Territory of udmurtia. Izhevsk and other major cities

(Udm. Udmurt Republic) or Udmurtia (Udm. Udmurtia) - a republic within the Russian Federation, a subject of the Russian Federation, part of the Volga Federal District.

According to the Constitution Udmurt Republic, the names "Udmurt Republic" and "Udmurtia" are equivalent. Popular names of the republic - "Republic of Udmurtia", "Spring Land".

Capital - city Izhevsk.

It borders in the west and north with the Kirov region, in the east - with the Perm region, in the south - with Bashkortostan and Tatarstan.

The republic is located in the western part of the Middle Urals approximately between 56 ° 00 "and 58 ° 30" north latitude and 51 ° 15 "and 54 ° 30" east longitude, in the basins of the Kama and Vyatka rivers. The length of the territory from west to east is 180 kilometers, from north to south - 270 kilometers.

Climate

It is located in the inland climate zone, which is characterized by hot summers and cold, snowy winters.

The average annual temperature on the territory of the republic ranges from 1.0 to 2.5 ° C. The warmest month of the year is July (+ 17.5-19 ° C), the coldest is January (-14-15 ° C). The maximum temperatures reach + 38-39 ° C. The absolute minimum was recorded on December 31, 1978, when the temperature dropped below -50 ° C. The period with an average daily temperature below 0 ° C lasts 160-175 days, starting in late October and ending in early April.

The average annual rainfall is 500-600 mm. During the warm period (above 0 ° C), 65-75% of the annual precipitation falls. Maximum precipitation occurs in July (62-74 mm), minimum - in February (24-32 mm). The north-eastern part of the republic is moistened most of all by precipitation, and the south-west is least of all. The growing season lasts about 150 days.

A stable snow cover forms in early to mid November, at the latest in early December. Its maximum height reaches in mid-March, on average - 50-60 cm. The average duration of the snow cover is 160-175 days.

Minerals

The main resource of the republic's subsoil is oil. The explored commercial oil reserves are approximately 300 million tons, with an annual production of 10 million tons. On the territory of the Udmurt Republic, 619 peat deposits with a total reserve of 204.7 million tons were also identified and recorded.

Timezone

It is located in the time zone MSK - Moscow time, in which the time differs by +4 hours from UTC (UTC + 4). The Prime Minister of Russia V. V. Putin signed the Government Decree No. 166 of March 17, 2010 "On the application of the second time zone time in the territory of the Udmurt Republic." Thus, since March 28, 2010, the Udmurt Republic has been living according to Moscow time. For this, the inhabitants of the republic have not switched their clocks to daylight saving time. The village of Novy Votkinsk district unofficially lives in the time zone MSK + 2 (UTC + 6). This is done for the convenience of residents of the village of Novy Udmurt Republic, who travel to the neighboring region to work in the city of Chaikovsky, Perm Territory.

Population

The population of the republic, according to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, is 1,517,969 people. (2013). The population density is 36.09 people / km2 (2013). Urban population - 65% (2013).

Representatives of more than a hundred nationalities live in the republic. The border regions are characterized by a striped pattern of Udmurt and Russian villages, in the south they are joined by Mari and Chuvash villages, in the area of ​​the Cheptsa River - Tatar (Chepetsk Tatars). Besermians live compactly in the north of the republic. Most of the other peoples live mainly in cities.

Economy

A region with developed industry and diversified agricultural production. The republic has the highest concentration of defense enterprises in Russia. The republic has rich oil reserves, in 2006 it produced 10.2 million tons, in 2008 the oil refinery in Izhevsk was brought to its design capacity. The main industries are mechanical engineering, metalworking, ferrous metallurgy and woodworking, energy.

Agricultural lands occupy up to 50% of the territory of Udmutria. Livestock breeding is dominated by large cattle and pigs, sheep, poultry. Rye, wheat, buckwheat, barley, oats, millet, peas, corn, sunflower, flax, rapeseed, potatoes, vegetables, and forage crops are grown.

Tourism

There are a number of sanatoria-preventoria and health-improving complexes in the region, the largest of which are the sanatoriums "Varzi-Yatchi", "Metallurg" (located in Izhevsk) and "Uva". In the 2000s, new active recreation centers appeared - the Chekeril and Nechkino ski centers. In 2010, the children's tuberculosis sanatorium "Yuski" was opened (after a three-year renovation) in the village. Postolsky.

Udmurtia is like Kazantip. Also a republic, also part of Russia,
and only strange people tend to get there too.

One very funny person

According to some narrow-minded people, Udmurtia is something distant and dense, where shamans live, and every evening people bring gifts to the rain god on the sacrificial altar. It was not so. Udmurtia is not that far from Moscow, as many might think. The capital of the republic, Izhevsk, is only 1200 km from the First See. In the evening I got on the train, and in the morning you are already in Moscow.

The first permanent settlements on the territory of modern Udmurtia appeared in 8-6 thousand years BC. Thanks to the excavations, the archaeologist managed to find out that at this place there were several cultures associated with the modern Udmurts - Chepetskaya, Polomskaya, Ananinskaya and Pyanoborskaya (it seems that the Pyanoborskaya culture is still strong in Russia). At the turn of the 1-2 millennium AD, the Slavs called the Udmurts Votyaks or Otyaks (so called them by those who did not pronounce the letter "v").

Izhevsk. Photo by Borisych (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/kab-ts/)

The northern Udmurts were the first to join Russia, the southerners were still part of the Kazan Khanate, but Ivan the Terrible in one fell swoop annexed everyone to his kingdom. Mass baptizing of the Udmurts to Christianity began 2 centuries after the annexation. Only in 1731 was established a commission of newly baptized affairs, which operated on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan dioceses, and massively converted the Udmurts to Orthodoxy.

Baptism had a negative impact on the people of Udmurtia. In 1774-1775, the Udmurts supported Yemelyan Pugachev during the peasant war. Further, until the beginning of the twentieth century, nothing interesting happened in the life of Udmurtia. Unless they founded a weapons production (the very thing that gave the world the famous Kalashnikov assault rifle), and built a railway in 1899. In 1920, Lenin granted autonomy to the Udmurts. True, at first the territory was called the Votsky Autonomous Region (from the English What). In 1932, the hands of the Bolsheviks reached Udmurtia, and they renamed it again. This time to the Udmurt Autonomous Region.

The impetus for the industrial development of Udmurtia, sadly, was given by the Great Patriotic War... More than 40 enterprises were evacuated here. The famous Izhavto plant was built after the war, during the economic boom. In those years, new industries were opened everywhere in the country, and the Stakhanovites issued five times the daily quota.

The car plant in Izhevsk was built with the help of French specialists from Renault. The first car to come off the IzhAvto assembly line was the famous Izh-Kombi, the first Soviet hatchback. Usually, the products of domestic car factories are famous not even for poor build quality, but for the fact that they become obsolete even before the designers come up with them. Unfortunately, IzhAvto is no exception. Now Russified foreign cars are produced at the plant's facilities: KiaSorento, HuyndaiElantra, HuyndaiSonata and others.

IzhAvto. Photo by yan-gorev (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/yan-gorev/)

Geographic e position

Udmurtia is located on the territory of the East European Plain, in the basins of the Kama and Vyatka rivers. The region stretches 180 kilometers from west to east, and 270 kilometers from north to south. Udmurtia is part of the Volga Federal District. In the north and west, the republic borders on the Kirov region. In the east, the neighbor is the Perm Territory, and in the south - Tatarstan and Bashkortostan.

Population

As many as 100 nationalities live in small Udmurtia. The majority of the population of the republic are Russians. There are 62% of them. The Udmurts themselves are only 28%, Tatars - 7%. The remaining 3% of the total population accounts for 97 nations. In total, 1,517,050 inhabitants live in the region, of which 65% are city dwellers. Medium density population - 36.07 people / km2. There are few ethnic conflicts, since there are many Russians and the Udmurts do not want to argue with them. In general, outwardly few people will be able to distinguish the Udmurt from the Russian.

The cultural level of the inhabitants of Udmurtia, unfortunately, leaves much to be desired. The republic is poor, about 20% of the local population is below the poverty line, and in such a situation it is not at all tempting to talk about Shakespeare. The outskirts of Izhevsk, as well as all sorts of small settlements, are teeming with dubious personalities. It is better not to walk alone here on the dark streets. Girls are not safe in the evenings either. There is even a joke: “The Miss Udmurtia contest ended in failure. The wolves came to the smell of females. "

Izhevsk crocodile. Photo by borisbusorgin (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/borisbusorgin/)

Crime

Udmurtia is a criminal region. She was like that in the 90s, and it remains today. Due to the poverty of the inhabitants, domestic crimes and the usual gop-stop prevail. There are many drug addicts and drug dealers in the republic. For example, part of the drug traffic to the western regions of the country passes through Izhevsk. Drugs are mainly used by Asians and newcomers. Local bandits, who have become respectable people, are engaged in the collapse of enterprises.

Unemployment rate

The Udmurt industry is not going through better times... There are few jobs in factories. Some businesses have even switched to three or four-day work days so as not to pay people money for downtime.

If it is very difficult to find a good position in production with a good salary, then in the trade of offers a dime a dozen, however, most of them are designed for low-skilled labor. The average salary in the region is about 20 thousand rubles, but even it is not easy to earn it. Most Udmurt employers pay wages employees in envelopes.

Property value

Compared to neighboring regions, real estate in Udmurtia is inexpensive. Prices for one-room apartments in Izhevsk start at 1.5 million rubles. More or less decent living space can be taken for 1,800 thousand rubles. In regional centers, for example, Sarapul, the cost of housing starts from a million rubles. For 500 thousand you can buy a living room there.

Climate

Due to the remoteness of the seas, the climate in Udmurtia is harsh. The region is characterized by hot summers and cold, snowy winters. The average annual temperature hovers around 1 ° C. The absolute minimum registered on the territory of the Udmurt Republic is −50 ° C. It was recorded in 1978. Freezing temperatures in the region start in late October and end in early April. The snow lies for almost five months.

Udmurt landscape. Photo by shandi (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/shandi/)

Udmurtia cities

The capital of Udmurtia. It is home to about 700 thousand people. The city does not stand out in any way in the Russian open spaces. Previously, the chimney of factories was smoked here, now the situation is not so rosy, but nevertheless, people manage to survive. About 20% of Izhevsk residents live below the poverty line.

Industrial city. The town-forming enterprise is the Chepetsk Mechanical Plant OJSC, which, among other things, is engaged in the processing of uranium and zirconium. Glazov's ecology leaves much to be desired. Young people are trying to leave here. Basically, children go to study at universities and never come back.

The administrative center of the Votkinsk region, which is part of the Udmurt Republic. The town-forming enterprise of Votkinsk is OJSC “Votkinskiy Zavod”. Votkinsk is very similar to Glazov, the problem of ecology is not so acute here, but it is also boring.

A typical small Russian town. Sarapul exists thanks to OJSC Sarapul Electric Generator Plant and OJSC Sarapul Radio Plant. The people here do not live in poverty, but they do not look like cheese in butter either. About one hundred thousand people live in Sarapul.

The Udmurt Republic lies in northwestern part of the Cis-Urals, in the interfluve of the Kama and its large tributary Vyatka. Square republics - a little more than 42 thousand km 2. Her neighbors : on south- Tataria and Bashkiria (which is also adjacent from the southeast), on north and west- Kirovskaya, and on east- Perm Territory. Among the cities of Udmurtia stand out Izhevsk (capital of the republic) , Glazov, Sarapul, Votkinsk, Mozhga.

The landscape is calm and welcoming

Climatic conditions

What is rich in the republic

The nature of Udmurtia

Taste the air in the forest at dawn,
And the colors in the forest are beautiful here
Vladimir Gerun

Most of the surface north the republic is covered with a dark green carpet southern taiga often interrupted by significant sections arable land and light greens riverside meadows ... It is dominated by fir-spruce forests alternating with saturated light pine forests.
On a gloomy background Siberian spruce also the trunks of the merry birch... Found everywhere aspen, in the underbrush - wild rosemary, honeysuckle, needle rose, in the herb-shrub cover - blueberries, lingonberries, blueberries, northern linnea. Mosses are poorly developed, since they are suppressed by herbaceous plants.
The resinous smells of taiga are mixed with the scent of blooming glade... Plants typical for deciduous forests are found in the grass cover: European clefthoof, black spikelet, male duckweed, fragrant woodruff, forest cleaver other. Forests and copses are replaced by expanse meadows.
V southern parts of Udmurtia, the taiga is gradually giving way to mixed forests ... Here arable land are found in solid arrays. Moreover, in the south, not fields, but forests look like islands. Here small-leaved linden goes to the first tier. Next to her appear common oak, elm and elm... Conifers are presented fir and spruce... Found in the underbrush common hazel and warty euonymus.

Forest dwellers

The constant alternation of watershed spaces with valley depressions and seemingly insignificant changes in the composition of rocks, microclimate, soils and vegetation greatly diversify the Udmurt landscape.

Water resources

Kama - the largest tributary of the Volga. Her path within the limits of Udmurtia is interesting. Kama begins at an altitude of 331 m above sea level. The source of a huge river is modest. He is at villages of Karpushata... Under the old birch there is a transparent fontanel, enclosed in a log cabin with a plank roof. The bubbling water runs down the pipe into a wooden block, overflows its edge and hurries on. This tiny drain is the beginning of the Kama. After 100 m, it receives its first tributary, the same key - Further, and after another 200 m - key Upper... Kama is already running like a stream in its own shallow valley, merging with Bystrushka river... After a few kilometers, the first Kama "Reservoirs" — mill pond chain... Even in the origins, even in the "infancy" Kama begins his work for the benefit of man. Further, accepting more and more new tributaries, it flows through the territory of the Kirov region, first to northwest and northeast entering the Perm Territory, gradually changing its direction to eastern, southeastern and southern and from Perm up to the confluence of Volga always keeps on southwest... A huge arc is described by the Kama in its upper and middle reaches. Starting in Udmurtia with a modest stream, it returns to the republic as a mighty river ... From the source to Sarapul, the Kama overcomes a path of 1.5 thousand km, while in a straight line these points are separated by only about 200 km.

Late autumn , after the frosts hit, the rivers on long time covered ice ... Duration freeze-up about half a year... In second half of April begins ice drift , it lasts for several days and leaves indelible impression.

The land of the oldest settlement

Already in the X-XI centuries. cultural ties arose between the Udmurts and the northeastern Russian principalities. Russians began to penetrate here from the 12th century. In those days, the Udmurt lands were part of Volga-Kama Bulgaria... From the end of the XIII - the beginning of the XIV century. the Udmurts became tributaries of the Tatar-Mongols. After the fall Tatar yoke at the end of the 15th - the middle of the 16th century. Udmurts voluntarily joined Moscow state.

In the 18th century, the mining industry developed rapidly in the Urals. In the Udmurt Kama region, the Votkinsk and Izhevsk metallurgical plants appeared, which played an important role in the economic development of the region. At these factories, the Ural cast iron was processed into iron and steel, into various metal products. However, in those days, in general, the economy, culture and life of the Udmurt people were extremely backward.
Oppression by the tsarist administration, the severity of factory work, and national oppression caused repeated uprisings of the Udmurts. They took part in the peasant wars, led by Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev, in the "potato riots".

At Soviet power in 1920 Udmurtia became an autonomous region, and in 1934 - an autonomous republic. Since 1990, it has been transformed and began to be called the Udmurt Republic.

National composition

National dishes

Folk arts and crafts

Izhevsk - an artisan city

V old quarters Izhevsk still has a lot wooden, less often - semi-stone (with the first floor of brickwork) two-story mansions with carved window frames ... But the new Izhevsk is widespread, its outskirts have grown and replaced the suburban forests, meadows and fields.
The city has a vast pond - 15 km long and 2.5 km wide. Long ago, the water wheels at the factory dam stopped spinning. Now the pond supplies Izhevsk with water. Citizens and guests of the capital rest on its green shores on hot summer days. This place is worthy to be written about by poets:

Your pearl - Izhevsk pond
shakes clouds and emerald,
And the sun lays down, blinding the eyes,
a carpet of fire between the shores.

On the elevated east bank of the pond is central part cities. From the cast iron staircase that connects the dam to Soviet street (the main city highway), a wide view opens up of the hustle and bustle of factory buildings, to the distant District, framed by a bluish border of the forest. The measured sounds of the bell ringing float - this is the clock striking on old tower , which for almost two centuries has been rising above the "dry" slope of the dam, giving the classic completeness the ensemble of hydraulic structures... The tower is crowned pentagonal column with a square capital and a gilded ball. It is visible from Sovetskaya Street and closes the perspective of this highway. Right there, on the dam, but on the slope, descending to the water, in the shade century-old poplars — bust a remarkable Russian engineer who founded the arms business in Izhevsk in the 19th century, A.F.Deryabina.

The importance of Izhevsk for the Udmurts is enormous as cultural center... There are many places where you can get acquainted with the cultural heritage of Udmurtia. Doors are always open for residents and guests of the city theaters :State National, V.G. Korolenko State Russian Drama Theater, State Operas and Ballet, State Puppet Theater and theater "Young man"... In addition, connoisseurs of beauty can visit State Philharmonic and Academic choir chapel , listen State Symphony Orchestra and State orchestra of wind instruments of the Ministry of Culture of the Udmurt Republic ... Those who are close folklore can enjoy creativity State Academic Song and Dance Ensemble "Italmas", in whose repertoire works of national art occupy a prominent place, State Theater of Folklore Song "Aikai", State Ensemble of Folk Song, Music and Dance "Tanok", Folk Folk Ensemble "Zarni Shep" and others. At the service of lovers of spectacular rest is a beautiful State circus and city ​​zoo .

Connoisseurs of historical heritage also have a lot to visit and see. For example museums : National Udmurt Republic named after K. Gerd, Udmurt Republican Fine Arts, Museum and Exhibition Complex of Small Arms named after M. T. Kalashnikov other. For those who like to just wander in the green alleys, ride on attraction or sit on a bench in a quiet, beautiful place, urban "oases" are suitable - parks and gardens , such as Gorky Summer Garden, Kirov Park, Cosmonauts Park and Birch Grove(or as it is also called - Goat park).

Among architectural landmarks stand out St. Michael's Cathedral, St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Trinity Church and mosque.

The land of the craftsmen

Votkinsk. In 1759, a conversion plant was built on the Votka River. metallurgical plant... There is a settlement near it, which was transformed into a city under Soviet rule. The high industrial culture of Votkinsk residents is evidenced by the fact that in the middle of the 19th century they were entrusted with the production of metal frame"Golden needle" - the spire of the cathedral of the famous Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.

Healing places of Udmurtia

V the village of Uva the eponymous sanatorium ... Sources of mineral water, therapeutic peat mud, crystal clear air, surrounded by pine and birch forests, a beautiful pond- this combination makes this health resort a truly unique healing place. People come here with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, cardiovascular and nervous system, urological and gynecological diseases... All of them receive quality treatment. To services of visitors bath, sauna with pool and horseback riding.

The republic is rich in its health resorts. When you visit here, you will be able to feel the healing powers of the Udmurt nature.

Attractive places in Udmurtia

Monuments of nature. Of the natural monuments located on territory national park , can be distinguished landscape tracts "Sidorovy Gory" and "Galevo", the mouth of the Siva river, the Kemul swamp and mineral spring Makarovsky... There are also archaeological sites... The park includes and Votkinsk city.

PI Tchaikovsky Museum in Votkinsk. Votkinsk is famous not only for its plant. Here in 1840 in the family of the mining chief I.P. Tchaikovsky was born a son - the future great composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ... An old house with a mezzanine on the bank of the factory pond, where the Tchaikovskys lived, became a place of pilgrimage for many thousands of people from all over the country. Now in it Museum ... In front of the museum - bust of Pyotr Ilyich... The exposition includes the atmosphere of the Tchaikovsky family, the composer's things, stands telling about his life and creative path.

Music festivals in Votkinsk. Large music festivals have become traditional, which are held every year on May days (Pyotr Ilyich was born on May 7). The festival concerts invariably involve major performers and symphony orchestras.

Ludorvay Architectural and Ethnographic Museum-Reserve. Not far from Izhevsk there is an architectural and ethnographic museum-reserve "Ludorvay", where you can get acquainted with life, everyday life and customs of the Udmurts late XIX - early XX centuries. It is still under construction, in the future, according to the plan, it will include 5 sectors: Udmurts - northern, central and southern, Tatars and Russians. But even now there is something to see there. The Museum-Reserve is already included two monuments: windmill of the late 19th century and manor of the early XX century ... Moreover, the estate, unlike other museums, is active. A peasant with a full farm and domestic animals lives in it. The estate has barns, barns, smoke sauna, ancestral pagan sanctuary "Kuala"... The interior of the house itself - South Udmurt... Guests are welcomed national dishes — with overburns, tabany with zyreta and kumyshka (bread wine). Here you can attend festivities, holidays, and those who wish can try on themselves bath... Such acquaintance will remain in your memory for a long time.

Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve "Idnakar". A few kilometers from the city of Glazov on Mount Soldyr at the confluence of the rivers Cheptsa and Pyzep there is a historical and cultural museum-reserve "Idnakar". It includes the territory of a unique the ancient settlement of the Finno-Ugric tribes of the 9th-13th centuries... Visiting the museum, you will get acquainted with the life of the ancestors of modern Udmurts.

Ski resort ". On the outskirts of the Nechkinsky National Park, 40 km from Izhevsk , right in the middle of the southern taiga, you can visit a ski resort! It belongs sports and tourist center "Nechkino"... A modern ski resort, surrounded by beautiful places, has excellent, tracks of varying difficulty, the height difference of which reaches 115 meters (the longest track is up to 1.5 km). Upstairs you will climb on Austrian 4-seater chairlift enjoying the wonderful panorama of the protected areas from a bird's eye view.

There are 403 architectural, historical and cultural monuments in Udmurtia under state protection

There are many places in Udmurtia that are worth visiting. Of course, it is impossible to cover all of them on these pages. In the republic hundreds of monuments of architecture, history and culture ... In addition, there are also ski resorts , and various clubs : aero—, paragliders, horseback riding, and boat excursions and wonderful fishing, and all kinds tourist routes, and many many others. But most importantly: hospitable hosts and an unforgettable experience await you.

The city of Izhevsk with a population of about 650 thousand people is one of the largest cities in Eastern Europe and the Urals region, the capital of the Udmurt Republic. The city is located on the Izh River (Kama basin) with a large artificial reservoir - the Izhevsk pond, created in the 18th century.

Timezone

In Izhevsk, as well as throughout the territory of Udmurtia, the time is 1 hour ahead of Moscow time (Samara time).

Relief

The area on which Izhevsk is located has a flat character; there are several elevated areas with absolute heights up to 200 meters and higher. In general, the territory of the city is gradually decreasing in the direction from north to south. The central part of Izhevsk is located on a hill with relatively gentle northern and southern slopes, and in the west it drops off abruptly to the shore of the pond. The southern part of the city, where the Izh receives a small right tributary, the Pozim, is the lowest; the water edge at the Pozimi estuary is 85 meters.

Izhevsk Pond, built in 1760 - 1763, is located in the central and northwestern parts of the city and has a total area of ​​12 square kilometers. In terms of its size, it is one of the largest factory reservoir ponds in the Urals. The deepest pond is 12 meters.

Climatic conditions

The area is located in a zone of temperate continental climate with an average annual temperature of + 3 ° C. All four main seasons are clearly expressed; winters are usually long and frosty; summers are short but warm. The lowest monthly air temperature is in January, the highest is in July.

The Izh River freezes, as a rule, in the second - third week of November, and opens up in April; the duration of the freeze-up is approximately four months. Southwest winds prevail throughout the year.

origin of name

The modern name of the city is given by the Izh River, on which it is located. In 1984 - 1987 the city was officially called Ustinov, after which the old name was returned to it.

Residents of Izhevsk are residents of Izhevsk. In the past, they were traditionally designated by the word "Izhevsk"; according to one widespread version, the replacement that took place in the 20th century took place under the conditions of active support from the Soviet political leadership, which sought to erase the unwanted memory of the participants in the anti-communist Izhevsk-Votkinsk uprising of 1918, who, even after the defeat of the resistance, were known to the people for a long time as the Izhevsk rebels ...

Tribes and settlements

The first permanent settlements in the area within the city limits appeared, probably at the beginning - the middle of the first millennium AD. By this time there are two settlements found and investigated in a pine forest near the Metallurg sanatorium. The ancient inhabitants of these settlements, as scientists believe, were the ancestors of the modern Udmurts, speakers of the languages ​​of the Permian branch of the Uralic language family. The settlements were surrounded by protective earth and timber fortifications.

Traces of another object of that time - the Izhevsk burial ground - have been preserved near the Podborenka River and the Palace of Children's Art. The first objects in the ancient burial were discovered by local children; in the same year, the scientist Vladimir Gening organized the first excavations of the archaeological site. Later, already in 1975, when it was decided to build a city Palace of Pioneers in the lower part of the Podborenka stream, an expedition led by Taisiya Ivanovna Ostanina carried out further research of the object, but a full-scale scientific study of the burial ground remained unfinished until our time.

A variety of household items and decorations found in Izhevsk testify to the presence of close cultural and trade ties between the ancient inhabitants of the area, both with other Finno-Ugrians in eastern Europe, and with many other peoples. The same is confirmed by the data of linguistics based on the analysis of toponymy and, in particular, the names of natural objects. Until now, it is impossible to assert exactly about the origin of the name of the Izh River; Researchers believe that it came from the Permian languages, which were once widespread in the vast territory of the Ural region, even suggestions are made about its Ugric (can be compared with the city of Izhak in Hungary) or Slavic origin.

There is almost no reliable information about the early medieval history of the region: local peoples did not have their own written language, and travelers from neighboring countries rarely visited these lands, which were far from all major and most significant roads connecting Europe and Asia.

Already in the first half of the last millennium, Russian and Tatar settlements began to appear in the Udmurt Territory. Mastering new territories in the east, the Slavic rulers sought to subjugate the Perm peoples, including the historical Vyatka land into the composition of Muscovy. At the same time, the southern Udmurts, including those living along the banks of the Izh and its tributaries, fell into the sphere of influence of the Volga Bulgaria, and then the Kazan Khanate, which was gaining strength. After the capture of Kazan in 1552 by Russian troops, the lands of all the peoples of the Middle Volga and the Urals, including the Cheremis (Mari) and Votyaks (Udmurts), became the possessions of the Russian state. In 1582, the tsar granted the Tatar prince from the family of the Arsk princes Yaushevs. In the 18th century, the Yaushevs gave their Udmurt possessions to Alexei Tevkelev, who remained the owner of these lands until the founding of Izhevsk.

Village at the factory

According to the decree of the Senate of October 20, 1757 on the construction of an iron-forging plant on the Izh River, on April 10, 1760, the construction of the first dugouts for the builders of the future industrial center of the Urals began. About a thousand peasants were involved in the procurement and transportation of timber, clay, rubble stone, for excavation work - those assigned to Count PI Shuvalov (1710-1762), the owner of the Goroblagodatsky factories in the Urals. After 3 years, the new plant produced its first product - blast iron.

At the factory, a workers' settlement grew up, from which the city on Izh originates.

June 10, 1807 - the second birthday of the village on Izha. By decree of Emperor Alexander I, on the basis of an iron plant, the construction of an arms plant for the production of up to 70 thousand units of cold and firearms... The construction and organization of weapons production was supervised by the talented mining engineer A.F.Deryabin (1770-1820), the chief chief of the Goroblagodat factories. From that time on, Izhevsk became the military forge of Russia. Today, on the dam of the pond opposite the main factory tower with chimes, there is a bust of the founder of the arms production, and in the upland part of the city on the Square of the Armourers in 2007, a monument to the armourers was erected. Nearby is the restored St. Michael's Pillar.

Civil War

In October 1917, Soviet power was established in Izhevsk. By this time, the Bolsheviks already had the support of the majority in the local council, so the October Revolution at the initial stage took place without bloody armed clashes. Having taken power into their own hands, the Bolshevik leadership began to create the Red Guard detachments, whose task was to protect the revolutionary achievements in the territory of the Middle Volga and the Urals, where the fighting continued.

Receiving weapons from the arsenals of Izhevsk and Votkinsk, the workers 'and peasants' detachments of the Red Army were sent to the front, while in Izhevsk itself there were no large detachments or experienced Red commanders. The temporary weakness of the Izhevsk communists, as well as the protest moods in connection with the dissolution of the Soviet by the Bolsheviks, were able to take advantage of the opponents of Soviet power, who launched mass agitation among the workers. On August 8, 1918, the Izhevsk-Votkinsk uprising began with a surprise attack on the armory, during which the rebels managed to completely take control of a significant part of Udmurtia, together with Izhevsk, Votkinsk and Sarapul. The uprising continued until mid-November, when the soldiers of the Red Army division under the command of Vladimir Azin stormed Izhevsk. The surviving rebels joined Kolchak's army.

In 1919, the Kolchakites advancing to the west again captured the Izhevsk plant and held it until the beginning of June. The battles for the largest center for the production of weapons became one of the key events of the Civil War, and their loss caused serious damage to the combat capability of the White movement and largely predetermined the imminent end of the civil war.

Since the 1920s, when Izhevsk acquired the status of the capital, there has been an explosive growth in population due to the growing political role of the city and the active expansion of industry. In 1920-1925, at the initiative of local workers, the first serious reorganization of the Izhevsk plant took place in the post-revolutionary period, after which local gunsmiths even managed to outstrip the Tula ones in many respects. New residential buildings appeared in the city, roads were improved with new sidewalks. The conditions of life and economy of Izhevsk residents were improved; in the early 1930s, the first buses appeared in the city, in 1935 the first tram line was opened.

After receiving the capital status, the city began to quickly turn into a significant cultural center of the entire region. Newspapers and books were published in Izhevsk, courses of the Udmurt language, Udmurt libraries and schools were opened. The initiators of the reforms were the most famous Udmurt public figures, in particular, the outstanding poet and writer Kuzebay Gerd. In the 1940s - 1960s, Udmurt education in Izhevsk and throughout the republic was largely eliminated, largely with the consent of a significant part of the local population, and educational institutions became Russian-speaking.

The military enterprises of the city played an important role in the 1941-1945 war. They supplied millions of weapons to the front, and accepted production equipment evacuated from the west. To supply the factories with the necessary resources during the war years, a railway line was built, connecting the capital of Udmurtia with the Balezino station of the main (northern) direction of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

After the war, the formation of Izhevsk continued as an industrial center of national importance. In 1966, the first car produced by the Izhevsk Automobile Plant was produced. In the 1970s, the Izhevsk plant was reorganized into the Izhmash production association. By the mid-1970s, the population of Izhevsk reached half a million inhabitants.

In 1984, the political leadership decided to rename Izhevsk to Ustinov in honor of the Soviet Defense Minister Dmitry Ustinov. However, the introduction of the new name caused significant protests from the residents of Izhevsk, and in 1987 the capital of the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was renamed Izhevsk again.

In 1978 Izhevsk was awarded the Order of the October Revolution. On May 27, 1997, the capital of Udmurtia acquired its coat of arms, and on April 21, 2000, the flag. The author is a creative team consisting of S. L. Bekhterev and N. A. Bykov.

In September 2010, the city's 250th anniversary was celebrated.

During its history, the administrative division of the city has repeatedly undergone changes. For a long time, there were 3 districts. Currently, there are five districts:

• October
• Industrial
• Leninist
• Pervomaisky
• Ustinovsky

The layout of the city of Izhevsk is due to the entire history of the development of the area. The buildings that have survived to our time reflect the historical features of both Izhevsk itself and almost two dozen neighboring villages that were swallowed up by the expanding urban space in the middle and end of the last century.

The geographical and historical center of the city is located near the dam of the Izhevsk Pond, where the Izh River flows out of the reservoir. The center houses the most important administrative, cultural and educational facilities of Izhevsk. The central part consists mainly of rectangular blocks formed by a grid of main streets - Maxim Gorky, Pushkinskaya, Sovetskaya, Kirov street. One of the most picturesque places in Izhevsk is the pond embankment, reconstructed and opened for Izhevsk residents in 2010. On Maxim Gorky Street, not far from the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, an integral pre-revolutionary urban development has been preserved, in which several remarkable buildings of the nineteenth century stand out. Large areas of low-rise private houses adjoin the center from the south and east.

On the opposite bank of the Izh River from the center, there is the Zarechye area, where the main industrial facilities of the city are located on a large territory adjacent to the pond, including NPO Izhmash and OJSC Izhstal. Near Yuzhnaya Naberezhnaya Street and Deryabin Passage there is a pier.

In the northeast and east there are new residential areas of Izhevsk with dense multi-storey buildings.

The dam offers an amazing view of the Izhevsk pond. Mirror of the "artificial sea" 24 km 2. It stretches along the valley of the Izh River for 11 km, the maximum width is 2.5 km. During the navigation period, passenger boats run along the pond.

Within the city, the area near the pond stands out, on which there are numerous recreation areas with large wooded areas along the entire coast. In the most distant from the center of the northwestern part of the pond, the settlement of Volozhka stands out, formally representing a distant microdistrict of Izhevsk. Volozhka has beaches and other recreational facilities; the village is connected by transport links by water (river trams) and by rail (there is a railway platform near the village, where suburban trains stop).

Population

The total population of Izhevsk in 2017 is about 650 thousand inhabitants, the density is 2.1 thousand people per square kilometer. In terms of population, Izhevsk ranks 20th in the Russian Federation and 8th in the Volga Federal District (after Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Ufa, Perm, Saratov and Togliatti). In the middle of the twentieth century, from the 1920s to the 1970s, the population of the capital of Udmurtia increased almost tenfold, by the end of the 1990s it reached its maximum value - 655 thousand people, over the next ten years it was monotonously decreasing; since the 2010s, the city's population began to increase again.

Modern geographers and sociologists often use the concept of "Izhevsk agglomeration", applied to Izhevsk and the suburban countryside around the city, as well as - more broadly - to the entire densely populated part of the south of Udmurtia, which gravitates towards the capital of the republic in socio-economic and transport terms. In this case, it can be argued that the total population of the agglomeration exceeds 900 thousand people. On the other hand, such a designation is considered controversial: at present Izhevsk is the only large and steadily developing settlement in the region, and even the second largest city in the southern part of the republic - - has a population of less than 100 thousand people, and its population is last years is shrinking.

The growth in the number of residents of Izhevsk occurs simultaneously with housing construction, especially massive over the past few years. According to statistics, Izhevsk accounts for almost half of the housing stock commissioned in the Udmurt Republic, and about 90% of it is multi-apartment housing.

Izhevsk is characterized by the prevalence of the female population over the male: according to the Federal State Statistics Service, men make up approximately 45% of the city's residents, women - almost 55%. The working-age population is 60.4%, younger - 17.7%, older - 21.9%.

Linguistically, the majority are Russians (70% of the total population); among other peoples - Udmurts (about 15%), Tatars, Mari. The largest religious communities- Sunni Muslims and Orthodox Christians; there are more than ten Orthodox churches The most important of which can be considered the Mikhailovsky Cathedral (on Red Square) and the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (on Maxim Gorky Street), and three mosques - in the Leninsky, Pervomaisky and Ustinovsky districts.

The city has about 100 secondary schools and several universities (including both public and private). There are 72 libraries of various profiles in Izhevsk.

Local government

The City Duma consists of 42 deputies elected for a five-year term; The Duma is in the process of adopting normative documents, approval of the city budget, territorial planning, controls the work of officials, organizes municipal elections. The deputies, by a majority vote, elect the chairman of the Duma, who directs its activities.

The head of the municipality, elected by the City Duma from among the deputies, is the head of the city; his duties include the approval and promulgation of normative legal acts adopted by the Duma, the appointment of leaders structural units forming the city administration, the organization of regular interaction of local authorities with the population.

Izhevsk is divided into five administrative districts - Industrialny, Leninsky, Oktyabrsky, Pervomaisky, Ustinovsky. All districts have an approximately equal number of inhabitants. Each district has its own administration dealing with local issues, the head of which is appointed by the Head of the city.

Economy

The basis of the Izhevsk economy is a developed industry. The key areas of industrial production in Izhevsk include the production of cars, machine tools and equipment, equipment for the GLONASS navigation system, ferrous metallurgy, woodworking, chemical and food industries. Of particular importance in economic activity has a military industry, including the production of small arms, air defense systems, radio-electronic military equipment.

The most important manufacturing enterprises include Izhmash (since 2013 - the Kalashnikov concern), Izhevsk Plastics Plant, Izhneftemash OJSC (production of equipment for oil production), Kupol OJSC (military products), Izhstal OJSC (metallurgical production of various profiles), JSC "Milkom" (dairy products). A feature of the modern economic organization has become the predominance of large companies that combine individual production facilities into diversified complexes that produce a large number of different types products.

There are 2.3 thousand retail trade enterprises in Izhevsk. Recently, objects have appeared in the city that sell goods from large retail chains operating and widely known in many large cities of the Russian Federation - Auchan, Eldorado, M-Video, Karusel; food chains include Pyaterochka, Magnit, Dixy and others.

There are more than forty hotels and about five hundred catering points in the city.

Transport

Izhevsk is one of the largest transport hubs in the Urals region.

The main highway passing through Izhevsk is the Elabuga - Perm highway, which is part of the M7 Volga federal highway and is an entrance from its main direction (Kazan - Ufa) to Izhevsk and Perm. To unload the streets located in the central part of the city, a bypass road, known as the Western Semicircle, was built; it runs mainly in suburban areas on the territory of the Zavyalovsky district of Udmurtia, bypassing the Izhevsky pond from the north-west. In subsequent years, it is planned to launch the Izhevsk ring road on its basis, which will connect all the outskirts of the city and create convenient detour opportunities for transit transport.

In 2017, the Government of the Udmurt Republic adopted a resolution on the implementation of the Izhevsk Urban Agglomeration program aimed at modernizing the road infrastructure of Izhevsk and the suburban area of ​​the city. As part of the implementation of the adopted program, it is planned to repair and reconstruct existing roads, as well as (after the completion of the main repair work) the construction of new highways and transport interchanges. The Izhevsk Urban Agglomeration program is designed until 2025.

Most long-distance bus routes depart from the Central Bus Station, located in the city center on Krasnoarmeyskaya Street. From Izhevsk you can get directly to Kazan, Samara, Chelyabinsk, Cheboksary, Perm, Ufa. Another important departure point is the Southern Bus Station, with frequent flights to many nearby settlements, including to the regional centers Agryz (Republic of Tatarstan), Vavozh and Kiyasovo.

To travel around the city, passengers use a network of tram, trolleybus and bus routes. The first buses and trams passed through the streets of Izhevsk in the 1930s, trolleybus traffic was launched in 1968. In recent years, an idea has sometimes been expressed about the possibility of the future construction of new transport systems at the expense of private owners, in particular, an overhead rail line.

The railway transport of Izhevsk is represented by the lines Agryz - Izhevsk and Izhevsk - Balezino, which run in the meridional direction and connect the capital of the Udmurt Republic with two directions of the Trans-Siberian Railway - southern (through Agryz) and northern (through Balezino and Glazov). The transportation is served by the Gorkovskaya railway.

The main passenger station is located in the south of the city, in the Leninsky district; besides it, there are several passenger platforms in different parts of Izhevsk. Izhevsk is connected by direct railway communication with St. Petersburg, Moscow, Yekaterinburg, cities Krasnodar Territory... There is a well-developed suburban communication across the territory of Udmurtia, with the Kirov region (Vyatskie Polyany) and Tatarstan (to Kazan and Naberezhnye Chelny). Another line, directed from east to west, connects the capital with the regional center Uva; On this line from Izhevsk to Alas, an electric train runs 1 - 2 times a day.

Air passenger traffic is carried out by the Izhevsk airport, located on the territory of the Zavyalovsky district near the village of Staroye Martyanovo, 15 kilometers east of the center of Izhevsk. It sends and receives several flights per day, most of them are from Moscow, and planes also take off to Yekaterinburg, Ufa, Penza, Sochi, St. Petersburg, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod. You can get from Izhevsk to the airport by suburban bus # 331.

A special mode of transport, characteristic of the capital of the Udmurt Republic and one of the sights widely known to travelers, is navigation along the factory pond. During the navigation period - from May to October - small vessels (river trams) run from the pier near the dam to Volozhka, a remote microdistrict located near the western shore of the pond. On the way, the river tram makes several stops.

Temples of Izhevsk

Izhevsk emerged as a workers' settlement. But he has always been famous for his temples. According to the project of the first architect of the city, S. E. Dudin, the Trinity Cemetery Church was built (1814, three reconstructions were made), according to the project of another architect, A. D. Zakharov, the Holy Alexander Nevsky Cathedral was erected (1820-1823). The architect I.A.Charushin also left his mark on the city on Izha. He is the author of the Intercession Church (1903, restored in 1991-1996), St. Michael's Cathedral (1906), the Assumption Church (1916). In 1885, in the upland part of the future city (modern Shirokiy lane), the Holy Cross Chapel appeared, built in memory of the liberation of the artisans from compulsory labor.

The temple in honor of the Kazan icon has become a real decoration of modern Izhevsk Mother of God(1996-2001) next to St. Michael's Cathedral, St. Panteleimon's Church (2002) on Udmurtskaya Street, the Church of the Holy Royal Martyrs at the Northern Cemetery (2005). The mosque on Azina street is never empty either.

The Chekeril ski complex is located 6 kilometers southwest of the Mashinostroiteley village. It includes 8 different tracks - one of them is illuminated for evening skiing. Trails with a total length of about 5 kilometers, where both beginners (training trail) and experienced skiers (sports trail) feel comfortable.

For extreme snowboarders, there is a snowboard park of increased complexity with artificial obstacles-figures. Children will surely enjoy three tubing tracks of varying degrees of difficulty.

Izhevsk is developing, becoming more and more beautiful. In the year of the 250th anniversary of the capital of Udmurtia (2010), an original monument-talisman of Izhevsk, a handsome Izhik, appeared on the central square of the city, for the installation of which the residents of the city collected more than 80 thousand old keys with a total weight of over 180 kg.

It should be noted that there are already several original steles and monuments in the city:

• this is a dumpling at the Pozim cafe (2004);
• crocodile in a green caftan at the intersection of Sovetskaya and Kommunarov streets (2005);
• iron goat in the Birch Grove (2006);
• space dog Zvezdochka in the area of ​​the Old Airport (2006);
• the bronze wolf Akela at the entrance to the zoo (2008) and others.

Privolzhsky federal district... Udmurtia. Area 42.1 thousand square kilometers. Formed on November 4, 1920.
Administrative center of the federal district - the city of Izhevsk.

Udmurtia- a subject of the Russian Federation, part of the Volga Federal District, located in the western part of the Middle Urals, in the basins of the Kama and Vyatka rivers. The main rivers are the Kama and the Vyatka tributaries (Cheptsa, Kilmez, etc.). Votkinsk reservoir.

Udmurtia is part of the Ural economic region. The main industries are mechanical engineering, metalworking, ferrous metallurgy and woodworking. The backbone of the industry is made up of enterprises producing defense products - from small arms, including the legendary Kalashnikov assault rifles, to satellite systems and intercontinental missiles. Agricultural lands occupy up to 50% of the territory of the republic. Cattle and pigs predominate in animal husbandry, sheep and poultry are raised. Rye, wheat, buckwheat, barley, oats, millet, peas, corn, sunflower, flax, rapeseed, potatoes, vegetables, and forage crops are grown. The main natural resources are timber and oil. The republic also has reserves of peat, nitrogen-methane deposits, extracts quartz sands, clay, limestone.

By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of November 4, 1920, the Votsk Autonomous Region was formed.
By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR of January 1, 1932, the Votsk Autonomous Region was renamed into the Udmurt Autonomous Region.
By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR of December 28, 1934, the Udmurt Autonomous Region was transformed into the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
On October 11, 1991, the Udmurt ASSR became the Udmurt Republic.
On June 20, 1958, the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was awarded the Order of Lenin, a number of outstanding representatives of the republic were awarded the title of "Hero of Socialist Labor", and other high state awards were presented.
In 1970, the republic was awarded the Order of the October Revolution.
And on December 20, 1972, she was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples, in honor of this in the city of Izhevsk, the monument "Friendship of Peoples" was opened, which is still the main memorable and visiting card of the capital of the Udmurt Republic.

Cities and regions of the Udmurt Republic.

Cities of the Udmurt Republic: Votkinsk, Glazov, Kambarka, Mozhga, Sarapul.

Urban districts of the Udmurt Republic:"City of Izhevsk"; "The city of Votkinsk"; "City of Glazov"; "City of Mozhga"; "City of Sarapul".

Municipal districts - Administrative center: Alnash district - with. Alnashi; Balezinsky district - pos. Balezino; Vavozhsky district - with. Vavozh; Votkinsk region - Votkinsk; Glazovsky district - Glazov; Grakhovsky district - with. Grahovo; Debessky district - with. Debos; Zavyalovsky district - with. Zavyalovo; Igrinsky district - village Game; Kambara region - Kambarka town; Karakulinsky district - with. Doodle; Kez district - pos. Kez; Kiznersky district - pos. Kizner; Kiyasovsky district - with. Kiyasovo; Krasnogorsk district - with. Krasnogorskoe; Malopurginsky district - with. Malaya Blizzard; Mozhginsky district - the city of Mozhga; Sarapul district - with. Sigaevo; Selty district - with. Celts; Syumsinsky district - with. Shumshi; Uvinsky district - pos. Uva; Sharkansky district - with. Sharkan; Yukamensky district - with. Yukamenskoe; Yakshur-Bodyinsky district - with. Yakshur-Bodya; Yarsky district - pos. Yar