Type of heating devices of the heating system. A brief overview of modern heating systems for residential buildings and public buildings. Classification of heaters

Heating devices can be safely called the crown of any heating system... Without them, any water heating loses all practical meaning. In this article, we will discuss how the most common types are classified and what are the benefits. heating appliances... So, let's begin!

The first type of classification is according to the method of heat transfer.

There are 3 ways of transferring heat from the heater to the environment:

radiation (radiation),
convection (direct air heating)
radiation-convective (combined) method.

Heat transfer by means of radiation. Also called radiant heat transfer. Any heated body emits infrared (radiation) rays, which, moving perpendicular to the surface of the radiation, increase the temperature of the bodies on which they fall, without increasing the air temperature. Further, bodies that receive radiation radiation themselves become warmer and begin to produce infrared rays, heating the surrounding objects. And so it happens in a circle. At the same time, the temperature at different points in the room remains the same. An interesting fact is that radiation (infrared) radiation is perceived by our body as heat and does not harm our body at all, exerting even positive effects on it, according to doctors. Radiation heating devices (radiators) agreed to consider those devices that transfer more than 50% of the heat into the environment in a radiant way. Such devices include different kinds infrared heaters, "warm floors", sectional cast iron and tubular radiators, selected models of panel radiators and wall panels.

Heat transfer by convection. Convective heat transfer looks completely different. The air heats up from contact with hotter surfaces of convection heaters (convectors). The heated volume of air rises to the ceiling of the room due to the fact that it becomes lighter than colder air masses. The next volume of air rises to the ceiling after the first, and so on. Thus, we have a constant circular circulation of air masses "from the radiator to the ceiling" and "from the floor to the radiator". As a result, there is a feeling familiar to the inhabitants of rooms heated by a convector - at head level the air can be warm, and a feeling of cold is felt in the legs. It is customary to call heating devices convective devices that carry out convection of at least 75% of the heat from the total volume. Convectors include tubular and plate convectors, finned tubes and steel panel heaters. Radiation-convective method of heat transfer.

Radiation-convective or combined heat transfer includes both types of heat transfer described above. They are possessed by devices that release heat into the environment in a convective way for 50-75% of the total amount of heat transfer carried out. Radiation-convective heating devices include panel and sectional radiators, floor panels, smooth-tube devices.

The second type of classification is according to the material from which the heating devices are made.

Here we are dealing with 3 groups of materials:

metals,
non-metals,
combined.

Metal heaters include heaters made of steel, cast iron, aluminum or copper, as well as possible combinations of two of these metals (bimetallic heating devices).

Non-metallic heating devices are a rare occurrence in the market for household heating products. Glass is almost always used in the manufacture of such devices.

The class of combined heating devices usually includes panel radiators (they consist of an external concrete or ceramic insulating layer and an internal metal - steel or cast-iron heating elements) and convectors (metal pipes with fins, located in an additional metal casing).

The third way to divide heating devices is according to the degree of thermal inertia.

In this case, thermal inertia is the residual heat transfer to the room after the heater is turned off. Thermal inertia can be small or large (depending on the diameter of the pipes and specific types of heating devices).

The last way to classify heating devices is by its linear dimensions (meaning height and depth).

As dimensions often depend on the specific model and local space heating requirements, describe this way classification is meaningless.

Conclusion

This article has covered some of the concepts that describe how heat transfer works. In addition, standard methods of classifying the main types of heating devices present on the domestic heating equipment market were given. We hope you found something interesting in this article. Glad to be helpful!

If you want to learn more about the characteristics of the main types of heating devices, we strongly recommend that you read the series of articles "The main thing about heating devices" on our website!

Radiators. Properties and types of heating devices.

Radiator- this device is designed to release heat energy. In a heating system, a radiator is needed in order to release heat into a room to heat it. And in cars in order to isolate excessive engine temperature, that is, to cool the engine.
In this article, I will help you choose a radiator, you will learn how to use a radiator correctly.
Ways to connect radiators. Properties and parameters.

This is how aluminum and bimetallic radiators look like.

This radiator consists of a certain number of sections, which are interconnected by an intersection nipple and a special sealing gasket.
The height can be different depending on the project solution and design.
Center distance (from the center of the upper to the lower thread) Typically: 350mm, 500mm. But there are more, but they are difficult to find and they do not use in great demand.
350 mm, power up to 140 W / section. At 500mm, up to 200W / section.
What about the heat generated by the radiator?
I can only say that at low temperature-controlled heating, the amount of heat generated is greatly reduced. For example, if a power of 190 W / section is indicated in the passport, this means that this power will be valid at a coolant temperature of 90 degrees and an air temperature of 20 degrees. More information about heat generation is written here: Calculation of heat loss through a radiator
What is the difference between bimetallic radiators and aluminum radiators?
Bimetallic radiators are actually steel radiators coated with aluminum for better heat dissipation. That is, two metals are used in bimetallic radiators - steel (iron) and aluminum.
The bimetal radiator withstands high pressure and is specially designed for central heating. Therefore, in apartments with central heating, only bimetallic radiators are installed.
Why not put an aluminum radiator on your central heating?
The fact is that special additives are added to the central heating water to reduce scale. Make it more alkaline. And the alkali eats up the aluminum. Therefore, in order not to talk about metals that are resistant to corrosion, there is still something that can destroy any metal. Even copper and copper pipes are not immune to corrosion. I heard that iron powder or steel chips, when in contact with copper, destroy copper.
The aluminum radiator is suitable for autonomous heating systems. In private houses, where their own heating and their own coolant without any cunning additives. Keep in mind about antifreeze, when you pour in more antifreeze, find out how it will affect your pipes from various metals... Unfortunately, the aluminum radiator emits hydrogen, but in what proportion it is difficult to say. Because of this hydrogen, air is often formed, which must be constantly vented.
A bimetallic radiator, too, does not represent anything good. It corrodes strongly, and all because there is always a certain amount of oxygen in the water, which destroys iron (steel). A bimetallic radiator, like iron pipes, will corrode.
Aluminum is less susceptible to corrosion, but still there are all kinds of chemicals that will eat aluminum.
Still very often, even water from a well happens to have any chemical properties... For example, it can be highly acidic, which can also only increase pipe corrosion. Reinforced-plastic pipes and pipes made of cross-linked polyethylene are not subject to corrosion, but they are afraid of high temperatures above 85 degrees. (If the temperature is higher, then the period plastic pipes falls sharply.). Polypropylene pipes allow oxygen to pass through. We will talk about pipes in other articles, I will only say that it has been experimentally discovered that oxygen penetrates through plastic. In the reinforced-plastic pipes there is an aluminum layer that prevents the passage of oxygen into the heating system.
In order for your iron pipes and steel radiators to last longer, you need to make the water or coolant more alkaline. There are special additives.

Radiator pressure.
As for the working pressure, for aluminum radiators it is from 6 to 16 atmospheres.
For bimetallic radiators, this is from 20 to 40 atmospheres.
As for the pressure in central heating systems, it can reach 7 Bar. In private houses from about three storey house, pressure approx. 1 - 2 bar.
Corrosion and hydrogen formation can be reduced by any chemical treatment of the radiators during the manufacturing stage. What can be written in the passport. And then it still needs to be proved. Who will benefit from it, even the cheapest radiator will last at least 10 years. And with all sorts of protective layers for 20-50 years. The results will be in 15 years. And when 15 years have passed, they will simply forget about some kind of protective layer. And after 5 years you will no longer show the consequences of the destruction of radiators to the manufacturer.
Convectors for heating.
Convector- this heating device is made according to this technology. It's just that an ordinary pipe goes through many plates that transfer heat to the air.

For beauty, this device is covered with a decorative panel.
As for the power, they are indicated in the passport for each individual model.
Cast iron radiator.
This is a cheap heating device, but terribly heavy.

You can't hang it on a weak wall, you need to hang such radiators on reinforced brackets.
In terms of power, they are up to 120 W / section
They are also exposed to corrosion and can withstand high pressures up to 40 atmospheres. Due to the fact that their wall thickness is large, such cast-iron radiators serve for a very long time. It will take more than a dozen years to destroy such a radiator with corrosion.
I don’t remember any old cast iron radiator, began to leak due to corrosion.
Steel panel radiators.

It is better not to install steel panel radiators in an apartment for central heating, firstly, their wall thickness reaches 2.5 mm. There are also wall thicknesses of 1.25 mm. And then the corrosion will quickly eat them. They withstand pressure less than bimetallic sectional ones.
Working pressure up to 10 Bar.
Each individual panel has its own heat output specified in the passport.
Such radiators are cheap and are usually suitable for a private house as the cheapest option. Compared to heat dissipation and space requirements, they bypass sectional radiators. That is, such a radiator will take up less space and at the same time generate more heat.
Why is steel bad for a heating system?
In a heating system where steel or iron is present, the entire heating system is very littered with sludge and the consequences of steel corrosion. Crumbs of rusty steel begin to accumulate in the strainers and impair the circulation of the heating system. Therefore, if you have steel pipes or steel radiators, then filters should be used with a good margin. Or you might have to clean your filters every month. If the filters are not cleaned, then the heating system stands up and does not circulate heat through the pipes.
Why is aluminum bad for a heating system?
Aluminum gives off hydrogen. With aluminum radiators, it is very often necessary to bleed air from the heating system. by the way aluminum radiators they last much longer than steel ones. But in sectional radiators, the first thing to do is to leak joints due to poor quality gaskets or connections. Or if you are using an anti-freeze liquid, which also increases the leakage at the joints. By the way, copper pipes, where the coolant circulates through aluminum radiators, do not last long. Therefore, there is a rumor that copper and aluminum are incompatible. I also heard that copper and steel are incompatible. And modern gas boilers have copper pipes inside. But this is not scary, the difference may not be big and can reduce the life of copper pipes by one and a half to two times. According to my forecasts, the pipe can serve quietly for 10 years. It might just be a scary story, though. Since, while working for a firm, how many cottages we have set up with copper pipes and aluminum radiators. And we still continue in the same spirit. For me, Duc - more destructibility is due to non-freezing liquid and water displaced towards an acidic environment. And aluminum radiators are afraid of water hammer and electrochemical corrosion.
The difference between steel and aluminum is not big, air can be formed up to 30% more with aluminum. And destructive corrosion can differ by 10-30%. And then it all depends on the coolant. Poor heat transfer fluid can ruin your heating system faster than any combination of metals. On water, your heating system will last much longer than on an anti-freeze liquid - a fact. But it can also be the other way around, if the water is strongly shifted towards acidity. I advise you to find out about additional additives in the heating system. Scientists in the housing and communal services laboratory know this better, since special processed water circulates in the central heating system. In-store consultants may not be aware of this.
I heard that zinc is not compatible with antifreeze liquid... Therefore, it is better not to pour antifreeze liquid into galvanized pipes.
With regard to sectional radiators.
Very often people and installers are faced with the following question:
How many sections can be installed on one radiator?
Some experts point out that no more than 10 sections are needed per radiator. The main reason why the number of sections is not exceeded is the flow rate of the coolant!
Explaining!
If the flow rate is not sufficient for a powerful radiator, then a cooler coolant will come out of it! Accordingly, the difference will be large. As a result, no matter how many sections you hang, if the consumption is small, then the benefit becomes ineffective. Since the main heat transfer comes from the coolant, and the number of sections increases the receipt of this heat from the coolant. With a large number of sections, the temperature head of the radiator increases. That is, the supply temperature is high, and the return temperature is low.
The answer is that you can put a radiator with 20 sections! It is only necessary to have a sufficient flow rate of the heating agent! If you want to understand the hydraulics and heating technology of the heating system, then I recommend that you familiarize yourself with my course:
Hydraulic calculation 2.0
Keep in mind the thermostatic valve, it reduces the flow through the radiator.

One after another, economic crises hit the planet, which, coupled with the rapidly decreasing amount of resources, creates a need for the development and use of energy-saving technologies. This trend has not spared heating systems, which strive to maintain or even increase their efficiency while consuming significantly less resources. Let's figure out what new heating technologies are for a private house, apartment and industrial premises, decomposing the heating system into four main components: a heat generator, a heater, a heating system and a control system.

The boiler heating system is the most efficient, although the most expensive (after electric heaters) of all modern autonomous heating technologies. Although the boiler itself is an invention with an ancient history, modern manufacturers have managed to modernize it, increasing its efficiency and adapting it to different types of fuel. So, there are three main (fuel-fired) types of boilers - solid fuel, gas, liquid fuel. Electric boilers that are somewhat out of this classification, as well as combined, or multi-fuel ones, combine the qualities of two or three varieties at once.

Solid fuel boilers

An interesting tendency is to return to the traditions of the past and active use solid fuel: from ordinary firewood and coal to special pellets (pellets pressed from wood by-products) and peat briquettes.

Solid fuel boilers are divided by type of fuel into:

Classic without any problems "accept" any kind of solid fuel, the most reliable and simple (in fact, this is the oldest heat generator in the history of mankind), cheap. Among the disadvantages: "capriciousness" in relation to wet fuel, low efficiency, the inability to adjust the temperature of the coolant.

A pellet boiler is a heating device that uses wood waste compressed into small pellets. They are distinguished by high efficiency, long work on one load, an extremely convenient system for loading pellets (filled from a bag or bag), the ability to configure the boiler. The only one significant disadvantage- rather expensive pellets for heating, the price of which ranges from 6900 to 7700 rubles per ton, depending on the ash content and calorific value.

The next type is pyrolysis heating boilers operating on pyrolysis gas extracted from wood. The fuel in such a boiler smolders slowly, and does not burn, due to which it gives off noticeably more heat. Advantages: high efficiency and reliability, regulation of heat transfer, up to half a day of work without reloading. The only drawback is the need for an electrical connection, which can leave the house without heat during power outages.

Standard long-burning boilers are loaded with any type of solid fuel, with the exception of wood: coke, lignite and coal, peat briquettes, pellets. There is another variety, designed specifically for working with wood and a slightly different device. Advantages: work up to five days with oil products and up to two days when loaded with wood. Disadvantages: relatively low efficiency, the need for constant cleaning.

Gas boilers

Main gas is the most economical of all types of fuel, and boilers operating on it are considered the most convenient to use and maintain. This is explained by their fully automated operation and absolute safety, for which many sensors and controllers are responsible. They have no drawbacks as such, although they need a gas pipeline or the constant delivery of new cylinders.

Oil fired boilers

This is not to say that such heating systems are innovative, but they have been consistently in demand for decades and therefore worthy of mention. The main types of liquid fuel: diesel fuel and liquefied propane-butane mixture. Advantages over solid fuel: almost complete automation of work. Disadvantages: extremely high cost of heating, second only to electricity.

Electric heating

Differs in the widest variety of heating systems and individual devices. These are electric convectors (which, in turn, can be floor-standing, floor-standing and wall-mounted), and electric boilers, and fan heaters, and infrared heaters, and oil radiators, and heat guns, and the well-known warm floor. Their common and so far insurmountable drawback is the extremely high cost of heating. The most economical of them are infrared radiators and underfloor heating.

Heat pumps

These heating systems are modern in the full sense of the word, despite the fact that they appeared in the 80s. Then they were available only to wealthy people, but now many have got used to collecting them by hand, thanks to which they are slowly but surely gaining popularity. In a very simplified way, the principle of their work is to extract heat from the air, water or earth outside the house and transfer it to the house, where the heat is transferred either directly to the air, or first to the coolant - water.

Solar systems

Another developing fast pace technology - solar heating systems, better known as solar panels.

Advantages:

Flaws:

Thermal panels

They are thin rectangular (usually) plates fixed to the wall. The back side of such a plate is covered with a heat-accumulating substance that can heat up to 90 degrees and receive heat from a heating element. Power consumption is only 50 watts per 1 square meter, in contrast to outdated electric fireplaces requiring at least 100 watts for the same area. Heating takes place due to the convection effect.

In addition to efficiency, thermal panels differ:

There is only one drawback - thermal panels become unprofitable in spring and early autumn, when the home needs only a little heating from evening to morning.

Monolithic quartz modules

Unique development of S. Sargsyan - candidate of technical sciences. Externally, the plates are very similar to thermal panels, however, their principle of operation is based on high heat capacity. quartz sand... The heating element transfers thermal energy to the sand, after which it continues to heat the dwelling, even when the device is disconnected from the network. The savings, as in the case of thermal panels, are 50% of the cost of standard electric heaters.

PLEN - radiant film electric heaters

This innovative heating system has a device that is as simple as it is ingenious: power cable, heating elements, dielectric foil and reflective screen. The heater is fixed to the ceiling and the infrared radiation it produces heats up the objects below. These, in turn, transfer heat to the air.

The main advantages of PLEN:

Thermal hydrodynamic pumps

These devices, also known as cavitation heat generators for heating systems, generate heat by heating the coolant according to the cavitation principle.

The coolant in such a pump rotates in a special activator.

At the sites of rupture of an integral mass of liquid, as a result of an instantaneous decrease in pressure, bubbles-cavities appear, almost instantly bursting. This causes a change in the physicochemical parameters of the coolant and the release of thermal energy.

Interestingly, even with the current level of scientific and technical development, the process of cavitation energy production is poorly understood. A clear explanation of why the increase in energy is greater than its costs has not yet been found.

Air conditioner as a heater

Almost all modern models air conditioners are equipped with a heating function. Oddly enough, the air conditioner has three times more efficiency than standard electric heaters: 3 kW of heat from 1 kW of electricity versus 0.98 kW of heat from 1 kW of electricity.

Thus, the air conditioner for heating in winter is capable of a short time replace the switched off heating or a broken-down electric fireplace. However, due to the fact that heating elements are not used in air conditioners, their efficiency decreases with each degree of temperature outside the window. In addition, severe frost overloads the device, and operating in this mode can lead to breakdown. The best option will use the air conditioner in the off-season.

Convectors

Since a convection heating system is an extremely broad concept, and almost every modern heating device uses a convection effect, we will make a reservation in advance that we are talking here only about individual water and electric convectors. They represent a finned heater placed in a metal case.

The air circulating between the ribs of the device heats up and rises, and in its place air masses are drawn in, which have already cooled down during this time.

This endless circulation is called convection. According to the heat source, convector heaters are divided into water and electric, and according to the location - into floor, floor and wall. Also, any of them can work on the principle of either natural convection, or forced (with a fan).

Although the types of convectors and the features of each of them are a topic for a separate article, the general advantages of using these heaters can be highlighted:

So what is more profitable financially?

As a result, for this section, let us compare the cost of heating by different types fuels: wood, pellets, coal, diesel fuel, propane-butane mixture, conventional main gas and electricity. At average prices for each type of fuel and with an average statistical duration heating season at 7 months during this time you will have to spend:

The leader is obvious.

Heating devices

First of all, modern heating radiators are bimetallic and aluminum models. However, there is a stable demand for both steel and cast iron products, which is due to the new approach of manufacturers to the manufacture of seemingly outdated heating devices. Let's briefly describe the advantages and disadvantages of each type.

Aluminum

The most popular in the post-Soviet space for the price / quality ratio (cheaper than bimetallic, in many respects more reliable than steel and cast iron).

Advantages:

the best heat transfer among all analogues;
expensive models can withstand pressure up to 20 bar;
little weight;
simplest installation.

Disadvantages: poor resistance to corrosion, especially noticeable at the junction of aluminum with other metals;

Bimetallic

By far the best type of radiator. The name was given due to the combination of steel (inner layer) and aluminum (casing) in its structure.

Advantages:

Disadvantages: high price.

Steel

Poorly suited for multi-storey buildings and centralized system heating in general, and all their best properties are shown in private houses, fit perfectly into the heating systems of industrial premises in factories and plants. You can read more about steel radiators.

Advantages:

heat transfer is above average;
rapid onset of heat transfer;
low cost;
aesthetic appearance.

Flaws:

Cast iron

It should be understood that modern cast-iron heating radiators are no longer lumpy and heavy remnants of the past that “adorned” almost every house during the Soviet era. Modern manufacturers have significantly improved their appearance, making them almost indistinguishable from bimetallic or aluminum models. Moreover, there is a growing fashion for the so-called, the forms and patterns of which bring the atmosphere of the beginning of the 20th century into the house.
Advantages:

Disadvantages: huge weight and the resulting difficulties with installation (often special support legs are required).

Heating system

Most modern country houses a horizontal heating system is used, the main difference between which vertical wiring- partial (less often - complete) absence of vertical risers.

This variety is especially popular in Russia. horizontal system, as a single-line heating system (or one-pipe).

They assume the natural movement of water without a circulation pump. From the heating device, the coolant flows through the riser to the second floor of the building, where it is distributed along the radiators and transmitting risers.

Water circulation without a pump is made possible by changing the density of hot and cold water.

The one-pipe system has a number of advantages over the two-pipe system:

Control system

Additional advantages can be provided by a heating system controller - a miniature computer device capable of:

The quality and efficiency of the heating system affects the creation of a comfortable environment in the living space. One of the main elements of a heating system is a radiator, which transfers heat from a heated coolant using radiation, convection and heat conduction.

They are divided into separate groups depending on the material of manufacture, design, form, application.

One of important details, what you need to pay attention to when choosing - the material of manufacture. Modern market offers several options: aluminum, cast iron, steel, bimetallic heating devices.

Heat exchangers made of aluminum comprehensively heat the room by means of heat radiation and convection, which occurs through the movement of heated air from the lower sections of the heater to the upper ones.

Main characteristics:

Working pressure from 5 to 16 atmospheres;
Thermal power of one section - 81-212 W;
The maximum water heating temperature is 110 degrees;
the pH of the water is 7–8;
The service life is 10-15 years.

There are two manufacturing methods:

Casting.

At increased pressure, separate sections are made of aluminum with the addition of silicon (no more than 12%), which are fastened into one heating device. The number of sections varies, it is possible to connect additional sections to one section.

Extrusion method.

This method is cheaper than injection molding and involves the production of vertical parts of the battery on the extruder, and the collector from silumin (an alloy of aluminum with silicon). Parts are connected, it is not possible to add or shorten sections.

Advantages:

High thermal conductivity
Light weight, easy installation
Increased level of heat transfer, which is facilitated by the design features of the heat exchanger.
Modern design that fits into any interior.
Due to the reduced volume of the coolant in the sections, the aluminum units heat up quickly.
The design of the battery allows you to build in thermostats, thermal valves, which contribute to an economical consumption of heat by regulating the heating of the coolant to the required temperature.
Easy to install, installation is possible without the involvement of professionals.
The outer coating of the battery prevents paint peeling.
Low cost.

Flaws:

Sensitive to shocks and other physical influences, as well as pressure surges. These batteries are not suitable for installation on industrial enterprises because of high pressure in the heating system.
The need to constantly maintain the pH of the water within the acceptable value.
Contaminated heating medium - water with solid particles, chemical impurities - damages the internal protective layer walls, causing their destruction, the formation of corrosion and blockages, which reduces the service life. Installation and cleaning of filters is required.
Aluminum in reaction with oxygen in water is oxidized, resulting in the release of hydrogen. This leads to gas formation in the heating system. To avoid a rupture, the installation of an air release device is required, which needs constant maintenance.
Sections between sections are prone to leakage.
Aluminum radiators are not compatible with copper pipes which are often used in modern systems heating ah. When they interact, oxidation processes take place.
Weak convection.

Specifications:

Heat transfer - 1200-1800 W;
Working pressure indicator - from 6 to 15 atmospheres;
Temperature hot water is 110-120 C.
Steel thickness - from 1.15 to 1.25 mm.

Advantages:

Small inertia. The steel heat exchanger heats up very quickly and begins to give off heat to the room
Increased heat dissipation by heat radiation and convection
Long service life due to uncomplicated design
Ease of installation
A light weight
Low cost
Attractive appearance, original design. Steel are made in various shapes, allowing them to be placed vertically, horizontally and at an angle
Compatible with various materials used as mounts
High level of energy saving
Installation of temperature controllers
Uncomplicated design allows easy maintenance

Flaws:

Low corrosion resistance. Units made of the thickest steel can withstand a service life of no more than ten years.
It should not be left without water inside for a long time, which is not suitable for centralized heating.
Failure to withstand severe water hammer and pressure surges, especially in locations welds.
If the outer coating was initially flawed, it will flake off over time.

Models steel radiators differ in the type of connection - it can be side or bottom. The bottom connection is considered universal, it is discreet in the interior, but more expensive in cost.

Depending on the number of panels and convectors, or internal sections, there are several types.

Type 10 has one panel without a convector, 11 - one panel and one convector, 21 - two heating panels and one inner section, and so on, by analogy, types 22, 33 and others are divided. Three-panel heat exchangers have sufficient heavy weight, heat up more slowly and require more difficult maintenance.

They are made of several identical sections, cast from cast iron and tightly connected to each other. When installing such a heater, it is necessary to determine the number of sections, which depends on the area of the room, the number of windows, the height of the floor, and the angular placement of the apartment.

Specifications:

Withstanding pressure 18 atmospheres;
Hot water temperature - 150 C;
Power 100-150 W;

Advantages:

Resistant to corrosion. Cast iron is a wear-resistant material, the quality of the coolant does not affect functionality.
For a long time after stopping heating, it retains heat.
The service life is 30 years or more.
Compatibility with other materials.
Increased heat dissipation due to vertical arrangement of internal fins.
Heat resistance, strength.
Due to the inner diameter and volume of the sections, minimal hydraulic resistance is created and blockages do not occur.

Flaws:

Heavy weight making installation and handling difficult.
Slow heating.
Impossibility of integrating a temperature controller.
Difficulty in care and staining.
The outer coating is unstable and may flake and peel off. For this reason, it becomes necessary to periodically paint the battery.
Unpresentable appearance.
Increased fuel consumption due to the large internal volume.
Cast-iron heat exchangers have a porous inner surface that collects dirt on itself, which over time will lead to a deterioration in the heat-conducting qualities of the battery.

This type includes devices with an aluminum housing and steel pipes inside. They are most common in residential installations.

Specifications:

Working pressure indicator - from 18 to 40 atmospheres;
Thermal power - 125-180 W;
The permissible temperature of the coolant is from 110 to 130 degrees;
The warranty period is 20 years on average.

Varieties:

They are 100% bimetallic, i.e. the inner core is made of steel, the outer part is made of aluminum. They are stronger.
50% bimetallic - only those pipes that reinforce the vertical channels are made of steel. They are cheaper in cost than the first type and heat up faster.

Advantages:

Long service life without the need for maintenance.
Increased level of heat transfer. This is achieved through the rapid heating of the aluminum panels and the small internal volume of the steel core.
Strength, reliability, resistance to mechanical stress and pressure surges.
Resistant to corrosion due to the use of specially coated high-strength steel.
Light weight, easy to install.
Aesthetic appearance that will fit into the interior.

Flaws:

Expensive.
When draining water from the heating system, when exposed to air and water at the same time, the steel core can corrode. In this case, it is better to use bimetallic models with a copper core and aluminum panels.
Aluminum and steel differ in performance thermal expansion... Therefore, instability of heat transfer, characteristic noises and crackling inside the device, in the first years of operation, is possible.

For correct operation a bimetal heat exchanger, it is recommended to install a valve for air exhaust and shut-off valves to the inlet and outlet pipe.

By design features, they are divided into the following types:

Sectional
Panel
Tubular

Devices consisting of sections of the same type, connected together, inside each of which there are two to four channels through which the coolant moves.

The case with sections is assembled with the required thermal power, length, shape. They are made of various materials - steel, aluminum, cast iron, bimetals.

Advantages:

The ability to install additional sections or remove unnecessary ones, depending on the required length of the heat exchanger and the area of the heated room.
Increased heat transfer produced by radiation and convection.
By increasing the number of sections, the power of the radiator increases.
Low cost.
Profitability.
Installation of temperature controllers.
Different center distances allow the heater to be installed everywhere.

Flaws:

The joints between the sections are susceptible to water leakage, and with a sharp increase in pressure, they can disperse.
Difficulties in maintenance associated with the removal of dirt in the space between the sections.
The inner surface of the sections has irregularities that create blockages.

They consist of two metal shields treated with anti-corrosion protection, fastened together by welding. Inside the panels, a coolant circulates through vertical channels, and ribs are attached to the back side to increase the area of the heated surface in the form of P.

Panel heat exchangers are divided into one-, two-, and three-row, made of steel.

Advantages:

A variety of panel board sizes allows you to select for heating in accordance with the area of \ u200b \ u200bthe room. Depending on the size, the power increases or decreases. The large surface area of the shields has an increased heat transfer.
Due to its low inertia, the battery quickly responds to temperature changes.
A light weight.
Due to its compact design, the battery can be placed in hard-to-reach places of the room.
Low cost.
For heating panel radiator several times less water is needed than for a sectional one.
Aesthetic appearance.
Ease of installation due to the integral design.

Flaws:

Impossible to use in systems with high pressure.
They need a clean coolant without chemical impurities and dirt.
The impossibility of increasing or decreasing the dimensions for heating as in the case of a sectional one.
In case of poor-quality painting with protective material, corrosion may form.
Sensitivity to water hammer.

They consist of vertical pipes from 1 to 6 connected by the lower and upper collectors. The uncomplicated design ensures an unobstructed and efficient circulation of the coolant.

The level of heat transfer depends on the thickness of the tubes and the dimensions of the unit itself, which vary from 30 cm to 3 m. The indicator of the working pressure maintained by the tubular models is up to 20 atmospheres. Manufactured from steel.

The main advantage- resistance to pressure drops. The rounded edges and shape of the tubes prevent dust and other contaminants from accumulating on their surface. The appearance is stylish and modern, the variety of forms allows you to create a designer model for any interior. Strong welded joints eliminate water leakage.

Flaws: susceptibility to corrosion and cost.

Thanks to convection, such radiators thoroughly warm up the air in the room.

When creating comfortable living conditions, attention is paid to details that must harmoniously fit into the design of a residential or public space. Often, when implementing a design project, it is required to organically fit each element into it.

The heater also has a variety of shapes that can create the integrity of the interior. These include vertical, flat, mirror, floor, skirting devices made of various materials.

The vertical units have been designed for applications where indoor installation is not possible. It depends both on the interior design and on the dimensions or non-standard shape of the living space.

The vertical heat exchanger can be made part of the interior and not hidden behind decorative elements. The main difference is the dimensions, where the length exceeds the width, and vertical placement on the wall. A device of this type is indispensable in a room with panoramic windows.

Vertical radiators can be of various designs - panel, tubular, sectional, and made of various materials - cast iron, steel, aluminum. According to the method of connection to the heating system, a distinction is made between side, bottom and diagonal.

Advantages:

A wide range of shapes and sizes, colors.
Compactness, which is achieved by reducing the length of the battery along the wall.
Decorativeness is also expressed in the invisibility of all its fastening and connecting elements.
Ease of installation, which is achieved due to its low weight and integrity of its design.
Large area for increased heat dissipation.
Heating up speed.
No need for heating a large number water, which helps to save.
Ease of care.

Flaws:

Expensive
A drop in the heating characteristics of the heater is possible due to the fact that the air from the top will always be warmer than the bottom. Accordingly, the top will give off less heat than the bottom.
Uneven distribution of heat over the entire area of the room due to the fact that the radiant heat accumulates in the upper part of the room.
It is recommended to build in a battery with a reducer to normalize the internal pressure.

In other cases, the disadvantages and advantages correspond to those inherent in each type of conventional batteries - sectional, tubular, panel.

Factors affecting work efficiency:

One- or two-pipe connection in the system. The first is less economical in terms of water consumption, but easy to install and does not require unnecessary costs.
Type of water supply to the system - top, bottom, side.
Method of connection to the heating system. Diagonal connection is considered universal.

The effectiveness of heat transfer depends on the correct connection to the heating system. It is important to insulate part of the wall before installation to reduce heat loss.

For compact placement and freeing up space flat models are used.

Specifications:

Smooth, dust-free bezel.
Dimensions - from 30 cm to 3 m.
Only a small amount of water is consumed, which makes it easy to regulate with thermostats.
Bottom and side connection.
It is used as a decorative element, strict forms or bright colors.

The functioning is similar to panel and sectional ones: a coolant circulates between two metal sheets, if a heating element is laid, an electric flat version is obtained.

Working pressure up to ten atmospheres, maximum water heating - 110 C. There are single-panel, two-panel and three-panel heaters.

The main advantage is its compact size and fast heating. In addition, they are easy to clean and have an attractive and stylish appearance. The decoration of flat heat exchangers allows you to fit into any room design, and a mirror surface will replace a mirror. Shallow installation depth and good heat radiation.

Of the shortcomings, the impossibility of installation in wet rooms to avoid corrosion; and high cost.

Flat and vertical should be equipped with air release devices, as this arrangement causes a difference in internal pressure.

Radiator identical to conventional wall-mounted heat exchangers, but installed on a horizontal surface. It consists of a heat exchanger with a coolant circulating in it, surrounded by aluminum or steel plates and closed from the outside by a metal crate or a protective casing.

Equipped with a valve for air removal and can be connected to pipes of any diameter. The only difference from wall-mounted options is that the floor-standing radiator is attached to the floor or stands autonomously on it.

Specifications:

Working pressure indicators up to 15 atmospheres;
Heating temperature of the outer case - up to 60 degrees;
Heat carrier temperature - 110 C;
Dimensions in length are up to 2 m, in average - 1 m in height.

They are made of cast iron, aluminum, steel, bimetals. Many of the models can be converted from wall to floor and vice versa using brackets.

Advantages:

Fire and injury-proof.
Uniform heating of the room.
A variety of shapes and sizes for the style of the interior and at the request of the buyer.
The use of copper in the heat exchanger improves the anti-corrosion properties and increases the service life.
Built-in electronic and automated control.
Profitability.
Installation is possible anywhere in the room where the hot water pipe is supplied.
Providing natural convection.
Built-in additional functions heat and clean the surrounding air.
A floor-standing heat exchanger is a convenient option in rooms where there is no possibility of installing wall-mounted ones due to weight, or panoramic windows are installed.
Compact dimensions.
Increased heat transfer.
Resistance to mechanical stress.

Flaws:

Problems with installation are possible, since the installation of a floor radiator implies the supply of pipes hidden under the floor.
The cost with copper pipes and aluminum fins is quite high. Cast iron models are cheaper, but have less thermal conductivity. Steel floor models have low heat dissipation.

A comfortable atmosphere in the bathroom, no dampness, no unpleasant odor, maintaining optimal level humidity will be ensured by a properly installed radiator.

Divided by heating method and shape:

Hot water, heated by running water

They are connected to the heating system of the house in the same way as a conventional wall-mounted one. Additionally, it can be equipped with thermostats, with the help of which the required surface temperature is set.

It is recommended to use stainless steel, copper or brass as the outer coating of the water unit.

Electrical

It functions autonomously, a heating element is built-in inside, powered by a network. Ease of installation. It is not able to heat the entire area of the bathroom, so it is advisable to use it in conjunction with other heaters, for example, with a warm floor system. In addition, this type is more expensive to maintain than the water type.

Combined: water and electric.

They are able to function from the heating system and from the network. The disadvantage is the cost. There are simple forms and designer ones.

Depending on the material, a distinction is made between:

Cast iron.

Pros: increased heat transfer, cheap price, good service life.

Cons: unattractive appearance. If the protective polymer layer is missing, the outer layer will peel off. paintwork and the battery will lose its appearance.

Steel.

Cons: susceptibility to corrosion, the occurrence of leaks over time, which, under strong water pressure, punch a hole.

Aluminum.

Pros: a light weight, compact size, attractive appearance.

Cons: not suitable for a system with centralized heating, since they do not tolerate water hammer and coolant contaminated with sand and chemical impurities.

Bimetallic.

Pros: service life (up to 20 years), good heat transfer rates, resistance to water hammer and pressure drops.

Cons: cost.

Infrared.

Pros: convenient mount anywhere in the bathroom, while maintaining useful area premises, the ability to regulate the temperature, heating objects in the room.

Cons: high cost.

The radiator in the bathroom, regardless of type and shape, can be covered with a decorative panel. So the surface will not be exposed to external influences while the amount of radiated heat remains unchanged.

Radiator for apartment

V apartment buildings not every unit can be used effectively for many years.

It is necessary to take into account the features of the district heating system:

The coolant contains impurities in the form of various chemical impurities that can cause corrosion over time.
Hard grains of sand and other blockages act on the pipe walls over time, causing them to abrade.
The temperature of the water changes, as does the level of acidity.
Pressure surges cause divergence of the weld joints on the walls.

Selection options:

The operating pressure specified by the manufacturer in the unit is higher than the pressure in the heating system.
The heating device is resistant to water hammer.
The inner surface of the walls of the heat exchanger must be with a special protective coating that protects against the chemical action of the elements on each other, and the thickness of the walls must withstand the physical effects of clogging particles from the inside.
It is worth choosing with the greatest heat dissipation.
Duration of service life.
Exterior design.

Options suitable for installation in an apartment:

Bimetallic.

Suitable for all the necessary parameters for installation and long service in the apartment multi-storey building... They withstand water shocks, the maximum working pressure is up to 50 atmospheres, internal and external treatment with a protective coating protects against corrosion and surface wear.

The light weight makes it easy to install, and the appearance is attractive in any interior. The only negative is expensive.

Cast iron.

Long service life, thick walls, resistance to corrosion, chemically passive material of such heat exchangers creates conditions for use in an apartment. Cast iron retains heat for a long time compared to other materials. Heating by radiation is more efficient than convection.

Good heat dissipation, affordable price, when water is drained from the system, the inner surface does not rust. Cons - too large pressure surges, cast iron can not withstand, is heavy and creates inconvenience during installation.

Not suitable for installation in an apartment:

Steel.

They do not withstand the pressure characteristic of a centralized heating system, despite good heat transfer and economy of resource use.

Aluminum.

Aluminum corrodes quickly in combination with water with chemical impurities and its pH level, and does not withstand strong pressure in the heating system.

Bimetallic and cast iron are suitable. If the height of the house is more than five floors, and non-cast iron batteries were originally installed in the apartment, it is recommended to install bimetallic ones.

To select the correct heater in private house need to rely on following features autonomous heating system:

Unlike a centralized heating system, an autonomous one works at low pressure and without admixtures of chemicals.
No large pressure drops.
The acidity level of the water is relatively constant.

Before choosing, it is necessary to make an accurate calculation of the released thermal energy in accordance with the area of \ u200b \ u200bthe premises.

Should be considered heat losses buildings in order to correctly select the capacity. Important factors are its size, as well as the ratio of price and quality.

Peculiarities:

Steel.

Sectional and panel types represent an affordable option with good heat dissipation and attractive appearance. In a private house with large window openings allows you to block the access of cold air from the outside.

Steel tubulars are similar in positive characteristics, but the price is higher.

Advantages of steel heat exchangers when used in a private house: light weight, convenient sizes, long service life, efficiency and lack of oxidation from poor-quality coolant.

Cons: the need for constant filling with water to avoid corrosion, maintenance every three years to avoid blockages inside the battery, as well as sensitivity to mechanical stress.

Aluminum.

Due to its high heat output, the aluminum heat exchanger is suitable for an autonomous heating system. For a long service life, you need to monitor the pH level of the water.

When choosing this type of radiator, you need to make an accurate calculation of the area of the room, otherwise there is a risk of temperature differences between the floor and the ceiling. Must be equipped with temperature, pressure and dirt filters.

Bimetallic.

The characteristics are suitable for use in a private house, but the cost is high. Insofar as autonomous system heating does not require resistance to powerful pressure surges and an aggressive medium, you can find a profitable option with the parameters necessary for high-quality service.

Price bimetal radiator will pay off due to the long service life.

Cast iron.

Due to the slow cooling down of the cast iron radiator, you can save on fuel resources. Increased resistance to corrosion and strength in relation to low cost can provide a long service life, which is suitable for heating a private house.

Disadvantage - periodic maintenance, cleaning, painting is required, the need for a strong fastening of the cast-iron battery.