Stylistic figures - syntactic means of expressiveness. Figures of speech

Expressive grammar products

Syntactic figures

Syntax figures are rhetorical load designs that allocate and emphasize the text element. Therefore, they combine the motion function ("pay attention!") And the confidence expression function ("I emphasize what I am confident that I consider particularly important"). Syntax figures affect the level of supply, and the text level.

Expression in Figures arises due to the fact that the amount or quality of the content or form of the syntactic structure is converted,therefore, we use the following classification of these structures:

Transformation of the amount of form and / or content:

Increase in quantity: anaphora, epiphara, symplement, joint, chiam, doubling, consonance, multi-joint, multiproduction; Wondering repetitions different species: accumulation of synonyms, gradation, parallelism (repeat syntactic structure); Emphatic pause (increase in the duration of the pause); antithesis (reinforced oppression).

Reduction number: Ellipse, Nevuzyu, default.

Form and / or content quality conversion:

Change of neutral form of construction:inversion (permutation of elements); Parcellation, segmentation, question-responding monologue (sampling member).

Replacement of the original form to the new: a rhetorical question.

Semantic enrichment of the source: Rhetorical exclamation.

Anaphor, epiphara, symplo .

Anaphora - the same start, and epiphora - the same end of adjacent fragments of the text: parts of the sentence, proposals, paragraphs, chapters. Symplok. - the same start and end of adjacent fragments, i.e., the combination of anathephors and epifims. Here are two stains from the poem V. Brysov "Otrades":

The joy is the second - in lights radiant!

Stanza poetry is the meaning of being.

Tyutchev Songs and Duma Verkinna,

The recent joy is the joy of premonitions,

To know that the death of being being for death is.

Dreams of perfection! In dreams and art

You, worshiping, welcome me.

Struffs begin in one word and end with the same rows.

Jack - Repetition at the beginning of one fragment of the text of those words that the preceding fragment ends. Such, for example, repeat the words in the poem V. Brysov "Assargadon":

As soon as I accepted power, Sidon rebelled on us.

Sidon I left and the stones threw in the sea.

And in the novel M. Bulgakov "Master and Margarita" this figure connects some chapters:

"He fell asleep, and the last thing he heard that he had a predestrous chirling of birds in the forest. But they soon disadvantaged, and he began to dream that the sun had already declined over the bald mountain and was this Mount the double-catching ...

The sun has already declined above the Bald Mountain, and this mountain was detained by double cider. "

Hiam - This is a mirror, that is, with the opposite, at least partially, the order of the following, the reflection of the words of the preceding syntactic design in the words of the subsequent design: "Makeup techniques to the level of fantasy, not to lower the fantasy to the prior art" (V. Khanyinsky. For the word - in pocket).

Doubling - Contact repeat words or group of words in the proposal (complication of a member of the sentence by repeating): "Walks, one with a goat parchment walks and continuously writes" (M. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita).

Consonance - Inspection in the segment of the text of the shapes of one word or single words: "Tears pour! How sweet to pour sorrow - a strait-pouring!" (M. Tsvetaeva. There are lucky and happy lucky).

Multi-joint, multi-ended .

Multi-allu - repetition of unions when homogeneous members Suggestions, homogeneous additives, in complex proposals, in groups of proposals / except for those cases when the reconnaissance of the Union is the norm: that is neither /.

Multi-ended - Repetition of prepositions with homogeneous members of the proposal, except when it is required by the norm ("not only in the city, but also to the village", "not to the city, but to the village"): "and the right, and an arrow, and the shiny dagger gent Winner Years "(A. Pushkin. Song of things Oleg/; "Dear friend! From the crime, from the heart of the new wounds, from betrayal, from the fence will save my mascot! "(A. Pushkin. Talisman).

Accumulation of synonyms, gradation . The essence of the first figure is to use with the transferred intonation of identical or loved ones by the value of the text elements to underline the feature. Such elements can be synonyms in the role of homogeneous members, similar to the value of homogeneous appendage, close to the value of a part of the complex supply, independent proposals and groups of proposals. If the same structures transmit an increase in or reducing the degree of manifestation of a sign, the figure is called gradation:

"Rearly sinking, on the bows, the dog runs the dogs that seek the dark spot; In the semi, it is clear to imagine the front - old booty, wise, multiple, always thinking, and now, probably, in lead dots about something reflecting in his own way, by - Follow - vaguely, darkened "(B. Zaitsev. Moch.) - Dog description is made using the shape of the accumulation of synonyms, incomplete, but persistently emphasize two signs:" Smart dog "," doggy's "dogs are unclear";

"It became so scary and terribly alone under this sky ... That both they gallop in a quarter of an hour caught up with his comrades, although the comrades were toothy, hungry and irritated" (B. Zaitsev. Wolves) - gradation "scary and terrible" emphasizes the condition of animals in the dark and terribly Cold winter night.

Parallelism - duplication of the order of units in adjacent text segments, often it is a duplication of the order of words in neighboring proposals. Since this figure is a very popular expressive agent, illustrate it a few more than previous cases.

Oh how much the discoveries are wonderful

Preparing enlightenment spirit

And experience, the son of difficult mistakes,

And genius, paradoxes friend,

And the case God is inventor.

(A. Pushkin).

The last three lines of poems are built in parallel - subject - application. Parallelism is connected to a multi-session, and in the applications we can see a kind of gradation: the Son, a friend is God, and this God is the case, the assistance of which is necessary, of course, and experience, and genius.

The first and last stanza of the poem V. Bruce "I":

My spirit is not exhausted in the MGLA contradictions,

Did not exhaust the mind in the clutch of the fatal.

I love all the dreams, I'm the road all speech,

And I dedicate to all the gods.

And strangely loved I MGLU contradictions

And greedily began to look for the plexuses of the fatal.

I have sweets all dreams, I'm the road all speech,

And I dedicate to all the gods ...

In the stanza, the order of introducing speech items is duplicated: contradictions, combustion, dreams, speeches, verse. Straternity similarity is emphasized by the semantic difference: in the first stubborn, the general meaning "I resisted in the vital struggle," in the second - "I loved this struggle." So to a certain extent you can even talk about the contrast of the stanza. Parallelism is complemented by epifiral (stanza Anaphor inside Strafs 2: I - me, and two suggestions are built in parallel (addition to me- Taken sweets,expensive- Definition everything- subject dreams,speech).

As an example of the text, entirely built on structural parallelism, we will remind the miniature of TEFFI "Legend and Life".

Emphatic Pause - Big pause, often even inside the idle text of the segment of the text, which transmits the emotional color of the situation, the unexpected end of the phrase, etc. Here are three reversings from the "Eugene Onegin": "For a long time, the hearty tom tall has grown her mother's chest; the soul was waiting ... someone"; "I am not sick; I ... You know, nanny ... in love"; "Two girlfriends went here, and on the grave at the Moon, hugging, they cried. But now ... the monument is sad forgotten."

Antithesis- Enhanced opposition, contrast, underlined by various stylistic means: "The fool sees benefits, smart - its consequences" (V. Khanyansky. For the word - in his pocket).

Ellipsis - Syntactic incomplete sentence, compare at least the second sentence in the previous case "smart - its consequences" with a complete option "smart sees its consequences."

Asyndeton - Connection of simple proposals in difficult due to intonation, without the help of the union. Here you can again contact the aphorism about the fool and the smart, where the proposals are connected without the help of a configuration union. but. Especially frequent non-union transfers: "Course, kiss, hell, like, once again, quickly, kiss hot" (A. Koltsov. Last kiss).

Default - A broken statement that calls the addressee in your own words to complete the thought (unlike the Ellipse, where the word is prompted by the context). From the "Eugene Onegin": "Movement, voice, light mill, everything in Olga ... But any novel take and find your portrait right." Let us give an example when the default is included in the tide of the stud (text with abbreviations):

Homesickness! Long

Exposed Fero!

I am absolutely anyway -

Where completely lonely

Be on what stones home

Bare with a bazaar wallet

To the house, and not knowing what - my

As a hospital or barracks.

Any house I am alien to me, everyone is empty for me,

And everything is equal, and everything is one.

But if on the road - bush

Rises, especially - Rowan ...

(M. Tsvetaeva).

We have led the start and last storm of the poem. As laid by the stud, the default makes it in a new way to rethink everything that before that was stated in the text. Not by chance in the first station, the author allocated the word where: A person, probably, really indifferently, in what place he is alone. But when we get to the end and the rowan bush appears, we want to continue the thought of the poet: perhaps there is no loneliness in the homeland, there and Kuste Ryabina as if native, the Earth itself becomes home.

Inversion - Indirect word order used often in order to obtain an expressive effect:

"There is a timid rag out of the ravine: it looks, - and by evening it is mistaken in the dewy fate, a big, big meadow; so green: there is here where to raise, and cut it, and to break the song of the girl's girl; and the harmonica there is a place - there is a place - Not that what kind of huddle is urban: I will not turn the sunflowers, you will not have a foot. "

This is an excerpt from the novel by A. White "Silver Pigeon". Roman about Russian sectarians, vocabulary and syntax create the impression of a folk tale speech. Let's try to restore the right order of words: "A timid hut is glanced there, and in the evening she is cold in his Rosoy Fate." Opportunity of speech irrevocably lost, the lexical composition was torn off from a special rhythm and looks rather strange against the background of the standard, as in some information note, syntax (cf., for example, a new group will leave Tagil tomorrow from Tagil. Wills In the evening, she quickly replenished in its composition ").

Parcellation, segmentation, question-responding monologue associated with the membership of the original design. At the level of spoken speech, we will try to submit to the specified dismemberment simple design "Mom went to the store." PARS:"Mom gone. To the store." Segmentation: "Mom - she went to the store." Question-response(Imagine that grandmother speaks with a child): "Where did mom go? in the shop-and-in!". Thus, in the case of parcel, we use part of the original construction to the statement after it is over, and we make this part with complete intonation. When segmentationwe endure forward the topic of statements, and then inform the rest of the information, and the topic in this second part is represented by the so-called substitute, in our example pronoun she is.With a question-response construction, we ask the question and the fact that we attract attention to the core of the information, which then enter as an answer. Our examples are reduced variants of these figures. In art and journalistic texts, they are used to simulate spoken speech. There are both elevated, rhetorical options. For example, rebuild such a design: "The story comes to us the traces of successful and unsuccessful attempts to simulate the human mind." Parcels: "History comes to us traces of attempts to simulate the human mind. Successful and unsuccessful." Segmentation: "Human mind ... The story comes to us traces of successful and unsuccessful attempts to simulate it." Question-response: "Did attempts to model the human mind? Yes, the story comes to us the traces of good luck and failure."

A rhetorical question - Approval in the form of the question: "My virgin, my joy, no! There is no mile in the world! Who will dare to argue in happiness with me?" (A. Pushkin. From Portuguese). \u003d "No one will dare to argue."

Rhetorical exclamation - Emotional exclamation that does not require a recipient response in the form of a verbal response or action:

Terrible Edge of Miracles! ... there are hot streams

Boil in rocks hots

Blessed jets!

(A. Pushkin. I have seen asia fruitless limits)

Imitation of oral colloquial speech

Imitation of oral speech, in particular dialogue, in the written text is carried out with the help of a number of syntaxes that have already been said. These are incomplete sentences, parcel, segmentation in their reduced versions, as well as limiting the length and complexity of syntactic structures.

We illustrate what has been said in two examples.

Imitation of oral monologue:

"And this baby is going with his mother in Novorossiysk. They ride, of course, in Novorossiysk, and, as it came out, the disease happens to him. And on the occasion of the disease, he dies every minute, swear and requires attention to himself. And, Of course, it does not give his mother to her rest, no longer. She does not let him go to his hands. And it can not sleep. And I can't drink tea. "

(M. Zoshchenko. Incident).

Imitation of oral dialogue :

"- How many things do you have? - I could not resist and asked.

Three, - Altynnik flashed. - Not counting, of course, Vadik.

And Vadik lives with you?

No, in Leningrad. The institute cums the railway, "he said not without pride.

And who do you work?

Who do I work? - He knew, did not want to talk to him. And then covered even as if with a challenge: - I work as a guard. On moving. The train goes - I open the barrier, I went around - close. Take another mug of beer, if not sorry. "

(V. Winovich. By mutual correspondence).

Speech (rhetorical, stylistic) figures are any language tools that give speech imagery and expressiveness.

Speech figures are divided into semantic and syntactic.

Semantic speech figures are formed by the compound of words, phrases, proposals or larger segments of text having a special semantic significance.

These include:

comparison is a stylistic figure based on a figurative transformation of grammatically decorated comparison: the insane years fading fun is hard for me, as a vague hangover (A. S. Pushkin); Under it a jet of light Lazuri (M. Yu. Lermontov);

rising gradation - a speech figure, consisting of two or more units placed on the increasing intensity of the value: I ask you, I ask you very much, I beg you;

downward gradation - a figure that creates a comic effect by violating the principle of increasing: a lady who is not afraid of the devil himself and even mice (M. Twain);

zEVGMA - Speech figure, creating a humorous effect due to grammatical or semantic heterogeneity and incompatibility of words and combinations: He drank tea with his wife, with lemon and with pleasure; It was raining and three student, the first - in the coat, the second - to the university, the third - in a bad mood;

kalambourg - a figure, which is a game of words, intentional connection in one context of two values \u200b\u200bof the same word or the use of similarity in the sound of different words to create a comic effect: there are no paints in its creatures, and on the face they are too much (P. A. Vyazemsky);

the antithesis is a stylistic figure under the opposition of compared concepts. The lexical basis of this figure is antonymy, the syntactic basis - the parallelism of the structures. Example: It is easy to make friends, it is hard to separate; Smart teach, the fool will be bored;

the oxymoron is the figure of speech, consisting in attributing the concept of an incompatible character with this concept, in combination of opposing concepts by the meaning of concepts: a living corpse; Young old men; Hurry slowly.

Syntactic figures of speech are formed by specially stylisticly significant building phrases, suggestions or group of proposals in the text. In the syntactic figures of speech, the main role is played syntactic formAlthough the character of the stylistic effect largely depends on the semantic filling.

According to the quantitative composition of the syntax structures, the figures of the derivation and the form of the addition differ.

Figures of the cutting include:

ellipsis - a stylistic figure, which is that one of the components of the statement is not mentioned, goes down in order to give the text more expressiveness, dynamism: the foxes of the rabbit bake, and the rabbit from the oven - jump on the oven, then on the shop and in the window from the shop ( Kozlovsky);

aposicois - deliberately unfinished statement: Here it will return and then.

prosiophesis - the omission of the initial part of the statement, such as the use of patrony of patience instead of the name and patronymic;

appliance - the combination of two proposals in one statement, which contains a common member: there is a person waiting for you.

Figures of adding include:

repeat - figure, consisting in repetition of the word or suggestion for the purpose of underlining, strengthening the thought;

anadiplosis (pickup) - Speech Figure, built in such a way that the word or group of words is repeated at the beginning of the next segment: it will come, great as a sip - a sip of water during the Summer Summer (Christmas);

prolev Supples - the simultaneous use of the noun and replacing it pronoun: the coffee, it is hot.

By the location of the components of the syntactic design, such a figure of speech is distinguished as inversion.

Inversion is a permutation of the syntactic components of the proposal, which violates their usual order: it has accumulated worms, the fishing rods dragged; Your fence is a cast iron pattern (A. S. Pushkin).

The expansion of the syntactic design function underlies the rhetorical question.

The rhetorical question is the proposal of the question of the structure, but the narrative on the purpose of the statement. Rhetorical issues are widespread both in the spent and in conversational speech: Do I do not know him, this lie, which he is all satisfied? (L. N. Tolstoy).

On the interaction of (approaching or missing) the structures of syntactic structures encountered in the text, the following speech figures are based:

parallelism - the identical structure of two or more text segments: in which year - expect, in which land is guessing (N. A. Nekrasov);

hisasm - "Crossing", the variable position of the repeated components of two adjacent segments of the text: the mouse is afraid of the bears - the bear is afraid of mice; Poetry of grammar and grammar of poetry - title of article R. Jacobson;

anaFora is the repetition of the initial parts of the proposal or other segments of speech: fell away and the one was in force! Dumped ┘ not to reveal and us ┘ (N. A. Nekrasov);

epiphara - Repetition of finite parts of speech segments: Will not be! And the world at least that. The track will disappear! And the world at least that (Omar Khayam).

Trails are the names of the name, the use of words, their combinations and suggestions for the name of another item in this speech situation. The main types of trails are:

the metaphor is the use of words in a figurative value based on the comparison of items: Vanya is a ven; This is not a cat, but a gangster (M. A. Bulgakov);

metonimia - transfer of the meaning of the word on adjacentness, neighborhood: an exhaust young man; bold eyes;

irony - intentional use of words, phrases, proposals and larger segments of text in the sense of absolutely the opposite literal. The ironic color of the text is understood by the reading or listening to the background knowledge (knowledge of the situation, cultural and other realities), as well as with the help of intonational or other methods of underlining the author of the opposite sense of saying: Roll off, smart, you wander, head? (I. A. Krylov).

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More on top 25. Speech figures and trails:

1. 48. Trails and stylistic figures as receiving expressiveness and efficiency of speech.
2. 24. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Language of fiction. Finely expressive means of language (trails and stylistic figures).

Syntactic figures - a way to combine words into holistic unity.

With the help of syntactic structures, a special semantic sound of text is achieved: the word order in the sentence (intverse).

Under the troubles of bad weather

Swimming, darkened water.

And tormented lead -

And through the gloss of their harsh

Wind overworkable bag.

Shines with a rainbound beam,

Sports Sports Golden

Sow roses fire ...

(F. Tyutchev)

Registration of the proposal of special intonation - exclamation and question marks:

When the overseas will disappear.

My souls are painful?

When I see a permit

I am enclosed by networks?

(E. Baratsky)

All thought yes thought!

Artist Poor Words!

Oh, priest her!

You can't ...

(E. Baratsky)

Use of the semantic dash:

Without you - I want to tell you a lot,

With you - I want to listen to you ...

(M. Yu. Lermontov)

Punctuation signs in the text are a kind of "score" artistic word. It is these syntax figures that help us, readers, understand the copyright to the depicted, feel pathos. So, it is unacceptable to perceive Pushkinsky "I am a monument to myself erected ..." as text that transmits solemnity and majesty, it does not follow this poem to read as an ODU, because the author did not focus on the style of style, did not make a poem with exclamation marks and rhetorical issues, this is philosophical Reflection on life and work, this is the expression of its poetic destination. The same mistake is often found on posters dedicated to the anniversary dates of Moscow.

By quoting Pushkin as the most authoritative poet who wrote about Moscow - the ancient capital, the authors of the posters "edit" the poet: "Moscow! How much in this sound! " But after all, in the seventh chapter "Eugene Onegin otherwise:" Moscow ... How much in this sound for the heart of the Russian merged! " Pushkin The main emotional emphasis makes at the national nature of the capital as a patriarchal center of Russian life.

Intonation and graphic design of text. Italics. I. Matlev in the poem "Agriculture" uses it impressing in the poetic text by Russian letters French replica. This parody reception allows the author to express social conflict, disunity of the noble class and peasants:

Comes older-pusan.

And twenty men.

CE Son, Crook, Le Pasan

De Madame Burdyukov.

(I. Matlev)

In Prosecical Texts items is used by artists in words to emphasize some replica, phrases, important in different meaning context (irony, delight, illustration of a "alien word", etc.).

In Roman I. A. Goncharov "Ordinary History" we encounter italic as a reception in different functional values: "However, he avoided not only uncle, but also the crowd as he said. He or worshiped his deity, or sat at home, in the office, alone, reapting to bliss, analyzing, decomposing it to infinitely small atoms. He called it to create a special world ... And he rarely went to the service and reluctantly, calling her the bitter need, the necessary evil or sad prose ... "Italic in this case is a parody of romantic ideals and the worldview of Alexander Aduev.

At the beginning of Roman I. A. Goncharov uses italing to relate the image of a fervent romance with the heroes of Pushkin, thereby enables the reader to compare the story situations and determine his attitude towards Alexander Aduyev: "He stood before the copper rider, but not with Bitter reproach in the shower, like poor Eugene, and with an enthusiastic Duma. " It should be paid to the fact that the goncharov does not allocate in it internally a quote from " Copper rider"" With bitter reproach in the shower, "as the main focus is on the plot situation, and not on the relationship of" poor Eugene "with the" Lord of Fate ".

Ellipment, or receiving defaults, expression of the moment of the greatest voltage:

as they say,

in the world of other ...

Emptiness...

in the stars circling ...

(V. Mayakovsky)

Introduction to literary studies (N.L. Vertinina, E.V. Volkov, A.A. Ilyushin, etc.) / Ed. LM Kruchachanova. - M, 2005

Speech figures -these are special syntax structures.

· Antithesisresets contrast between phenomena or objects. It draws up the antithhesis of steam (or several) antonyms, language or contextual. When everything is calm, you are cheerful; When everyone is worried, you are calm; In the affairs of indifferent - hot; in passionate matters is cold; If you need to be silent - you shout; When you should say, you are silent; If you are here- Want to leave; If you are not - you dream to return, we demand war among the world; In the campaign sigh about the world ...The antithesis is a way to create ideas: the author from thought removes the opposite, knows the world not only by comparing similar phenomena (metaphor), but also in the collision of the phenomena of "opposite", "extreme".

· Graduation - a rhetorical figure, the essence of which is the location of the listed elements (words, phrases, phrases) in ascending order of their value ("ascending gradation") or in the order of decreasing values \u200b\u200b("downward graduation"). Full life Russian classics in school is the condition for the existence of our people, our state; This is how it is customary to speak, the issue of national security. Without reading "Onegin", not knowing "crimes and punishment", "Oblomov", we turn into some other people. What there is "people"! We are already different as the "population" is not called ...The first sentence was built on the basis of "ascending" gradation. From the second sentence and until the end of the passage, there is a graduation on descending.

· Repeatused to strengthen the statement, give speech dynamism, a certain rhythm. White-white; requested, asked for help; a little bit.

· Lexical repeat- Repetition of the same word or phrase with small variations. For those villas of forest, forest, forests. Women waited, waited by nature.

· Anaphora - Repeat type: the same word, a few words, repeated at the beginning of several phrases, following one after another. AnaFora gives rhythm speech.

· Epiphora - Repetition of the same elements at the end of each parallel row. I would like to know why I am a titular adviser? Why is the titled adviser?

· Syntactic parallelism - Repeat syntactic structures, a special device with the same syntactic structure with the same syntactic structure, with the same type of words, the same type of fault. In the previous example, AnaFora is inseparable from syntactic parallelism. I do not have enough grandfather house with his big green yard ... I miss the spacious kitchen in the grandfather house with her earthen floor ... I miss the evening rolling of women from the hill on the hill ...

· Period - this is a way to syntax complex offerwhich connects anaphor and syntax parallelism. When I think about the fate of Russian literature, when I remember that utility that she made when I realize that she lives in the soul of every person at any time - then I agree with Maxim Gorky: Yes, literature is our national pride!

· Rhetorical exclamation Notes the emotional semantic climax of the segment (parts) of speech. It serves as the task of establishing active interaction with the addressee. About times! About moral!

· A rhetorical questionit serves to emotional selection of semantic centers of text, to form an emotional-evaluation of the recipient relationship to the subject of speech. What is culture, why is it needed? What is culture as a system of values? What is the purpose of the humanitarian education, which was always in our tradition?

· Introduction of someone else's speech - (fictional). The author of the text (speech) acts as a playwright, creating alleged replicas of the listeners with which he or agrees, or argue. In addition to the voice of the speaking of the speaking, in his speech, other voices are beginning to sound, protruding from other positions (Opponent's opinion); The reasoning turns into a discussion. If we exclude rare cranks, we usually try to surround and set ourselves best of sight, show yourself yourself and others even better than we really are. You will say, this is a vanity, vanity, pretense. So, completely so. Just let me draw attention to two very pretty motivations ...

· Hypophora- this is a question-retaliatory move, it is a segment of monologic speech, combining a rhetorical question (or a series of questions) and the answer to them; Question meditation. The question-response is that the speaker, as if anticipating the objections of the listeners, guessing their possible questions, such issues formulates themselves, it is responsible for them. The question mark involves the destination in the dialogue, makes the participant in the search for truth.

· Rhetorical circulation or exclamation Used not so much for the name of the addressee, how much to attract attention. Rus! Rus! Where are you striving? The ice is formed at zero is not sinking in water. Truly fabulous property!

· Allegory - allegory, in art - unfolded, the details of which are inserted into the system of hints; Moreover, the direct meaning of the image is not lost, but is complemented by the possibility of its portable interpretation. In the fables and fairy tales, the trick is shown in the form of fox, greed - in the presence of a wolf, cunning - in the form of a snake.

· Parcelation - Such a sentence of a sentence, in which the content of the statement is implemented not in one, but in two or several intonational-semantic speech units following one after the other after the separation pause. Fleroes-all accommodation. And Uncle Grisha Dunaev. And the doctor too.

· Polysindone- multi-eyed. Before his eyes left the ocean, and broke, and thundered, and sparkled, and faded, and glowed, and went somewhere in infinity

· Asyndeton- Nezoryuzie. Swede, Russian, rod, rubit, cuts. People knew: somewhere, very far from them, there is a war. Wolves fear - not to walk into the forest.

· Ellipsis - skipping an element of the statement, easily restored in this context or situation. In all - windows curious, on the roofs - boys. We sat down - in the ashes, hails - in the dust, in swords - sickles and plows.

· Default - The turnover of speech, which consists in the fact that the author is not fully expressed by the thought, providing the reader to himself that it was left unspoken. But listen: If I have to ... I own a dagger, I have been born near the Caucasus.

· Grotesque - An image of reality in exaggerated, ugly-comic form, a real interlacing with a fantastic, scary with funny.

· Pamphlet- Topical satire, usually a political nature.

· Pathos- (feeling, passion) - passionate inspiration, lift.

The phrasal components are distinguished, which are called speech figures. This is usually phrase or suggestions.

They are expressive syntactic structures that transmit text expression.

If the trail is a word with portable value (It is related to vocabulary), the figure is part of the proposal that plays a certain function in it (it gains its own syntax rights).

Consider examples Valid speech figures.

Perifraza - Replacing the word or phrase with a descriptive expression, turnover.

Greetings, deserted corner,

Selief shelter, Labor and inspiration.

A.S. Pushkin

Went out daylight shining;

At sea Blue evening feather fog.

Shumi, noise, obedient wind,

Worry under me, sullen ocean.

A.S. Pushkin

Inversion- Stylistically significant change in the usual order of words.

Where the eyes of people break the kuts

head of hungry hords

in the Tern Crown of Revolutions

greetings sixteenth year.

V. Mayakovsky

Anaphora - Unionlessness, repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of the sentence, poetic lines or stains.

Love you, Peter Creation,

I love your strict, slim view ...

A.S. Pushkin

Epiphora - Repetition of the word or phrase at the end of the poetic line.

Steppes and roads

No account;

Stones and thugs

Not found.

E. Bagritsky

Antithesis - Contrast, opposition of phenomena and concepts.

I king - I'm a slave, I am a worm - I am God!

G.R. Derzhavin

When in a circle murder care

We are all marzit - and life like stones of pile,

Lies on us, - Suddenly God knows where

We are in the soul of the Otradnye die,

Passing us out and hug

And the terrible cargo lifted minutely.

F. Tyutchev

Graduation - The location of words and expressions by increasing or decreasing significance.

I do not regret, do not call, do not cry …

S. Yesenin

Spring Dunzen earth.
Yet not start Spring, A. preservation ,
And even back not forever – hint,
What will happen,
What is near
That the term is not far away.

V. Tushmanov

Oxymoron is a combination of opposite words with the purpose of an unusual, impressive expression of any new concept.

But their beauty is ugly

I will soon have a comprehension,

And I was bored with their unlightened

And stunning language.

M. Lermontov

Toy sad joythat I stayed alive.

S. Yesenin

A rhetorical question - speech turnover in a questionnaire that does not require an answer.

What are you coming, wind night?

What do you do so insanely? ..

That is a plumo plaintual, then noisy?

F. Tyutchev

Familiar clouds! How do you live?

Who do you intend to threaten now?

M. Svetlov

Rhetorical appeal - emphasized appeal to something inanimate or someone unfamiliar.

Hello, tribe

Junior, unfamiliar! Not me

I will see your mighty late age

When they elarience my acquaintances ...

A.S. Pushkin

Flowers, love, village, idleness,

Fields! I am devoted to you soul.

Always i'm glad to notice the difference

Between Onegin and me ...

A.S. Pushkin

Rhetorical exclamation - an expression of approval in an exclamation form.

What summer! What for the summer!

Yes, it's just witchcraft.

F. Tyutchev

Default - Figure providing a listener or reader the opportunity to guess and reflect on what could be going in a sudden interrupted statement.

Any house I am alien to me, everyone is empty for me,

And everything is equal, and everything is one,

But if on the road - bush

Rises, especially - Rowan ...

M. Tsveyev

Parallelism - similar construction of adjacent phrases, rows or stanza.

I look for futureness with fear,

I look at the past with longing .

M. Lermontov.

I came to you with greetings
Tell me Sun is up…
Tell me The forest woke up ...
Tell mewith the same passion ...
Tell me from everywhere
It makes fun on me ...

Ellipsis - Skip some word, easily restored from context.

Beast - Berg, Need

Wanderer - Road ...

M. Tsveyev

Loved rich - poor man - girl

I loved the scientist - stupid,

Loved the ruddy - pale,

Loved a good - harmful ...

M. Tsveyev

Parcelation - intentional dismemberment of the phrase in order to enhance expressiveness, expressiveness.

All sorts of poems for the last line.

Which comes first.

M.TSvetaev

"I? You? Did the phone gave What is nonsense! " - Not understanding, Nikitin said.