Visual aids in the literature with examples. Means of artistic expression (pictorial and expressive means)

Expressive means of vocabulary and phraseology
In vocabulary and phraseology, the main means of expressiveness are trails(in the lane from Greek - turn, image).
The main types of tropes include: epithet, comparison, metaphor, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, paraphrase, hyperbole, lithote, irony, sarcasm.
Epithet- a figurative definition that marks a feature essential for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. From simple definition The epithet is notable for its artistic expressiveness and imagery. Epithets include all the colorful definitions, which are most often expressed by adjectives.

Epithets are divided into general language (coffin silence), individual copyright (dumb peace (I.A.Bunin), sweet beauty (S.A. Yesenin)) and folk poetry(constant) ( red Sun, kind well done) .

The role of epithets in the text

Epithets are aimed at enhancing the expressiveness of the images of the depicted objects, at highlighting their most significant features. They convey the author's attitude to what is depicted, express the author's assessment and author's perception of the phenomenon, create a mood, give a characteristic lyric hero... ("... dead words smell bad" (N.S. Gumilyov); "... foggy and quiet azure over a sad orphaned land" (F.I. Tyutchev))

Comparison is a pictorial technique based on comparing one phenomenon or concept with another.

Ways to Express Comparison:

The form of the instrumental case of nouns:

Vagrant nightingale

Youth flew by ... (A.V. Koltsov)

The form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb:

This eyes greener sea and cypress trees darker... (A. Akhmatova)

Comparative turnover with unions as if, as if, as if and etc.:

Like a beast of prey to a humble abode

The winner bursts in with bayonets ... (M.Yu. Lermontov)

With words similar, similar:

In the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova)

Using comparative clauses:

The golden foliage swirled

In the pinkish water on the pond

Like butterflies, a light flock

With a daze flies to the star... (S. Yesenin)

The role of comparisons in the text.

Comparisons are used in the text in order to enhance its depiction and imagery, to create brighter, more expressive images and highlight, to emphasize any significant features of the depicted objects or phenomena, as well as to express the author's assessments and emotions.

Metaphor Is a word or expression that is used in figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena for some reason.

The metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc .: waterfall of stars, avalanche of letters, wall of fire, abyss of grief and etc.

The role of metaphors in the text

The metaphor is one of the most striking and strong means creating expressiveness and imagery of the text.

Through the metaphorical meaning of words and phrases, the author of the text not only enhances the visibility and clarity of what is depicted, but also conveys the uniqueness, individuality of objects or phenomena. Metaphors serve as an important means of expressing author's assessments and emotions.

Impersonation- This is a kind of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts.

The wind sleeps and everything goes numb

If only to fall asleep;

The clear air itself is timid
To die in the frost. (A.A. Fet)

The role of impersonations in text

Impersonations serve to create vivid, expressive and imaginative pictures of something, they revive nature, enhance the transmitted thoughts and feelings.

Metonymy Is the transfer of a name from one subject to another based on their contiguity. Adjacency can be a manifestation of a connection:

I AM three plates ate (I.A.Krylov)

Scolded Homer, Theocritus,

But read Adam Smith(A.S. Pushkin)

Between action and instrument of action:

Their villages and fields for a violent raid

He doomed swords and fires(A.S. Pushkin)

Between the item and the material the item is made of:

…not that on silver, - on gold eating (A.S. Griboyedov)

Between a place and people in that place:

The city was noisy, flags were fluttering ... (Yu.K. Olesha)

The role of metonymy in the text

The use of metonymy allows you to make a thought brighter, laconic, expressive, gives the depicted object visualization.

Synecdoche- This is a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of the quantitative relationship between them.

Most often, the transfer occurs:

From less to more:

To him and bird does not fly

AND Tiger does not exist ... (A.S. Pushkin)

From part to whole:

Beard why are you still silent?

The role of synecdoche in the text

Synecdoche enhances the expressiveness and expression of speech.

Periphrase, or periphrase- (in the lane from Greek - a descriptive expression) is a turnover that is used instead of any word or phrase.

Petersburg - Peter's creation, city of Petrov(A.S. Pushkin)

The role of paraphrases in the text

Periphrases allow you to:

Highlight and emphasize the most essential features of the depicted;

Avoid unjustified tautology;

Periphrases (especially expanded ones) allow to give the text a solemn, sublime, pathetic sound:

Oh sovereign city,

Stronghold of the northern seas

Orthodox crown of the fatherland,

The magnificent dwelling of kings,

Peter is a sovereign creation!(P. Ershov)

Hyperbola- (in the lane from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exaggerated exaggeration of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action:

A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper (N.V. Gogol)

Litotes- (in the lane from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action:

What tiny cows!

There is a less pinhead right. (I.A.Krylov)

The role of hyperbole and litota in the text The use of hyperbole and litota allows the authors of texts to sharply enhance the expressiveness of what is depicted, to give thoughts an unusual form and bright emotional coloring, evaluativeness, emotional persuasiveness.

Hyperbole and litota can also be used as a means of creating comic images.

Irony- (in the lane from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in the opposite sense to the direct one. Irony is a kind of allegory in which a mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment:

Split, clever, are you raving, head?

The word, as you know, is the basic unit of language, the most noticeable element of its artistic means. And the expressiveness of speech is primarily associated with the word.

The word in a literary text is a special world. Art word- a mirror of the individual author's attitude to reality, a special perception of the surrounding world. The literary text has its own accuracy - metaphorical, its truths - artistic revelations; the whole functions of the word change, which are set by the context: "I would like to form a single word / I merge my sadness and sorrow ..." (G. Heine).
Metaphorical statements in a literary text are associated with the expression of individual perception of the surrounding world. Art is the self-expression of a person. A literary fabric is woven from metaphors, which creates an image that excites us and emotionally affects us the image of a work of art. Words acquire additional meanings, stylistic coloring, create a special world into which we immerse ourselves when reading fiction.
And in oral speech not only in literary, but also in colloquial, we, without hesitation, use all expressive means of speech so that speech is more convincing, emotional, more imaginative. Metaphors give a special expressiveness to our speech.

The word metaphor in translation from Greek means "transfer". This refers to the transfer of the name from one subject to another. In order for such a transfer to take place, these objects must have some similarity, they must be somewhat similar, contiguous. A metaphor is a word or expression that is used figuratively based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena for some reason.
As a result of the transfer of meaning from one object or phenomenon to another, an image is created. Metaphor is one of the brightest means of expressiveness of poetic, artistic speech. But at the same time, their absence does not mean the lack of expressiveness of a work of art. Let's compare two excerpts from different poems by Boris Pasternak:

It's ugly to be famous.
This is not what lifts up.
No need to start an archive
Shake over the manuscripts.

The purpose of creativity is dedication,
Not hype, not success.
Shameful, meaning nothing
Be a parable on everyone's lips.
…………………………………
July carrying in clothes
Dandelion fluff, burdock.
July, going home through the windows,
Everyone speaking out loud.

Steppe unkempt disheveled,
Smelled of linden and grass
The tops and the smell of dill,
July meadow air.

In the first poem B. Pasternak does not use metaphors, the second poem is full of personification, epithets, metaphors, but each of these poems is artistically expressive. The first - conquers with sincerity, accuracy of language, deep meaning, the second - acts on an emotional level, creates a lyrical image.
Through the metaphorical meaning of words and phrases, the writer conveys individuality, the uniqueness of objects, while showing his own associative nature of thinking, his vision of the world.
The metaphor can be simple and detailed. In the poetry of the twentieth century, the use of expanded metaphors is reviving, the nature of simple metaphors changes significantly.

METONYMY is a kind of metaphor. The Greek word "metonymy" means renaming, that is, giving one object the name of another. This is the replacement of one word with another based on the contiguity of two objects, concepts, etc. Metonymy is the imposition of one feature on another, the imposition of a figurative meaning on a direct one. For example: 1. The village smokes in the cold clear sky with gray smoke - people are warming up. (V.M.Shukshin) (Instead: they smoke the pipes of the ovens). 2. The city was noisy, flags were crackling, wet roses were falling from the bowls of flower girls, horses decorated with colorful feathers were jumping, carousels were spinning. (YK Olesha) (People living in the city were making noise). 3. I ate three plates. (I ate soup in ta-reels). All these transfers of meanings, their mixing are possible because objects that have the same name are next to each other, that is, they are adjacent. It can be contiguity in space, in time, etc. Such name transfers are called metonymic.
SYNECDOCHE. The Greek word synecdoche means reference. Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy. The transfer of meaning occurs when a smaller-neck is called instead of a larger one; more instead of less; part instead of whole; whole instead of part.

EPITHET. This word, translated from Greek, means "annex attached", that is, one word is attached to another.
An epithet is a trope, figure, figurative definition, word or phrase that defines a person, object, phenomenon or action from the subjective standpoint of the author. Differs from simple definition in artistic expressiveness.
In folklore, constant epithets are used as a means of typing and one of the main means of its artistic expression... To paths, in the strict sense of this term, only epithets belong, the function of which is performed by words used in a figurative, in contrast to the exact epithets expressed by words used in a direct sense (beautiful flowers, red berry). The creation of figurative epithets is associated with the use of words in a figurative sense. Epithets expressed by words that are used in figurative meanings are called metaphorical. The epithet can be based on the metonymic transfer of the name (... we will go to break the wall, we will stand with our heads for our homeland. M.Yu. Lermontov).

Contrasting epithets that form combinations of words opposite in meaning with the nouns being defined are called OXYUMORONS. (“… Joyful sadness, hating love.” IB Golub).

COMPARISON is a trope in which the characteristic of one object is given by comparing it with another object. Comparison is a trope of comparing objects according to their similarity, which can be obvious or distant and unexpected. Comparison is usually expressed using the words “as if”, “exactly”, “as if”, “similar”. There can be comparisons in the form of the instrumental case.

PERSONALIZATION is a kind of metaphor, the assignment of the properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. Often, personification is created by referring to natural phenomena as living and conscious beings. Impersonation is also called the transfer of human properties to animals.

HYPERBALL - one of the expressive means of speech, means "exaggeration". Hyperbole is a figure with the meaning of excessive exaggeration of what is being said.

LITOTA - translated from Greek this word means "simplicity". If hyperbole is an excessive exaggeration of something, then inverse hyperbole means the same excessive understatement. Litota is a figure of over-understating what is being said. (A little man with a fingernail. A boy with a finger. Thumbelina. Quieter than water, below the grass. "Below a thin blade of grass you have to bow your head" (NA Nekrasov).

Expressive means of speech are humor, irony, sarcasm, grotesque.
HUMOR is one of the expressive means of vocabulary, humor in translation from English means disposition, mood. Whole works can be written in a comic, in a comic-pathos, in an allegorical way. They show a good-natured, mocking attitude to anything. Remember the story of A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon". Many of I. Krylov's fables are written in this vein.
IRONY - translated from the Greek "pretense", "mockery", when one is affirmed in words, and the subtext means something completely different, the opposite of the expressed thought.
SARKAZM - translated from Greek means "tearing meat". Sarcasm is sarcastic mockery, wicked irony, caustic remarks. A comic effect is created, but an ideological and emotional assessment is clearly felt. The fantastic is combined with the real, the ordinary with the everyday. One of the varieties of painting - cartoons can be humorous, ironic, sarcastic and grotesque.
GROTESQUE means "whimsical", "intricate". This artistic device consists in a violation of the proportion of depicted objects, phenomena, events. Many works of M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin are built using these expressive means of speech ("History of one city", "Lord Golovlevs". Fairy tales). The stories of N.N. Gogol, A.P. Chekhov are full of humor, irony, sarcasm, and grotesque. The work of J. Swift ("Gulliver's Travel") is grotesque in its content.
Remember the stories of A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon", "Thick and Thin", "Man in a Case." The grotesque was used by ME Saltykov-Shchedrin to create the image of Judas in the novel “Lord Golovlevs”. Sarcasm and irony in V. Mayakovsky's satirical poems. The works of Kozma Prutkov, Zoshchenko, Vasily Shukshin are full of humor.
Such expressive means of word formation as paronyms and paronomases are used by satirists and humorists. Puns are created by puns.

KALAMBURS are figures based on the sound similarity of words or combinations of words that are completely different in meaning. The puns are puns based on ambiguity and homonymy. Jokes are made from puns. Puns can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, in his satirical poems, in Kozma Prutkov, Omar Khayyam, A.P. Chekhov.

What is a figure of speech?
The word "figure" in Latin is "outline, appearance, image". This word has many meanings. What does this term mean when we talk about artistic speech? The figures include syntactic means of expressiveness of speech: rhetorical questions, exclamations, addresses.
What is a trope?
The paths are called lexical means expressiveness of speech: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, epithet, comparison, personification, hyperbole, litota and others. The trail in translation from Greek means "turnover". This term denotes a word used in a figurative sense. Fiction speech differs from usual topics that it uses special turns of words that decorate speech, make it more expressive, more beautiful. A special place in the study of the discipline is occupied by the styles of fiction, in different styles speech uses expressive means. The main thing in the concept of "expressiveness" for artistic speech is the ability of a work of art (text) to have an emotional, aesthetic impact on the reader, to create vivid images and poetic pictures.

We live in a world of sounds. Some sounds cause positive emotions, others - alert, excite, cause anxiety or calm and induce sleep. Sounds evoke images. With the help of a combination of sounds, you can have an emotional impact on a person, which we especially perceive when reading literary works and works of Russian folk art.

KD Balmont gave a figurative description of the sounds of speech: the sound is "a small conjuring gnome", magic. MV Lomonosov wrote: “In the Russian language, it seems, the frequent repetition of the letter“ A ”can contribute to the image of the splendor of great space, depth and height, and also sudden (“ remember the song “My native land is wide, there are many fields in it , forests and rivers ... "); more frequent writing "E", "I", "U" - to the image of tenderness, caress, lamentable or small things (listen to the music of Yesenin's verse: "I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry, everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees ... "). Through the "I" you can show pleasantness, amusement, tenderness; through "O", "U", "Y" - terrible and strong things: anger, envy, sadness. "

SOUND: ASSOCIATION, ALLITERATION, SOUND IMPACT

Using certain sounds in a certain order like artistic device expressiveness of speech to create an image is called sound writing.
SOUND-writing is an artistic technique consisting in the selection of words that imitate the sounds of the real world in the text.
ASSONANCE is a French word meaning consonance. This is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in the text to create a sound image. Assonance contributes to the expressiveness of speech. Poets use assonance in rhyme, in the rhythm of poems.
ALLITERATION - word Greek origin from a noun letter. Repetition of consonants in a literary text to create a sound image, enhance the expressiveness of poetic speech.
SOUND IMPRESSIONS - the transmission of auditory impressions with words reminiscent of the sound of the phenomena of the world around us.

The means of artistic expression are so numerous and varied that one cannot do without dry mathematical calculations.

Wandering through the back streets of the megalopolis of the theory of literature, it is no wonder to get lost and not get to the most important and interesting thing. So, remember the number 2. Two sections need to be studied: the first - tropes, and the second - stylistic figures. In turn, each of them forks into many lanes, and we now have no way to walk through all of them. Trope - a derivative of the Greek word "turn", denotes those words or phrases in which another, "allegorical" meaning is embedded. And thirteen paths-lanes (the most basic). Rather, almost fourteen, because even here art has bypassed mathematics.

Section one: trails

1. Metaphor. Find similarities and transfer the name of one item to another. For example: tram-worm, trolleybus-beetle... Metaphors are most often monosyllabic.

2. Metonymy. Also the transfer of the name, but according to the principle of contiguity, for example: I read Pushkin(instead of the name "book" we have "author", although many young ladies have also read the poet's body).

2a. Synecdoche. Suddenly - 2a. This is a kind of metonymy. Replacement by concepts. And plural. " Take care of a penny"(Gogol) and" Sit down, luminary"(Mayakovsky) - this is by definition, instead of money and the sun." I will retrain as a house manager"(Ilf and Petrov) - this is by numbers, when singular replaced by plural (and vice versa).

3. Epithet. Figurative definition of an object or phenomenon. Examples of a wagon (already an example - instead of "many"). Expressed in almost any part of speech or phrase: unhurried spring, beauty-spring, smiled like a spring etc. The means of artistic expression of many writers are completely exhausted by this trope - varied, kanalya.

4. Comparison. Always two-term: the subject of comparison is the image of similarity. The most commonly used conjunctions are "like", "if", "like", "exactly", as well as prepositions and other lexical means. Shouting beluga; like lightning; silent like a fish.

5. Impersonation. When inanimate objects are endowed with a soul, when violins sing, trees whisper; moreover, completely abstract concepts can also come to life: calm down, longing; even talk to me, seven-string guitar.

6. Hyperbola. Exaggeration. Forty thousand brothers.

7. Litota. Understatement. A drop in the sea.

8. Allegory. Through specifics - into abstraction. The train left- it means that the past cannot be returned. Sometimes there are very, very long texts with one unfolded allegory.

9. Periphrase. You walk around the bush, describe an unnamed word. " Our everything"for example, or" The sun of Russian poetry"And just say - Pushkin, not everyone will be able to do this with such success.

10. Irony. Subtle mockery when words with the opposite meaning are used .

11. Antithesis. Contrast, opposition. Rich and poor. Winter and summer.

12. Oxymoron. Combination of incompatibilities: a living corpse, hot snow, silver bast shoes.

13. Antonomazia. Sounds like metonymy. Only here a proper name must appear instead of a common noun. Croesus- instead of "rich man".

Second section: Stylistic figures, or Turns of speech that enhance the expressiveness of the statement

Here we memorize 12 branches from the main avenue:

1. Gradation. The arrangement of words is gradual - in importance, in ascending or decreasing order. Crescendo or diminuendo. Remember how Koreiko and Bender smiled at each other.

2. Inversion. A phrase in which the usual word order is out of order. Especially often side by side with irony. " Where, clever, are you wandering head"(Krylov) - there is also irony.

3. Ellipsis. From his inherent expressiveness, he "swallows" some words. For example: " I am going home"instead of" I'm going home. "

4. Parallelism. Identical construction of two or more sentences. For example: " Now I go and sing, now I stand on the edge".

5. Anaphora. Uniformity. That is, each new construction begins with the same words. Remember Pushkin "There is a green oak near the sea," there is a lot of this good.

6. Epiphora. The repetition of the same words is already at the end of each construction, and not at the beginning. " If you go to the left, you will die, if you go to the right, you will die, and if you go straight, you will definitely die, but there is no turning back."

7. Non-union or asyndeton. Swede, Russian, it goes without saying that he cuts, pricks, cuts.

8. Multi-union or polysyndeton. Yes, too clear: and boring, you know, and sad, and no one.

9. Rhetorical question. A question that does not await an answer, on the contrary, implies it. Have you heard?

10. Rhetorical exclamation. It greatly increases the emotional intensity of even writing. The poet is dead!

11. Rhetorical address. Conversation not only with inanimate objects, but also with abstract concepts: " Why are you standing swaying ...", "Hello joy!"

12. Parceling. Also very expressive syntax: Well that's it. I'm done, yes! This article.

Now about the topic

The theme of a work of art, as the basis of the subject of cognition, actually lives on the means of artistic expression, since anything can be the subject of creativity.

Intuition telescope

The main thing is that the artist must thoroughly examine, looking through the telescope of intuition, what he is going to tell the reader about. All phenomena of human life and the life of nature, animal and flora as well as material culture. Fantasy is also an excellent subject for research, from there gnomes, elves and hobbits fly to the pages of text. But the main theme is still a characteristic of the characteristics of human life in its social essence, no matter what terminators and other monsters frolic in the vastness of the work. And no matter how the artist runs away from pressing public interests, he will not be able to break ties with his time. The idea of, for example, "pure art" is also an idea, right? All the breaks in the life of society are necessarily reflected in the subject matter of the works. The rest depends on the author's flair and dexterity - what means of artistic expression he will choose for the most complete disclosure of the chosen topic.

The concept of Big style and individual style

Style is, first of all, a system that absorbs the creative handwriting, the peculiarities of the verbal structure, plus the subject depiction and composition (plot formation).

Big style

The totality and unity of all pictorial and figurative means, the unity of content and form - the formula of style. Eclecticism does not convince to the end. Big style is the norm, expediency, tradition, it is the hit of the author's feeling for a long time. Such as the Middle Ages, Renaissance, classicism.

According to Hegel: Three Kinds of the Big Style

1. Strict - from severe - with the highest functionality.

2. Ideal - from harmony - filled with balance.

3. Pleasant - from everyday life - light and flirtatious. By the way, Hegel wrote four thick volumes only about style. It is simply impossible to outline such a topic in a nutshell.

Individual style

Purchase individual style much easier. This is both a literary norm and deviations from it. Particularly clearly visible is the style of fiction for attention to detail, where all the components merge into the system of images, and a poetic synthesis takes place (again, silver bast shoes on the table of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov).

According to Aristotle: Three Steps to Finding Style

1. Imitation of nature (discipleship).

2. Manners (sacrificing truthfulness for the sake of artistry).

3. Style (fidelity to reality while preserving all individual qualities). Perfection and completeness of style are distinguished by works that have historical truthfulness, ideological orientation, depth and clarity of problems. A writer needs talent, ingenuity, skill to create the perfect form that matches the content. He must rely on the achievements of his predecessors, choose forms that correspond to the originality of his artistic ideas, and for this he needs both a literary and a general cultural outlook. The classical criterion and spiritual context is the best way and the main problem in the acquisition of style by the current Russian literature.

Means of expressiveness of artistic speech

The word, as you know, is the basic unit of language, the most noticeable element of its artistic means. And the expressiveness of speech is primarily associated with the word.

The word in a literary text is a special world. The artistic word is a mirror of the individual author's attitude to reality, a special perception of the surrounding world. The literary text has its own accuracy - metaphorical, its truths - artistic revelations; the whole functions of the word change, which are set by the context: "I would like to form a single word / I merge my sadness and sorrow ..." (G. Heine).

Metaphorical statements in a literary text are associated with the expression of individual perception of the surrounding world. Art is the self-expression of a person. A literary fabric is woven from metaphors, which creates an image that excites us and emotionally affects us the image of a work of art. Words acquire additional meanings, stylistic coloring, create a special world into which we immerse ourselves when reading fiction.

And in oral speech, not only in literary, but also in colloquial, we, without hesitation, use all the expressive means of speech so that speech is more convincing, emotional, more figurative. Metaphors give a special expressiveness to our speech.

As a result of the transfer of meaning from one object or phenomenon to another, an image is created. Metaphor is one of the brightest means of expressiveness of poetic, artistic speech. But at the same time, their absence does not mean the lack of expressiveness of a work of art. Let's compare two excerpts from different poems by Boris Pasternak:

It's ugly to be famous.

This is not what lifts up.

No need to start an archive

Shake over the manuscripts.

The purpose of creativity is dedication,

Not hype, not success.

Shameful, meaning nothing

Be a parable on everyone's lips.

…………………………………

July carrying in clothes

Dandelion fluff, burdock.

July, going home through the windows,

Everyone speaking out loud.

Steppe unkempt disheveled,

Smelled of linden and grass

The tops and the smell of dill,

July meadow air.

Through the metaphorical meaning of words and phrases, the writer conveys individuality, the uniqueness of objects, while showing his own associative nature of thinking, his vision of the world.

The metaphor can be simple and detailed. In the poetry of the twentieth century, the use of expanded metaphors is reviving, the nature of simple metaphors changes significantly.

SYNECDOCHE. The Greek word synecdoche means reference. Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy. The transfer of meaning occurs when a smaller-neck is called instead of a larger one; more instead of less; part instead of whole; whole instead of part.

EPITHET. This word, translated from Greek, means "annex attached", that is, one word is attached to another.

An epithet is a trope, figure, figurative definition, word or phrase that defines a person, object, phenomenon or action from the subjective standpoint of the author. Differs from simple definition in artistic expressiveness.

In folklore, constant epithets are used as a means of typing and one of the main means of its artistic expression. To paths, in the strict sense of this term, only epithets belong, the function of which is performed by words used in a figurative, in contrast to the exact epithets expressed by words used in a direct sense (beautiful flowers, red berry). The creation of figurative epithets is associated with the use of words in a figurative sense. Epithets expressed by words that are used in figurative meanings are called metaphorical. The epithet can be based on the metonymic transfer of the name (... we will go to break the wall, we will stand with our heads for our homeland. M.Yu. Lermontov).

Contrasting epithets that form combinations of words opposite in meaning with the nouns being defined are called OXYUMORONS. (“… Joyful sadness, hating love.” IB Golub).

HYPERBALL - one of the expressive means of speech, means "exaggeration". Hyperbole is a figure with the meaning of excessive exaggeration of what is being said.

Expressive means of speech are humor, irony, sarcasm, grotesque.

HUMOR is one of the expressive means of vocabulary, humor in translation from English means disposition, mood. Whole works can be written in a comic, in a comic-pathos, in an allegorical way. They show a good-natured, mocking attitude to anything. Remember the story of A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon". Many of I. Krylov's fables are written in this vein.

IRONY - translated from the Greek "pretense", "mockery", when one is affirmed in words, and the subtext means something completely different, the opposite of the expressed thought.

SARKAZM - translated from Greek means "tearing meat". Sarcasm is sarcastic mockery, wicked irony, caustic remarks. A comic effect is created, but an ideological and emotional assessment is clearly felt. The fantastic is combined with the real, the ordinary with the everyday. One of the varieties of painting - cartoons can be humorous, ironic, sarcastic and grotesque.

GROTESQUE means "whimsical", "intricate". This artistic device consists in a violation of the proportion of depicted objects, phenomena, events. Many works of M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin are built using these expressive means of speech ("History of one city", "Lord Golovlevs". Fairy tales). The stories of N.N. Gogol, A.P. Chekhov are full of humor, irony, sarcasm, and grotesque. The work of J. Swift ("Gulliver's Travel") is grotesque in its content.

Remember the stories of A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon", "Thick and Thin", "Man in a Case." The grotesque was used by ME Saltykov-Shchedrin to create the image of Judas in the novel “Lord Golovlevs”. Sarcasm and irony in V. Mayakovsky's satirical poems. The works of Kozma Prutkov, Zoshchenko, Vasily Shukshin are full of humor.

Such expressive means of word formation as paronyms and paronomases are used by satirists and humorists. Puns are created by puns.

What is a figure of speech?

The word "figure" is translated from Latin as "outline, appearance, image". This word has many meanings. What does this term mean when we talk about artistic speech? The figures include syntactic means of expressiveness of speech: rhetorical questions, exclamations, addresses.

What is a trope?

The lexical means of expressiveness of speech are called paths: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, epithet, comparison, personification, hyperbole, litota and others. The trail in translation from Greek means "turnover". This term denotes a word used in a figurative sense. Fictional speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special turns of words that decorate speech, make it more expressive, more beautiful. Styles of fiction take a special place in the study of the discipline; expressive means are used in different styles of speech. The main thing in the concept of "expressiveness" for artistic speech is the ability of a work of art (text) to have an emotional, aesthetic impact on the reader, to create vivid images and poetic pictures.

We live in a world of sounds. Some sounds evoke positive emotions, while others are alarming, disturbing, anxiety-provoking, or calming and sleep-inducing. Sounds evoke images. With the help of a combination of sounds, you can have an emotional impact on a person, which we especially perceive when reading literary works and works of Russian folk art.

SOUND: ASSOCIATION, ALLITERATION, SOUND IMPACT

The use of certain sounds in a certain order as an artistic technique of expressiveness of speech to create an image is called sound writing.

SOUND-writing is an artistic technique consisting in the selection of words that imitate the sounds of the real world in the text.

ASSONANCE is a French word meaning consonance. This is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in the text to create a sound image. Assonance contributes to the expressiveness of speech. Poets use assonance in rhyme, in the rhythm of poems.

ALLITERATION is a word of Greek origin from the noun letter. Repetition of consonants in a literary text to create a sound image, enhance the expressiveness of poetic speech.

SOUND IMPRESSIONS - the transmission of auditory impressions with words reminiscent of the sound of the phenomena of the world around us.

Full, juicy, accurate, vivid speech best conveys thoughts, feelings and assessments of the situation. Hence the success in all endeavors, because correctly constructed speech is a very accurate tool of persuasion. It briefly outlines what expressiveness a person needs in order to achieve the desired result from the world around him every day, and which ones - in order to replenish the arsenal of expressiveness of speech from literature.

Special expressiveness of language

A verbal form that can attract the attention of a listener or reader, make a vivid impression on him through novelty, originality, unusualness, with a departure from the familiar and everyday - this is linguistic expressiveness.

Any means of artistic expression works well here, in literature, for example, metaphor, sound writing, hyperbole, personification and many others are known. It is necessary to master special techniques and methods in combinations of both sounds in words and phraseological units.

Vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical structure and phonetic features play a huge role. Every means of artistic expression in literature works at all levels of language proficiency.

Phonetics

The main thing here is sound writing, a special one based on the creation of sound images by means of sound repetitions. You can even imitate the sounds of the real world - chirping, whistling, the sound of rain, etc., in order to evoke associations with those feelings and thoughts that need to be evoked in the listener or reader. This is the main goal that the means of artistic expression must achieve. Examples of onomatopoeia contain most of the literary lyrics: here Balmont is especially good "Midnight at times ...".

Almost all poets silver age used sound writing. Lermontov, Pushkin, Boratynsky left beautiful lines. Symbolists, on the other hand, learned to evoke both auditory and visual, even olfactory, gustatory, tactile representations in order to move the reader's imagination to experience certain feelings and emotions.

There are two main types that most fully reveal the sound-writing means of artistic expression. Blok and Andrey Bely have examples, they used extremely often assonance- repetition of the same vowels or similar in sound. The second kind - alliteration, which is often found already in Pushkin and Tyutchev, is a repetition of consonant sounds - the same or similar.

Vocabulary and phraseology

The main means of artistic expression in literature are tropes that expressively depict a situation or object, using words in their figurative meaning. The main types of trails: comparison, epithet, personification, metaphor, paraphrase, lithote and hyperbole, irony.

In addition to trails, there are simple and effective means artistic expressiveness. Examples:

antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, paronyms;
phraseological units;
vocabulary colored stylistically and vocabulary used in a limited way.

The last point includes argot, professional jargon, and even vocabulary that is not accepted in a decent society. Antonyms are sometimes more powerful than any epithets: How clean you are! - to a baby who has bathed in a puddle. Synonyms enhance the color and accuracy of speech. Phraseologisms please with the fact that the addressee hears the familiar and makes contact faster. These linguistic phenomena are not a direct means of artistic expression. The examples are rather non-special, suitable for a specific action or text, but capable of significantly adding brightness to the image and to the effect on the addressee. The beauty and liveliness of speech depends entirely on what means of creating artistic expression are used in it.

Epithet and comparison

An epithet is an appendix or addition in translation from Greek. Marks an essential feature that is important in this context, using a figurative definition based on hidden comparison. More often it is an adjective: black melancholy, gray morning, etc., but it can be an epithet for a noun, adverb, participle, pronoun and any other part of speech. It is possible to divide the used epithets into general language, folk poetry and individual author's means of artistic expression. Examples of all three types: deathly silence, good fellow, curly twilight. It can be divided differently - into pictorial and expressive: in the fog blue, nights crazy. But any division, of course, is very conditional.

Comparison is the juxtaposition of one phenomenon, concept or object with another. Not to be confused with a metaphor, where names are interchangeable, in comparison both objects, signs, actions, etc. should be named. For example: glow, like a meteor... Comparisons can be made in various ways.

instrumental case (youth nightingale flew by);
comparative degree of adverb or adjective (eyes greener seas);
alliances as if, as if etc. ( like a beast the door creaked);
the words similar to, similar etc. (your eyes look like two mists);
comparative clauses (golden foliage swirled in the pond, like a flock of butterflies flying to a star).

In folk poetry, negative comparisons are often used: This is not a horse top ..., poets, on the other hand, often build works of quite large volume, using this one means of artistic expression. In the literature of the classics, this can be seen, for example, in the poems of Koltsov, Tyutchev, Severyanin, the prose of Gogol, Prishvin and many others. Many have used it. This is probably the most popular means of artistic expression. It is ubiquitous in literature. In addition, it serves scientific, journalistic and spoken text with the same diligence and success.

Metaphor and impersonation

Another very widely used means of artistic expression in literature is metaphor, which means transference in translation from Greek. The word or sentence is used figuratively. The basis here is the unconditional similarity of objects, phenomena, actions, etc. In contrast to comparison, the metaphor is more compact. She gives only that with which this or that is compared. Similarity can be based on shape, color, volume, function, feel, etc. (a kaleidoscope of phenomena, a spark of love, a sea of letters, a treasury of poetry)... Metaphors can be divided into ordinary (general language) and artistic: skillful fingers and stars diamond awe). Scientific metaphors are already in use: ozone hole, solar wind etc. The success of the speaker and the author of the text depends on what means of artistic expression are used.

A kind of path, similar to a metaphor, is an embodiment, when the signs of a living being are transferred to objects, concepts or natural phenomena: lay down sleepy fogs, autumn day turned pale and went out - the personification of natural phenomena, which happens especially often, less often the objective world is personified - see Annensky "Violin and Bow", Mayakovsky "A Cloud in Pants", Mamin-Sibiryak with him " good-natured and comfortable face at home"and much more. Even in everyday life, we no longer notice personifications: the device says the air heals, the economy moves etc. There are hardly any better ways of this means of artistic expression, painting speech more colorful than personification.

Metonymy and synecdoche

Translated from Greek, metonymy means renaming, that is, the name is transferred from object to object, where the basis is contiguity. The use of means of artistic expression, especially such as metonymy, greatly adorns the narrator. Adjacency relationships can be as follows:

content and content: eat three plates;
author and work: scolded Homer;
action and its weapon: doomed to swords and fires;
item and item material: ate on gold;
place and characters: the city was noisy.

Metonymy complements the means of artistic expression of speech, with it clarity, accuracy, imagery, clarity and, like no epithet, laconicism are added. It is not in vain that both writers and publicists use it, it is also filled with all strata of society.

In turn, a kind of metonymy - synecdoche, translated from Greek - correlation, is also based on replacing the meaning of one phenomenon with the meaning of another, but there is only one principle - a quantitative relationship between phenomena or objects. You can transfer this way:

less for more (to him the bird does not fly, the tiger does not walk; have a drink a glass);
part to whole ( Beard, why are you keeping silent? Moscow did not approve the sanctions).

Periphrase, or paraphrase

A description, or a descriptive sentence, translated from Greek - a turnover used instead of a word or a combination of words - is paraphrase... For example, Pushkin writes "Peter's creation", and everyone understands that he meant Petersburg. The following allows us to use the periphery:

to designate the main features of the object that we depict;
avoid repetitions (tautology);
to vividly appreciate the depicted;
to give the text sublime pathos, pathos.

Peripherals are inadmissible only in a business and official style, in the rest there are as many as you like. In colloquial speech, it often coexists with irony, merging together these two means of artistic expression. The Russian language is enriched by the confluence of different tropes.

Hyperbola and litota

With an exaggerated exaggeration of a sign or signs of an object, action or phenomenon - this is hyperbole (from Greek it is translated as exaggeration). Litota is, on the contrary, an understatement.

Thoughts are given unusual shape, bright emotional coloring, convincing assessment. They are especially helpful in creating comic images. Used in journalism as the most important means of artistic expression. In the literature, these tropes are also indispensable: rare bird at Gogol will fly only to the middle of the Dnieper; tiny ladybugs Krylov and the like are many in almost every work of any author.

Irony and sarcasm

Translated from Greek, this word means pretense, which is quite consistent with the use of this trope. What means of artistic expression are needed for ridicule? The statement should be the opposite of the direct meaning, when a completely positive assessment hides the mockery: smart person- the appeal to Donkey in Krylov's fable is an example of this. " Unsinkable hero"- irony used in the framework of journalism, where quotation marks or brackets are most often put. Means of creating artistic expression are not exhausted by it. exposure of the implied. Unmerciful, harsh exposure - his handwriting: I usually only argue about the taste of oysters and coconuts with those who ate them.(Zhvanetsky). The algorithm of sarcasm is a chain of such actions: a negative phenomenon generates anger and resentment, then a reaction occurs - the last degree of emotional openness: well-fed pigs are scarier than hungry wolves... However, sarcasm should be used as carefully as possible. And not often, if the author is not a professional satirist. The carrier of sarcasm often considers himself smarter than others. However, not a single satirist managed to get love at the exit. She herself and her appearance always depend on what means of artistic expression are used in the evaluating text. Sarcasm is a deadly powerful weapon.

Non-special means of language vocabulary

Synonyms help to give speech the subtlest emotional shades and expression. For example, you can use the word "race" instead of "run" for more expressive power. And not only for her:

clarification of the thought itself and the transmission of the smallest semantic shades;
assessment of the depicted and the author's attitude;
intense enhancement of expression;
deep disclosure of the image.

Also not bad expressive means are also antonyms. They clarify the idea, playing on contrasts, more fully characterize this or that phenomenon: glossy waste paper flood, and truly fiction - a stream... From antonyms comes the method widely demanded by writers - the antithesis.

Many writers, and even just noteworthy witches, willingly play with words that match in sound and even in writing, but have different meanings: cool guy and steep boiling water, and steep coast; flour and flour; three in the diary and three carefully stain. And anecdote: Listen to the bosses? Oh, thank you ... And they fired. homographs and homophones.

Words that are similar in spelling and sound, but having absolutely different meanings, are also often used as puns and have sufficient expressive power when used deftly. History - hysteria; master - millimeter etc.

It should be noted that such non-basic means of artistic expression as synonyms, antonyms, paronyms and homonyms are not used in the official and business styles.

Phraseologisms

Otherwise, idioms, that is, phraseologically ready expressions, also add eloquence to the orator or writer. Mythological imagery, high or colloquial, with an expressive assessment - positive or negative ( small fry and apple of eye, lather your neck and sword of Damocles) - all this enhances and adorns the clarity of the figurativeness of the text. The salt of phraseological units is a special group - aphorisms. The deepest thoughts in the shortest possible execution. Easy to remember. Often used, like other means of expression, proverbs and sayings can also be attributed here.