fires in unbreathable environments

104. The presence of smoke in burning and adjacent premises makes it impossible or significantly complicates the conduct of hostilities in them, and reduces the pace of work to extinguish the fire. To prevent this, it is necessary to take active measures to remove smoke and gases from the premises, and to carry out extinguishing work in an unsuitable for breathing environment in personal respiratory protection equipment.

105.Smoke protection systems, smoke-exhaust fire trucks and exhausters, fans and tarps should be used to combat smoke, and foam or water sprays should be used to reduce high temperatures.

106. When conducting work in an environment unsuitable for breathing in RPE, it is necessary:

to form a link of gas and smoke protectors from three to five people (including the link commander), as a rule, from one guard, who have the same type of respiratory protection. In some cases (when carrying out urgent rescue operations), by decision of the RTP, the composition of the link may be reduced to two people;

send experienced commanders at the head of the units, instructing them on security measures and the mode of operation, taking into account the characteristics of the object, the evolving situation in the fire and specifically in this combat area;

provide for a reserve of GDZS links equal to the number of working links;

upon receipt of a message about an incident in a link or termination of communication with it, immediately send a reserve link (links) of the GDZS to provide assistance, call an ambulance and organize a search for victims;

in case of mass rescue of people or work in small rooms with a simple layout and located near the exit, it is allowed to send all gas and smoke protectors to an unsuitable for breathing environment at the same time;

determine the time of work and rest of gas and smoke protectors, the location of the GDZS links, the procedure for their change;

in metro tunnels, underground structures of great length (squares) and in buildings with a height of more than nine floors, send at least two links at the same time. At the same time, at the security post, put one link of the GDZS in full combat readiness to provide emergency assistance to the personnel of the link who are in an unbreathable environment;

on complex, long-term fires, where several links and departments of the GDZS are involved, organize a checkpoint (checkpoint), determine the required number of security posts, their locations and the procedure for organizing communication with the operational headquarters and RTP.

Extinguishing fires at low temperatures

107. When extinguishing fires at low temperatures (-10 0 C and below), due to increased heat transfer to the environment, interruptions in the operation of fire equipment, fire water supply, stiffness of movements and frostbite of extinguishing participants are possible.

108. When extinguishing a fire at low temperatures, it is necessary:

use fire nozzles with a large flow rate on open fires and with a sufficient amount of water, do not allow the use of blocking trunks and spray nozzles;

take measures to prevent the formation of ice on the ways of evacuation of people and the movement of personnel, to exclude falls and injuries on them;

lay lines from rubberized and latex sleeves of large diameters;

sleeve branches, if possible, install inside buildings, and insulate them when installed outdoors;

in case of wind, cover the hose coupling heads with snow;

when supplying water from reservoirs or fire hydrants, first supply water from the pump to a free branch pipe and only when the pump is operating steadily, supply water to the hose line;

lay dry backup hose lines;

in case of a decrease in water consumption, heat it in the pump, increasing the engine speed;

avoid overlapping fire nozzles and branching hoses, do not allow pumps to be turned off;

when replacing and cleaning fire hoses, building lines, do not stop the water supply, but said works produce from the side of the barrel, reducing the pressure, attracting for this purpose the largest possible number of personnel;

determine the places of filling with hot water and, if necessary, fill the tanks with it;

frozen hoses in places of kinks and joints should be warmed up with hot water, steam or heated gases; frozen connecting heads (branchings and trunks) in some cases can be warmed up with blowtorches and torches;

provide for a supply of combat clothing for personnel and places for heating the participants in the firefighting and those being rescued;

avoid fastening hose lines on fire escapes and near them, do not allow pouring water on the stairs;

Do not allow excessively spilled water to be removed through stairwells.

Putting out fires in strong winds

109. In a strong wind, the following are possible:

intensive development of a fire in the direction of movement of combustion products up to the formation of new foci due to the spread of burning sparks and smut;

collapse under the influence of wind load of heat-weakened, deformed and burnt structures;

a rapid change in the situation on the fire up to the creation of a direct threat to the participants in the extinguishing of the flame and combustion products.

110. When extinguishing a fire in strong wind conditions, the RTP is obliged to:

extinguish with powerful jets;

ensure, in the shortest possible time, coverage, starting from the flanks, with water jets of the entire burning object;

create a reserve of forces and means to extinguish new fires;

organize observation and protection of objects located on the leeward side by setting up posts and sending patrols, giving them the necessary forces and means;

in particularly threatening cases, create gaps on the main ways of spreading fire, up to the dismantling of individual buildings and structures;

provide for the possibility of retreat or redeployment of forces and means in the event of a sudden change in the situation.

Putting out fires with a lack of water

111. Lack or absence of water makes it difficult to extinguish a fire, leads to an increase in the time for extinguishing a fire, greater physical stress on the extinguishers, and an increase in material damage from a fire.

112. When extinguishing a fire in conditions of lack of water, it is necessary:

take measures to use other fire extinguishing agents;

organize the supply of trunks only in the decisive direction, ensuring the localization of the fire in other areas by dismantling the structures and creating the necessary gaps;

conduct additional exploration of water sources to identify water reserves (artesian wells, vats, cooling towers, wells, water drains, etc.);

organize the supply of water to extinguish the developed fires with the help of pumping stations, sea and river vessels, fire trains, as well as pumping fire trucks;

if it is impossible to supply water through the main hose lines (lack of hoses, equipment, fire trucks, water sources), organize the supply of water by tank trucks, fuel trucks, watering and other vehicles. Use such a number of trunks, the continuous operation of which is ensured by the supply of water delivered;

organize a point for refueling equipment with water and appoint a person responsible for its uninterrupted operation;

organize the replenishment of small-capacity reservoirs;

if the height difference between the fire truck and the water level in the reservoir exceeds the maximum suction height of the pump or there are no access roads to reservoirs, organize water intake using fire hydraulic elevators, motor pumps or other means;

organize the construction of temporary fire reservoirs and piers when extinguishing large, complex and prolonged fires;

apply barrels with small diameter nozzles, use overlapping spray barrels, apply wetting agents and foam, ensuring economical use of water;

in case of low pressure in the water supply, take measures to increase it. Water intake from fire hydrants should be carried out through rigid suction fire hoses or from hydrant wells;

if there are no water sources at the site of the fire and there is nowhere and nothing to deliver water, call the required number of forces and organize work to prevent the spread of fire by dismantling structures, removing burning objects and individual building structures or demolishing buildings and structures, as well as eliminating burning with improvised means and materials.

Extinguishing fires at objects with the presence of potent, toxic substances

113. In case of fires at objects with the presence of potent, toxic substances (SDYAV), the following are possible:

release into the atmosphere of gaseous, toxic substances with the formation of explosive concentrations;

spreading of liquid toxic substances with subsequent evaporation and the formation of a cloud of contaminated air with water vapor that spreads in the atmosphere;

varying degrees of damage to people, animals at concentrations of SDYAV in the air and on the territory exceeding the maximum permissible concentration (MAC).

114. When extinguishing fires at facilities with the presence of SDYAV, it is necessary:

together with the administration of the facility, determine the maximum allowable time for personnel to stay in the contaminated area and select fire extinguishing agents;

apply the required number of spray nozzles to localize the zone of distribution of poisonous gas;

install fire trucks so that they do not fall into the infection zone;

in the zone of infection, extinguish with a minimum number of personnel, providing them with personal protective equipment;

organize the flow of water to a certain place and take measures to prevent people and animals from being affected by poisoned water;

carry out the evacuation of people from a possible zone of infection;

after a fire, organize the sanitization of personnel who worked in the contaminated zone, degas combat clothing, fire fighting equipment and fire equipment.

Extinguishing fires at objects with the presence of radioactive substances

115. In case of fires at objects with the presence of radioactive substances, it is possible:

the occurrence of dangerous levels of radiation;

strong smoke with the presence of radioactive combustion products and their rapid spread through the supply and exhaust ventilation systems, with convective flows through technological and other openings, as well as the spreading of radioactive liquids and solutions;

radioactive exposure of personnel, contamination of military clothing, fire equipment with radioactive substances;

rapid spread of fire through combustible polymeric materials, ventilation ducts, filters, waste from the mechanical processing of radioactive substances;

the formation of a radioactive cloud, its propagation in the atmosphere and the fallout of radioactive fallout at a considerable distance from the site of the fire (accident).

116. When extinguishing fires at objects with the presence of radioactive substances, it is necessary:

include in the operational headquarters the main specialists of the facility and the dosimetric control service;

establish the level of radiation, the boundaries of the danger zone and the time of work of personnel in various parts of the zone;

start extinguishing the fire only after receiving a written permission from the administration of the enterprise, including after hours;

in coordination with the administration of the facility, select fire extinguishing agents; if necessary, provide personnel with special medical preparations;

organize through the administration of the facility dosimetric control, decontamination point, sanitization and medical care for personnel;

ensure extinguishing of open technological installations with the presence of radioactive substances and sources of ionizing radiation from the windward side;

use sprayed water jets to reduce the spread of radioactive aerosols;

in coordination with the administration, use ventilation systems and other means;

perform work involving the minimum required number of personnel, providing them with insulating gas masks with masks, means of individual and group dosimetric control, protective clothing;

withdraw from the zone of radioactive contamination and immediately send for a medical examination personnel exposed to a single exposure in the zone above 5 maximum allowable doses (SDA);

create a reserve of forces and means, links of the GDZS, protective clothing and devices for individual and group dosimetric control, which should be located outside the zone of radioactive contamination;

place a security post at the entrance to the zone of radioactive contamination, headed by a person of middle or junior commanding staff;

after a fire, organize the sanitization of personnel who worked in the danger zone and the output dosimetric control; carry out decontamination and dosimetric control of gas masks, clothing, footwear, equipment, fire fighting equipment.

Extinguishing fires in the presence of explosives

117. In case of fires at facilities with the presence of explosive materials (EM) (explosives, rocket solid fuels, pyrotechnic compositions) are possible:

explosions accompanied by a shock wave, a high-temperature force of a flame, the release of toxic gases and entailing the destruction of buildings or its individual parts, blocking roads and entrances to a burning object and water sources, destruction or damage to external and internal water pipelines, fire equipment, stationary extinguishing agents, technological equipment, the emergence of new sources of fires and explosions;

damage to those working on fire by fragments, fragments of structures and a shock wave, as well as burns and poisoning by toxic products of combustion and explosion.

118. When extinguishing a fire at facilities with explosives, it is necessary:

set view dangerous factors, the presence and size of the danger zone, the location and number of explosives, as well as methods of their evacuation;

condition of technological equipment and fire extinguishing installations; use proper fire extinguishing installations;

establish a single danger signal for quick notification of workers in the danger zone and notify personnel about it;

to put into operation barrels "A" and fire monitors within the danger zone, taking into account the degree of sensitivity of the VM to detonation from impacts of compact jets, as well as special fire equipment (tanks, robots). With a quiet combustion of VM, and also if they are in a molten (plastic) state, use foam, sprayed water;

at the same time as extinguishing, cool technological apparatuses that are threatened by exposure to high temperatures, irrigate non-burning open explosives, and, if possible, evacuate explosives;

be careful when evacuating the explosives, disassembling and opening structures, so as not to cause an explosion as a result of mechanical influences;

lay hose lines in the direction of the corners of buildings and structures, using, if possible, protective military equipment;

when burning solid explosives in sealed apparatus, take measures for their intensive cooling, depressurization and supply extinguishing agents inside the device;

provide for a backup option for deploying forces and means from water sources located outside the zone of possible damage;

provide for the protection of personnel and fire trucks from being hit by a blast wave, fragments and fragments of flying structures, using bulletproof vests, military-style metal helmets, various kinds of shelters (bunds, caponiers, tunnels);

organize reconnaissance and conduct continuous monitoring of changes in the situation on fire, primarily for the surrounding storage facilities and structures that have the highest load of explosives, in order to timely determine the new boundaries of the danger zone and withdraw personnel and equipment beyond its limits;

post guards with extinguishing agents to eliminate new fires arising from the burning parts of the building and materials scattered during the explosion.

FEATURES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHING

Extinguishing fires in buildings and structures

119. In case of fires in buildings and structures, the conditions and phenomena listed in Article 16 may occur. At the same time, the presence of closed, reinforced metal doors or gratings significantly complicates the conduct of rescue operations and other military operations. In addition, there is an increase in static loads on the supporting structures due to the accumulation of water supplied for extinguishing.

120. To extinguish a fire in the floors of a building, it is necessary:

prevent panic and organize rescue work;

carry out the supply of trunks to the floors from stairwells, and in some cases through windows, balconies, along fire escapes, car lifts, using rescue ropes;

use water spray nozzles, "B" blocking nozzles, water, wetting agents, fire extinguishing powders and foam. Trunks with high flow rates and water should be used only for heavily developed fires;

use dry pipes and internal fire hydrants to supply water to the upper floors or to the roof with the inclusion of booster pumps;

if combustion occurs on one or more floors, insert the barrels into the burning and adjacent rooms, into the floors above and below and the attic. To prevent the spread of fire, open hollow structures and pour them;

extinguish fires in all burning rooms on the floor at the same time. If there is a lack of forces and means, extinguishing should be carried out sequentially, feeding trunks to the extreme burning rooms, moving to the center of the fire;

carefully check all the structures of the burning and adjacent premises, making control openings of all places where the fire could penetrate, pay special attention to the lower and upper parts of the vertical hollow structures;

in the event of a fire in a room (structure) exceeding the minimum fire resistance limit of its supporting structures, send personnel there only after making sure that there is no threat of collapse;

in case of burning of the ceiling and the threat of its collapse, remove people and material assets from the ceiling and from the floor below;

at the same time as extinguishing the fire, organize the protection of premises from water.

121. In case of fires in basements, the following are possible:

high temperature inside the basement rooms, their strong smoke, as well as smoke in the stairwells and floors of the building;

spread of fire to higher floors through leaks and openings in ceilings, ventilation ducts, shafts, hatches, as well as by heating reinforced concrete structures, metal pipes, communications or ejection of fire through windows or openings;

a threat to people on the floors;

complex layout of premises in the absence of a sufficient number of entrances and window openings;

the presence in the basement of electrical, gas and other communications or the placement of warehouses in it various materials and substances;

deformation, collapse of basement floors with prolonged exposure to high temperatures;

formation and explosions (flashes) of combustible mixtures of pyrolysis products and incomplete combustion with air.

122. When extinguishing a fire in the basement, it is necessary:

to establish the presence and characteristics of flammable substances and materials, the layout of basements, the structure of the floor and the possibility of fire spreading to the floors and attic;

take measures to prevent smoke in stairwells, using lintels and smoke exhaust means for this;

determine the places for opening holes in ceilings or walls if it is impossible to quickly penetrate to the fire through the existing openings;

to extinguish a fire and prevent explosions (flashes), use water, foam, fire extinguishing powder and inert gases.

123. In case of fires in attic spaces possible:

late detection of fire and rapid spread of combustion over combustible structures over large areas;

strong smoke and high temperature in the attic and stairwells;

the passage of fire to the floors through ventilation ducts, ceilings, skylights and stairwells;

collapse of roof structures and attic floors;

availability in attic rooms people in need of help.

124. When extinguishing a fire in the attic, it is necessary:

the first trunks to file, as a rule, along the stairwells;

organize the opening of the roof to remove smoke, lower the temperature, supply trunks to the attic;

apply overlapping trunks, spraying trunks, apply wetting agents and foam;

fire trunks from all possible directions:

from the side of the stairwells and from the side of the roof (through dormer windows and exposed roof)

organize the opening of the burning ceiling both from the side of the attic and from below;

in all cases, provide for reserve shafts in the upper floor of the building;

ensure that safety measures are observed when working on steep and icy roofs, triangular and mechanical ladders.

125. In case of fires in buildings under construction, the following are possible:

rapid spread of combustion through scaffolding, greenhouses, formwork, building structures, inside stairwells, through openings in ceilings, walls and partitions;

the likelihood of combustion spreading to construction trailers and change houses where people may be;

lack of stairs and unfinished construction of fire barriers;

lack of water for firefighting purposes;

blockage of entrances to the building and lack of well-maintained roads.

126. When extinguishing a fire in buildings under construction, it is necessary:

to provide protection with trunks of the supporting structures of the building, scaffolding (racks), ladders (ladders), transitions;

when scaffolding is burning outside the building, apply powerful water jets and prevent the spread of fire inside the building;

in case of developed fires, fire monitors and hand guns "A" inside the building, use ladders, car lifts and tower cranes to feed guns;

if it is impossible to supply the required number of trunks, disassemble (clean up) scaffolding and other combustible materials, creating fire breaks;

determine the positions of the barrelers, providing escape routes, considering the stairwells as the main strongholds.

Extinguishing fires and liquidating the consequences of emergencies with a lack of water. Lesson 2. Measures to ensure successful extinguishing of fires with a lack of water. Features of the organization of fire extinguishing during the supply of water by tankers and other vehicles. Organization of refueling vehicles with water from an open reservoir, hydrant, artesian well, cooling tower. Schemes for supplying water to a fire in pumping and hydraulic elevator systems. Lesson 3. Solving the fire-tactical problem for the warehouse building. Topic 18

16.12.2015 12:08

Methodical plan

Lesson 2. Measures to ensure successful extinguishing of fires with a lack of water. Features of the organization of fire extinguishing during the supply of water by tankers and other vehicles

Methodical plan

Conducting training sessions with personnel on duty shifts

EDUCATIONAL SUBJECT: "Fundamentals of organizing fire extinguishing and conducting emergency rescue operations"

TOPIC #18: Firefighting and emergency response when water is scarce

Lesson 2. Measures to ensure successful extinguishing of fires with a lack of water. Features of the organization of fire extinguishing during the supply of water by tankers and other vehicles. Organization of refueling vehicles with water from an open reservoir, artesian well, cooling tower, hydrant. Schemes for supplying water to a fire in pumping and hydraulic elevator systems. Interaction with the services of the city and the facility in order to increase pressure in water supply networks

Lesson 3. Putting out fires and liquidating the consequences of emergencies with a lack of water (night lesson with the solution of a fire-tactical task for the warehouse building building materials LLC "Stroy-A" st. Mira, 34 p. 3,).

TYPE OF LESSON: lecture, practical Time allocated: 2 hours (from 2100 to 2300)

VENUE: training class of the SPSC, Stroy-A LLC, st. Mira, 34

THE DATE OF THE:

Objectives of the lesson: 1) training of the first RTP in assessing the situation on the fire, conducting reconnaissance, determining the decisive direction of action to extinguish the fire, choosing the means, methods and methods of extinguishing, actions to organize a meeting and the alignment of forces and means at an increased call number before the arrival of the senior commander and management of them, the rational use of the tactical capabilities of units; 2) training of a senior engineer - head of a shift in skills for organizing rear services in a fire; 3) training of personnel to extinguish fires with a lack of water; 4) improving the knowledge and skills of personnel required to extinguish fires in conditions of lack of water; 5) the formation of moral and volitional qualities and psychological stability among the personnel; 6) development of labor protection issues. Literature used during the lesson: “The procedure for extinguishing fires by fire departments” (Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated March 31, 2011 No. 156); Guidelines for the actions of units of the Federal Fire Service when extinguishing fires and conducting emergency rescue operations (Instruction of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated May 26, 2010 No. 43-2007-18); Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated December 23, 2014 N 1100n; Organizational and methodological guidelines for the tactical training of the commanding staff of the federal fire service of the EMERCOM of Russia (approved on June 28, 2007 by the Chief Military Expert of the EMERCOM of Russia, Colonel-General P.V. Plat), Training Manual "Fire Tactics" (Ya.S. Povzik, Moscow , Stroyizdat, 2004), “Handbook of the fire extinguishing manager” (V.P. Ivannikov, P.P. Klyus, Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1987), a directory of water sources. A detailed lesson plan.

No. p / p. Educational issues (including control of classes) Time, min. The content of the educational issue, the method of working out and material support (including technical teaching aids) of the educational process

Theoretical part of the lesson - 45 minutes

Placement of trainees in the classroom, checking the readiness of the study group (checking workbooks, note-taking tools), bringing to the trainees the content of goals, objectives, training issues and the sequence of their study - 5 min.

1. Extinguishing fires and liquidating the consequences of emergencies with a lack of water. Organization of water supply to a fire by means of transportation, pumping, with the help of hydraulic elevator systems 20 Unsatisfactory water supply includes those areas of the area where water withdrawal is possible no more than 10 - 15 l / s of water; the distance to the source is more than 300-500 meters; or places where water supplies are not limited, but there are difficulties in abstracting it.

Waterless areas include areas of terrain with a flow rate of less than 10 l / s, a distance to a water source of more than 500 meters, or a fence depth of more than 7 - 10 meters.

When extinguishing a fire in conditions of lack of water, it is necessary:

Use such a number of fire hoses that ensures their continuous operation, taking into account the reserves and supply of water;

Take measures to use other fire extinguishing agents;

Organize the supply of fire nozzles only in the decisive direction, ensuring the localization of the fire in other areas by dismantling the structures and creating the necessary gaps;

Conduct additional exploration of water sources to identify water reserves (artesian wells, vats, cooling towers, wells, water drains, etc.);

Organize the supply of water to extinguish developed fires using pumping stations, sea and river vessels, fire trains, as well as pumping;

Provide water supply in the absence of hoses, equipment, fire trucks, water sources;

Arrange for organized refueling of fire engines with fuel and fire extinguishing agents;

To carry out replenishment of reservoirs of small capacity;

Organize water intake using fire hydraulic elevators, motor pumps or other means if the height difference between the fire truck and the water level in the reservoir exceeds the maximum suction height of the pump or there are no access roads to reservoirs;

Organize, if necessary, the construction of temporary fire reservoirs and piers;

Supply fire nozzles with small diameter nozzles, use shut-off spray nozzles, apply wetting agents and foam, ensuring economical use of water;

Take measures to increase the pressure in the water supply, and if there is insufficient pressure in it, take water from the fire hydrant well through the suction fire hoses;

Comply with the rules of labor protection and safety in the performance of assigned tasks.

In conditions of unsatisfactory water supply, water supply for fire extinguishing is carried out:

pumping;

Delivery;

With the help of hydraulic lifters.

Supply of fire extinguishing agents by pumping

Pumping of water by pumps of fire engines is used if the distance from the water source to the place of fire is large, the pressure developed by one pump of the fire engine is insufficient to overcome pressure losses in the hose lines and create working jets. It is advisable to carry out pumping at a distance of up to 2 - 3 km in the presence of combat crew 1 - 2 pump-hose cars.

Pumping is also used when there is no access to the water source for fire trucks (with steep or steep banks, in wetlands, when a pond or river freezes off the coast, etc.). For this pumping, portable motor pumps or other devices are used to take water from hard-to-reach places.

When supplying water by pumping, it is necessary:

Select a transfer scheme;

Determine the required number of fire trucks (FA) in the transfer system;

Determine the diameter and the required number of pressure fire hoses;

Determine the required pressure on the PA pumps in the pumping system;

Organize communication between pumping stages;

Determine the start time of work in the system;

Appoint a person responsible for the operation of the pumping stages;

Create the necessary supply of hoses, fire tools and emergency equipment.

Methods for supplying water to pumping:

From pump to pump;

Through an intermediate tank;

Combined method.

The most reliable pumping is with an intermediate tank. With this method, it is always possible to control the filling of the tank and the water supply by the pump that takes it from the tank is easily regulated, since the water enters the “spout”, the pressure of the autopump operating by pumping is fully used. However, a big disadvantage of this method is that there may not always be an intermediate tank on a fire. This method is not always applicable.

When supplying water by pumping from pump to pump, excess pressure must be maintained at the end of each hose line.

This pressure must be maintained at least 10 m. (1.0 kgf / cm2), but no more than allows technical specifications fire pump (40 m.a.c. (60 m.a.c.)).

When pumping water by autopumps, there must be complete synchronism of their work along the entire line, which is achieved by maintaining the minimum pressure of each autopump. Therefore, drivers working on autopumps strictly monitor the readings of the instruments and immediately equalize the operating mode of the pump.

This requires uninterrupted communication over the pumping line. It is better to lay hose lines with the help of pump-hose (hose) cars; great importance has a dispersal of firefighters with a reserve of hoses along the sections of the pumping line - they can quickly replace failed hoses (100 meters of the length of the main line - 1 hose).

When pumping to the water source, the most powerful pump is installed (for example, ATs-3.0-60 (4326) 26VR SPSN with a fire pump NTsP-60/100), and the lead fire truck is installed as close as possible to the fire site.

Calculation procedure:

1. Based on the availability of equipment, containers, hoses and terrain, the method of pumping is determined.

2. Then, using formulas or a table, determine the maximum distance from the host machine.

3. The distance between machines pumping water is determined by the formula:

L = (HH - (ZM + hВХ) / hР.М.L.) × 20, (m), where

HH - head on the pump, m.water column; ZM - height of terrain elevation, m;

HВХ - pressure at the end of the hose line at the entrance to the next fire engine, m.w.c.;

H.M.L. - head loss in one sleeve of the main line, m.a.d.

4. Number of machines required to supply water to the pumping station:

NM = + 1 , (pieces), where

LGEN - the total distance from the water source to the fire, m;

LГ is the distance from the head fire truck to the fire site, m (corrected in order to position the fire truck closer to the fire site);

LM is the distance between the pumping machines, m.

If, at the same flow rates, water is supplied through two main lines, then the distance between the machines can be increased by 4 times. Without changing the distance between the machines, the flow rate can be increased by 2 times.

The head of the rear, who organizes the work of fire engines by pumping, must remember important rule: in case of shortage of time and difficulty in making approximate calculations, or if there are not enough sleeves for laying the second main line, then it is better to slightly overestimate the number of pumping stages.

When water is supplied to extinguish the fire, it is possible to make adjustments during the extinguishing process and remove the extra pumping stages (fire trucks), send them to other areas or lay a second main line during this time.

All calculations for pumping water by fire trucks, with difficult terrain and long distances to water sources, must be carried out in advance. To do this, the garrison should be on the plan of the EDDS "Rescue Service 01" areas with insufficient water supply and waterless areas and measures should be developed to supply water to these areas.

At the same time, it is necessary to substantiate the expediency of organizing pumping for this urban area. If the development is characterized by buildings of the IV-V degree of fire resistance, and the water sources are at a very great distance, then the time spent on laying the hose lines will be too long, and the fire will be short-lived. In this case, it is better to carry out the supply of water by tank trucks with a parallel organization of pumping, and the supply should be organized first.

In each specific case, it is necessary to solve a tactical problem, taking into account the possible scale and duration of the fire, the distance to water sources, the speed of concentration of fire trucks, hose trucks and other features of the garrison.

Water supply by tankers

Water supply is carried out when the water source is removed at a distance of more than 2 km. Or, if there are difficulties in taking water, in the absence of technical means allowing to take water in adverse conditions.

When making a decision on the delivery and supply of fire extinguishing agents by means of transportation, it is necessary to:

Establish a tank truck refueling point (AC) near the water source;

Establish a water point at the fire site;

Define best options refueling tanks and water supply;

Appoint responsible persons for work at organized points.

Schemes for refueling fire trucks or adapted equipment may be different. The most common are:

Independent water intake by a fire engine;

Filling the AC tank with a pump of a fire engine, a fire motor pump by filling or using a hydraulic elevator.

Available various ways use of the capacity of tankers at the fire site:

Submission of trunks directly from the arrived fire truck;

Replenishment of an artificial reservoir and supply of trunks from a fire engine installed on it;

Replenishment of the capacity of the fire truck, from which trunks are supplied for the elimination of combustion and protection.

With a limited number of tank trucks and a convenient access to the burning object, it is necessary to include tank trucks that arrived from the gas station in the current working line. (When refueling from a dispenser installed on a hydrant of a water supply network with a diameter of 150 mm or more, and a pressure of 15 - 20 m. of water, water is supplied through both nozzles of the dispenser).

To ensure uninterrupted water supply to the fire site, the following conditions must be met:

The total time spent by tankers at the point of water consumption should not be less than the duration of the delivery cycle;

The water consumption for filling tankers at the filling point must not be less than the actual supply of the AC pump to ensure the operation of the shafts.

If the capacities of the tank trucks involved in the delivery do not differ significantly from each other (no more than 20%), then the number of tank trucks for the implementation of the delivery cycle should be determined by the formula:

Where is the time for the AC to travel from the water source to the place of fire, min; – tank filling time at the filling station, min; – time of emptying the tank, (work of trunks from the capacity of the AC), min.

The time for tank trucks to travel from the water source to the fire site is determined by the formula:

Where L is the distance from the place of fire to the water source, m; Vdv is the average speed of the tanker, m/min.

The tank filling time is determined by the formula:

Where WC is the smallest tank capacity of those used in the AC delivery cycle, l; QNAP - water consumption for filling the tank, l / min.

The emptying time of the tank is found by the formula:

Where WC is the smallest volume of the tank, l; QH - AC pump flow, which ensures the operation of the barrels to extinguish the fire, l / min.

When using for the delivery of household equipment that has containers for transporting water, it is advisable to leave the head AC at the consumption point. The tanks arriving at the fire site drain the water supply into the tank of the head tank, the pump of which provides water supply to the trunks. The head AC does not participate in the delivery cycle, therefore, when determining the number of ACs, it is not taken into account.

1847850-1242060 Water intake with hydraulic elevator systems

The direct intake of water by fire trucks from natural water sources is often hindered by steep and swampy banks. In such cases, it is necessary to use the G-600 hydraulic elevator and its modifications for water intake. Possible schemes water intake using a hydraulic elevator are shown in fig.

2. Operational and tactical characteristics of the object

15 Construction part

The building materials warehouse building is one-story, III degree of fire resistance, size in terms of 55 20 meters, height 6.8 meters. Szd. = 1100 m2. Vroom = 7350 m3.

The building structure consists of metal frame, used as a support steel columns with a crane beam. The walls are lined with profiled steel sheets with non-combustible insulation (min. wool).

There is an internal utility room in the left wing of the building, enclosed by a brick partition.

Coating construction: flooring made of metal stamped sheets according to metal trusses, insulation - mineral wool.

Glazing of the building: light openings in the outer walls. The building has 2 transport gates: 1 gate for road transport, located in the center of the building, the gate located in the right wing is not used.

On the north side of the building (left wing) there is an annex, in which the Sverlo store is located. The store building is two-story, separated from the warehouse building by a fire wall, the walls are made of brick. Has a separate entrance emergency exit from the 1st and 2nd floors through a smoke-free staircase with the possibility of access to the roof. The buildings are connected by a passage.

On the south side of the building (right wing) there is also an extension made of brick.

Technological part

In the building throughout the area there are racks for storing building materials: building mixtures, tile, plywood, chipboard, fiberboard, foam plastic panels, metal structures, window glass and others. Storage of individual materials is carried out in cardboard packaging and (or) on wooden pallets.

In the warehouse, work is carried out on loading (unloading) transport using a crane beam.

In fire conditions it is possible:

The presence of significant inventory items with different physical and chemical properties;

Release of toxic products and smoke when exposed to fire on stored material values;

Collapse of metal structures and the formation of blockages in the passages;

Risk of injury from metal edges, broken glass, etc. when working in conditions of limited visibility;

The emergence of powerful vertical convective flows of high-temperature combustion products;

High rate of fire spread.

It is most effective to extinguish a fire with water spray and compression foam (rapid cooling of the fire and building structures).

Rescue and evacuation

The warehouse is open daily from 0800 to 1900. In the building during the day there are up to 10 people from among the warehouse workers, at night there are no people. Evacuation of people from the building is carried out through the transport gate, or to the store building.

The premises of the store and warehouse are equipped with security - fire alarm(the store has SOUE). The signal about the operation of the alarm system is sent to the monitoring station of OOO Ural-Okhrana.

Fire water supply

Internal fire water supply absent in the building.

On the territory of the base there is one SG located on the annular fire and utility water pipeline Ø 150 mm., with a pressure of 40 - 50 m. and a total flow of up to 72 l/s, located at a distance of 180 meters from the warehouse building.

Engineering Communication

Power supply system: power - 380V, working and lighting - 220V. Power outage in the building is carried out in the electrical panel room, located on the ground floor of the store, or at the substation.

Natural ventilation, central water heating. There are no smoke exhaust and air overpressure installations.

3. Tactical intent. Calculation of forces and means for extinguishing a fire. 5 Tactical concept: Due to violation of fire safety rules, a fire broke out in the building materials warehouse, located on the territory of the base of Stroy-A LLC, st. Mira 34 building 3.

A message about the operation of the alarm system is sent to the EDDS "Rescue Service-01" from the dispatcher of the monitoring station of LLC "Ural-guard".

Time of day and weather conditions: real at the time of the PTZ decision.

At the time of the arrival of the shift on duty of the HRPS, an open burning of a rack with plywood at SP = 39 m2 occurs, the electricity is turned off. There was a threat of fire spreading throughout the warehouse.

SG-1 located on the territory of the base is out of order (included in the situation), the nearest fire hydrant is located at a distance of more than 400 meters from the place of fire.

Calculation of forces and means

1) We determine the time for the free development of a fire until the introduction of forces and means by the first unit (SPSC):

Tst. = td.s. + tb. + tsl. + tb.r.; tw. = 2 + 1 + 3 + 3 = 9 (min), where

Td.s. = = 2 min - time to fire detection (if there is an APS (OPS) and round-the-clock personnel);

Tsb. = 1 min. - the time of collection of personnel on an alarm signal;

Tsl. = 3 min. - the time of the shift on duty from the SPSC to the place of the call;

Tb.r.= 3 min. - the time spent on the deployment of forces and means.

2) Determine the path traveled by fire: tw.< 10 мин, то

L = 0.5 × Vl × tb.; L = 0.5 × 1.1 m/min × 9 min = 4.95 (m), where

Vl \u003d 1.1 m / min - the linear speed of the spread of combustion for warehouses and bases of commodity - material assets;

Tst. = 9 min - the time of free development of the fire.

3) We determine the shape and area of the fire: the shape is angular 1800.

Sp =0.5α× R2; Sp \u003d 0.5 × (180 × π / 180) × (4.95 m) 2 \u003d 38.46 (m2).

4) Determine the growth rate of the fire area:

Vs \u003d Sp / tb .; Vs = 38.46 m2 / 9 min = 4.27 (m2 / min.).

5) Determine the fire extinguishing area:

A) when extinguishing with hand guns: since L ≤ ht, then

St = Sp = 38.46 (m2), where

Ht \u003d 5 m - the depth of extinguishing with hand trunks.

6) Determine the required water consumption for fire extinguishing:

A) when extinguishing with hand guns:

Qcush.tr. = St × itr; Qcush.tr. = 38.46 m2 × 0.2 l/m2 × s = 7.7 (l/s), where

Itr. = 0.2 l/m2 × s is the required intensity of water supply for fire extinguishing.

7) Determine the required number of barrels to extinguish the fire:

We accept for extinguishing a fire universal manual fire nozzles "KURS-8" (qtv. = 2.0 - 8.0 l / s) with a flow rate of 4.0 l / s at a pressure of 60 - 65 m.

N. carcass = Qtr.carcass. / q St. KURS-8

N. carcass = 7.7 / 4.0 = 1.9 = 2 (standard "KURS-8")8) Determine the required water flow for the implementation of protective actions:

Qtr.protection = 0.25 × Sp. × itr.; Qtr.protection = 0.25 x 38.46 x 0.2 = 1.93 (l/s).

9) Determine the required number of barrels for the implementation of protective actions:

We accept universal manual fire nozzles ORT-50 (qtv. = 3.0 l/s) for protective actions

Nres. = Qtr.protect. / q stem ORT-50

Nres. \u003d 1.93 / 3.0 \u003d 0.64 \u003d 1 (std. ORT-50) Taking into account the characteristics of the building, the situation on the fire and the requirements of the "Procedure for extinguishing fires by fire departments", approved by order of the Russian Emergencies Ministry of March 31, 2011 No. 156, Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated December 23, 2014 N 1100n, “ methodological recommendations subdivisions of the federal fire service when extinguishing fires and carrying out emergency rescue operations ”(2010) we accept 2 universal hand barrels (KURS-8, RSKU-50A) for extinguishing a fire, with a flow rate of 4.0 l / s, with a pressure of 60 m water Art.

To carry out protective actions, we accept 1 maneuverable universal manual fire nozzle ORT-50 with a flow rate of 3.0 l / s at a pressure of 40 - 60 m.a.c., to protect elements of building structures and material assets.

10) Determine the actual water consumption for fire extinguishing:

Q ftush. = Nst. × qres.; Q tushf. \u003d 2 × 4.0 \u003d 8 (l / s.).

11) Determine the actual water consumption for the implementation of protective actions:

Qph.protect. = Nst.ORT-50 × q St.ORT-50; Qph.protect. = 1 × 3.0 = 3.0 (l/s)

12) We determine the actual water consumption for fire extinguishing and the implementation of protective actions:

Qf.gen. = Qf.carcass. + Qf.protect. = 8.0 + 3.0 = 11.0 (l/s)

13) We determine the required number of fire trucks that need to be installed on water sources:

Nm = Qf.gen. / Qн.; Nm = 11.0 / 40 = 0.3 = 1 (PA)

14) Determine the limiting distance for the supply of RH:

Lpr \u003d Hn. (Нр + Zm. + Zprib) × 20/SQ2

Lpr \u003d 100 (60 + 10 + 0) × 20 / 0.015 × 112 \u003d 331.4 (m)

The actual remoteness of the AC installed on the SG to the fire site is more than 400 meters, therefore, it is necessary to provide for other schemes for deploying forces and means.

Determine the required number of AC for water supply:

13.1) Determine the time for the AC to travel from the water source to the place of fire (L = 0.8 km, taking into account access roads):

TSL = L × 60 / VMOTION

TSL = 0.8 km × 60 / 30 km/h = 1.6 (min)

13.2) Determine the time of filling the tank with water (qzar = 23 l/s):

TFUELING = VC / qzar × 60

TREFUELINGS = 3000 / 23 l/s × 60 = 2.17(min)

13.3) We determine the time for emptying the tanker at the fire site (the operating time of the fire nozzles):

TFLOW = VC / Qf.total. ×60

FLOW TR = 3000 / 11 l/s × 60 = 4.54 = 5.0 (min)

We determine the number of tankers for the supply of water (foaming solution):

NAC = 2 tSL + tREFILL / tFLOW + 1

NAC = (2 × 1.6 min + 2.17 min) / 5.0 min + 1 = 2 (AC)

Conclusion: to organize the supply of water (foaming agent solution), it is necessary to use 2 AC tankers.

14) Determine the required number of personnel:

Nl.s. = Nst. COURSE-8 carcasses. × 3 + Nstv.ORT-50protect. × 3

Nexp. × 1 + Nm.PG × 1 + N filling point × 1

Nl.s. = 2 × 3 + 1 × 3 + 1 × 1 + 2 × 1 + 1 × 1 = 13 (people)

13) Determine the required number of compartments on the main fire trucks:

No. = Nl.s. / 5 = 13 / 5 = 3 (separate).

Conclusion: The forces and means of the shift on duty are sufficient to extinguish the fire, but to organize the delivery, it is necessary to additionally attract two AC-3.0-40 from the SPSCH of the neighboring exit area, or a department at ANR-40-1500 to lay the main line to the fire site.

It is advisable to organize an uninterrupted supply of fire extinguishing agents with the involvement of a department at ANR-40-1500 SPSC.

When laying the main line (distance about 500 meters), it is necessary to provide protection for the hose lines.

Summing up the results of the theoretical part of the lesson, answer the questions that have arisen in the trainees during the first part of the lesson. Determine the place of construction for the second part of the lesson, give a command to collect and follow to the place practical training actions - 10 minutes.

Practical part of the lesson - 45 minutes

6. Studying the operational and tactical characteristics of the section 20 Departure to the place of the decision of the PTZ (the base of Stroy-A LLC, 34 Mira str. 3), the formation of trainees, familiarization with the operational and tactical characteristics of the site.

7. Solution of the fire-tactical task. 15 Solution of the fire-tactical task in accordance with Appendix No. 1 to the methodological plan.

7.1. Furnishings on simulated fire, expected actions, orders and orders of the RTP In accordance with Appendix No. 1 to the methodological plan.

Additional introductory, providing for the occurrence of non-standard situations:

Section of the water supply network on the street. Mira is damaged, the nearest SG is located at a distance of 800 meters from the place of fire.

The sleeve in the main line was torn.

8. Summing up the results of the lesson 10 to summarize the conclusions based on the results of solving the fire-tactical problem;

Point out positive and negative points;

Separately assess the actions of the senior instructor-fireman;

Indicate specific measures to eliminate shortcomings in the tactical and psychological training of the personnel on duty.

Manuals and equipment used in the lesson: AC-3.0-40 (4326) 26VR - 1 unit, ASA - 1 unit, AL - 30 (131), portable and mobile radio stations, group flashlights FOS - 3, AP " Omega”, fire fighting equipment and rescue equipment.

Task for independent work students and preparation for the next lesson:

Features of conducting actions to extinguish fires and conduct emergency rescue operations with a lack of water.

Lesson Leaders:

Appendix No. 1 to the methodological plan

Operational time Fire situation, introductory Expected actions, orders and orders of the RTP

P + 0 As a result of a short circuit of an electric lamp, it melted and the package caught fire. building mixtures. There was a fire in the warehouse building located on the basis of Stroy-A LLC, st. Mira, 34 p. 3.

There was a threat of fire spreading over the entire area of the warehouse building.

There are no people in the building The alarm system has been triggered, the alarm signal went to the monitoring station of the private security organization Ural-Okhrana LLC:

The dispatcher of the monitoring station transmits information to the EDDS "Rescue Service 01".

Dispatcher EDDS "Rescue Service 01"

Sends a message to the PRSC PRNG;

Sends to the place of call of forces and means according to the fire rank "Call No. 1 BIS";

Reports the fire to the leadership of the Special Directorate of the FPS;

Reports a fire to the on-duty life support services of the city;

If necessary, transfer information in accordance with the job description.

SPSC DISPATCH:

Having received a message about a fire, he sends an on-duty shift of the SPSC consisting of 3 departments to the AC, ASA and AL-30;

Reports the fire to the management of the SPSC;

Constantly maintains contact with units sent to the fire site;

If necessary, transmits information according to the instructions.

RTP-1 (SHIFT MANAGER OF SPSC):

On the way, he conducts reconnaissance of water sources according to the directory of water sources.

H + 4 An on-duty shift of the SPSCH consisting of three departments at the AC, ASA and AL-30 arrives at the fire site. Flames can be seen in the windows. At the time of arrival, open burning of building materials and packaging occurs at SP = 39 m2.

At the scene of the fire there is a security guard (watchman) RTP-1 (SHIFT MANAGER OF THE SPSC):

Receives from the guard (watchman) information about the nature of the fire, about the presence of people, equipment and other substances (materials) that can complicate the situation in a fire, or pose a threat of explosion, etc.

According to external signs, he assesses the situation and requests additionally ANR-40-1500 and AC SPSC of the neighboring area of departure to organize refueling and water supply.

Organizes a power outage (through a service organization);

To the senior instructor-fireman of the 1st department of the fire fighting system at the AC: “set the AC at a safe distance, apply for extinguishing and limiting the spread of fire mist water using a universal barrel "KURS-8" with a flow rate of 2 l / s, through a window opening along a leaning ladder - a stick.

To the senior instructor-firefighter of the 2nd division of the SPRS at the ASA: “install the ASA at a safe distance, organize lighting of the work site, prepare the Lucas hydraulic emergency rescue tool (Prostor) for work. Open the transport gate.

P + 10 Power outage has occurred.

For extinguishing and limiting the spread of fire, a manual universal barrel "KURS-8" with a flow rate of 2 l / s was submitted. Workplace lighting provided by ASA. Work is underway to open the gate with the help of a hydraulic rescue tool "Lukas" (Prostor).

A squad arrives at the place on ANR-40-1500 and AC SPSC (conditionally) RTP-1 (SHIFT MANAGER SPSC):

To the commander of the SPSCH department at ANR-40-1500 (conditionally) "install ANR at PG-3, lay a main line to the fire site, ensure uninterrupted supply of fire extinguishing agents, for refueling PA."

To the commander of the SPSCH department at the AC (conditionally):

“to form a reserve link of the GDZS, to organize the supply of water to the place of fire to replenish the ATs SPSN, to carry out refueling from a branch on the main line from to ANR-40-1500.”

Additional introductory, providing for the occurrence of non-standard situations:

Section of the water supply network on the street. Mira is damaged, the nearest serviceable SG is located at a distance of 800 meters from the place of fire (near the dairy plant) H + 18 Transport gates were opened, glazing was partially destroyed.

There is an intense spread of fire over the entire area of the warehouse with the release of toxic combustion products and heavy smoke.

The fire area is about 80 m2.

There was a threat of collapse of the elements of the enclosing structures under the influence of high temperature RTP-1 (SHIFT MANAGER OF THE SPSCH):

To the senior instructor-firefighter of the 1st department of the fire fighting system at the AC: ““ feed the universal manual barrel “KURS-8” with a flow rate of 4 l / s by the GDZS link, to extinguish the fire and cool load-bearing elements buildings through traffic gates. Extinguishing should be carried out outside, monitor the condition of the building structures.

H + 20 Representatives of the object arrived at the place, the detachment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia RTP-1 (SHIFT LEADER OF THE SPSCH):

To the commander of the SPSCH department of the neighboring area of exit to the AC (conditionally): “using the GDZS link, submit the trunk from the fork of the SPSCH (which arrived first) to cool the carriers metal structures warehouse buildings and protection of material assets from the Sverlo store. To monitor the state of the building structures of the building in case of danger, immediately leave the position.

To the representative of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: “To ensure the protection of the main hose lines, organize the movement of vehicles in the area of fire equipment movement along the street. Mira."

Ch + 23 Organized water supply to the fire site of the ATs SPSCh of the neighboring area of departure and refueling of the ATs SPSCh of the first to arrive at the fire.

Elimination of open burning. The RTP-1 structures are poured and dismantled (SHIFT MANAGER OF THE SPSC):

Reports on the elimination of open combustion to the EDDS dispatcher "Rescue Service 01".

H + 25 Fire localized Transmits the situation to the EDDS "Rescue Service 01".

H + 30 Elimination of the consequences of a fire Reports on the elimination of the consequences of a fire to the EDDS "Rescue Service 01".

Fire extinguishing under adverse conditions. Extinguishing fires in difficult conditions

Calculation of study time

III. Educational and material support:

Introduction

Putting out fires with a lack of water

Table 1

table 2

As well as other works that may interest you

Complicated situation

First steps

Preparatory measures

Other ways to solve the problem

What else needs to be considered?

Elimination of the focus without liquid

Winter fire extinguishing

When is liquid contraindicated?

Behavior