The main themes and ideas of N.A. nekrasov's lyrics. Works of N. Nekrasov: main themes. List of the best works of Nekrasov

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The main themes and ideas of N.A. Nekrasov's lyrics "Nekrasov is a whole poetic city living by its own laws" R. Gamzatov

N.A. Nekrasov is a continuer of the traditions of his great predecessors, Pushkin and Lermontov, Nekrasov at the same time opened a new page in the history of our poetry. His poetic works caused heated debate: his poems were considered close to prose, dissertations on given topics, but, nevertheless, Nekrasov immediately found his reader.

N.A. Nekrasov's innovation Nekrasov poetry opened to readers the spiritual world of the Russian peasant, his needs and aspirations; In his poems, Nekrasov talks about everyday non-poetic phenomena: about a dirty Petersburg street, about a peasant who beat his wives under a drunken hand, about the work of barge haulers, etc.

N.A. Nekrasov's innovation New heroes introduce into their poems a new speech, sometimes “rude”, “dissonant”, from the point of view of supporters of “pure art”; The intonations of live speech also affect the nature of the verse, its rhythm, therefore Nekrasov makes extensive use of three-syllable rhymes that convey the shades of a living voice;

N.A. Nekrasov's innovation Polyphonism is characteristic of Nekrasov's lyrics: the voices of the author and the characters merge into one; Poetry is always social: it reflects the issues of society, the structure of human relations. Imbued with citizenship.

The main themes of the lyrics The theme of poet and poetry; Motherland and people theme; The theme of the ideal of a public figure; Satirist theme; Love theme.

The theme of the poet and poetry "Poet and Citizen" (1856) What are the heroes of the poem arguing about? Who won this dispute? What conclusion can be drawn? Text

The theme of the poet and poetry "Muse" (1852) Who is the Muse? How does the poet portray Muse? What conclusion can be drawn? Text

The theme of the poet and poetry "Elegy" (1874) What is an elegy? Why did Nekrasov choose the elegy genre? What does stanza 1 say? What does stanza 2 say? What explains the presence of rhetorical questions in stanza 3? What is the point of these questions? What does stanza 4 say? How is the people represented in the elegy? What can you say about the author of the elegy after reading it? Text

The theme of the homeland and the people N.A. Nekrasov for the first time introduced the image of the Russian people into Russian poetry: Woman-peasant; Burlak; Peasants-petitioners; Railway builders.

The theme of the homeland and the people "Reflections at the front entrance" (1858) What compositional features can be distinguished? What conclusion should be drawn? Text

The theme of the homeland and the people "Forgotten Village" (1856) What is this poem about? What pictures come before your eyes when reading a poem? Can this poem be called lyrical? Is it only the motive of the author's regret about the life of the peasants and the fate of the village that we see in the poem? Text

The ideal of a public figure The ideal appears in the work of Nekrasov, imbued with boundless love for the homeland, capable of giving his life in the name of her. An example of high honesty, spiritual nobility, selfless service to the motherland, we see in the poem "Memory of Dobrolyubov" (1864)

The ideal of a public figure In the poet's thoughts about the friends of the people, the features of positive heroes are captured, the best people time and unique individual portraits of Dobrolyubov and Belinsky. In the work of Nekrasov, the theme "Belinsky" was not only deeply personal, but also socially important. In 1853, when the name of Belinsky was banned by the censorship, the poet published the poem "In Memory of a Friend", the poem "VG Belinsky", "The Unhappy".

Nekrasov-satirist Nekrasov entered Russian poetry not only as a poet-citizen, patriot, folk singer, but also as a satirist. Irony is a powerful weapon of Nekrasov poetry.

Nekrasov the satirist "Lullaby" (1845) What is the tone of the poem? What is the attitude of the poet to his hero? Text

Nekrasov-satirist "Moral Man" (1847) What is the hero of this poem? What does the author say about morality? Text

Love lyrics Nekrasov's love lyrics are very different from the "poetry of the heart" of other authors. There is nothing romantic in it, but it was precisely the "grounding" that gave his poems a special drama, in them the prose of life was clearly visible. He has a cycle of poems dedicated to his beloved - "Panaev's" cycle, in which the poet captured the story of his complex, joyful and painful love. And even after parting, he noted that in better times they were united by common views and mutual understanding.

Contemporaries about Avdotya Yakovlevna Panaeva: “How much is good in her. She has a lot of intelligence and true kindness. " (T. Granovsky) "Not only impeccably beautiful, but also an attractive brunette." (A. Fet) "I was in love in earnest, now it is passing, but I do not know yet ... She is smart and pretty, in addition, kind and utterly straightforward." (F. Dostoevsky)

Avdotya Yakovlevna Panaeva was born in St. Petersburg on July 31, 1820. Her parents served as actors on the Imperial stage: her father, A.G. Bryansky, acted in tragic roles, her mother played various roles in drama, comedy and operetta. A far from ideal atmosphere reigned in the house, which was created by the tyrannical gambler mother and an inveterate billiard player, a cruel, eccentric father. "Nobody caressed me," recalled Avdotya Yakovlevna, "and therefore I was very sensitive to caresses." But, apparently, the character was nevertheless inherited by mama's - imperious and decisive. Life in the parental home seemed like torment for the girl, and therefore, before reaching nineteen years old, she married the writer Ivan Panaev.

He came from a rich and glorious cultural tradition of a noble family (on his father's side, he was the grand-nephew of G.R.Derzhavin; his uncle was a major government official and a famous idyllic poet). Having lost his father early, who was also not alien to literary creativity, Panaev grew up in his grandmother's house. The mother was practically not engaged in raising her son, preferring to live for her own pleasure - widely and not counting money. This passion for a carefree, luxurious life was then passed on to her son. The service weighed on Ivan Panaev, he loved freedom and managed to successfully combine secular entertainment and literary pursuits. Wide circle acquaintances in all strata of St. Petersburg society, an amazing journalistic scent and "omnipresent" ensured his stories and stories permanent success, sometimes with a smack of scandal. His name was on everyone's lips in the 1840-50s.

Has become a talk of the town and romantic story his marriage. In 1893, in the year of Avdotya Yakovlevna's death, the writer’s cousin V. A. Panaev testified in Russian Antiquity: “Ivan Ivanovich's mother did not want to hear about her son's marriage to the actor's daughter. For two and a half years Ivan Ivanovich, in various ways and in every possible way, obtained the consent of his mother, but to no avail; finally, he decided to get married quietly, without the consent of his mother, and, having got married, straight from church, got into the carriage, drove with his young wife to Kazan ... a curse. "

“Relatives,” writes the literary critic V. Tunimanov, “gloated over the misalliance and haughtily accepted the plebeian. However, Panaev's mother did not differ with rancor, soon resigned herself, and the daughter-in-law had to fulfill the duties of a young mistress of a house that resembled, rather, a secular-aristocratic salon (in the Panaevs house they used to live carelessly, luxuriously, in a lordly manner). For her, romance very soon turned into a life that stunned at first, and then hardened prose. In addition, Ivan Ivanovich understood marital duty in a very peculiar way, not at all intending to abandon the secular-bohemian habits that had long become the norm. I must say that he clearly did not appreciate the strong, proud character of Avdotya Yakovlevna, created to reign, to command, and not to play the role of a timid and graceful doll in the salon of a secular writer. "

Was it any wonder that the regiment of her admirers arrived as soon as the young poet Nikolai Nekrasov appeared in the Panayevs' salon. .. Avdotya Yakovlevna made a great impression on the beginner and still unknown poet (he was only a year younger than the mistress who charmed him). The young man long and stubbornly sought her love, but she rejected him, not daring to leave her husband. Panaev, not indifferent to worldly pleasures, gradually returned to his old bachelor habits and spent time in revelry and amorous amusements, and the young wife was left to herself. Ivan Ivanovich's frivolous behavior was reflected in the financial situation of the family. The constant lack of money and the debts that he made oppressed and irritated Avdotya Yakovlevna.

And Nekrasov did not abandon the hope of winning the heart of this "extraordinary woman." “He was a passionate man and a gentleman,” - this is how Alexander Blok will say about him years later. Like dozens of his predecessors, he rushed to the attack on the move, but Madame Panaeva laid siege to the excessively zealous gentleman. However, hardened by the struggle for a place in the sun, Nekrasov was not going to give up. He talked to her about love, she was angry and did not believe, he talked to her about feelings, she laughed and did not take it seriously ... And the more persistently she repelled, the more surely she attracted. Once the knight was rolling his lady along the Neva in a boat and started “once again about the main story,” she again snorted contemptuously. The unhappy lover had no choice but to resort to blackmail. He informed the tormentor that he could not swim, and he jumped into the Neva. Say, if you are not mine, then what is life without you ...

The frightened Avdotya Yakovlevna raised a cry, the unfortunate jumper was pulled out into the light of day, and he again for his own: “Either mine, or I will repeat the trick. Yes, this time it’s lucky to go straight to the bottom ... ”She did not open her arms, but the cold of mistrust was replaced by warm sympathy ... In the summer of 1846, Nekrasov had a lucky chance to appreciate how delightful evenings in Russia are. Oh, what a glorious time it was! Avdotya Yakovlevna, her legal husband Ivan Ivanovich and, in fact, the poet spent wonderful months in the Kazan province. It was there that what happened about which the happy Panaeva left the lines: “Happy day! I distinguish him In a family of ordinary days From him I count my life And I celebrate in my soul! "

The future classic did not remain in debt: How long you were harsh, How you wanted to believe me, And how you believed, and hesitated again, And how you completely believed! - Nekrasov wrote about the twists and turns of his relationship with Avdotya Yakovlevna. He began to visit the Panaevs' house more and more often. From the autumn of 1845, I dropped in here almost every day, and a year later I settled with them in the same apartment. Busy with his endless romantic adventures, the head of the house and his wife's personal life turned a blind eye. Avdotya Yakovlevna became the common-law wife of Nekrasov - in those days it was almost impossible to get permission for a divorce. The rumors and gossip about their "indecent" relationship did not stop for a very long time. Well, after these two had fully justified mutual trust, it was unbearable (and even ridiculous) to part. And then there's the joint work to revive the Sovremennik magazine!

"Panaevsky cycle" "Panaevsky cycle" is an example of how the personal, intimate in the lyrics becomes universal. In it, we almost do not find social motives inherent in all of Nekrasov's lyrics. We can say that the poems of the cycle are deliberately asocial, devoid of any specific details and hints. In the foreground is the psychological motivation, the depiction of the feelings and experiences of the heroes, like Tyutchev's, the “fatal duel”. What about these two? He is a reflective person, prone to suspicion, suspicion, despondency, anger. However, little is known about him. She is at the center of the “Panaev's cycle”. And it was in the creation of the character of the heroine that Nekrasov's innovation manifested itself. This character is completely new, and besides, it is "given in development, in various, even unexpected, its manifestations, selfless and cruel, loving and jealous, suffering and making you suffer"

The motives of the lyrics of the “Panayevsky cycle” The motive is a stable, recurring element of the plot, characteristic of several works. In the "Panaev's cycle" the following motives can be distinguished: the motives of the quarrel ("If, tormented by rebellious passion ...", "You and I are stupid people ..."); parting, parting ("So this is a joke? My dear ...", "Farewell") or their premonitions ("I do not like your irony ..."); memories ("Yes, our life was rebellious ...", "Long ago - rejected by you ..."); letters ("Burnt Letters") and others. "Panaevsky" poems are inherent in some pairing (compare, for example, "A difficult year - an illness broke me ..." and "I got a heavy cross ...", "Forgive me" and Farewell).

"Panaevsky cycle" What is the originality of Nekrasov's intimate lyrics? Are you familiar with the description of feelings for your beloved? What image of the beloved woman does Nekrasov create in poems dedicated to Panaeva? What are the leading motives? "I do not like your irony" "Struck by the irreparable loss" "Sorry!"

"Panaevsky cycle" Nekrasov's works about love are distinguished by their sincerity. It can be seen that they arose under the influence of immediate feelings, are the result of a passionate lyrical movement. Nekrasov's love lyrics show that he could have been a “pure lyricist”, free from tendentiousness and far-fetchedness. At times, Nekrasov's feelings are distinguished by loftiness and poetic grace: So this is a joke? My dear, How timid, how slow-witted I am! I cried over your calculated, harsh, Short and dry letter: Neither a friendly affection, nor a frank word You did not please the heart in him ... It turned out that the poet's fears were in vain - the beloved woman still loved him: Everything is over! With your single word to my soul, you returned again And the old peace, and the old love, And the heart sends you blessings, As a messenger of unexpected salvation ...

"Panaevsky cycle" In conclusion, let us return once again to the question of the innovation of Nekrasov's love lyrics. It consists not only in the novelty of the content (“the prose of life”), but also in the fact that the poet finds an appropriate artistic form to depict “nonpoetic” phenomena: colloquial speech, prose.

Nekrasov is the successor and successor best traditions Russian poetry - its patriotism, citizenship and humanity. The theme of the purpose of poetry is one of the main themes in Nekrasov's lyrics. The poem "The Poet and the Citizen" is a dramatic contemplation of the author about the relationship between high citizenship and poetic art. Before us is a hero who is at a crossroads and, as it were, personifies different tendencies in the development of Russian poetry of those years, feeling the emerging disharmony between "civic poetry" and "pure art." The Poet's feelings change from irony towards the Citizen to irony, resentment against oneself, to a feeling of irreversible loss of human and creative values and then (in the last monologue) to gloomy bitterness; feelings of the Citizen - from the requirement to “smash” vices boldly, “to expose evil” to the understanding of the active struggle necessary for real poetry, a civic position. In essence, we are not facing a duel between two opponents, but a mutual search for a true answer to the question of the role of the poet and the purpose of poetry in public life.

V literature XIX of the century, Muse Nekrasova entered - the sister of a suffering, tormented, oppressed people ("Yesterday, at six o'clock ...").

Nekrasov's muse not only sympathizes with the people, she protests and calls for a fight. The theme of the people is traditionally considered a Nekrasovian theme. Apollon Grigoriev called Nekrasov “a man with a national heart”. According to Dostoevsky, the poet "loved all those who suffered from violence." The poem "Troika" is written in the favorite genre of songs for Nekrasov. The rhythmic and stylistic structure of the work is characterized by a special melodiousness, repetitions inherent in folk songs. In the center of the poem is the image of a peasant girl, whom “it’s no wonder to look at”. The poem has two temporal layers: present and future. In the present, the girl lives in anticipation of love: "You know, the alarm has sounded in her heart." But in the future she will have a hard fate, usual for a woman-peasant: “Your husband-picky will beat you and your mother-in-law will bend you in three deaths”. The end of the poem is full of sadness (“and they will bury in a damp grave, as you go your hard way”). The troika is an image-symbol that often appears in folk songs (“Here is a postal troika rushing ...”), it is always an image of freedom, will, a symbol of movement, dreams of happiness. In the last stanza, the motive sounds distinctly: happiness is just a dream (“you won't catch up with the mad three”).

In the poem "Reflections at the Front Entrance" an epic beginning prevails: a generalized description of the "front entrance" and an outline of the peasants-petitioners. The poet does not endow each of the peasants with any specific, individual traits. The details of the portrait merge this group of people into a single poetic image: “village people”, “thin Armenian on his shoulders”, “cross on his neck and blood on his legs”. In the second movement, a lyrical note appears. This is the author's address to the “owner of luxurious chambers”, which sounds either excitedly and pathetically (“Awake! ? ”), Then evil and ironic (“ and you will go to the grave ... a hero ”). In the final, third movement, the epic and the lyrical merge together. The story of the peasants gets a concrete conclusion (“Behind the outpost, in a wretched tavern / The peasants will drink everything up to a ruble / And they will go, begging the road ...”).

The so-called penitential poetry is very important for understanding the peculiarities of Nekrasov's poetry ("I will die soon. A pitiful inheritance ...", "A knight for an hour," "I deeply despise myself for that ..."). It was Nekrasov's hero who showed an example of courage and an example of an attempt to overcome a tragic discord with himself, because everything seemed to him that he did not correspond to the lofty ideal of a poet and a person. A special place in the "penitent lyrics" is occupied by the theme of the moral ideal, in search of which lyric hero addresses first of all to those who bear in themselves pain about a person, pain about Russia (“To the death of Shevchenko,” “In memory of Dobrolyubov,” “The Prophet”). He is the people's defender-sufferer, making a sacrifice. The lyricism of Nekrasov is characterized by the motive of the chosenness, the exclusivity of great people who sweep through as a “falling star”, but without whom “the field of life died out”. Their deep democratism and organic connection with folk culture are manifested in the image of the people's defenders.

Nekrasov wrote about love in a new way. Poetising the ups and downs of love, he did not ignore the “prose” that is “inevitable in love”. In his poems, the image of an independent heroine appeared, sometimes wayward and unapproachable (“I don’t like your irony ...”). The relationship between lovers has become more complex in Nekrasov's lyrics: spiritual closeness is replaced by a quarrel and a quarrel, the heroes often do not understand each other, and this misunderstanding darkens their feelings.

A tragic perception of life, compassion for one's neighbor, an unrestrained thirst for happiness - these are the hallmarks of Nekrasov's poetry.

15. Features of Nekrasov's love lyrics ("Panaevsky cycle")

Nekrasov does not and cannot have poems without the "boiling of human blood and tears," which he encounters everywhere.

This is true, but one cannot but assert that Nekrasov's love lyrics reveal the poet from a new, unexpected, or rather, unusual side for the reader. Nekrasov, like every poet, has such poems in which all the most intimate, most personal finds expression. This is written either "in a difficult moment of life", or in a moment of supreme happiness - this is where the poet's soul is revealed, where you can see another secret - love.

Restless heart beats

Eyes clouded over.

A sultry breath of passion

It flew like a thunderstorm.

In Nekrasov's work, love appears in a complex interweaving of the beautiful, the sublime and the mundane. It is not for nothing that his love lyrics are often compared to Pushkin's. But for Pushkin, the heroine is an object of lyrical feelings, exists as a kind of beautiful ideal, devoid of specific features, but for Nekrasov, the “lyrical heroine” is the “second person” of the poem, she always exists next to the hero - in his memories, in his dialogues with her - not just as an ideal, but as a living image.

This is especially noticeable in the elegy “Ah! what exile, confinement! ”, referring to the so-called“ Panaev's ”cycle, inspired by memories of Nekrasov's love for Avdotya Yakovlevna Panaeva. A contradictory and at the same time light feeling is conveyed here: "jealous sadness" and the desire for happiness for the beloved woman, confidence in the unquenchable mutual love and the sober consciousness of the impossibility of returning the departed happiness.

Who will tell me? .. I am silent, I hide

My jealous sorrow

And I wish her so much happiness

So that the past is not a pity!

Will come ... and, as always, bashful,

Impatient and proud

Will lower his eyes silently.

Then ... What will I say then? ..

In this poem, the author draws a picture of the life lived by the heroes together, where they shared with each other both moments of happiness and a harsh lot. Thus, the poem is viewed from a double perspective - not one, but two destinies, two characters, two emotional worlds.

So, in the poem "Zina" a sick person appears before the eyes of the reader. He can no longer hold back the groans, he is tormented by pain, and this pain continues indefinitely. And next - loving woman... She has the hardest part of all, because it is better to suffer herself than to see how the closest and dearest person suffers, and to realize that nothing can help him, there is no way to save him from this terrible pain and torment. Moved by love and compassion, she does not close her eyes "for two hundred days, two hundred nights." And the hero no longer hears his groans, but how they are given in the heart of the woman he loves:

Night and day

In your heart

My groans echo.

And yet this darkness is not terrible, even death and illness are not terrible, because people are united by such pure, light and sacrificial love.

Another masterpiece of Nekrasov's love lyrics - "I don't like your irony" - can be simultaneously attributed not only to love, but also to intellectual lyrics. The hero and heroine are cultured people, in their relationship there is not only love, but also irony and, most importantly, high level self-awareness. They both know, understand the fate of their love and are sad in advance.

The intimate situation reproduced by Nekrasov and possible ways its resolutions are reminiscent of the relationship between the characters of Chernyshevsky's "What is to be done?"

In Nekrasov's love lyrics, love and suffering are closely intertwined, and joy and happiness are interspersed with tears, despair, jealousy. These feelings are understandable at all times, and poetry excites and makes you empathize today. Attempts to analyze their feelings resonate in the hearts of readers, and even the excruciating jealousy and pain of separation from his love, which the lyrical hero is experiencing, makes them believe in the light of love.

Peddlers.

The first post-reform summer Nekrasov spent, as usual, in Greshnevo, with his friends, Yaroslavl and Kostroma peasants. In the autumn he returned to St. Petersburg with a whole "heap of poetry". His friends were interested in the mood of the post-reform village: what will the people's dissatisfaction with the predatory reform lead to, is there any hope for a revolutionary explosion? Nekrasov answered these questions with the poem "Peddlers". In it, the poet took a new path. His previous work was addressed mainly to the reader from the educated strata of society. In "Korobeyniki" he boldly expanded the supposed circle of his readers and addressed the people directly, starting with an unusual dedication: "To a friend-friend Gavrila Yakovlevich (a peasant of the village of Shody, Kostroma province)." The poet took a second unprecedented step: at his own expense, he published the poem in the series "Red Books" and distributed it among the people through peddlers - traders in small goods.

"Peddlers" is a travel poem. Village traders wander through the countryside - old Tikhonych and his young assistant Vanka. Before their inquisitive gaze, one after another motley pictures of the life of the disturbing post-reform time pass. The plot of the road turns the poem into a broad overview of Russian provincial reality. Everything that happens in the poem is perceived through the eyes of the people, everything is given a peasant verdict. The fact that the first chapter of it, in which the art of Nekrasov's "polyphony" triumphs, the art of making the people's view of the world our own, soon became the most popular folk song - "Korobushka", testifies to the true nationality of the poem. The main critics and judges in the poem are not patriarchal men, but "seasoned men" who have seen a lot in their wandering life and have their own judgment about everything. Picturesque living types of "intellectual" peasants, village philosophers and politicians are being created.

In Russia, judged by the peasants, "everything has turned upside down": the old foundations are crumbling, the new is still in fermentation and chaos. The picture of the collapse begins with the trial of the "top", with the father-tsar himself. Faith in his mercy was stable in peasant psychology, but the Crimean War shook this faith for many peasants. Through the mouth of the old Tikhonych, the following assessment of the anti-popular consequences of the war started by the autocracy is given:

The tsar is making a fool - the people are bitter!

Sharpens the Russian treasury,

Colors with blood Black sea,

The ships are falling to the bottom.

Translation of lead and tin,

Yes to daring fellows.

All the people hung their heads

The groan stands in the villages.

In a time of national disaster, a whole legion of henchmen appear in Russia, clever swindlers who profit from the peasant grief. With one hand, the mediocre government creates "murderous deeds", and with the other it solders the unfortunate peasants with cheap booze through the red-haired kisses of the Kalistrakushkas. From a peasant point of view, drunkenness is the first sign of a deep national crisis, the first signal of an impending catastrophe:

Ouch! you, cabbage potion,

Yes, Chinese teas.

Yes, tobacco smoking!

We are not wandering ourselves.

With this drunkenness and smoking

Just break your head.

Before the end of the world,

You know, the war has begun.

Putting such harsh anti-government sentiments into the mouths of the people, Nekrasov did not sin against the truth. Much here comes from the Old Believer family of Gavrila Zakharov, a Kostroma peasant. The Old Believers did not drink wine, did not drink tea, did not smoke tobacco. Opposition to the tsar-antichrist and his officials, they sharply negatively assessed the events Crimean War... The picture of the collapse of feudal Russia is complemented by the observations of peddlers over the idle life of gentlemen who squander people's money in Paris for expensive trinkets, and the story of Titushka the weaver ends. A strong, hardworking peasant became a victim of the all-Russian lawlessness and turned into a "wretched wanderer" - "he went without a road." His melancholy, melancholy song, merging with the groan of Russian villages and villages, with the whistle of cold winds in the meager fields and meadows, prepares a tragic denouement in the poem. In the deep Kostroma forest peddlers perish at the hands of a desperate forester, who outwardly resembles "grief belted with a stripe." This murder is a spontaneous rebellion of a person who has lost faith in the life of a person.

The tragic denouement in the poem is complicated by the inner experiences of the peddlers. These are very conscientious men. They are ashamed of their mercantile craft. Labor peasant morality tells them that by deceiving their own peasant brothers, they are doing an unjust deed, "they anger the Almighty." Their arrival in the village is a devilish temptation for poor girls and women. At first they are "swan girls are red", "husbands' wives are young", and after "zealous bargaining" - "there is a market in the middle of the village", "women walk as if drunk, tearing goods from each other." As a condemnation of the whole of toiling peasant Russia to their unrighteous path, peddlers listen to the abusive words of peasant women:

Has brought you, scammers! ..

From the village would you stake! ..

And as the peddlers fill their wallets, they feel more and more anxious, more direct, more and more hastily their path becomes, and more and more significant obstacles.

Across their path is not only Russian nature, not only a desperate forester resembling a goblin. As a reproach to the peddler Vanka - the pure love of his bride Katerinushka, the one who preferred a "turquoise ring" to all generous gifts. In the labor of peasants, Katerinushka drowns her longing for her betrothed. The entire fifth chapter of the poem, praising selfless labor and selfless love, is a reproach to the peddler's business, which takes them away from their native village to the wrong side, tears them away from working life and popular morality:

Often lonely at night

The girl did not sleep for an hour,

And how high the rye stings,

Tears in three streams of lila!

In the key scene of the choice of the road, the tragic outcome of the peddlers' lives is finally determined. They prepare their own destiny. Fearing for the safety of tight wallets, they decide to go straight to Kostroma. This choice does not count against the indirect Russian roads. Wilds of forests, swamps, loose sands seem to rise up against peddlers. It is then that their expected catches up, their fatal premonitions come true ...

It is noteworthy that the crime of the "hunter of Christ" killing peddlers is committed without any calculation: he does not value the money taken from them. That evening, in a tavern, he tells the whole people about what happened and meekly surrenders himself into the hands of the authorities.

It is no coincidence that in "Peasant Children", created simultaneously with "Korobeyniki", Nekrasov sings the harsh prose and lofty poetry of peasant childhood and urges to keep the eternal moral values born of labor on earth in purity - the very "age-old heritage" that the poet considers the source Russian national culture:

Play now, children! Grow free!

That's what a red childhood is given to you,

To forever love this meager field,

So that it seems to you forever sweet.

Safeguard your age-old legacy,

Love your labor bread -

And let the charm of childhood poetry

Guides you into the bowels of the earth.

Jack Frost.

In the peasant hut there is a terrible grief: the owner and breadwinner Prokl Sevastyanich died. The mother brings a coffin for her son, the father goes to the cemetery to hollow out a grave in the frozen ground. The peasant's widow, Daria, sews a shroud for her late husband.

Fate has three hard parts: to marry a slave, to be the mother of a slave's son and to submit to a slave to the grave - all of them fell on the shoulders of a Russian peasant woman. But despite the suffering, “there are women in the Russian villages”, to whom the filth of a wretched environment does not seem to stick. These beauties bloom wonderfully to the world, patiently and evenly enduring hunger and cold, remaining beautiful in all clothes and dexterous in all work. They do not like idleness on weekdays, but on holidays, when a smile of fun removes the labor press from their faces, money cannot buy such a heartfelt laugh like theirs. The Russian woman "will stop the galloping horse, she will enter the burning hut!" She feels both inner strength and strict efficiency. She is sure that all salvation consists in work, and therefore she is not sorry for the poor beggar walking without work. She is rewarded for her work in full: her family does not know the need, the children are healthy and well fed, there is an extra piece for the holiday, the hut is always warm. Such a woman was also Daria, the widow of Proclus. But now grief has dried up her, and no matter how hard she tries to hold back her tears, they involuntarily fall on her quick hands stitching the shroud. Having brought their chilled grandchildren, Masha and Grisha, to the neighbors, mother and father dress up their deceased son. In this sad deed, no unnecessary words are said, no tears come out - as if the harsh beauty of the deceased, lying with a burning candle in his head, does not allow crying. And only then, when the last rite is completed, the time comes for lamentation. On a harsh winter morning, Savraska is taking the owner on his last journey. The horse served the owner a lot: both during peasant work and in winter, setting off with Proclus in a carriage. Being engaged in a cab, hurrying to deliver the goods on time, and Proclus caught a cold. No matter how the family treated the breadwinner: they poured water from nine spindles, took them to the bathhouse, passed them three times through a sweaty collar, lowered them into an ice-hole, put them under a chicken perch, prayed for it miraculous icon- Proclus has not risen. The neighbors, as usual, cry during the funeral, take pity on the family, generously praise the deceased, and then go home with God. Returning from the funeral, Daria wants to feel sorry for and caress the orphaned children, but she has no time for affection. She sees that there is not a log of wood left at home, and, again taking the children to a neighbor, goes to the forest in the same Savrask. On the way through the plain glistening with snow, tears appear in Daria's eyes - it must have been from the sun ... And only when she enters the burial chamber of the forest, a "dull, crushing howl" escapes from her chest. The forest indifferently listens to the widow's groans, hiding them forever in its unsociable wilderness. Without wiping away her tears, Daria begins to chop wood "and, full of thought about her husband, calls him, speaks to him ...". She recalls her dream before Stasov's day. In a dream, her innumerable host surrounded her, which suddenly turned into ears of rye; Daria appealed to her husband for help, but he did not come out, left her alone to reap overripe rye. Daria realizes that her dream was prophetic, and asks her husband for help in the overwhelming work that now awaits her. She represents winter nights without cute, endless canvases that she will weave for the marriage of her son. Thinking about his son comes fear that Grisha will be illegally recruited, because there will be no one to intercede for him. Having put the wood on the logs, Daria is going home. But then, mechanically taking the ax and quietly, intermittently howling, he approaches the pine tree and freezes under it "without thinking, without moaning, without tears." And then Frost-voivode approaches her, bypassing his possessions. He waves an ice mace over Daria, beckons her to his kingdom, promises to nip and warm ... Daria becomes covered with sparkling frost, and she dreams of the recent hot summer. She sees that she is digging potatoes in the strips by the river. With her children, beloved husband, under her heart is beating a child who should be born by spring. Shielding herself from the sun, Daria watches the cart in which Proclus, Masha, Grisha are sitting farther and farther away ... In her sleep, she hears the sounds of a wonderful song, and the last traces of torment disappear from her face. The song quenches her heart, "there is a limit to happiness in it." Oblivion in deep and sweet peace comes to the widow with death, her soul dies for sorrow and passion. The squirrel drops a lump of snow on her, and Daria freezes "in her enchanted dream ...".

Who lives well in Russia.

After the reform of 1861, many were worried about such questions as whether the life of the people changed in better side, has he become happy? The answer to these questions was Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". Nekrasov devoted 14 years of his life to this poem, began work on it in 1863, but it was interrupted by his death.

The main problem of the poem is the problem of happiness, and Nekrasov saw its solution in the revolutionary struggle.

After the abolition of serfdom, many seekers of national happiness appeared. One of these are the Seven Wanderers. They left the villages: Zaplatova, Dyryavina, Razutova, Znobishin, Gorelova, Neyelova, Neurozhaki in search of a happy person. Each of them knows that none of the common people can be happy. And what kind of happiness is this for a simple man? That's okay a priest, a landowner or a prince. But for these people, happiness lies in living well, and the rest do not care.

Pop sees his happiness in wealth, peace, honor. He claims that in vain the wanderers consider him happy, he has neither wealth, nor peace, nor honor:

Go - where's the name!

Previously strict laws

To the schismatics, they relented.

And with them and priest

The mat came to income.

The landowner sees his happiness in unlimited power over the peasant. Utyatin is happy that everyone obeys him. None of them cares about the happiness of the people; they regret that they now have less power over the peasant than before.

For ordinary people, happiness consists in having a fruitful year, so that everyone is healthy and well-fed, they don't even think about wealth. The soldier considers himself lucky because he was in twenty battles and survived. The old woman is happy in her own way: she had a turnip of up to a thousand on a small ridge. For a Belarusian peasant, happiness is in bread:

Satisfied with Gubonin

They give rye bread

I chew - I don’t get rich!

The wanderers of these peasants listen with bitterness, but they ruthlessly drive away their beloved slave, Prince Peremetyev, who is happy that he is suffering from a “noble disease” - gout, happy that:

With the best French truffle

I licked the plates

Foreign drinks

He drank from the glasses ...

After listening to everyone, we decided that it was in vain that they poured vodka. Happiness is peasant:

Leaky with patches

Humpbacked with calluses ...

Peasant happiness consists of misfortune, and they boast of it.

Among the people there are people like Yermil Girin. His happiness lies in helping the people. In all his life, he did not take an extra penny from a peasant. He is respected, loved by the simple

peasants for honesty, kindness, for not being indifferent to peasant grief. Grandfather Savely is happy that he has preserved human dignity, Yermil Girin and grandfather Savely are worthy of respect.

In my opinion, happiness is when you are ready for everything for the sake of the happiness of others. This is how the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov appears in the poem, for whom the happiness of the people is their own happiness:

I don’t need any silver

No gold, but God forbid

So that my fellow countrymen

And to every peasant

Lived freely and cheerfully

In all holy Russia!

Love for a poor, sick mother grows in Grisha's soul into love for his Motherland - Russia. At the age of fifteen he decided for himself what he would do all his life, for whom he would live, what he would achieve.

In his poem, Nekrasov showed that the people are still far from happiness, but there are people who will always strive for it and achieve it, since their happiness is happiness for everyone.

"By word" for 20 years he accumulated material for this book, and then 14 years worked on the text of the work. The result of this colossal work was the epic poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". "Are the people happy?" - this main question, which worried the poet all his life, stood before him when creating the poem. The poet does not confine himself to a direct answer - the depiction of national grief and disasters, but seeks to find out what is the meaning human happiness, what are the ways to achieve it, can an individual be happy in the midst of universal grief. The poem shows the insignificance of those who build their well-being on the suffering of others, and glorifies the "people's defenders" who give their lives to the struggle for the happiness of the people. Nekrasov's poem was a detailed answer to the question "What is to be done?" Posed by the leader of the revolutionary democrats N. G. Chernyshevsky.

When Nekrasov began to create a poem, the answer was not yet completely clear to him. This was the time of the reaction that followed the defeat of the revolutionary movement in the early 1960s. Outlining the plan of the work, Nekrasov wanted to show that the life of the peasantry after the abolition of serfdom remained difficult. According to the original plan, the pilgrims returned home without finding a happy one. While working on the poem, its concept was clarified. This was facilitated by a new upsurge of the revolutionary wave, the poet's sympathy for the youth, who found their happiness in "going to the people." To the letter of the teacher Malozemova, who informed the poet that she was quite happy with her work among the people, the seriously ill Nekrasov replied: the image of such happiness should have made up the content of the last part of the poem.

The disputing peasants named six possible "lucky ones": a landowner, an official, a priest, a merchant, a "noble boyar, a minister of the sovereign" and the tsar himself. The strangers talked to the priest and the landowner, and refused to meet with the other four. This is explained not only by the impossibility of implementing the plan (will the minister or the tsar talk to the peasants?

the people, the peasantry.

“We are looking, Uncle Vlas, of the Neporotaya province, the Unseed volost, Izbytkova village! ..” - say the pilgrims in the part “The Last One”. But such a province and volost, such a village, the peasants did not find in the "free" post-reform Russia.

In terms of the breadth of coverage of Russian life and the brightness of its image, the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" is on a par with greatest creatures Russian classical literature - "Eugene Onegin" by A. Pushkin and " Dead souls"N. V. Gogol.

It contains many peasant portraits - group and individual, drawn in detail and in passing, with a few strokes. Perhaps the most typical is the portrait of Yakim Nagy, a peasant from the village of Bosovo:

The chest is sunken; how depressed

Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth

Bends like cracks

On dry ground;

And myself to mother earth

It looks like: the neck is brown,

Like a layer cut off with a plow,

Brick face

The hand is tree bark,

And the hair is sand.

Only a poet, who looked at the world through the eyes of the people, could find such comparisons, so expressively convey the appearance of a toiler-plowman. This description conveys not only appearance peasant - we read behind these lines the story of a whole life, filled with continuous exhausting work.

The action in the poem takes place in 1863, two years after the abolition of serfdom. Serfdom is fresh in the memory of the peasant, but the "liberation" did not bring happiness to the people.

Who did not eat enough,

Unsalonely sipped

Which instead of the master

The volost will fight

this is what the post-reform peasants look like. The very choice of the names of the villages in which the peasants live: Zaplatovo, Dyryavino, Razutovo, Znobipshno, etc., eloquently characterizes their living conditions. In search of a happy seven peasants-truth-seekers meet with many people, and the reader is faced with a picture of the disasters of the people in long-suffering Russia. For greater liveliness and persuasiveness of the narrative, the author introduces into the poem the stories of various people: the priest, the landowner, the mason Trofim, who became disabled due to the greed of the contractor, the peasant Fedosey, who told the story of the life of Yermil Girin, and many others. In the story of Matryona Timofeevna (part "The Peasant Woman") Saveliy's story is inserted. The picture of folk life is complemented by numerous songs created by Nekrasov on the basis of oral, folk art.

The life of a peasant is closely connected with nature, and its descriptions are constantly woven into the narrative. The many details create a typical everyday scene. Typical, for example, is the description of the "rich" and "dirty" trading village of Kuzminskoye:

Two churches in it are old,

One Old Believer,

Another Orthodox,

House with the inscription: school

Empty, packed tightly

Hut in one window,

With the image of a paramedic,

Bleeding.

The landowner is the main enemy of the peasant. The attitude of the peasants to the landowners is palpable already at the first mention of them. The inhabitants of the "modest villages" fed and watered the master, provided his wild life with their labor, "holidays, not a day, not two - for a month," and he, with unlimited power, established his own laws:

have mercy, execution.

Who do I want

Colonel Shchalashnikov brutally beat out quitrent from his peasants, threatening to skin them off and put it on a drum. The song "Barshchinnaya" also tells about the torture of peasants. What spiritual strength a simple peasant must have had in order to withstand endless oppression and bullying and at the same time preserve human dignity and a sense of moral superiority over the fiendish landowners! The peasants greeted the boastful story of Obolt-Obolduev about his genealogy, beginning with the Tatar Obolduy, who amused the empress with "wolves and foxes", with frank mockery.

Similar information.

To remind the crowd that the people are in poverty,
While she rejoices and sings,
To arouse attention to the people the mighty of the world –
What more worthy could the lyre serve?

The theme of the people is traditionally considered a Nekrasovian theme. Ap. Grigoriev called him “a man with a national heart”. According to Dostoevsky, the poet "loved all those who suffered from violence."
The poem "Troika" is written in the favorite genre of songs for Nekrasov. The rhythmic and stylistic structure of the poem is characterized by a special melodiousness, repetitions inherent in the folk song. In the center of the poem is the image of a peasant girl, whom “it’s no wonder to look at”. The poem has two temporal layers: present and future. In the present, the girl lives in anticipation of love: “to know, has sounded the alarm in her heart”. But in the future she will have a hard lot, usual for a woman-peasant: “your husband-picky will beat you and your mother-in-law will bend you in three deaths”. The end of the poem is full of sadness (“and they will bury in a damp grave, as you go your hard way”). The troika is an image-symbol that often appears in folk songs (“Here is the postal troika rushing by”), it is always an image of freedom, will, a symbol of movement, dreams of happiness. In the last stanza, the motive sounds distinctly: happiness is just a dream: “you won't catch up with the mad three”.
In the poem "Reflections at the Front Entrance" an epic beginning prevails: a generalized description of the "front entrance" and an outline of the peasants-petitioners. The poet does not endow each of the peasants with any specific, individual traits. The details of the portrait merge this group of people into a single poetic image: “village people”, “thin Armenian on his shoulders”, “cross on his neck and blood on his legs”. In the second movement, a lyrical note appears. This is the author's appeal to the “owner of luxurious chambers”, which sounds either excitedly and pathetically (“Awake. Turn them in! You are their salvation!”), Then mournfully and angrily (“What is this crying sorrow to you, what is this poor people to you?” ), then evil and ironic (“and you will go down to the grave. hero”).
In the final, third movement, the epic and the lyrical merge together. The story of the peasants gets a concrete conclusion (“Behind the outpost, in a wretched tavern, the peasants will drink up to a ruble and go, begging the road.”). The poem ends with a question to which the poet does not have a definite answer:

Will you wake up full of strength?

Very important for understanding the features of Nekrasov's poetry is the so-called
“Penitential lyrics” - “I will die soon”, “Knight for an hour”, “I deeply despise myself for that. “. It was Nekrasov's hero who showed an example of courage and attempts to overcome the tragic discord with himself, because everything seemed to him that he did not correspond to the lofty ideal of a poet and a person.

I will die soon.
A pitiful legacy
O homeland, I will leave it to you.

A special place in the “penitential lyric poetry” is occupied by the theme of the moral ideal, in search of which the lyrical hero addresses first of all to those who carried pain about a person, pain about Russia (“To Shevchenko’s Death”, “In Memory of Dobrolyubov,” “The Prophet”) ... The people's defender is a sufferer who makes a sacrifice. Characterized by the motive of the chosenness, the exclusivity of great people, who sweep through the "falling star", but without whom "the field of life has died out." Their deep democratism, organic connection with folk culture is manifested in the image of “people's defenders”.

He sees the impossibility no worse than us
Serve good without sacrificing yourself.
But he loves higher and wider,
There are no worldly thoughts in his soul.

Nekrasov wrote about love in a new way. Poetising the ups and downs of love, he did not ignore the “prose” that is “inevitable in love”. In his poems, the image of an independent heroine appeared, sometimes wayward and unapproachable (“I don’t like your irony.”). Relations between lovers have become more complex in Nekrasov's lyrics: spiritual closeness is replaced by a quarrel and a quarrel, the heroes often do not understand each other, and this misunderstanding darkens their love.

You and I are stupid people:
In a minute, the flash is ready!
Relief of an agitated chest
An unreasonable, harsh word.

A tragic perception of life, compassion for one's neighbor, merciless reflection and at the same time an unrestrained thirst for happiness - these are the distinguishing features of Nekrasov's poetry.

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Nekrasov is the successor and continuer of the best traditions of Russian poetry - its patriotism, citizenship and humanity.

The theme of the purpose of poetry is one of the main themes in Nekrasov's lyrics. The poem "The Poet and the Citizen" is a dramatic contemplation of the poet about the relationship between high citizenship and poetic art. Before us is a hero who is at a crossroads and, as it were, personifies different tendencies in the development of Russian poetry of those years, feeling the emerging disharmony between "civic poetry" and "pure art."

The Poet's feelings change from irony towards the Citizen, from a feeling of superiority over him to irony, resentment against himself, then to a feeling of irreversible loss of human and creative values, and then (in the last monologue) to gloomy anger. The movement of feelings in a Citizen: from the requirement to “smash” vices boldly, “to expose evil” to an understanding of the active struggle necessary for real poetry, a civic position. In essence, we are not facing a duel between two opponents, but a mutual search for a true answer to the question of the role of the poet and the purpose of poetry in public life. Most likely, we are talking about the collision of different thoughts and feelings in the soul of one person. There is no winner in the dispute, but there is a general, the only correct conclusion: the role of the artist in the life of society is so significant that it requires from him not only artistic talent, but also civic convictions.

Muse Nekrasova, the sister of a suffering, tormented, oppressed people, entered the literature of the 19th century (“Yesterday, at six o'clock ...”). Nekrasov's muse not only sympathizes, she protests and calls for a fight:

To remind the crowd that the people are in poverty,

While she rejoices and sings,

To arouse the attention of the people of the mighty of the world -

What more worthy could the lyre serve? ..

The poem "Troika" is written in the favorite genre of songs for Nekrasov. The rhythmic and stylistic structure of the poem is characterized by a special melodiousness, repetitions inherent in the folk song. In the center of the poem is the image of a peasant girl, whom “it’s no wonder to look at”. The poem has two temporal layers: present and future. In the present, the girl lives in anticipation of love: “to know, has sounded the alarm in her heart”. But in the future she will have a hard lot, usual for a woman-peasant: “your husband-picky will beat you and your mother-in-law will bend you in three deaths”. The end of the poem is full of sadness (“and they will bury in a damp grave, as you go your hard way”). The troika is an image-symbol that often appears in folk songs (“Here is the postal troika rushing by”), it is always an image of freedom, will, a symbol of movement, dreams of happiness. In the last stanza, the motive sounds distinctly: happiness is just a dream: “you won't catch up with the mad three”.

In the final, third movement, the epic and the lyrical merge together. The story of the peasants gets a concrete conclusion (“Behind the outpost, in a wretched tavern, the peasants will drink up to a ruble and go, begging the road ...”). The poem ends with a question to which the poet does not have a definite answer:

Will you wake up full of strength?

The so-called

"Penitent lyrics" - "I will die soon", "Knight for an hour", "I deeply despise myself for that ...". It was Nekrasov's hero who showed an example of courage and attempts to overcome the tragic discord with himself, because everything seemed to him that he did not correspond to the lofty ideal of a poet and a person.

I'll die soon ...

A pitiful legacy

Oh homeland, I will leave you ...

A special place in the “penitential lyric poetry” is occupied by the theme of the moral ideal, in search of which the lyric hero appeals first of all to those who carried pain about a person, pain about Russia (“To Shevchenko's Death”, “In Memory of Dobrolyubov,” “The Prophet”) ... The people's defender is a sufferer who makes a sacrifice. Characterized by the motive of the chosenness, the exclusivity of great people, who sweep through the "falling star", but without whom "the field of life has died out." Their deep democratism, organic connection with folk culture is manifested in the image of “people's defenders”.

He sees the impossibility no worse than us

Serve good without sacrificing yourself.

But he loves higher and wider,

There are no worldly thoughts in his soul.

Nekrasov wrote about love in a new way. Poetising the ups and downs of love, he did not ignore the “prose” that is “inevitable in love”. In his poems, the image of an independent heroine appeared, sometimes wayward and unapproachable (“I don’t like your irony ...”). Relations between lovers have become more complex in Nekrasov's lyrics: spiritual closeness is replaced by a quarrel and a quarrel, the heroes often do not understand each other, and this misunderstanding darkens their love.

You and I are stupid people:

In a minute, the flash is ready!

Relief of an agitated chest

An unreasonable, harsh word.

Nekrasov is the successor and continuer of the best traditions of Russian poetry - its patriotism, citizenship and humanity.
The theme of the purpose of poetry is one of the main themes in Nekrasov's lyrics. The poem "The Poet and the Citizen" is a dramatic contemplation of the poet about the relationship between high citizenship and poetic art. Before us is a hero who is at a crossroads and, as it were, personifies different tendencies in the development of Russian poetry of those years, feeling the emerging disharmony between "civic poetry" and "pure art."
The Poet's feelings change from irony towards the Citizen, from a feeling of superiority over him to irony, resentment against himself, then to a feeling of irreversible loss of human and creative values, and then (in the last monologue) to gloomy anger. The movement of feelings in a Citizen: from the requirement to “smash” vices boldly, “to expose evil” to an understanding of the active struggle necessary for real poetry, a civic position. In essence, we are not facing a duel between two opponents, but a mutual search for a true answer to the question of the role of the poet and the purpose of poetry in public life. Most likely, we are talking about the collision of different thoughts and feelings in the soul of one person. There is no winner in the dispute, but there is a general, only correct conclusion: the role of the artist in the life of society is so significant that it requires from him not only artistic talent, but also civic convictions.
Muse Nekrasova, the sister of a suffering, tormented, oppressed people, entered the literature of the 19th century (“Yesterday, at six o'clock ...”). Nekrasov's muse not only sympathizes, she protests and calls for a fight.
To remind the crowd that the people are in poverty,
While she rejoices and sings,
To arouse the attention of the people of the mighty of the world -
What more worthy could the lyre serve? ..
The theme of the people is traditionally considered a Nekrasovian theme. Ap. Grigoriev called him “a man with a national heart”. According to Dostoevsky, the poet "loved all those who suffered from violence."
The poem "Troika" is written in the favorite genre of songs for Nekrasov. The rhythmic and stylistic structure of the poem is characterized by a special melodiousness, repetitions inherent in the folk song. In the center of the poem is the image of a peasant girl, whom “it’s no wonder to look at”. The poem has two temporal layers: present and future. In the present, the girl lives in anticipation of love: “to know, the alarm has sounded in her heart”. But in the future she will have a hard lot, usual for a woman-peasant: “your husband-picky will beat you and your mother-in-law will bend you in three deaths”. The end of the poem is full of sadness (“and they will bury in a damp grave, as you go your hard way”). The troika is an image-symbol that often appears in folk songs (“Here is the postal troika rushing by”), it is always an image of freedom, will, a symbol of movement, dreams of happiness. In the last stanza, the motive sounds distinctly: happiness is just a dream: “you won't catch up with the mad three”.
In the poem "Reflections at the Front Entrance" an epic beginning prevails: a generalized description of the "front entrance" and an outline of the peasants-petitioners. The poet does not endow each of the peasants with any specific, individual traits. The details of the portrait merge this group of people into a single poetic image: “village people”, “thin Armenian on his shoulders”, “cross on his neck and blood on his legs”. In the second movement, a lyrical note appears. This is the author's address to the “owner of luxurious chambers”, which sounds either excitedly and pathetically (“Awake! ? ”), Then evil and ironic (“ and you will go to the grave ... a hero ”).
In the final, third movement, the epic and the lyrical merge together. The story of the peasants gets a concrete conclusion (“Behind the outpost, in a wretched tavern, the peasants will drink up to a ruble and go, begging the road ...”). The poem ends with a question to which the poet does not have a definite answer:
Will you wake up full of strength?
The so-called
"Penitent lyrics" - "I will die soon", "Knight for an hour", "I deeply despise myself for that ...". It was Nekrasov's hero who showed an example of courage and attempts to overcome the tragic discord with himself, because everything seemed to him that he did not correspond to the lofty ideal of a poet and a person.
I'll die soon ...
A pitiful legacy
Oh homeland, I will leave you ...
A special place in the “penitential lyric poetry” is occupied by the theme of the moral ideal, in search of which the lyrical hero addresses first of all to those who carried pain about a person, pain about Russia (“To Shevchenko’s Death”, “In Memory of Dobrolyubov,” “The Prophet”) ... The people's defender is a sufferer who makes a sacrifice. Characterized by the motive of the chosenness, the exclusivity of great people, who sweep through the "falling star", but without whom "the field of life has died out." Their deep democratism, organic connection with folk culture is manifested in the image of “people's defenders”.
He sees the impossibility no worse than us
Serve good without sacrificing yourself.
But he loves higher and wider,
There are no worldly thoughts in his soul.
Nekrasov wrote about love in a new way. Poetising the ups and downs of love, he did not ignore the “prose” that is “inevitable in love”. In his poems, the image of an independent heroine appeared, sometimes wayward and unapproachable (“I don’t like your irony ...”). Relations between lovers have become more complex in Nekrasov's lyrics: spiritual closeness is replaced by a quarrel and a quarrel, the heroes often do not understand each other, and this misunderstanding darkens their love.
You and I are stupid people:
In a minute, the flash is ready!
Relief of an agitated chest
An unreasonable, harsh word.
A tragic perception of life, compassion for one's neighbor, merciless reflection and at the same time an unrestrained thirst for happiness - these are the distinguishing features of Nekrasov's poetry.