In what year the fire brigade was formed. Design and research work "history and activities of the fire brigade"
Litvinovskaya Albina
In her work, the student traces the history of creation and formation fire service from its origins to the present. Proves its importance on the example of the work of the fire department of the Seryshevsky district, as well as on the example of the work of a separate fire station with. Tomsk
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"History and activities fire department»
Over time, technical and organizational measures taken at the provincial level aimed at strengthening the function and role of regional commanders and more effective impact on the subject of the region fire protection... Attention is also paid to the correct placement of fire brigades to ensure quick access to the fire that is in the province. Gdansk exceeds the established norms.
The provincial headquarters of fire brigades directed the activities of operational and technical fire protection in the region, as well as coordinate the activities of other persons in this regard. In the 80s in the field of work. Noticeable was the breakdown of organizational fire protection of the future in such a way that off-road fields of fire protection, depending on state bodies, ministries, taking into account individual ministries.
Design and research work
Completed: 3rd grade student
Litvinovskaya Albina
Head: Elena Plyantas
Valentinovna, teacher
Primary classes
Target: trace the history of the creation of the formation of the fire service.
Tasks:
1. Find out when and how the fire brigade appeared.
2.To trace the development of the fire service from its origins to ours
Intentions and directions for which he targeted the efforts of firefighters. Preventive oversight by supporting the activities of local governments at the basic level of fire protection tasks, overseeing operational efficiency and technical units of fire brigades, and efforts to improve the quality and number of professional and voluntary fire brigades. The turn of the 80s and 90s heralds the restoration of structures and management systems in the country and the fire protection association of the economic reform process.
Days.
3. Get acquainted with the activities of the fire service in our
District.
Work plan:
1. Find information about the origin and history of the development of the fire
Protection in our country.
2.Take an interview with the chief of the fire station No. 63 of the village of Seryshevo
D.V. Litvinovsky
3. To study the activities of the fire post p. Tomsk.
Many joyful events happen in the life of every person. But, unfortunately, sometimes it also happens that we need someone's help and protection. Being at home or at school, we know who to turn to in difficult times - these are our parents, friends, teachers. But finding himself alone with a huge city, village, no one is immune from various dangers. Threats can lie in wait everywhere - in public transport, cinema, theater, just on the street.
In the early 90s, the State Fire will grow - a modern education, as a result of which the new one will also use the experience of previous generations of Firefighters. On this day, the board of directors was elected: President and driver Gaidecki, chief Pavel Moloch, host and founder Kazimierz Cerviniski and members of the board: Mieczyslaw Bala, Henrik Jablonski and Vladislav Barambas. The first place of the fire was behind today's town hall. Then, on November 11, the tram was moved to the street where the teacher's house was located.
Leba arrived as the commander-in-chief of the fire brigades of the general of the fire. This visit was aimed at putting an erection in the construction of a recreation site and recreation center. To put on the act of erection, were invited. Firefighters Zygmunt Jarosz Firefighters Franciszek Huminski Felix Barbarovich Andrzej Kolaczynski. Many celebrity guests were invited to the ceremony. Colonel Andrzej Gatlik, chief commander of fire brigades, deputy governor of Slupskiy deputy commander of provincial fire brigades and others.
In the lesson of the world around us, we made a plan of work on
project on the topic "Who protects us" and I decided to study the history of fire protection in more detail. It was not by chance that I decided to talk about the fire-fighting service. My dad, Daniil Valentinovich Litvinovsky, is the head of the fire department number 63 in the Seryshevo village. (Slide 3) And my grandfather, Valentin Vasilyevich Litvinovsky, is in charge of the fire post in our village.
At the intersection of the belt garage doors were opened and the facility was open for sightseeing. Since then, the appearance of the fire has not changed much. Based on this, the exit from the garage from the street has changed. Poktsova Street. New garage doors were added on March 10, and an emergency center was added as a base for the emergency ambulance service. Thanks to social work and the huge involvement of firefighters, the prison building was rebuilt into a locker room, the corridor, ward and commandant's office were renovated. Further expansion of mines is planned.
For additional apartment for drivers and gym... It was a car that had been taken out of service in Germany, but in good condition and made for our security valuable purchase. Its disadvantage was that it did not have a water tank, which was added later. Cooperation with the City Administration has improved, and relations between the fire brigade and the residents of Leba have improved. Provided by the mayor of Leba, Halina Klinskaya, our guards receive a new combat uniform and exit. There is also money to buy new mine equipment. medical rescue equipment, new pumps, hoses and radios.
The fire brigade in Russia has a rich history dating back centuries. With the advent of
The first settlements, the development of cities, fires broke out in them more and more often. (Slide 4)
Fire tornadoes inflicted heavy damage in Russia, where since ancient times, mainly
Wooden buildings. (Slide 5)
More Grand Duke Ivan III in 1504 ordered the creation of a fire and guard guard in Moscow, issued a decree on measures the opposite fire safety in the town. The heirs of Ivan III continued his endeavors. Tsarist decrees on the harsh punishment of the perpetrators of the fires alternated with the requirements to use stone during construction, not to put houses close to each other, and so on.
The city government also does not forget about education. There was an emergency firefighting course and a scuba diving course. The residents of Eba have more respect for the firefighters, who are now professional help. Along with the car comes such desirable hydraulic road rescue shears.
Celebrities are invited to the ceremony. Senator Klein, governor and district commander and delegations from partner cities from Sweden, Germany, Russia and Lithuania. And this time, foreign guests do not disappoint us. Friends from Germany pay our money in cash, for which we buy modern helmets for firefighters.
In April 1649, the tsar's "Order on the Gradsky Deanery" was issued, establishing a strict order when extinguishing fires in Moscow. Further development preventive measures to prevent fires was given by Peter I. It was during his reign that one of the first professional fire brigades was created, the first fire station... (Slides 6, 7)
Thanks to the efforts of firefighter Ryszard Kostuč and commandant Krzysztof Karapuda, firefighters can obtain a pontoon with a marine engine from the Marine Rescue and Search Service. Thanks to negotiations, the car was purchased at a very attractive price. It is in excellent technical condition and has a generator and a winch. Cars are equipped necessary equipment and will serve the residents of Leba.
In an extremely challenging field, our equipment has proven to be indispensable. We recommend a very pleasant party. The event took place in a wonderful sunny weather September 30 at Lake Brody in Krpkowice. A total of 24 firefighters took part in the competition. Among them were seasoned runners, as well as hobbyists, young people, and families with children who wanted to have an active Saturday morning. The total number of participants is 82 people. There was also a bonfire, sausages and a sweet treat. The race was held at a distance of 8 km and 5 km.
During the reign of Alexander I, in 1803, the first fire brigade began its activities in St. Petersburg.
Under Tsar Nicholas I, the organization of fire brigades began everywhere. (Slide 8) One of the sights of Russian cities is the fire tower. (Slide 9) For many decades, the tower was the most high point cities, from where not only the outskirts were visible, but also the nearest villages. (Slide 10)
The riders were initially given a map of the area with dots hidden in the forest. In addition to speed, it is important to have a good orientation in the field and read the map. At the finish of the race, he waited for the medal to end. Creation of the first professional and volunteer fire brigades. The need to defend against the great fires that ravaged cities and settlements, forced the rulers to prepare teams of people to fight the fire. In ancient times, the first organized fire protection was Rome and then the capital of the civilized world.
It was the world's first fire brigade - a militia fighter, well organized and equipped. All cohorts were commanded by the officer of the commander of the fire brigade - the prefect of the vigilum, who was a knight and often a senator with wide powers. Over time, due to the collapse of more ancient civilizations, especially the Roman civilization, the organization of the fight against fires and fire methods went into oblivion. In the Middle Ages, people had to solve other important problems, and therefore the fire protection declined. Years of experience fires in cities showed that many losses could have been avoided if every fire had been controlled in the bud.
Since 1858, the military-police telegraph began to be used for firefighting purposes, in the nineties - the telephone and the electric fire alarm, and since 1907, the first fire engine. (Slide 11)
In the tense years of the Great Patriotic War firefighters extinguished fires from enemy bombs and shells, helped to evacuate people and equipment, one of the last to leave the abandoned cities. (Slide 12)
However, appropriate equipment, trained people and the ability to quickly notify of a fire were needed. This evolution has been very slow. Two hundred years later, additional security posts, fire brigades and posters were added. Undoubtedly, this is due to the development of cities that took place during the industrial revolution. The emergence of new factories and factories led to population growth and tremendous progress in urbanization. The current participatory forms of fire fighting no longer existed.
Delayed rescue missions or inappropriate behavior have led to massive destruction of cities and, consequently, to the wealth of the richest inhabitants. Despite these obvious facts, the creation of specialized industries faces many difficulties, primarily financial. Later, more and more professional security guards were created. It was a difficult period for the newly emerging firefighters who had financial difficulties... A serious shortage has occurred in firefighting as the industry has not yet produced it on a mass scale.
Modern State Fire Service Russian Federation is the largest operational service within the EMERCOM of Russia. Every year the state fire service makes more than two million visits and saves the lives of more than one hundred thousand people. (Slide 13)
The fire service these days is the fastest structure to provide emergency... It is the backbone of a modern rescue service. The fire fighting service is involved in extinguishing fires, it exercises fire supervision and trains the population in fire handling techniques. (Slide 14) She has the most powerful equipment in her arsenal: fire trucks, ships and boats, as well as special helicopters and even trains. (Slide 15) Firefighters are equipped with the most modern models gas masks, heat-reflective suits, smoke exhaust systems and many other special devices. (Slide 16)
Another problem was the acute shortage of water, as water was not widely used in cities. The alarming population of the fires was a major problem. The earliest "volunteer fire brigades" were created in England, Switzerland, Germany, Austria. These guards evolved rapidly. She was under the command of the military general - the governor of Warsaw, who appointed the commander as a guard. His decision had to be approved by the Tsar of Russia. One of the obstacles during the operation was the ban on the use of the Polish language.
This was the result of intensive Russification that covered the lands of the Russian census. The fire service was very difficult. There was no vacation and military training was in place. Firefighters were punished under disciplinary rules for any violation of the statute and punishment. More important crimes were subject to the provisions of the Criminal and Judicial Laws applicable to conscripts. Detention is commonly used, as well as corporal punishment. The conditions during the action were also very difficult, especially heat and smoke causing a high incidence.
In the process of preparing the project, I interviewed my dad, and this is what I learned about the organization and tasks of this service in our area.
The exact date of the formation of the fire brigade of the village of Seryshevo has not been established, but it is known that in the fifties XX (twentieth) century on the territory of the village of Seryshevo, a fire brigade functioned to extinguish fires, consisting of one fireman and one driver of a fire truck. (Slide 17)
There were also accidents while traveling to the fires because vehicles at that time, and these were horse-drawn vehicles, they did not have adequate security. Likewise, the situation with the fire brigades in the remaining partitions was very similar, where the authorities were very reluctant to allow them to be created. In the Prussian section, volunteer fire brigades had to be approved and approved by the police. So-called. Forced firefighters and their members were appointed by administrative orders. In Galicia, there was also a difficult situation when the Austrian authorities issued a ban on the organization of voluntary fire brigades.
Today the fire department has 72 employees. The fire station has 5 separate fire stations (in the villages: Tomskoye, Sosnovka, Lermontovo, Bolshaya Sazanka, Shirokiy Log). (Slide 18)
To extinguish fires, there are 9 (nine) fire trucks, and the main task is to prevent a fire from occurring (slide 19), but if it does arise, then make every effort, knowledge and skills so that it cannot bring a big
About 200 people joined her at the organizational meeting. Further volunteer fire brigades were organized in Tarnowskie, Wadowice and Przemysl. The emergence of fire brigades on Polish soil was associated with the development of the labor movement. It also sparked action among firefighters who sought to create their own fire brigade. This was not easy as the Russians and Prussians in particular interfered with their organization. Firefighters in the Kingdom of Congress, where firefighters were only allowed during World War I, were the most difficult.
material damage and, worst of all, lead to the death of people. (Slides 20, 21)
In addition to the work of extinguishing and preventing fires, there are other functions performed by the fire brigade. These are trips to traffic accidents, where help is often needed to retrieve and unlock injured drivers and passengers of damaged vehicles. Fire Department is involved in providing assistance to citizens and organizations, including the police, to open doors, to supply water to organizations in dire need of it. So during the heating period in the village of Seryshevo, the fire department repeatedly saved the village of Seryshevo from freezing. When in the midst new year holidays, in the most severe frosts, an accident occurred on the heating main of the military town of the village of Seryshevo, the whole unit was alerted and sent to help people. For three days, employees of the fire department were involved in bypassing citizens in order to control their life support, in restoration work heating of residential buildings and, of course, in ensuring fire safety when carrying out welding works in residential buildings.
The activities of the fire brigades under the partitions were not limited to firefighting. They also served as the basis for polity, as they carried out educational, socio-political and patriotic activities. Many firefighters were preparing to fight to restore independence. She not only performed her statutory functions such as firefighting and rescue operations, but she also provided a forum for cultural activities. The firefighters included choirs, theaters, ensembles and orchestras. They celebrated their state and church rites.
The part has a tradition of working with the younger generation. So, every year "Days open doors»In the fire department, where everyone can try themselves in the role of firefighters.
The functions of the fire department also extend to helping people who experienced the severity of the flooding that occurred in the summer of 2013. (Slide 22) So the fighters pumped rainwater from the damaged residential buildings, so that other services, in particular the energy service, could supply electricity to their homes, so that people could warm up and dry their homes.
Firefighters do not turn out to be on the sidelines and when trees fall on the roads - they leave and clear them.
Provide assistance and railroad... For example, in the winter of 2013, the unit twice went to liquidate the consequences of derailment of wagons. The fire department carried out one of the main measures to restore the passability of freight and passenger trains. (Slide 23)
In the fall of 2012, as a result of a military plane crash at the Ukrainka airfield, firefighters took an active part in eliminating the consequences of the accident.
And what do the workers on duty do when they do not put out fires or eliminate the consequences of accidents?
The very work of a firefighter requires permanent work over their professional training. Their duties include the daily workout of standards, on which they work out the issues of collecting and leaving on alarm, combat deployment, rescuing people, providing first aid. (Slide 24) After working out the standards, the personnel begin training sessions. After lunch - self-preparation, physical training, chores (cleaning premises, fire trucks, Maintenance rescue devices).
The personnel of the unit are very fond of sports and in their free time they come to the unit to play volleyball, football, and also to test themselves in applied fire-fighting sports, which includes: passing a hundred-meter strip with obstacles and competitions with fire escapes. (Slide 25)
The unit also has its own "champions"! The most outstanding of them are the chief of the first guard Krasnopivtsev Dmitry Alexandrovich, the commander of the second guard section Kolotin Denis Alexandrovich and the firefighter of the third guard Ovcharuk Andrey Viktorovich. These employees have repeatedly participated and are participating in regional competitions not only in fire and applied sports, but also in hand-to-hand combat, kettlebell lifting, volleyball, table tennis in which they took the highest places. (Slide 26)
Competitions for the best division are also held inside the unit. In part the best
The third guard appears, and among the posts there is a separate fire-fighting post in the village of Tomskoye - a real combat unit. (Slide 27) The Tomskoye village is one of the largest and most densely populated in the Seryshevsky region. The number of fires and accidents is not much inferior to the village of Seryshevo and it is unacceptable to have a weak unit in it. The functions and tasks of the Tomsk post are absolutely similar to those of the fire department. This unit is headed by Valentin Vasilyevich Litvinovsky, and the commander of the operational group is Evgeny Valentinovich Moiseenko. These are competent specialists who have repeatedly proved their competence as in daily activities and in the case of extinguishing fires. (Slide 28, 29)
In the spring we heard a disturbing sound during the lesson fire siren... I drove into the schoolyard fire engine... (Slide 30) An educational fire alarm... When all the students and school employees were "evacuated" to the sports ground, the soldiers of the Tomsk fire-fighting unit showed us their actions during the fire, told and showed us the possibilities fire equipment and equipment. (Slide 31) They acted smoothly and quickly. (Slides 32, 33)
On February 15, our school hosted a military-patriotic game "Young Rescuer" among the schools of the Seryshevsky district and the city of Belogorsk. It was dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. The guys showed their skills in disassembling weapons, in providing first aid, in reviewing the formation and songs and other competitions. The members of the jury were representatives of the local authorities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations.
During the research, I found answers to many questions. I studied the history of the creation of a fire service in our country, from an interview I learned about the organization of a modern fire service in our area, about the people who ensure our safety.
On April 30, 1649, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich signed a decree establishing the first Russian fire-fighting service.
The fire service is one of the oldest public services in Russia. Back in 1504, during the reign of Ivan III, a fire-guard was created in Moscow, and in 1549 Ivan the Terrible issued a decree on fire safety, which obliged the inhabitants to have primary funds fire extinguishing in every home.
In 1649, two documents were published in Russia that were directly related to firefighting. The first of them - "Order of the City Deanery", published on April 30, essentially laid the organizational foundations for a professional fire brigade in Moscow.
The mandate determined the staffing of the fire brigade, its equipment, constant watch, detours of cities, established punishments for violations of the rules of handling fire. Moreover, these provisions extended to all Russian cities. For the first time in Russia, rules were established for officials responsible for fire safety.
The second document - "Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich", which also contained a number of articles regulating the rules for handling fire. The Code introduced criminal liability for arson and established a distinction between careless handling of fire and arson.
During the reign of Peter I, the constant threats of fires prompted the tsar to make the first attempt to organize permanent fire brigades. In 1722, a kind of fire brigade was organized at the Admiralty. This team was armed with filler pipes, hooks, buckets, axes. All types of ships were supplied with the necessary firefighting tools. On November 13, 1722, Peter's Decree was issued on the construction of pontoons (shallow cargo ships) and the installation of water cannons on them to extinguish fires on river ships and in coastal structures.
To provide fire equipment military units involved in extinguishing fires, in 1740 the Senate approved the norms according to which each regiment was equipped with a large filler pipe, a water vat and a sailcloth; the battalions were supposed to have pitchforks, ladders, a large hook with a chain; the company was equipped with axes, buckets, a shield, shovels, hand pipes, hooks. In 1747 all government offices were equipped with fire-fighting equipment.
On March 17, 1853, the "Normal table on the composition of the fire department in cities" was approved, which streamlined the organizational structure of the fire department, including the norms for providing fire departments for cities.
In 1857, the first fire regulations in Russia were issued. He outlined the procedure for arranging fire brigades in cities, interpreted fire safety precautions, the procedure for compensation for losses and rewarding firefighters involved in extinguishing, and also prescribed penalties for violations of fire safety rules.
Since 1858, the military-police telegraph began to be used for firefighting purposes, and in the nineties - a telephone and an electric fire alarm.
Since that time, a new uniform for firefighters was also introduced: for the fireman - a bronze, gilded helmet with an army emblem, a ceremonial half-jacket of dark green cloth, double-breasted, with silver embroidery, wide trousers, boots, a belt harness, chrome boots, a sword. For an ordinary firefighter - a bronze helmet with scales, a half-coat gray, blue shoulder straps, wide trousers, boots, a belt harness with a cover for an ax.
An important role in the development of voluntary fire brigades was played by the creation in 1892 of the Russian Fire Society (since 1907 - the Imperial Society).
In 1907, the first fire engine appeared in Moscow. In the same year, a fire alarm was first installed in Kitai-Gorod.
After the revolution, on April 17, 1918, the decree "On the organization of state measures to combat fire" was issued, which became the first legislative act in the history of Russia in which the task of fighting fires was given national significance. In accordance with the decree, the annual holiday - Firefighting Day - was celebrated on April 17th.
In March 1999, the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation issued an order to consider April 30 as a professional holiday for firemen, in commemoration of the 350th anniversary of the Order of the City Deanery. Taking into account the historical traditions and merits of the fire brigade, its contribution to ensuring the fire safety of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation in April 1999 issued a decree establishing the Fire Day - April 30.
Currently, fire safety activities are regulated by more than 10 federal laws and legal acts of the Government of the Russian Federation.
A significant event took place at the end of the twentieth century. For the first time in Russia in its entire centuries-old history on November 18, 1994 The State Duma was accepted The federal law"On fire safety", which defined the general legal, economic and social foundations for ensuring fire safety in the Russian Federation.
A new stage in the development of the fire service was the creation of the state fire and rescue service. On November 9, 2001, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On improving Government controlled in the field of fire safety ", in accordance with which the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation was transformed into the State fire service Ministry of the Russian Federation for civil defense, emergencies and disaster relief ".
