Lexicon of Italian origin in Russian. Borrowings from Italian

2.8. Borrowing from Italian language

Economic and political ties between England and Italy began to develop rapidly from the XIV century. The English economy was associated with Italian manufactory, which could not exist without English wool. Preparations for the Hundred Years War were carried out by Edward III with the money of the Florentine bankers. These economic and political ties are reflected in the vocabulary of the English language, which, since the 14th century, has borrowed Italian words related to trade, manufacture and military affairs.

However, the most powerful influence of the Italian language was during the Renaissance. It is known for the significance that the literature and art of the Renaissance had for the entire European culture. England also experienced this influence. Acquaintance with Italian literature of this period, travel to Italy, study of her painting, sculpture and architecture, interest in Italian music, in the country itself, all this was reflected in a number of borrowings from the Italian language.

It should be noted that, due to the widespread use of Italian borrowings in European languages, some Italian words were borrowed by the English language not directly, but through other languages. For example, barouche (the Italian word baroccio is baroque); cohl-rabi (Italian cavoli rape - kohlrabi) are borrowed from the German language. Most of the Italian words until the 16th century were borrowed through French, and only from the 16th century there are borrowings directly from the Italian language.

The earliest (XIV-XV centuries) borrowings are related to trade and military affairs. So from the field of trade and finance, the words were borrowed: ducat, million, lombard. From the field of military affairs and navigation: alarm (alarm), brigand (bandit), bark (barge).

In the 16th century, economic ties with Italy caused new borrowings: carat (carat), traffic (traffic), porcelain (porcelain), contraband (smuggling), bankrupt (bankrupt), soldo (soldo), battalion, squadron, citadel, pistol.

However, the largest number of words borrowed from the Italian language is associated with the field of art (literature, painting, music, architecture). For example: sonnet, stanza, motto, model, miniature, madonna, fresco.

Other borrowings from this period: bandit, biretta, mustachio, lottery, bravo, duel, cavalcade, escort, artichoke, gondola.

In the 17th century, the number of borrowings related to public life, trade, as well as art and music increased, for example: manifesto, intrigue, bulletin, risk, umbrella, balcony, corridor, pedal, solo, opera, vivace, piano, largo, allegro, grotto, volcano, cascade.

In the 18th century, the continued fascination with Italian musical culture caused a new influx of musical terms from the Italian language, this period appeared such words as soprano, falsetto, viola, cantata, mandolin, trombone, trio, fantasia, aria, tempo, obligate, crescendo, andante.

Words were borrowed from the field of other types of art: picturesque, costume, terracotta, dilettante.

In the 19th century, some words are borrowed, reflecting the political struggle in Italy. For example, carbonary, cammorra. The group of borrowings related to science is increasing, however, the largest number of borrowings, as in the previous two centuries, came from the field of music and art. Examples include the following words: sonatina, cavatina, legato, prima donna, diva, fiasco, studio, replica.

Of the borrowings of the beginning of the 20th century, it can be noted: autostrada, duce and fascist.

The last word is associated with the Latin word fasces - the name of the emblem of the executive branch in Ancient Rome(a bunch of birch twigs with an ax stuck in the middle).

It should be noted that in English language, as in a number of other European languages, some Italian phraseological combinations are used, for example, sotto voce (in a whisper, in an undertone), traditori and others.

2.9. Borrowings from Spanish

Like borrowings from Italian, Spanish borrowings began to appear in English from the 16th century. Historical events, which caused an influx of borrowings, are associated with the Great Geographical Discoveries of the late 15th - early 16th centuries. The development of trade that followed the discovery of America (1492) and the opening of the sea route to India (1498), the colonization of South and North America by the Spaniards and, in the future, the cooperation of England with Spain led to the borrowing of a number of Spanish words, as well as words from languages of the people that have undergone colonization.

The earliest borrowings associated with the Spanish language entered the English vocabulary as early as the 19th century through French... Some of them are words of Arabic origin, reflecting trade relations with the East and the influence of Eastern culture, for example, cotton, zenith. In the 15th century, several more such borrowings were made: lemon, tare (tara) - directly from Spanish.

In the 16th century, close economic and political ties between Spain and England, on the one hand, and Spain and France, on the other, contributed to the penetration of a number of Spanish words into English, both directly from Spanish and through French.

In the first half of the 16th century, thanks to the dynastic ties between England and Spain, there were many Spaniards in England, from whom the English learned some of the words related to Spanish customs and trade. The war conflict between the two countries at the end of the 16th century also left its mark on the English vocabulary.

From the Spanish borrowings of this period, the following words can be cited as examples: infanta, don, hidalgo, renegade, bravado, armada, comrade, mulatto, mosquito.

Of the most famous words borrowed in the 17th century, we cite the following: cargo, guitar, castanet, toreador, matador, duenna, dona, embargo, parade, escapade.

Among the borrowings made in the 18th century, one can note the names of Spanish dances, games and meals, garments, and socio-political terms. For example, quadrille, bolero, picador, marinade, caramel, flotilla, cigar.

Most of the borrowings from the Spanish language in the 19th century were made in the Northern and South America... Some of these borrowings through American literature entered the vocabulary of the English language. Among these borrowings, we can mention: querilla (root of Germanic origin: werra-war), cigarette, lasso, mustang.

As can be seen from the above examples, most of the borrowings from the Spanish language retain their appearance and are usually used in English for stylistic purposes, most often to give a "local flavor" to the narrative. Of the Spanish words that have firmly entered the vocabulary of the English language and are no longer perceived as barbarism, the following words can be distinguished: cotton, zenith, renegade, grenade, alligator, banana, cargo, guitar, guerilla, cigarette, cafeteria, tango, rumba.

Recent and widely used borrowings include dinero, macho, amigo, gringo, el nino (a) and others.

There are special classes for it: social role, position, etc., but it does not fit into our preliminary classification). Thus, classifying the new borrowed words of socio-political vocabulary in the language of the Russian media by spheres of use, we see that, in addition to the words of the actual political discourse, which in turn are subdivided into subclasses (nomenclature names ...

It becomes more prestigious than Russian, the expression of its novelty is attractive, it can emphasize a high level of information content of the speaker. We have identified the main reasons for English-speaking borrowings in modern Russian: the emergence of new concepts and realities in the socio-political life of the country; the emergence of new words that previously existed in the life of society, but did not have ...

As a manuscript

LUKINA Evgeniya Sergeevna

VOCABULARY OF ITALIAN ORIGIN IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

dissertation for a scientific degree

candidate of philological sciences

MOSCOW - 2012

The work was done at the Department of the History of the Russian Language and General Linguistics

Moscow State Regional University

Supervisor: ,

Doctor of Philology, Professor

Official opponents: ,

Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor

(Moscow State Regional

university, department of modern

Russian language)

Candidate of Philology

(Russian Orthodox Institute of St.

John the Theologian)

Lead organization: Moscow State Regional

Humanities Institute (Orekhovo-Zuevo)

The defense will take place "____" _______ 2012 at _______ hours at a meeting of the Dissertation Council D 212.155.02 for the defense of doctoral and candidate dissertations (specialty 10.02.01 - Russian language, 13.00.02 - theory and methodology of teaching and upbringing [Russian language]) at Moscow State Regional University a.

The dissertation can be found in the library of the Moscow State Regional University a.

Scientific Secretary

dissertation council

Doctor of Philology

Professor Eva

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

The interaction of cultures is always reflected in the language of a particular people. At different periods of the development of the Russian language, lexemes from French, German or English could predominate among the borrowed words in speech. The intensity of their appearance largely depends on economic, trade, military, political, cultural ties with other peoples. For example, at the beginning of the XX century. there is a passive process of borrowing, and in the 18th century. and at the beginning of the XXI century. active influx of foreign words.

The dissertation is devoted to the study of vocabulary of Italian origin, which was included in the recipient language in different eras.

Relevance the research is that the vocabulary of Italian origin in the Russian language has not yet been studied deeply enough. Basically, these are the works of linguists who indirectly touch on this problem. Modern dissertations, monographs and other scientific works are more devoted to the topic of borrowings from other languages: from English (,), from the Romance group of languages (,). For the purpose of a comprehensive and in-depth study of this problem, the works of many famous scientists, such as,, and others, as well as dissertations covering the topic of borrowing in Russian in general and borrowing from Romance languages, were considered:, etc.

Object This study is a borrowed vocabulary of Italian origin in Russian.

Subject research is the history of the appearance of borrowed words from the Italian language and the process of their adaptation in the Russian language system, as well as unadapted vocabulary (inclusions, barbarism, exoticism), the process of its adaptation, determining the role, place of use and development prospects in modern Russian.

Target dissertation work - to determine the place and role of Italian borrowings in the modern Russian language, to analyze the process and the degree of their language adaptation.

To achieve this goal, the following are set tasks:

1. to clarify the concepts of “foreign language word”, “foreign word”, “borrowed word”, “foreign language inclusion”;

2. to determine the ways and reasons for borrowing Italian vocabulary in the system of the Russian literary language;

3. to trace the history of the appearance of words borrowed from the Italian language in modern Russian in different eras;

4. to consider the change in the semantics of Italian borrowings in different eras based on the analysis of dictionary entries and examples from fiction;

5. to classify Italian borrowings by communication areas;

6. indicate the meaning and place of the adapted Italian vocabulary in the system of the Russian literary language;

7. to analyze the derivational adaptation of Italian borrowings in Russian;

8. to consider and analyze unadapted vocabulary (foreign language inclusions, barbarism and exoticism) of Italian origin (its place, role and process of adaptation in the Russian language).

Novelty the work is to study new vocabulary that has appeared in recent years, to determine the prospects for its adaptation in the system of the Russian language. An attempt is made to classify Italian borrowings according to the spheres of communication, and the periodization of the process of borrowing Italian words in Russian is determined.

Theoretical significance of this work is an in-depth study of adapted and unadapted Italian borrowings, as well as the reasons for their appearance in the Russian language and the degree of adaptation (thanks to the use of not only Russian dictionaries, but also Italian dictionaries), which is reflected as a result of sociolinguistic research and analysis of word-formation chains.

Practical significance. The dissertation materials can be used in lectures on the history of the Russian literary language, modern Russian and Italian, in the practice of teaching Russian to foreign students, in compiling dictionaries of foreign words.

As methods the research uses methods of historical-etymological, semantic, phonetic-grammatical, morphological and word-formation analysis, an experimental method (testing of students).

Research materials. In the dissertation work, explanatory, etymological and derivational dictionaries of the 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st centuries were used. ("Dictionary of the Russian Academy", as well as dictionaries, M. Popov, M. Fasmer, "Big Illustrated Dictionary" (hereinafter BIS), "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by and other authors), Italian etymological dictionary"Dizionario etimologico"; dissertations, scientific works and fiction in Russian and Italian, media publications, the results of their own research (in Appendix I, II, III, IV).

Volume and structure research. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendices.

Research approbation... The main provisions of the study are reflected in 5 publications, including the publication of the list of the Higher Attestation Commission ("Vestnik MGOU", series "Russian Philology"). On the topic of the dissertation, reports were made at the annual conferences of teachers, students and graduate students of the Moscow State University and at meetings of the Department of Foreign Languages of the G. -Ivanova.

In Administered substantiated the relevance of the problem under study, determined the object and subject of the study, formulated the goal, objectives, determined the scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the study, as well as research methods and formulated the main provisions for defense.

V first chapter dissertation, the concepts of "borrowed word", "borrowing", "foreign word" are considered, in explaining the differences of which the works of researchers were involved:,,,, etc.

The process of the appearance and consolidation of foreign language tokens in the language has always caused an ambiguous attitude. For example, at the beginning of the XX century. in the statements of many linguists, a negative attitude towards borrowing is noted, for example, he notes that “sometimes foreign words that have entered Russian speech are unbearably painful, but more often it is<…>words are completely assimilated, almost completely dissolved in the Russian element. " We can also judge the attitude to borrowed words by the degree of intensity of their appearance in the language in conjunction with a number of external reasons.

Section 1.1. using examples from ancient Russian monuments, words borrowed from different languages, including from Italian. As a result of the analysis of lexemes, it was determined that the main composition of the borrowings of the Old Russian language was the vocabulary of the Turkic, Greek, Latin. Words of Italian origin began to appear in Russian around the 16th century. through intermediary languages (Latin, Polish, German) in small quantities, therefore it is difficult to determine any dominant sphere of communication. For example, in the field of cooking are the words lemon, paste, to literature and music - pastorello, pasticcio, to the household sphere - paper, mail, taffeta, map, gimmick etc. Such passivity in the process of borrowing from the Italian language can be explained by the fact that trade and economic relations were carried out most often through other countries, therefore all words are borrowed indirectly.

Section 1.2. the Italian borrowings of the 17th century are analyzed. The number of borrowings of this period is also insignificant, and they appeared mainly indirectly, however, it is already possible to single out the dominant sphere of use - the military ( soldier, battle, musket, captain, cavalry etc.), the rest of the vocabulary refers to the field of cooking, transport, everyday life, etc.

Section 1.3. the lexicon borrowed from the Italian language in the 18th century is analyzed. Since this period is characterized by active interaction with other countries thanks to the policy of Peter I, with the advent of new objects, as a result, many new words and concepts appeared in the language. Musical terminology was mainly borrowed from the Italian language ( trio, baritone, opera, chapel, tenor, alto, mandolin etc.), to a lesser extent, words from the military sphere ( casemate, artillery) and the food sphere ( sausage), everyday life ( wineglass, baul, napkin), painting ( caricature, fresco), banking ( bank, bankrupt, currency). The semantics of some words have narrowed (for example, the word barrack).

As for the semantics of borrowed words, in most cases, the receiving language first chooses some one meaning, which eventually takes root in the language, but if the borrowing appears in different spheres, then other meanings appear. Note that in Russian, Italian borrowings appeared both indirectly through French (predominant) and German, and directly from the source language.

Section 1.4. the Italian borrowings of the XIX century are considered. In almost all analyzed words of this period, there is an expansion of the meaning of words, the loss of old ( pomade, tirade). For example: according to the dictionary the word pomade originated from fr. pomade ‘Apple', that is, it was previously prepared from apples; according to the dictionary, this word came from it. Pomade, fr. pomade < ит. pommata and stood for 'lip tinting ointment', outdated. - 'an ointment to give elasticity and shine to hair'. In the dictionary, it is ‘cosmetic, scented ointment’. In the dictionary - ‘cosmetic product for softening and dyeing lips’.

The main sphere of communication of this period is everyday life.

At the beginning of the XX century. in the vocabulary of Russian-speaking speakers, political terminology from different European languages prevails ( demonstration(from Polish), rally(from English)). In the 40-50s. the process of borrowing dies down, and only in the second half of the XX century. Until now, borrowings from different languages, from different areas of communication began to appear in the Russian language in huge quantities, some of which remain and adapt to the language system of the Russian language, and some are out of use or are being replaced by Russian lexemes. Section 1.5. words are given as fixed by dictionaries of foreign words ( cappuccino, Pizza, pizzeria, trattoria, jacuzzi) and unrecorded, but actively used by Russian speakers in various fields of communication ( Mozzarella, crostino, ciabatta, latte, barista, lavender, lasagna, chianti). For example: « Some of the dishes from the menu: Fried polenta crostini with chicken liver».

As a result of the analysis of the vocabulary borrowed in different periods of the development of the Russian language, we distributed all the studied borrowings (about 346 lexical units) by communication spheres (section 1.6.) And distributed them to 28 communicative spheres. The dominant among them is the sphere of "foodstuffs", which supplanted the sphere of "music". Further, the spheres are highlighted: "the concept of" person "," groups of people, mental state "," architecture and construction "," military terminology "," profession "," financial and banking terminology, documents "," fabric and clothing, shoes ", "Painting, color designation", "everyday life", "theater", " nautical terminology and transport "," medicine "," plants and flowers "," land transport and terminology "," words of speech etiquette "," decoration "," public institutions "," holidays and recreation "," games "," printing ", "Literature", "media vocabulary", "shops and purchases", "linguistics", "insects", "geography", "cinema", as well as words that are not included in the listed areas - beach, recitative, tirade, biennale (biennale).

In the conclusions on the first chapter, we noted that in the etymological dictionaries of the XX century. (, M. Fasmer,) there are few words borrowed directly from the Italian language, but the development of trade and economic ties contributed to the replenishment of the Russian language with Italian borrowings from the source language at the beginning of the XXI century.

Among the reasons for borrowing are such as: the need to name an object or phenomenon; socio-psychological reasons (prestige of sound); expansion of the concept of the concept, its detailing; differentiation of semantic shades, that is, the semantics of the borrowed word and the one that already exists in the Russian language may intersect with each other, but not completely coincide. Of course, over time, new reasons may arise, subject to active relations with other countries, as well as the influence of the media and the Internet.

As a result of the analysis of borrowings from different periods, many Italian words are noted that appeared in the Russian language through the French intermediary language. This fact is explained by the geographical proximity of the two countries and the influence of Italian culture on French from the 17th century, and, consequently, the influence of the Italian language on French. However, it should be noted that in the dictionaries of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, when analyzing some borrowings, it became difficult to define the source language, since a word could be borrowed with different meanings from different languages, so there was no way to determine to which this borrowing originates from languages (for example, gimmick, map, jar etc.). For example: word map borrowed through Polish. karta < лат. charta'paper' (,); geographic Ph.- from the Dutch. lang. kaart ‘geographic map’ < лат. charta'paper'< греч. chartē s‘Paper’, but playing k. - in the VI century. from Polish. lang., where karta'playing card'< ит. carta- tzh.< ‘лист бумаги’ (М. Фасмер). Первые два определения слова в словарных статьях словарей, и совпадают – 1) ‘четырехугольный листок бумаги, на котором изображены знаки одной из четырех карточных мастей’, 2) ‘чертеж неба, земли, моря’, и т. п. Толкования третьего значения в указанных словарях расходятся: по и – ‘список кушанья и напитков в гостиницах’; по – ‘бланк для заполнения какими-н. сведениями’.

In such cases, you should pay attention to the meaning in which it is used.

In the process of the development of the Russian language, many borrowings changed their semantics: a word could narrow its meaning, lose its primary meaning and move from one sphere of communication to another (for example, the word conservatory- at the end of the 17th century. meant ‘an orphanage and homeless people, where they taught crafts’, and since the 18th century. there they began to teach mainly music), expand their meaning and scope of use ( short story, banquet abbreviation, cardboard, crash and etc.).

The most active in terms of the number and variety of Italian borrowings are the periods of the 18th century. and XXI century., and the main area of borrowing at the beginning of the XXI century. became the food industry (names of drinks, dishes, groceries, shops, restaurants, etc.). In other eras, borrowings from this area were sporadic. There are no borrowings from political, scientific and technical and sports terminology, as well as from the scientific and technical sphere.

In second chapter The dissertation examines the process of mastering Italian borrowings: the conditions for the entry and adaptation of borrowed words are highlighted. In the process of studying this issue, the work involved the research of such scientists as, etc.

Since the process of assimilation of a foreign language word begins with phonological and graphic-phonetic adaptation, in section 2.1. several words of Italian origin were analyzed ( latte, Mozzarella, cappuccino etc.), in which it is noted that Italian sounds are transmitted quite simply, among them there are a few letter combinations uncharacteristic for the Russian language (for example, j akuzi, solfe j and about, j ins etc.). Some Italian sounds during pronunciation can be replaced by English ones, mainly due to ignorance of Italian phonetics and the pronunciation rules of some letter combinations. For example, the name of the store “Oggi” is pronounced by native speakers of Russian in accordance with the pronunciation rules of the English consonants “oggi”, but according to the rules of the Italian language it is “oji”.

Not all borrowed Italian words appear with a fixed stress; in many dictionaries, two variants are noted, for example pizzeria and pizzeria, latte and latte. In the process of adaptation to the system of the Russian language, such a fluctuation is quite typical for many foreign words.

When studying examples where words of Italian origin are used, we observe several options for graphic design. Graphic design options allow you to determine the spelling of Italian borrowings. In dictionaries recent years for some words, spelling options are given (from the English. badge – badge, flyer – flyers), however, if we analyze examples from various texts of articles, for example, for the word biennale one single design will be characteristic. For example, in the dictionary, two variants of the use of the lexeme are noted: b yenne ale and b not on ll e as in the dictionary: b yenne ale and b yen ale... We came across only one variant of this lexeme:

“Italians often compare Biennale with the World Cup<…>»,

"On biennale, which was successfully held the year before last, the works of 160 artists were presented<…>».

Thus, we can assume that in the new dictionaries of foreign words of the XXI century. this word will be presented in the indicated variant.

One of the reasons for the variability of grammatical indicators in a borrowed word is oral borrowing, as well as poor adaptation to the Russian language system. Many of the adapted Italian loanwords have grammatical indicators of gender and number, however, among them there are also words (adapted and unadapted) ending in O, e, that(for example, carpaccio, barista, biennale), which is typical of the Italian language, and this does not allow the definition of grammatical categories. Such words refer to different spheres of use, but most of them are borrowed recently from the field of cooking.

Adapted Italian borrowings develop word-formation activity. Thanks to the prefixes and productive suffixes of nouns (among Italian borrowings, masculine lexemes with suffixes predominate: - ep,-ir, -ist, -that (stylist, dresser, short story)), adjectives and verbs (- irova for italian verbs balance out, fat; -ova for verbs strike, band up) it is possible to distinguish and analyze various types of word-formation nests (hereinafter SG): one-word, two-word, chain, fan, tree. So, on the example of the analysis of the tree type, which includes all types of SG, the predominance of two-word and fan types is noted. A noun most often acts as a productive word, cases of formation from adjectives ( beige, grandiose) and verbs ( skimp, isolate).

Consider an example of a tree type:

word-formative nest from the word layout includes 4 word-formation chains: 1) layout - layout 2) layout - layout designer - layout designer; 3) mock-up - mock-up; 4) layout - layout: layout, layout, layout. The first and the third chain contain two components, the second - three components, the fourth - five components. All chains belong to the same area of terminology - "architecture and construction". In the formation of derivative words, various morphemic units are used, as a result of the addition of which words of other parts of speech appear. For example, noun suffixes: diminutive -ik (mock-up), -chick (layout designer) with the meaning of a person by occupation, -ing (prototyping), which determines the book color of the word; adjective suffix -n(mock-up); verb suffix -irova (mock up); reflexive postfix -sya (mock up) with the meaning of an action directed at oneself, a productive prefix with- (mock up) indicating an incremental value. As we can see, in this word-formation chain, three types of word formation are used: suffix, postfix and prefix.

As a result of the analysis in a similar way of several SGs (from the words currency, caprice, bank etc.), we came to the conclusion that the main way of word formation is the suffix for all parts of speech. In all parts of speech, suffixes appear in different meanings, however, for a noun, the predominant meaning of a person by occupation or belonging to a profession; for an adjective - the meaning of an object or object belonging to someone, something; for a verb - suffixes express the meaning ‘to engage in some kind of activity’; there are no prevailing values among prefixes.

According to our classification of Italian loanwords, given in the first chapter, Italian terms are related to different spheres usage: in the XVIII century - this is musical terminology, in the XXI century. culinary words ( pasta, pizza, tiramisu, panna cotta etc.), which can be classified as international terms, since in most countries of the world these words are not translated. One of the leading reasons for the emergence and spread of internationalisms is bilingualism, as well as the desire to concretize a new phenomenon (term) in order to avoid misunderstandings. Italian terms in Russian are spread not only through print and television media, the Internet, but also as a result of their use in scientific research

Section 2.5. we examined the unadapted vocabulary of Italian origin, namely the relationship between the concepts of "foreign language impregnation", "barbarism" and "exoticism". The problem of adaptation of a new foreign language vocabulary in the Russian language was studied by scientists:, -True, and others.

At present, researchers have not come to a common opinion in the definition of the concepts of "barbarism" and "foreign language inclusions": which of them is semantically independent, and which requires explanation, that is, which of them is used occasionally, and which with a conscious meaning and appropriate use. We tried to differentiate them, relying on material from various articles of both print and electronic media.

It should be noted that in the media covering Italian life and culture, one can quite often find barbarisms in Russian graphics without explanation, but only on the condition that the same lexeme is often used in texts of various topics, its meaning has already been explained and it is semantically independent ... Let's look at a few examples:

1. « Bella Lodi it is easy to recognize among thousands of other varieties due to its unusual "appearance", or rather, the unique black crust that covers the perfect white body of the cheese "Bella Lodi on a farm that is over 100 years old ”;

2."September 2 in one of the most famous restaurants in Novosibirsk"La Maison»Was held the Day of Italian Fashion in Siberia, an event organized by Institute of Foreign Trade of Italy ( ICE ) and federation "Italy Fashion System" ( SMI ) » – “The Day of Italian Fashion in Siberia was held within the framework of a project organized by the FederationSMI supported by branchesICE in Moscow and Novosibirsk ".

As shown in the examples, the selected words and phrases do not always have explanations, are used several times in the same or different texts, which means they gradually acquire semantic independence.

Barbarisms of Italian origin (especially in recent years) prevail over Italian exoticisms due to their active use in speech (names of products, for example parmesan, mascarpone, ciabatta, and lexemes from other communication areas, for example barista, pizzaiolo arividerci, ciao, pronto, senti, conti, saldi, paparazzi), as well as the growing influence of the media and the Internet.

Unlike the barbarisms and inclusions of the late XX - XXI centuries, many Italian exoticisms, fixed by dictionaries, do not need explanation and are transmitted mainly by means of Russian graphics.

Exotisms are vocabulary nationally and territorially fixed, for example, the words gondolier,gondola,gondolier belong to the Venetian region; Mozzarella appeared in the Campania region; lexemes Pizza, lasagna, cappuccino,chianti,barcarole, palazzo,trattoria,pizzeria used throughout Italy.

From the point of view of word formation, some of the indicated exoticisms have zero word-formation productivity ( palazzo,jacuzzi).

In the conclusions of the second chapter, there is a minimal variation of consonants in words of Italian origin ("oggi" "oji").

As a result of the analysis of word-formation nests, we identified productive suffixes, thanks to which most of the lexemes correlate with a noun and an adjective, to a lesser extent with a verb, there are isolated cases of the formation of adverbs and verbal nouns and adjectives; a small number of words have two stems

In modern Russian, when borrowing new lexemes from the Italian language, mainly of the last decade, there is an unfixed stress, which is associated with a weak adaptation of words.

As a result of the study of unadapted vocabulary, a gradual entry of a foreign language word into the receiver language was determined: foreign language inclusion - barbarism - exoticism - a borrowed word.

Since not all scientists distinguish between the concepts of "foreign language inclusions" and "barbarism", we conducted a study of these concepts and determined that foreign language inclusions, as a rule, are not fixed by dictionaries of foreign words and explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, are used occasionally and semantically are not independent, i.e. that is, their meanings are explained within the text. Barbarisms, in turn, like inclusions, are transmitted by means of Russian and Latin graphics, are used occasionally, taking into account the morphology of another language, while they are semantically independent, that is, they are used by native speakers in the language with an awareness of the semantics of the word, however, from borrowings and their exoticisms distinguished by phonetic and graphic instability.

Among the exotic vocabulary of Italian origin, there is no prevailing communicative sphere, in the dictionaries there are a small number of them from different communicative spheres in the graphics of the Russian language, for example, Pizza, trattoria, gondola, barcarole... Musical vocabulary should be considered separately, since it can be transmitted both by the graphics of the Latin language and the Russian language.

If we consider the generally unadapted vocabulary of Italian origin, then foreign language inclusions and barbarism prevail.

Conclusion... As a result of intensive borrowing of foreign language vocabulary at the beginning of the XXI century. every day we are confronted with vocabulary of an adapted and unadapted character. The opinions of researchers regarding such linguistic activity are divided: some researchers demand the protection of the language, others talk about language progress. In any case, three criteria (conditions) for the appearance of borrowings in the language should be taken into account: necessity, relevance, accuracy. Italian borrowings meet these criteria, if only because in Russian it is quite difficult to find synonyms for them, such as for the name of dishes or for musical terminology, etc.

The process of lexical and semantic adaptation of Italian words has been going on for quite a long time, while it should be noted that the most active periods of the development of semantic series and the expansion of communicative spheres should be noted in the 18th century. and the beginning of the XXI century.

Analysis of entries in dictionaries of the XX - XXI centuries. showed that some Italian borrowings have a semantic inconstancy of meanings, which depends on activity in various spheres of communication, on changes in the main components that make up an object, which can change the idea of it and the word that denotes it (for example, the word conservatory). Borrowings that are constantly used in any communicative sphere can form whole series of words (for example, short story, banquet, abbreviation, cardboard, accident and etc.). However, as a result of the loss of one of the meanings, Italian borrowing could narrow its concept (for example, in the word barrack).

As we have already noted, the predominant communicative sphere (out of 28 studied) is "food" (names of dishes, drinks, products), mostly barbarism, less often exoticism.

As a result of considering the vocabulary of Italian origin from the point of view of graphic-phonetic, grammatical and morphological development, we note that approximately until the end of the XX century. it is completely subordinated to the norms of the Russian language, that is, it develops word-formation activity, receives different meanings and is used in different styles of speech. Italian borrowings of the late XX century. are at the stage of integration, that is, they are beginning to enter the phonetic and grammatical system language become familiar to Russian-speaking native speakers. Words of Italian origin that appeared at the beginning of the XXI century. are at the stage of penetration and belong to unadapted vocabulary, since they are characterized by instability in spelling, pronunciation and stress setting.

Most of the lexemes of Italian origin at the beginning of the XXI century. are characterized by instability in spelling ( ciabatta - chaabatta) and pronunciation ( lette - latte). From the point of view of graphic-phonetic adaptation among the words of Italian origin, there is minimal variation in consonant letters, one of the reasons is the substitution of Italian consonants by English in pronunciation (Compare, it. “Oggi” - ‘oggi’ and ‘oji’). The result of such a substitution is a constant influx of new, unadapted lexemes of Italian origin, while the previous ones do not have time to master, as a result of which the influence of another language is observed in the Russian language.

As a result of the word-formation activity of Italian borrowings, namely, due to the addition of suffixes, prefixes, postfixes to their bases, word-formation nests arose, the leading among which are fan and two-word types. The main word-top of such word-formation chains is mainly the noun, cases of formation from the verb ( skimp, isolate), while only one of them forms a tree type SG, but there are also cases of the formation of two-word nests from borrowed Italian adjectives: grandiose and beige.

During the research, it turned out that not all linguists distinguish between concepts foreign language blotting and barbarism, since it is rather difficult to determine in the text whether it is an impregnation or barbarism. However, it should be noted that foreign language inclusions, as a rule, are not fixed by dictionaries of foreign words and explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, are used occasionally and semantically are not independent, that is, their meanings are explained within the text. Barbarisms, in turn, like inclusions, are transmitted by means of Russian and Latin graphics, occasionally, taking into account the morphology of another language, while they are semantically independent, that is, they are used by native speakers in the language with an awareness of the semantics of the word, however, they are distinguished from borrowings and exoticisms phonetic and graphic instability.

Interspersions, barbarisms, exoticisms, internationalisms practically do not have variant intermediary languages, they are mainly borrowed directly from the Italian language and do not vary semantically, functions in any one communicative sphere.

The vocabulary of Italian origin is not dominant in the Russian language in comparison with other European languages (for example, English), but it performs its function in the process of nominating new phenomena, realities that cannot be matched with an analogue in the Russian language system. Like all new words, it is possible that they will change their appearance or be replaced by synonyms.

Applications... The first appendix presents the results of a sociological study on the development of adapted and unadapted borrowings. In the second and third appendices, an analysis of the derivational adaptation of Italian loanwords is presented. The fourth appendix gives the meanings of the unadapted loanwords of Italian origin.

The main provisions of the dissertation are reflected in the following publications:

1. Lukin of the tense forms of the past tense of the verb in Russian in comparison with Italian. // Russian language: history, dialects, modernity. Issue X. M., 2010. - S. 44-49.

2. Lukin's borrowings from the Italian language in the modern Russian literary language. // Russian language: history, dialects, modernity. Issue IX. M., 2010 .-- S. 41-46.

3. Lukin - a semantic analysis of Italian borrowings in modern Russian. MGOU Bulletin. // Bulletin of MGOU. Series "Russian Philology". - M .: Ed. MGOU, No. 3, 2011. - S. 70-75.

4. Lukina borrowings from Italian in modern Russian literary language. MGOU Bulletin. // Bulletin of MGOU. Series "Russian Philology". - M .: Ed. MGOU, No. 4, 2011. - S. 79-81.

5. Lukina vocabulary of Italian origin in Russian Vestnik MGOU. // Bulletin of MGOU. Series "Russian Philology". - M .: Ed. MGOU, No. 6, 2011. - P. 74-76

Gornfeld phrases and old words. - Petersburg: Kolos, 1922 .-- P. 26.

Chudinov of foreign words included in the Russian language. - 3rd ed. - SPb .: Publishing house. , 1910 .-- S. 474.

Rat's dictionary of foreign words / - M .: Eksmo, 2010. - P.616.

Burns of the Russian language /; Under total. ed. prof. ... - 24th ed., Rev. - M .: house "ONYX XXI century", 2003. - P. 547.

Lopatin Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language. /. - M .: Eksmo, 2011 .-- S. 538.

J. Italia. 2010, No. 12. - P. 72.

Mikhelson of all foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with an explanation of their roots. - M .: ed. type Indrikh 1875 .-- p. 243.

Chudinov of foreign words included in the Russian language. - 3rd ed. - SPb .: Publishing house. , 1910 .-- S. 253.

Fasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 volumes.Vol. 2 (E - Husband) / Per. with him. and add. ... - 2nd ed., Erased. - M .: Progress, 1986 .-- S. 203.

Rat's dictionary of foreign words / - M .: Eksmo, 2010.– S. 340.

Bobrova etymological dictionary of the Russian language. The origin of words. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2001. - P. 144.

The latest dictionary of foreign words / ed. - comp. - 2nd ed., Rev. - M .: Ayris-press, 2009 .-- P. 199.

Nechaev dictionary of foreign words: over 25,000 words and phrases. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: "Azbukovnik", 2008. - P. 155.

J. Italia, 2011, No. 7. - S. 58.

J. Italia, 2011, No. 7. - S. 12.

Semenov dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: YUNVES, 2002. - S. 339.

J. Italia, 2011, No. 7. - P. 81

See ibid (p. 81).

J. Italia 2010, No. 12. - P. 18.

J. Italia 2010, No. 12. - P. 19.

What is the etymology of Italian words? Today we will talk about the origin of Italian words that were borrowed by the Russian language. For the purity of the experiment, as well as in order to understand whether this article will be useful to my readers, for several weeks I asked my numerous acquaintances the question, what does this or that familiar word for us in Russian mean. At the same time, I did not say that the words, the meaning of which I am asking me to explain, are related to such a concept as the etymology of Italian words. It was very interesting to watch the reaction of my acquaintances: all as one were very surprised at my, as it seemed to them, stupid questions and could not understand why I was asking them. Of course, at first glance, they may seem elementary, because even a child knows the answer to them! But, as it turned out, not every adult knows the etymology (origin) of these words. Let's check ourselves. You can also ask your friends these questions related to the meaning of words in Russian. I hope that this article, describing what the etymology of Italian words is, will help you learn a lot of new and interesting things. So:

Bankrupt- a person who is unable to pay off debts.

The etymology of this word goes back to the Italian language and consists of two words: banca(bench) and rotta(broken) or banco(counter) and rotto(broken). That is, this word means "broken bench" or "broken counter." In the Middle Ages, various money changers, bankers and other persons associated with the relatively honest taking of money from the population gathered in special trading places (analogs of modern markets), and counters (benches) were installed in front of them, which were called mensaargentaria(silver plated table). On these “silver-plated tables,” the financiers, if you can call them that, held the money needed to carry out certain financial transactions during the day. According to the law, it was necessary to have a certain amount, below which a person was deprived of the right to carry out financial transactions. Therefore, if a person did not have enough money on the table, by the decision of the judge, his mensa argentaria was subject to immediate destruction (breaking), and the person himself was deprived of the right to engage in any financial transactions... Consequently, he became bankrupt. Now consider other examples that fall under the concept of the etymology of Italian words.

Props- dummy.

Consists of two Italian words: buttare(throw away) and fuori(out into the street, out). Often in the windows of expensive shops there are dummies (props) of this or that item. It can be a sealed package of expensive perfumes, in which there is actually no perfume, a bottle of French "cognac" from the beginning of the last century, where, instead of cognac, cheap tea is poured, and even iron "jewelry" with polished glass instead of diamonds. These fake items are of no value. They are used for window dressing, and naive shoppers think that they are real objects. In fact, these dummies have a direct road to the trash heap, but the shop owners have a different point of view ...

Newspaper- a printed periodical published at least once a month.

Initially, the word "newspaper" was used to refer to a small Venetian coin in the 16th century, which got its name from the fact that it depicted a magpie bird, which in Italian sounds like gazza... Suffix - etta is a diminutive in Italian. In Russian, a magpie with such a diminutive-affectionate suffix would sound like “magpie”, “magpie”, etc. It must be said that with this coin in Venice it was possible to buy only a news bulletin, a prototype of a modern newspaper, about as much as a penny in the USSR could only buy a box of matches. Consequently, after a while the word "newspaper" acquired a meaning that has survived to this day.

Carnival- masquerade ball.

carne(meat) and vale(goodbye). The fact is that in the old days the carnival in Italy preceded a strict fast, during which a ban was imposed on the use of a number of products, including meat. Consequently, at the carnivals one could not only have fun from the heart, but also have a fill of meat, and then say goodbye to him. It should be noted that the Italian word vale has another meaning, namely "to be in authority", "to have weight, value". That is, according to another version, the expression carnevale means that only on this holiday the meat has weight, authority, because after the carnival it will be declared a “non grata” product.

Carousel- children's attraction with wooden horse-shaped seats for riding in a circle.

Consists of two Italian words - gara(competition) and sella(saddle). In the Middle Ages, knightly tournaments were common in Italy, in which participants often mutilated and killed each other. Later, in the 17th century, these bloody tournaments were replaced by festive events in which riders on horseback took part. They no longer killed each other, as before, but gracefully moved in and out to the sound of wind instruments, crossed and bred swords, and also formed various figures. They were accompanied by squires and other smartly dressed participants of the celebrations. Now you know where horses came from on modern carousels.

Tuple- solemn passage, procession, departure.

This word is derived from the Italian word corteggiare which means "look after". Indeed, the highest officials of states, driving along the roads, accompanied by cars of power structures, are "looked after" by these very structures ...

Passport- the main document proving the identity of the citizen.

It is rooted in the Italian language and consists of two words: passare(pass) and porto(port), anchorage for ships. That is, initially the passport was a pass document for ships to ports in order to carry out loading and unloading operations, and only then acquired its modern meaning.

Soldier- a low-level serviceman.

This word in its modern meaning came to the Russian language from the Italian language of the 11th century and is formed from the word soldo- the currency of Italy at that time. "Soldier" was called a mercenary military who received a salary for carrying military service... By the way, the Italian word "soldo" and Russian word“Money” is a kind of relatives. After all, the word “money” was the name of a Russian coin of half a kopeck in the time of Catherine I. Later, the collective concept in Russian became the word “ money", And in Italian -" soldi", According to the rule of forming the plural of nouns.

Here is such an entertaining etymology of Italian words ...

Economic and political ties between England and Italy began to develop rapidly from the XIV century. The English economy was associated with the Italian manufactory, which could not have existed without English wool. Preparations for the Hundred Years War were carried out by Edward III with the money of the Florentine bankers. These economic and political ties are reflected in the vocabulary of the English language, which, since the 14th century, has borrowed Italian words related to trade, manufacture and military affairs.

However, the most powerful influence of the Italian language was during the Renaissance. We know the significance that the literature and art of the Renaissance had for the entire European culture. England also experienced this influence. Acquaintance with Italian literature of this period, travel to Italy, study of her painting, sculpture and architecture, interest in Italian music, in the country itself, all this was reflected in a number of borrowings from the Italian language.

Other borrowings from this period: bandit, biretta, mustachio, lottery, bravo, duel, cavalcade, escort, artichoke, gondola.

Words were borrowed from the field of other types of art: picturesque, costume, terracotta, dilettante.

Of the borrowings of the beginning of the 20th century, it can be noted: autostrada, duce and fascist.

The last word is associated with the Latin word fasces - the name of the emblem of the executive power in Ancient Rome (a bunch of birch twigs with an ax stuck in the middle).

It should be noted that in English, as in a number of other European languages, some Italian phraseological combinations are used, for example, sotto voce (in a whisper, in an undertone), traditori and others.