The history of the creation of the 7th fire station. A brief history of the organization and formation of the country's fire protection
The prototype fire department the ancient capital had a "fire service". The territory of the city was divided into sections (10 courtyards). Round-the-clock duty, with a mandatory bypass of the territory at night, was carried out in turn. The duty of the person on duty was to notify the neighbors about the fire, organize the immediate extinguishing of the fire source and localize the spread of the flame.
He focused on his teaching work. Agreed with the director of the Nigloslach Agricultural School. Rapaki said that every year during the Christmas season, the school provides a one-week lecture room, a dormitory, and a kitchen with a canteen for courses for chiefs, MPs and platoon commanders from the district. During the training, the Executive Board of the Association was very helpful. Tadeusz Ginter and Karol Czolwinski arrived as members of the Management Board.
There was a fire brigade at the Niglossa Agricultural School. Regardless of summer training, a three-day course in the area was conducted for the chief and deputy chiefs of security. Their program consisted of operational and combat missions, with the practical solution of tactical missions at facilities. There were also regional competitions every two years and, in turn, every third year, a county competition. Each event was evaluated by the Council of the Association.
Features of extinguishing in Russia
In the second half of the 16th century, responsibilities for extinguishing fires were assigned to the Zemsky decree. Fire brigades, formed from yaryzhnyh (employees of the lowest rank) and archers. The equipment was water barrels, hooks, axes, ladders, water pipes.
The reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich went down in history thanks to the publication of the "Cathedral Code" and "Order of the City Deanery". The decrees of the mid-17th century served as a prerequisite for the creation of a state fire service... These documents contain a set of rules and measures fire safety in cities, towns and forests throughout the country.
The jubilee honored him with the presence of a Polish commander. He was the author of the first Polish fire literature. Colonel Jozef Tulishkovsky arrived at the invitation of the district council, which was personally presented by Jan Pasternakevich, one of the students of the prominent firefighter. All employees of the district office were forced to evacuate, and with them the district instructor Yan Pasternakevich. Of course, the fire service was suspended and many of its members were killed in the battle against the occupier.
Already in February of this year, one of the organizers of the fire brigade in the interwar period, Yan Pasternakevich, adopted an order from the local authorities - the chairman of the district council for the reactivation of Voluntary fire brigades in the district. Although the work was hard, without Vehicle, it was necessary to walk many kilometers, bring effects and give satisfaction.
"Order" and "Code" outlined the main areas of activity in the fight against fires:
- clarification of the conditions for using fire in everyday life (seasonal and daily restrictions, rules for the construction of hearths and stoves);
- a ban on making open fires and smoking in in public places(streets and lanes);
- round-the-clock duty of bypassing heads and lattice clerks (detours and night shifts);
- equipping private property and common areas with firefighting equipment (spears, axes, water pipes, buckets and large cadis with water);
- criminal liability of the population for the careless use of fire and the death penalty for deliberate arson;
- officials, for the negligent performance of duties, which led to fires in the reporting territory, were punished by the disgraced sovereign.
Fire brigade establishment
Under Peter I, firefighting received a new impetus for development. The reforms contained a comprehensive approach to preventing the threat and extinguishing fires in St. Petersburg. The idea of fire prevention was related to the rules of urban development. To reduce the damage from the spontaneous spread of the flame, fire-prevention gaps between buildings, houses made of stone, wide and straight streets allowed. The first water intake wells (a prototype of today's fire hydrants) appeared in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Meeting the firefighters after a five-year hiatus was an experience and the initiative to revive the guards was done with great enthusiasm. Although the personnel worked alone rhythmically, without interruption, particular attention was paid to the training and activities of the field units. As a rule, the classes were held in the evening, sometimes in the apartments of the heads. Each course or training ended with an exam. In many committees, the commander of the provincial commander, Zdesishinsky, personally sat down. He had a great deal of merit in obtaining a large number of cars and motorcycles from the military authorities.
First fire station was built in St. Petersburg, according to the personal decree of the tsar. The division was equipped with an arsenal of modern, for that time, European equipment. A few years later, a decree was issued on the creation of a fire-fighting unit on the basis of river, shallow-draft vessels, equipped with water cannons.
Politsky district received 4 motorized excursions, which had great importance to strengthen combat readiness. Colonel Zdesiszynski also had to provide the county with hundreds of snakes and buy fabric for a uniform that was not on guard at all. The restored facility had rooms for the commandant's office, 3 office rooms, a one-time alarm, an operating room and social rooms for combat division.
There were 35 people in the command hall, including a combat unit. Czeslaw Kuj, who began a vigorous effort to raise funds and land for the construction of a new fire brigade. The effort was long and tedious, but successful. The position of a professional fire brigade commander, cf.
Peter I legalized the involvement of active army units in extinguishing fires. Military formations were equipped with firefighting tools and devices. The soldiers, under the guidance of fire officers, were trained in the skills of eliminating fires. The result of the participation of troops in extinguishing fires was the tactics of firefighters. The fire departments included services for extinguishing, water supply and fire localization.
Major Vladislav Kolodzeyak Major Marian Gajewski cf. ... As a result, the headquarters of the Provincial Fire Brigade in Plock started with the head of the fire brigade. The deputy commander of the voivodeship's fire brigade was appointed head of the fire brigade.
Henrik Borovsky, Colonel Adam Kasprzyk, st. ... The award ceremony took place on the 40th anniversary of the creation of the Professional Fire brigade in Plock. Bielska 59, the regional headquarters of the State Fire Service in Plock Street. ... This testifies to the recognition of the city and the community of the region as the generous and loyal service of the Plock unit, which recognizes the special role of firefighters, who, with the introduction of new rules establishing the state fire service, provide assistance not only for fires, but also for all hazards. road, chemical, environmental, construction and water rescue.
The mechanism of administrative control over execution was formed fire prevention measures... Decrees were issued, instructions for fire safety residential buildings, ships, shipyards, chambers of commerce. The requirement to observe the gap between the masonry of the furnace and the wall (2 bricks) migrated into modern normative literature from Peter's decrees.
The ceremony was attended by the Minister of the Interior and Administration Marek Biernacki. This initiative grew out of the conviction that for institutions with responsible social functions, the banner is a symbol of unity, patriotism and responsibility and was founded by the inhabitants of Plock and Plock region, expresses trust and support that motivate even better fulfillment of social obligations.
Attempts have been made several times, but financial considerations and lack of acceptance for the location presented prevented these plans from being implemented. After many years of efforts and the involvement of the authorities of the State Fire Brigade and the municipal and district governments, the construction of the watchtower began.
Mass construction
In 1725, the reforms of Peter I were interrupted. Alexander I resumed the development of the structure. The fire service of the capital was created by decree of the emperor, at the beginning of the 19th century. Recruitment into the ranks of the fire brigade was made from among men of military age, for a period of 25 years.
Firefighter teams, led by fire masters, were part of the police units. The top management of the city's fire brigades was carried out by the fire major.
Andrzej Zembrzuski Fire chaplain and policemen. Finally, the Pope's favorite song "Barka" was performed. During the seminar, publications on fire protection were presented. Historical and modern fire engines are on display at the headquarters of the Plock Scientific Society.
After 32 years of service, Hilary Januschik retires, on a well-deserved retirement. The genesis of professional firefighting in Elblag. It is often said that fire protection is as old as fire. The buckets are to be kept in a building owned by the Council and located in the so-called. The City Court was a large, partly built area in the area of a modern school complex at ul. It served as an economic backdrop for the Council, serving as a stopover for horsemen arriving in the city.
From this moment, the history of the fire department begins, which is marked by the massive construction of fire stations in Russia. The fire tower, living quarters, stables of the fire station, with a removable yard for horse carts and equipment, were located in the complex of the police station building, in the center of the city. The observation deck of the fire tower was the highest point for a panoramic view of the city and its environs.
The above information shows that the firefighting problem was the competence of the city council. This was the entire history of the city from Teutonic times to the end of the Commonwealth's rule. Later, in Prussian times, these functions were transferred by the Magistrate or, more strictly, by the police department.
The council tried to positively influence this issue by announcing the ordinances of fire, which is a set of rules governing the protection of fire. They have not survived to our time in original form, but their content was preserved thanks to the thoroughness of Abraham Grubnaua, whose texts he quoted in his manuscript kept in the State Archives in Gdansk.
Provincial architects participated in the development of a fire station project on a competitive basis. Designed and built buildings for firefighters, in best traditions architecture of the XIX century. Many towers that have survived to this day have become the hallmark of Russian cities, resembling the facades of palaces, with towers of belfries.
Gilyarovsky remarkably described the details of the life and service of fire fighters in Moscow. A watchman was on duty at the observation deck of the fire tower around the clock. Noticing the fire, he rang the alarm bell, informed the fireman of the place and degree of development of the fire (smoke or open fire, the type and number of buildings engulfed in flames). In the afternoon, the townsfolk learned information about the fire by the crosses and leather balls hung on the rocker. At night, with the help of a block, the sentry lifted up lighted lanterns, with white or red glasses. Balls, crosses and lanterns marked the place and category of the fire. The red color of the flag during the day (lantern at night), hung on the side of the rocker, meant the highest degree of fire danger and the collection of all parts.
Only a few buildings were destroyed, but there were two of them: the Holy Flame quickly ascended the stunning tower and slowly descended in front of the helpless crowd. The only fire protection available to the temple was a copper boiler, which collects rainwater, installed on the gallery and tower floor. The spirits rushed to the rescue equipment. It consisted of pumps and leather hoses. The equipment was quickly and efficiently transported to the gallery, but in vain, because the stream of water did not reach the flame, and molten lead dripped on the heads of the rescuers over the roof of the tower.
Plants for the production of fire fighting equipment. Russian inventor Alexander Laurent became the author of a patent for a manual foam fire extinguisher ... "Courses for fire technicians" - the first educational institution for fire specialists in Russia, began work in October 1906. In the training laboratory, cadets were engaged in the development and improvement of fire fighting equipment, hydrants, standers, pressure equipment, telescopic ladders.
So soon the flames got so low that people had to flee from pumps and snakes. All equipment including copper boilers, came under fire. The island of granaries was a separate and important issue for the protection of the Elblg fire. On the other hand, it was built with flammable material. All the warehouses had wooden or half-timbered structures and were undoubtedly untied. Consequently, the island was often the victim of a fire that was damaged or buried. This step reduced the risk of fire, but did not eliminate it, so the problem the opposite fire protection was frequent question council meetings.
The twentieth century
After the 1917 revolution, the fire department became part of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs. The change in the state system and the form of ownership led to a qualitative transformation of the structure of divisions. In the first decade Soviet power profile special educational establishments and universities.
City officials strongly prohibit the burning of wood and straw and the use of open flames, a fierce opposition to English merchants and fashionable, smoky habits. By the end of the day, the fire was destroyed on the island, and the dying fire was transferred to the other side of the river. Bilingual Polish-German plates were installed on the berths, forbidding stopping at ship shops, where there was a fire. The language of the tables indicates that the city's commercial contacts with the Republic are still alive. The ordinance also required maintenance on the island of pumps, hoses, ladders, sandals and other fire extinguishing systems.
State structures for control and management of fire protection have been created. Distributed the functions and responsibilities of performers, for the fire condition of industries and departments. On the basis of the expropriated factories, the production of fire fighting vehicles and equipment has been resumed. In the mid-thirties of the last century, the Central Research Fire Laboratory was established.
It was released three years later because its members did not want to submit to police surveillance, in practice for the city government. The fate of the Rescue and Rescue Association was different. The association was a response to the great fire that destroyed much of New York this spring. About 200 members of the organization have provided disinterested assistance to the city. The firefighters were split into four teams with an elected commander. The equipment, consisting of leather hoses, thighs, ladders and sandals, was stored on wooden stand next to the Market Gate, and the bell hanging in the gate served as a signal bell.
To the Great World War II firefighting garrisons extinguished fires from enemy bombs and incendiary shells, evacuated objects of cultural value of the nation, factories, factories, rescued civilians.
The dedication and high professionalism of firefighters during the war received highly appreciated states, appreciation and respect ordinary people... The Leningrad Fire Department and the Moscow Fire Garrison were awarded the Orders of Lenin.
Elblg Headquarters high school were eagerly embraced by the staff. However, due to the negative impact of participation in fire-fighting activities and exercises, the company, in consultation with the school rector, severely limited the recruitment of firefighters from the secondary school. The relationship between the firefighters was democratic. As the chronicler wrote, "the worker fought shoulder to shoulder with a member of the municipal government." In his power, the city was divided into five districts. Each constituency was headed by a head and given one pump with service.
The formation of special fire departments in the post-war years was caused by the creation of nuclear weapons. The task was to organize and conduct preventive measures at the enterprises of the military-industrial complex. Fire hazard technological processes encountered by the special forces has not been studied. Absence regulatory framework and experience was compensated by the most severe fire-fighting regime.
Every adult living in the county was required to take part in firefighting activities if necessary. A year later, the firefighters went into a dormant state, and another third of the men took their place. So, to put it mildly, each elbow after a year of fire fighting was two years. Participation in the fire protection system was honorable, only the superintendent received 20 thalers a year, and his two deputies were 10 thalers. Ordinance imposed on every owner or homeowner to have two leather buckets bearing the street name and house number.
Fires in Russia have long been one of the most serious disasters. In the annals they are also mentioned as one of the most powerful weapons in the fight against enemies. Several times the cities of Yuryev, Vladimir, Suzdal, Novgorod burned out. In 1194, there were huge fires in Ladoga and Rousse. This was not only in Russia. Eyewitness accounts, the works of historians tell about many devastating fires in Moscow. The city burned down completely in 1238, when the hordes of Khan Batu raged in Russia.
If there was a craft workshop in the building, the owner had to have 3-6 buckets depending on the size of the company. In addition, a law imposed on a town hall with 12 buckets, all churches and the Market Gate at 6, a gymnasium and a hospital for the absence of each bucket was imposed on responsible person for 10p for silver. Homeowners with straw, reed, or pebbles were required to have a ladder reaching at least the chimney. Despite the good equipment and dedication, the existence of the fire and rescue association did not solve all the problems of fire protection in Elblag.
Fire concealed many dangers when it was used in peacetime. There were no stoves at that time, a fire was made in a pit right in the house, and the smoke came out through a hole made in the thatched roof. In the event of a fire, no one took measures to extinguish it - only children and property were saved. The fire spread from house to house and stopped only when everything around was burned out.
The organization of the fire service in Russia is associated with the name of the Grand Duke of Moscow and All Russia Ivan III (1440-1505). Moscow at that time was a big city. There were over 40 thousand wooden buildings in it. Even a small amount of sunburn could lead to serious consequences. And there were enough reasons for the outbreak of fires: the presence of stoves without chimneys, the use of candles, icon lamps for lighting, the use of open fire by artisans near dwellings. From 1453 to 1493, Moscow completely burned out ten times.
In 1504, after another devastating fire, fire regulations, which prohibit the heating of baths and huts in the summer without urgent need... It was also forbidden to light candles in the house at dusk. Blacksmiths and other artisans who used fire in their business were allowed to set up smelters and forges away from buildings and dwellings.
At the beginning of the 16th century, according to the decree of Ivan III, a fire-guard guard was created in Moscow. At the ends of city streets, special outposts were set up - "slingshot grates", which were locked at night. A round-the-clock watch was established at the outposts. The service here was headed by lattice clerks. To help them, one citizen was allocated from every 10 households. The main technique for fighting fire is buckets, axes, crowbars, reeds, spears, hooks, spades, hooks, ladders. The most important concern of every city was water supply. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the overwhelming majority of cities were erected on the banks of rivers.
There was one more reason leading to devastating fires. This was due to superstition. Despite severe punishments from the city authorities, a large number of the townspeople refused to extinguish the fire, considering the fire to be a punishment sent by God, which is a sin to resist.
The transformation of the fire department in Russia begins in the middle of the 16th century. In 1547, these measures were supplemented by the decree of Ivan the Terrible, obliging the inhabitants of Moscow to have vats with water on the roofs of houses and in yards. With the establishment of the Streltsy Order in 1550, archers began to be sent to fires in Moscow. This, of course, was a significant step forward, which had a number of positive aspects... First, it was a military organization, which was distinguished by a certain discipline, subordination to the commander, and the habit of joint actions. Secondly, the archers' armament was based on canes, axes, i.e. those tools that could be used to dismantle burning buildings. Third, they were in permanent locations(there were several streltsy settlements in Moscow). They didn’t have to waste time preparing for the alarm, they immediately went to the place of the fire. In the initial period, their number was 3000 people, which made it possible to send a sufficient number of archers to the fires.
Russia became the first country in the world to use military units to fight fire. This experience was later used in Japan and France.
The first fire brigade in Moscow was created in the twenties of the 17th century. Initially, the team was located at the Zemsky yard and included 100 people. Since 1629, it has already numbered 200, and in summer time an additional 100 people were hired. In 1649, two documents were adopted in Russia that were directly related to firefighting. The first of them - "Order of the City Deanery", published on April 6, ordered all wealthy people to keep copper water pipes and wooden buckets in the yard. The second document is "The Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich". It also contained a number of articles regulating the rules for handling fire. The Code criminalized arson and established a distinction between careless handling of fire and arson. In the event of a fire, due to negligence, damages were recovered from the culprit in the amount "that the Emperor will indicate." For arson, the punishment was the most severe, the firemen were ordered to be burned. After 15 years, this article was amended: burning at the stake was replaced by a gallows.
The business of fighting fire was re-developed under Peter I. Initially, the protection from fires in St. Petersburg was entrusted to city dwellers.
The great fire of 1710 destroyed in one night Gostiny Dvor, forced to accelerate the construction of a guardhouse with water pipes warehouses in the city. To report the fire, a detachment of drummers was formed, which bypassed the streets nearest to the fire and sounded the alarm. With the creation of regular regiments to replace the streltsy troops in 1711, the latter began to be involved in helping the population to extinguish fires. This measure was enshrined in legislation by the decree of Peter I "On the unswerving arrival of troops in the fires."
At the beginning of the 17th century, the first fire brigade was created in Moscow. Each regiment was equipped with a large filler pipe, a water vat and a sailcloth. The battalions had pitchforks, ladders, and a large hook and chain. The company was equipped with 25 axes, buckets, a shield, shovels, four hand pipes, two small hooks. Six horses were allocated for transporting tools.
In 1765, in all provincial cities, fire transports were established to ensure the delivery of equipment to the place of the fire.
Since 1772, the structure of fire brigades has changed. At all police units of St. Petersburg, a staff of ranks "with firefighting tools" was approved. Each of them consisted of a fire master, 106 employees and 10 cabbies. The teams were maintained by military contractors. Since 1792, fire brigades have been completely transferred to the police.
In the last decade of the 18th century, reorganization is taking place again. The adopted "Charter of the City of Moscow" provided for the formation of a fire expedition under the chief of police, headed by a fire major. The expedition consisted of 20 firemasters and 61 artisans. 1,500 people were assigned to the fire brigades at their place of residence, i.e. 75 people for one part. A three-shift watch was established in them, 25 people per shift. When a part of the fire broke out in the area, the first shift left, then the second one joined it. The third shift arrived at the yard for duty. Six years after the formation of a firefighting expedition in Moscow, a similar structure is being created in St. Petersburg. To manage the fire train and control the observance of fire safety measures in the city, the position of a fire major was introduced, and in each of the 11 police units - the position of a fire master.
The beginning of the 19th century was a turning point in the organization of the construction of a fire brigade. The government decides to create fire brigades not only in the capitals, but also in all cities of the empire. This event was preceded by a lot of work. An analysis of the state of the fire business led to the conclusion that it was completely untenable and inexpedient to use the population for these purposes.
By the manifesto of September 8, 1802, the Ministry of Internal Affairs was created in Russia. In the capitals of St. Petersburg and Moscow, the police were headed by chief police chiefs, under whose direct supervision were the Deanery Administrations. There were similar councils in the provincial cities. Their task was to centrally manage the fire brigade. Directly fighting the fire was carried out by fire brigades, which were available at the police units.
In 1802, a decree was adopted on the organization in St. Petersburg at congresses of a permanent fire brigade of 786 soldiers of the internal guard. In the spring of 1803, the team was formed. By the decree of Alexander I in 1804, the population of the capital was exempted from the allocation of night watchmen, the maintenance of firemen, and street lighting. At first, the fire brigade consisted of 11 units, and in 1811, in connection with the construction of new areas, the 12th unit was formed. The staff of the team was approved in the following composition: a fire major, 11 firemasters, 11 assistant non-commissioned officers, 528 firefighters, a pump master, a locksmith, 2 blacksmiths, a chimney sweep, 24 chimney sweeps and 137 coachmen. A professional fire brigade is also being created in Moscow. In other cities, their organization was carried out on the basis of the "Regulations on the composition of the fire brigade of St. Petersburg and Moscow."
A large number of fires occurred due to violations during construction. In 1809, rules were issued according to which wooden buildings with stove heating were to be erected at a distance of at least 25 m from each other. Construction of wooden two-storey houses was prohibited. The second floor was allowed to be made of wood only if the first floor was stone. For construction miscalculations and absence in newly constructed buildings fire partitions architects and builders were held accountable.
Service in fire brigades was regulated by the "Firefighter Charter" adopted in 1832.
The middle of the 19th century was a significant milestone in the development of the construction of fire brigades in Russia. On March 17, 1853, the "Normal table of the composition of the fire department in the cities" was approved. In accordance with this document, the staffing of teams for the first time began to be determined not by the "highest resolution", but depending on the size of the population.
In 1857, along with professional teams subordinated to the police, civilian teams belonging to the city government, community teams and voluntary fire brigades were created.
The voluntary teams had a clear structure. The most efficient ones had several detachments. The tasks included "research, development of measures to prevent and suppress fire disasters", help firefighters and people affected by fires, improve fire water supply, publication of fire-technical literature, holding congresses, exhibitions, congresses.
As of 1892, there were 590 permanent professional teams in Russia, 250 voluntary urban teams, 2026 rural teams, 127 factory teams, 13 military teams, 12 private teams, and 2 railway teams. The number of personnel in them was 84,241 people. The fire brigades were armed with 4970 lines, 169 steam pumps, 10 118 large fire pumps, 3758 hand pumps and hydro-control units, 35 390 barrels, 4718 crimson passages, 19 infirmary vans. This information concerns 1624 settlements and territories, including Finland, the Caucasus, Turkestan, Siberia. Apart from the capital cities and Warsaw, whose teams possessed modern equipment, everyone else was experiencing financial difficulties.
According to the calculations of Russian specialists, the minimum water supply for successful fire extinguishing should be 200 buckets per minute. At unfavorable conditions According to American data, this required 700 buckets of water per minute (for example, 14 barrels with a water flow rate of 50 buckets per minute, etc.). What were the possibilities of the available pumps? A large hand pipe provided 20 buckets per minute, an average one - from 10 to 15 buckets with a jet height of 6-7 sazhens. All large pumps available in St. Petersburg, of which there were 5 at the end of the 19th century, could supply only 100 buckets of water per minute. This, as you can see, was far from the norm. The same picture was typical for many of the largest cities in the world. The best steam pumps delivered between 100 and 250 buckets of water per minute.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, fundamentally new compositions for extinguishing fires were created, much superior in efficiency to water.
Service in professional teams was very difficult, one-shift. The working day lasted 15-16 hours. The fact that the work of firefighters is hard, exhausting, accompanied by injuries, injuries, death is evidenced by the very conditions of their work. From 1901 to 1914, 2,300 firefighters received injuries of varying severity in Russia, of which about 10 percent became disabled, and 24 percent died.
In 1918, V. I. Lenin signed a decree "On the organization of state measures to combat fire." The decree noted the need for correct and systematic conduct of fire-fighting measures, drew attention to the importance of developing fire prevention, publishing rules and instructions, and developing fire-fighting equipment. The main task of the fire brigade was determined - the prevention of fires. In 1924 a fire-fighting technical school was opened in Leningrad. In 1925, the magazine Pozharnoye Delo began to appear.
Fire departments of the cities were equipped with fire trucks. In 1934, the Main Fire Department was organized as part of the NKVD of the USSR. To protect fire-hazardous and especially important industrial facilities and large administrative centers, a militarized fire brigade of the NKVD was created.
Since 1966, the work of the fire brigade was supervised by the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.
(Based on the book "Bodies and Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. A Brief Historical Essay", Joint Edition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Moscow, 1996)
