Coronation regalia of Russian emperors. Symbols of royal power

Royal regalia: Hat, scepter and orb of Michael's great outfit ... Wikipedia

State Royal regalia: hat, scepter, orb from the so-called Big outfit of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov State (Old Russian "drzha" power) symbol state power monarch, which was a golden ball with a crown or ... Wikipedia

Catherine II with cor ... Wikipedia

Scepter- (from the Greek σκηπτρον staff, wand) an honorary sign symbolizing dominion. Since ancient times, it has been an attribute of the supreme power. The prototype of S. shepherd's staff. S. was izv. among other Greeks and Romans, Roman emperors and generals traditionally ... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Power (from other Russian dirzha dominion, power): Power is an independent, independent state. Power in Russia is a symbol of the power of the monarch golden ball with a crown or cross. The scepter and crown were also symbols of the Russian tsars. "Power" social ... Wikipedia

POWER- a golden ball symbolizing monarchical power. The name comes from the Old Russian "d'rzha" power. Sovereign balls were included in the attributes of power of the Roman, Byzantine, Germanic emperors. In the Christian era, the state was crowned with a cross. ... ... Symbols, signs, emblems. Encyclopedia

A; m. [Greek. skēptron] One of the signs of monarchical power: a rod decorated with precious stones and carvings. Royal s. S. monarch. Crown, p. and power symbols of the monarchy. S. in the hands of the monarch. Get together under the village. monarch (to unite under the rule of ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

scepter- a; m. (Greek sk ēptron) One of the signs of monarchical power: a rod, decorated with precious stones and carvings. Royal ski / petr. Ski / Peter Monarch. Crown, ski / peter and orb are symbols of the monarchy. Ski / Peter in the hands of the monarch. Get ready for ski / petr ... ... Dictionary of many expressions

This term has other meanings, see Scepter (disambiguation). The upper part of the Imperial scepter with a diamond "Orlov" Im ... Wikipedia

Imperial Power. Treasury of the Hofburg Castle ... Wikipedia

Books

• Russia is sovereign, Butromeev V.P .. "Russia is sovereign" - a book about the structure and history of higher state institutions Russian Empire and about the most important state ceremonies - timed to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the house ...
• Russia is sovereign, VP Butromeev. The publication of the book is timed to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty. "Russia is sovereign" - a book about the structure and history of the highest state institutions of the Russian Empire and the most important state ...

Charles II (1630-1685) enthroned

Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of Britain from 1b53 to 1658, who executed King Charles I, did not play the most plausible role in the history of his country. He not only undermined the foundations of an absolute monarchy, but out of hatred for monarchs, he also destroyed all the most valuable historical symbols of royal power: crowns, scepter, orb, thrones, mantles. Some of them were melted into coins, some were stolen. And today in museums in London, including the Tower of London, royal treasures are kept, which were created after 1660.

Regalia - signs of royal, imperial or royal power - have been known since ancient times and in developed countries are approximately the same: this is a crown, orb, scepter, mantle, sword or sword, throne. And if you look closely at the traditional ceremonial images of English kings, they are seated on a throne, a crown on their head, an orb and a scepter in their hands. You can name other attributes and symbols of royal power, which are not so noticeable, for example, a shield, knightly armor.

The most important symbol of royal power is the crown. It is customary to make it of gold and adorn it with precious stones. According to the researchers, the Roman crown served as the prototype for the crown. It is the coronation that has long been considered a legal, traditional and hereditary procedure for the adoption of power by the monarch and its attributes.

The coronation also meant that the new monarch was allowed to continue the hierarchical hereditary chain of the previous rulers. In addition, the coronation is also a very important religious ceremony for the people, during which the sacrament of anointing to the kingdom is carried out. Thus, the entire coronation ritual carries a special meaning of God's blessing on the kingdom.

The first crown of England - the crown of St. Edward - did not survive, it turned out to be a victim of the very process of destruction of all attributes of royal power undertaken by Cromwell. The crown that can be seen in the Tower is a copy of the destroyed crown of St. Edward. It was created for the coronation of King Charles II in 1661. This crown is adorned with diamonds, rubies, sapphires and emeralds and is considered the most valuable in the world. Among the precious stones that adorn it, the Stewart sapphire and the Black Prince ruby ​​should be especially mentioned.

The imperial state crown, which the current reigning Queen Elizabeth II wears at the opening of the meeting of the Parliament of Great Britain or on the occasion of other state celebrations, was commissioned by Queen Victoria in 1837. Queen Victoria herself wore this crown during her coronation on January 28, 1838.

Other royal regalia include the orb and the scepter - they are also symbols of royal power, signs of royal dignity. The orb with its round shape goes back to the globe. She was held in her left hand, and the scepter in her right. The scepter was an attribute of the gods Zeus (Jupiter) and Hera (Juno), it was one of the dignity signs of the Greek and Roman rulers.

The Royal Scepter of Great Britain is adorned with the world's largest Star of Africa diamond, weighing 530 carats and which is the largest

The ceremonial state clubs are part of the world famous Cullinan diamond.

From the collection of the kings of Great Britain, one should also highlight the Great State Sword, which was made at the end of the 17th century. Its scabbard is adorned with diamonds, emeralds and rubies.

Only in the presence of all the regalia does the king have full supreme power: he is the best of the best, he is the main military leader, his words are the law for all loyal subjects.

Another crown, created for the coronation in 1937 of Elizabeth, wife of King George VI, is adorned with the Kohinoor diamond, which means "mountain of light". This is the most famous jewel in England.

The Kohinoor diamond was "born" in India over 300 years ago. It is believed that the Kohinoor diamond brings misfortune to the men who own it. He was never sold for money, but forcibly passed from one ruler to another. Finally, in 1849, he was sent to London in a forged casket, which was placed in a special chest, with guards by the sea from Punjab (state of India). And in 1850 it was presented to Queen Victoria. In 1851, the priceless diamond was displayed at the World's Fair in London, and 6 million visitors were able to see it. And in 1937 it was inlaid in the center of the cross of the royal crown.

In 1947, India, a former colony of the British Empire, became independent. And the leaders of this country have filed property claims to Great Britain. In particular, they demanded that the Kohinoor diamond, which was considered a national treasure, be returned to them. Then this issue was not resolved, but in 1953 it again came up on the agenda. Once again, British society firmly rejected all claims. The British made it clear to the Hindus that they are not going to return the precious stone.

Currently, the coronation of kings only takes place in the UK. The current reigning Queen of Great Britain, Elizabeth II, is the only monarch to be crowned by all the rules. In all other European countries, the coronation is replaced by an inauguration, or enthronement, without chrismation and the laying on of the crown.

The coronation of Elizabeth II took place on June 2, 1953. Three weeks before the ceremony, Elizabeth, in order to feel confident in the new royal dress, began to wear the Imperial state crown all the time. She didn't even take it off during breakfast.

For less solemn events, Elizabeth also has spare crowns and a diadem, but they are not so majestic. The spare crown is set with 2783 diamonds, it contains 273 pearls, 16 sapphires, 11 emeralds and 5 rubies.

It is said that there is nothing royal in Elizabeth II without a crown. And if someone had a chance to meet her on a London street or on the subway in a traditional particular dress, he would not recognize her as the Queen of Great Britain.

The royal power cannot be imagined without its symbolic attributes, such as the crown, orb and scepter. These regalia are generally accepted - in addition to Russian rulers, they were used and are used by kings and emperors of all powers. Each of these items has special meaning and a unique story of appearance.

Apple Power

The state was called an apple for a reason, it resembles not only its roundness - this fruit is an image of the world. In addition, this deeply symbolic object signifies the feminine principle.

With its round shape, the orb, as well as, personifies the globe.

There is also a religious connotation in the image of the state. Indeed, on some canvases, Christ was depicted with her as the Savior of the world or God the father. The sovereign apple was used here in the Kingdom of Heaven. And through the rite of chrismation, the authority of Jesus Christ is transferred to the Orthodox tsar - the tsar must lead his people to the last battle with the Antichrist and defeat him.

Scepter

The shepherd's staff is the prototype of the scepter, which later became a sign of pastoral authority among the ministers of the church. European rulers shortened it, as a result of which they received an object that is known from medieval paintings and numerous historical notes... In shape, it resembles a wand, made of gold, silver or other precious materials and symbolizes.

Often Western European rulers had a second rod in addition to the main one, he acted as the supreme justice. The scepter of justice was adorned with the "hand of justice" - the finger pointing to.

At the wedding of Fyodor Ioanovich to the throne in 1584, the scepter became a full-fledged sign of autocratic power. And a little less than a century later, he and the state began to be depicted on the coat of arms of Russia.

Symbols of royal, royal or imperial power are a series of material signs of the ruler, called regalia. The set of insignia in different states is approximately the same. External symbols of state power have been known since ancient times and were originally called insignias.

It is customary to attribute various regalia to the symbols of royal, imperial and royal power. In Russia, they were the state shield and sword, the state and large state seal. In a broad sense, the throne and ceremonial robes such as porphyry were also symbols.

The royal son Philip watched the execution of the contract and confirmed that he had fulfilled his part of the promise. The son of Zeus took to the side of the riverbed of the Penei and Alpheus rivers, destroyed the walls of the stables and led a canal through the stockyard, into which water gushed and carried away all the manure in a day. Augeus was angry and did not want to give the bulls as a reward, and he drove his son, who spoke in defense of the hero, together with Hercules from the country. This feat became the sixth in the list of the twelve feats of Hercules.

Later, Hercules took revenge on Augustus: he gathered an army, started a war with him, captured Elis and killed the king with an arrow.

The meaning of the phraseological unit "Augean stables"

Also, sometimes the Augean stables are called not only the place, but also the state of affairs: for example, this can be said about the neglected situation in the country or the disorder in the affairs of any organization. In any case, this is a situation that requires either very great efforts to correct, or drastic measures.

Ancient state regalia are among the most significant state symbols. These include crowns, crowns, sceptres, powers, sword, barmas, shield, thrones. However, the sovereign appeared in full vestments only a few times a year - during the most important church holidays and at receptions of especially important foreign ambassadors. Some regalia were used only once during the lifetime of the monarch. Currently, the original regalia of Moscow, and later Of the Russian state stored in the collection of the State Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin. In this article, we will talk about royal regalia in chronological order, starting with the most ancient.

Royal regalia in the Armory collection

The most ancient symbol of princely power is the sword. For the first time, they began to depict him on ancient icons. A little later, a shield was added to the sword. Thus, the princely power was primarily symbolized by weapons, in ancient times - a shield and a sword. However, the state shield and the state sword in the collection of the Armory date back to the 16th-17th centuries.

About the shield - below.

The oldest regalia presented in our treasury is the Monomakh hat. It is described in detail in the article. Let's briefly recap the main facts.

Royal regalia. Monomakh's hat

There is an old "Legend about the princes of Vladimir", according to which Vladimir Monomakh was married to the Great Kiev reign with the Cap of Monomakh. The legend says that the crown was presented to him by the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomakh, who was his grandfather to the Kiev prince... (Details about the "Tale of the princes of Vladimir" are described in the article ) .

On one of the bas-reliefs of the Monomakh throne, it can be seen that Prince Vladimir is depicted in the cap of Monomakh.

The story that the Byzantine emperor bestowed this hat on an old ancestor of Grozny was actively disseminated during the time of Tsar Ivan. However, this is nothing more than a beautiful legend invented to explain (legitimize) the new status title of the Sovereign of All Russia. Back in the 19th century, historians refuted the Byzantine version of the origin of the Monomakh Hat.

To this day, there are three versions about the place of manufacture of this regalia. According to the first of them, Monomakh's hat could have been made in Byzantium, but not under the Emperor Constantine, but much later, during the reign of the Palaeologus in the XIV-XV centuries. This version is supported by the fact that the filigree on the product is of very high quality, typical of Byzantine craftsmen.

There is another hypothesis according to which the Monomakh cap is of Central Asian origin. This is indicated by the lotus flower motif in her decoration. The probable place of its manufacture may be Samarkand or Bukhara.

The third version says that this is the work of Greek masters who worked in Moscow.
It is possible that the cap of Monomakh was presented to Ivan Kalita by the Tatar khan Uzbek. Such a gift was an offering of the khan to his vassal, therefore, at the Russian court, this version was hushed up and a crown was given out for Byzantine work.

They put the Monomakh hat on not on the head, but on a special hat made of brocade.

Kingdom wedding ceremony

All medieval rulers, including Western ones, in the symbols of the state were guided by Constantinople. In many European states there were crowns similar to the crown of the Byzantine emperor. On such crowns, Christ was almost always depicted in a crown. Thus, the idea of ​​the divine origin of power was reflected. The sovereign is the anointed of God and the conductor of the teachings of Christ on earth.