Homogeneous and homogeneous minor members of the sentence, examples. Homogeneous members of a sentence in Russian

Homogeneous are called members of the proposal answering the same question, referring to the same sentence member and performing the same syntactic function(i.e., occupying the position of one member of the proposal).

They are equal, independent of each other and are one and the same member of the proposal. They are connected to each other by a compositional or non-union syntactic link... The compositional connection is expressed intonation and with the help of compositional conjunctions: single or repetitive. Unionless connection is expressed intonation.

For example: I love ice cream.I love ice cream, chocolate, biscuits and cakes.

The laughing girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence.) Funny , laughing , screeching , screaming the girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence, complicated by homogeneous members.)

Homogeneous everything can be members of the proposal: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances.

For example:

- How boys and girls passed sports standards. (Boys, girls are homogeneous subjects.)
- Trees in a large forest during a storm groan, crackle, break... (Moaning, cracking, breaking are homogeneous predicates.)
- Yellow, blue, purple sheets of paper lay on the counter of the store. (Yellow, blue, purple are uniform definitions.)
- I loved books, constructors and cartoons.
(Books, constructors, cartoons - homogeneous additions)
- All days we spent in the forest or on the river.(In the forest, on the river- homogeneous circumstances).

Homogeneous members can be separated from each other by other members of the proposal.

For example: The heart is not opened with an iron key, but with kindness.

Homogeneous Sentence Members can be widespread and non-widespread.

For example: The garden smells fragrant with autumn freshness, foliage and fruits.

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible, which are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted in different ways.

For example: The girl answered the exam smartly, sensibly, beautiful language. (Homogeneous circumstances expressed in adverbs smartly, sensibly and in a noun phrase in a beautiful language.)

Due to the sudden downpour, we soaked to the skin and frozen. (Homogeneous predicates, expressed by a phraseological turn, got wet to the skin and froze with a verb.)

Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced in a sentence in different ways and be punctuated in different ways.

Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a compositional and / or non-union connection. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are designed intonationally, and punctuation in written speech.

One sentence may contain several rows of homogeneous members.

For example:

Masha, Seryozha and Petya sat around the dining room table and painted. (Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - 1st row of homogeneous members; sat and drew- homogeneous predicates - the 2nd row of homogeneous members.)

In the grammatical association of homogeneous members, enumerative intonation and compositional conjunctions are involved:

a) connecting: and ; Yes in meaning and ; nor ..., nor ; how ..., and so ; Not only ...,but also ; too ; also ;
b) adversaries: a ; but ; Yes in meaning but ; but ; but ;
c) dividing: or ; or ; then ..., then ;not that ..., not that ; whether ...,whether .

For example:

Siberia has many features like in nature, So
and in human morals. (Union how …, and so - connecting.)

And the Baltic Sea, although not deep, but extensively. (Union but - disgusting.)

In the evenings he or read, or watched television.(Union or - separating.)

In rare cases, homogeneous members can be connected by subordinate unions (causal, concessive), for example:

For example:

It was useful because developing the game. Book interesting, albeit difficult. (In these examples, homogeneous members of the sentence: useful because it is developing; interesting, although complex - are connected using subordinate unions because, although.)

Are not homogeneous members of the proposal:

1) repetitive words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.

For example: We were definitely floating in the air and circled, circled, circled... White fragrant daisies run under his feet back, back (Kuprin).

Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;

2) repeating identical shapes connected by a particle not this way : believe not believe, try not to try, write like this, work like that;

3) combinations of two verbs, of which the first is lexically incomplete: I'll take it and tell it, I took it and I complained, I'll go and see etc.;

4) phraseological turns of the type: no fluff, no feather, no backwards, no forward, no way, no light, no dawn, no fish, no meat, no give or take, no living or dead, and laughter and sin, and so and so.

In them no comma.

Simple sentences with a complicated structure are diverse. They can contain:

1) homogeneous members;
2) isolation;
3) introductory words and sentences and plug-in structures;
4) treatment.

The complication of the sentence structure by homogeneous terms is considered here.

§1. Homogeneous Sentence Members

Homogeneous members- these are members of the sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question. They are equal, independent of each other and are one and the same member of the proposal. Between themselves they are connected by a compositional or non-union syntactic connection.
The compositional connection is expressed intonation and with the help of compositional conjunctions: single or repetitive. Unionless connection is expressed intonation.

I love ice cream.

I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies and cakes.

The laughing girls ran into the room.

(simple two-part common sentence)

Cheerful, laughing, screaming, screaming girls ran into the room.

(a simple two-part common sentence, complicated by homogeneous members)

Any member of a sentence can be expressed by a number of homogeneous members. Subjects, predicates, additions, definitions and circumstances can be homogeneous.

There were boys, girls and their parents in the hall.

(boys, girls and their parents- homogeneous subjects)

The girl is well-mannered and well educated.

(well-mannered and educated- homogeneous predicates)

I loved books, constructors and cartoons.

(books, constructors, cartoons- homogeneous additions)

We spent all days in the forest or on the river.

(in the forest, on the river- homogeneous circumstances)

It was a clear, hot, truly summer day.

(clear, hot, summer- homogeneous definitions)

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed by words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible, which are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted in different ways.

The girl answered the exam boldly, sensibly, in an excellent language.

(homogeneous circumstances expressed in adverbs smartly, sensibly and noun phrase beautiful language)

Due to the sudden downpour, we got wet to the skin and froze.

(homogeneous predicates, expressed by a phraseological phrase soaked to the skin and verb frozen)

Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced into the sentence in different ways and be differently punctuated.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are formalized intonation, and in written speech, punctuation.

One sentence may contain several rows of homogeneous members.

Masha, Seryozha and Petya sat around the table in the dining room and drew.

(Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - 1st row of homogeneous members)
(sat and drew- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members)

§2. Generalized sentences for homogeneous terms

Rows of homogeneous members can carry words with a generalizing meaning, referring to all words of the series. it generalizing words... The generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it.

Generalizing words are words that mean:

generic and specific concepts:
There was simple furniture in the room: old sofa, table, two chairs.
(general word - furniture);
the words: all, all, always, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere and others, conveying the idea of universality:
Things were scattered everywhere: on the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table.

In a sentence, generalizing words can be either before or after rows of homogeneous members. Compare with the example above:

On the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table - things were scattered all over the place.

Punctuation of sentences depends on the place occupied by generalizing words.

§3. Distinguishing between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you have a number of homogeneous definitions in front of you. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is the difference between them?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the one hand, according to one characteristic, for example, size, color, shape, material. Inhomogeneous definitions characterize the subject with different sides, for various reasons.

A cheerful, loudly laughing girl ran into the room.

(cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state)

A small, loudly laughing girl ran into the room.

(small and laughing- heterogeneous definitions)

The vase contained red, orange and yellow flowers.

(red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting common feature- Colour)

The vase contained large, red, fragrant flowers.

(large, red, fragrant- adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions)

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous, for example:

At the end of November, the first light snow fell.

(the words first and light refer to different parts of speech: first- numeral, light- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members)

Test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

Is it true that homogeneous members are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question?
Are homogeneous members of the proposal equal?
Is it true that homogeneous members are connected by a subordinate link?
Are proposals with several rows of homogeneous members possible?
Is the number of homogeneous members limited?
Is it true that homogeneous members cannot be connected by creative unions?
What is the name of a word with a generalizing meaning that homogeneous members can have with them?
- general word
- appeal
- circumstance
Is a generalizing word always the same member of a sentence as its related homogeneous members?
Dry yellow autumn leaves rustled underfoot.?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions
What are the definitions in the sentence: The bushes under the window were covered with red, yellow, orange leaves.?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions

The concept of homogeneous members of a sentence.

One and the same two or more members of the sentence are called, connected with each other by a compositional connection. The compositional connection consists in the fact that words are connected with each other as equal, independent of each other; none of them serves to explain the other. Homogeneous members are:

a) two or more subjects with a common predicate for them, for example: Armenians, Georgians, Circassians, Persians crowded in the wrong area (P.);

b) two or more predicates with a common subject for them, for example: Boiled, hurried, rumbled life (T.) ;

c) two or more minor members, depending on the same member of the proposal and answering the same question, for example: The wind drove down the street feathers, shavings, dust.(M.G.) Fast, frantically troika rushed. (N.) Began to sprinkle rare, small rain. (Ch.)

A compositional connection is expressed either by unions and intonation, or without alliances, only by intonation. In a sentence The native Volga rolled in a wide veil smoothly, stately homogeneous circumstances are connected only by the intonation of the enumeration;

they are pronounced in the same tone, each with its own logical stress, there is a pause between them. In a sentence That night I did not sleep or undress (P.) homogeneous predicates are connected by union and intonation; in a single union and there is no pause between homogeneous members; but if this union is repeated, then the pause happens: And for him they were resurrected again And deity, and inspiration, And life, and tears, and love... (NS.)

Unions linking homogeneous members are called co-ordinate.

Homogeneous members usually have the same grammatical form, as in the above examples, but this is not necessary: for example, in the sentence She listened to him from fearful and greedy(M.G.) homogeneous circumstances are expressed by a noun in an indirect case with a preposition and an adverb.

Homogeneous members can be widespread So, in the sentence Gloomy forest gloomily silent or howls dull(T.) homogeneous predicates are common circumstances.

Sometimes syntactically indecomposable combinations of words are homogeneous; for example, in a sentence.

I wandered all day I am from room to room, from roof to roof, from stairs to stairs(NS.) homogeneous circumstances are: 1) from room to room, 2) from roof to roof, 3) with stairs to stairs.

A sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members, for example: Princess Marya at all I didn't think and didn't remember about your face and hair.(L. T.) There are two series of homogeneous terms in this sentence: the predicates I didn't think and didn't remember and additions about face and hair.

Unions linking homogeneous members of a sentence.

Writing unions, serving to connect homogeneous members, in their main meaning are joint, divisional, and and t e l n e and s o o c t e s.

1.Connected unions and, no - no, yes (= and) and etc.

Union and can be single or repetitive. Single union and , when there are several homogeneous members, it is placed before the last one and emphasizes that the enumeration is over, for example: Carts, carts, gigantic carts creak endlessly and vans. (Seraph.) A recurring union and, as a rule, it is placed before each homogeneous term and gives the statement an additional enumerative meaning: and knocking, and scream, and bells do not hear. (T.)

Union no no used instead of union and in negative sentences and can only be repetitive. Wed:

He didn't have a brother and sister. - He had no nor brother, nor sisters. (L.)

Union yes (== and) can be single or repetitive;

when repeated, it gives the statement, like the union and, enumerative value, but cannot come before the first homogeneous term: 1) Pines only Yes ate noisy tops. (NS.) 2) Let him serve in the army, Yes pulls the strap Yes sniff gunpowder Yes there will be a soldier ... (P.)

2. Separate unions or (il), or, then - that, not that - not that and etc.

Separation unions or and or show that one of the listed homogeneous members is possible;

they can be either single or repetitive, for example: 1) Sometimes a dead snake will float a pole or log. (M. G.) With a stranger I or shy or took importance. (M. G.) If repeated, they often give the sentence an additional enumerative meaning, for example: Evseich or amused us with stories, or played with us, or listened to my reading. (A.)

Union then - then can only be repetitive; it indicates the alternation of actions or objects: Wind then he howled dully, then whistled impetuously. (T.) That the seal will call then deer (Chuk.)

Complex dividing union not that - not that also only repetitive, indicates the indefiniteness of the impression produced by the action, the object, the quality of the object, etc., for example: Upstairs behind the ceiling someone not that groans not that laughs. (Ch.) Not that fog, not that smoke enveloped the whole grove.

3. Procedural unions but, but, yes (= but), however, but and others indicate the opposition of one to the other and therefore are not repetitive: 1) We won't take our carriage, a roll it down. (Cr.) 2) His face had a rather pleasant expression, but roguish. (NS:) 3) Good singer Yes arrogant. (M. G.) 4) I hesitated a little but sat down. (T.) 5) They[singers] they fight a little, but they do not take drunken ones in their mouths. (Cr.)

4. Double comparative unions as - so and, not only - but and, not so much - how much, if not - then, although - but (a). The first part of the union is placed in front of one homogeneous member, the second in front of another.

Union not so much - how much used to compare actions or properties according to their degree, for example: He thought not so much about the upcoming vacation, how about an imminent meeting with his old friend. He not so much cowardly, how timid.

Union both - and serves only for matching, for example: Siberia has many features how in nature, and so in human morals. (Hound.) All other comparative unions have various additional meanings.

Union not only but emphasizes that, in addition to the one indicated by the first homogeneous term, there is also another thing that the speaker, when compared with the first, considers more important, for example: The partisans had Not only rifles, but also machine guns.

Union if not - then has an additional conditional meaning, and the union although u-a (but)- condescending, for example: 1) Most of their faces expressed if not fear, then anxiety. (L. T.) 2) He [the bridge] looks though and simple, a has a wonderful property. (Cr-)

Punctuation marks between homogeneous members of a sentence.

1. Between homogeneous members, not connected by unions, a comma is placed, for example: The steppe groaned under the clink of swords, under the whistle of bullets, under the rolling thunder of guns. (Lance.)

2. Before a single union, connecting or dividing (and, yes (== and), or, or), connecting homogeneous terms, the comma is not put.

Examples: The clear sky, morning freshness, dew, breeze and the singing of birds filled Lisa's heart with infant gaiety. (P.) Ryazan sawers were slowly trudging along Yes glaziers (Leon) There was no excitement in his movements or fear.

3. Before repeating connecting and separating unions and -and, neither - nor, yes - yes, or - or, or - either, then - that, not that - not that, standing between homogeneous members, a comma is put.

EXAMPLE Forgive the fever of young years and youthful fever and youthful delirium. (P.) He fell in love with thick groves, solitude, silence, and night, and stars, and moon (P.)(commas are put between all homogeneous members: the first two - because there is no union, the last three - because the union is repeated). It seems to me then noisy feasts, then military camp, then fighting fights. (NS.)

Note. It should be noted some difficult cases of setting (or absence) of punctuation marks for homogeneous terms.

In the example The local fevers are similar to the Crimean and Moldovan ones and are treated in the same way (P.) not a single comma is supplied, since one and connects predicates (similar and treatable) and does not repeat, another and connects definitions (Crimean and Moldovan) and also does not repeat.

When homogeneous members are combined into links in meaning, when punctuation marks are set, each link is taken as one homogeneous member:

a) On an endless, free space glitter and motion, rumble and thunder(Tyutch.) - four homogeneous members are connected in pairs by a union and in two links, between which there is no union; therefore, the links are separated by a comma;

b) I love the lush wilting of nature, forests clad in crimson and gold, noise and fresh breath in their canopy of wind, and the heavens are covered with a wavy mist, and rare sun ray, and first frosts, and distant gray winter threats (P.) - additions noise and breath have a common circumstance (in their hallway) and the definition (wind) and are one link; therefore they are not separated by a comma, although further the union and repeats;

v) With the Ivashins, he was his own man and to Zina he had a tender fatherly feeling and admired her (Ch.) - the last two homogeneous predicates (had a fatherly feeling and admired) within the meaning they constitute one link, since they speak of an attitude towards Zina; therefore, no comma is placed between the predicates.

4. Whole expressions with repeated union are never separated by commas: and this and that, neither this nor this, both the one and the other, and this and that, and here and there, neither here nor here, and day and night, and cold and hunger, neither fish nor meat, nor dawn, neither give nor take and the like.

5. Before adversarial unions but, but, yes (== but) a comma is put.

EXAMPLE I will put not the clan, but the mind in the governor. (P.) The proclamation was written in rude, but strong expressions. (P.) Small spool, Yes roads. (He ate.)

In the absence of an adversarial union between homogeneous members, a dash is placed, not a comma: They do not live here - paradise. (Cr.)

6. If homogeneous members are connected by a double union, the comma is placed in front of its second part (between homogeneous

my members): Sanin felt in his whole being if not pleasure, then some lightness. (T.)

About the connecting meaning of some compositional unions.

Some of the unions (and, Yes in meaning and ) are used in the connecting meaning. In this case, they add what came to mind when the thought has already been expressed. or they add an unexpected consequence. Before alliances with this meaning, the voice is lowered and a pause is made. Union and yes has only connecting value.

A comma is placed before the connecting unions; instead of a comma, there can be a dash or even a period.

EXAMPLE 1) Fedotik (Irine). Now I bought colored pencils for you at Pyzhikov's in Moskovskaya. AND this little knife. (H) Oh Fedotik remembered the knife when the thought had already been expressed. Union and in this example has an attachment meaning.

2) The caretaker stood, stood - and yes gone. (NS.) The caretaker, pushed out by the lackey, in bewilderment, confused, stood, stood at the closed door, and then, thinking of nothing, left. The complementary character of the predicate gone shown by the union and yes and a pause in front of it, which is indicated by a dash in the letter.

3) Lizaveta Ivanovna was a domestic martyr. She poured tea and was reprimanded for spending too much sugar; she read novels aloud, and was to blame for all the mistakes of the author; she accompanied the countess on her walks, and was responsible for the weather and behind the pavement. (NS.) In this example, in three sentences, the union and has connecting value. He attaches a predicate, which means something completely unexpected, which does not follow from what was said.

Unions with the specified values can also join non-uniform members, for example: But I give him a job, and a very interesting one. (Sharp.)

Homogeneous definitions.

1. Definitions are considered homogeneous if they characterize an object from any one point of view, according to any one attribute (ie, they are homogeneous logically and in meaning). Each of the homogeneous definitions is directly associated with the noun being defined, and therefore a union can be inserted between them and ... Homogeneous definitions have

the following values:

a) serve to list the varieties of objects by indicating them distinctive features, for example: The store got woolen, silk, linen fabrics(both woolen, and silk, and linen);

b) they enumerate the principle and the principle, forming, as it were, one row of synonyms, for example: Finally comes a long, boring, stormy winter (A.) (and long, and boring, and stormy).

2. It is necessary to distinguish heterogeneous definitions from homogeneous ones. An inhomogeneous definition refers to the combination of the noun being defined and the definition attached to it, as to a complex name for an object, for example: Walked long commodity train. (Ch.) In this sentence, the first definition long does not refer to one word train, but to the combination freight train, as a complex name for an item. Another example: He studied in higher education institution. Such definitions are not comma separated.

Definitions that characterize an object from different angles are also heterogeneous, for example, its size, shape, color, material, etc. Compare: wide asphalt highway, large rectangular stone plate, long red scarf. In this case, no comma is inserted between the definitions.

NOTE. Some EXAMPLES allow for different understandings, which is associated with different pronunciations and different punctuation. Take an example:

1) Deafly smoldered it tiny, motionless eyes. (T.) 2) Deaf smoldered his tiny stills eyes. This example can be understood so that the definitions list the attributes of the subject, and separate them with commas; it can also be understood that the first definition (tiny) refers to the combination of the defined with the second definition (fixed eyes), and do not put a comma.

The first understanding is more consistent with artistic descriptions striving for clarity, and the second - with prosaic precise speech, striving for generalization.

Let's take another example: 1) I need another, sharp knife. 2) I'm low another sharp knife. If this example is to be understood in such a way that the second definition clarifies the first (need another, but exactly sharp knife, since the first knife turned out to be dull), then you should put a comma, if you need to understand it in such a way that the first definition another refers to the combination sharp knife(there is one sharp knife, another one is needed), then the comma should not be put.

Coordination in number in sentences with homogeneous members.

I. When the subject closest to the predicate or all the subjects are in the plural, the predicate is also put. It's fun on the other side curly willows, young oak trees and willows. (Cor.) Questions, exclamations, stories rained down vying. (T.)

When the subject closest to the predicate or all subjects are in the singular, the agreement depends on the meaning of the conjunctions and the order of the words.

If homogeneous subjects are connected by connecting unions or only by intonation, and the predicate follows them, then it is usually put in the plural: Youth and nature accelerated my recovery. (NS.) When the predicate stands in front of homogeneous subjects, it is placed either in the singular, in agreement with the closest subject, or in the plural: Forgotten camp noise, comrades and brothers. (Gr.) On all faces expressed revival and anxiety. (L. T.) However, even in this position, a predicate, which denotes an action performed by several persons (for example, got together, got together, got together etc.), must be in the plural. Summer usually gathered and brother Nikolai, and sister Elena, and uncle Vanya with his wife.

When homogeneous subjects are connected by dividing unions, the predicate is often put in the singular to show that in each this moment it is associated with any one of the subjects: 1) Experienced fear or instant

vein fright in a minute seems and funny, and strange, and incomprehensible. (Lance.) 2) Sometimes a dead snake will swim pole or log. (M.G.) If the predicate wants to be attributed to all subjects, it is put in the plural: Either a loud laugh or a song were heard in the living rooms of the old house.

In the case of a combination of homogeneous opposing subjects

unions the predicate agrees in gender and number with the closest homogeneous member to it: Me oppressed not pain, but heavy dull bewilderment. (M. G.) Not knowledge, but intuition suggested the right decision for me.

II. A definition referring to several homogeneous determinates agrees with them in number in the same way as a predicate with homogeneous subjects. It should be noted that adjective definitions are more inclined to agree with the nearest defined, for example: Her gorgeous the fur coat and hat did not make any impression. (C) Enmity and captivity your old let the Finnish waves forget. (NS.)

NOTE This does not apply to stand-alone definitions: they are, as a rule. are put in the plural: in these dispatches already had some thoroughness and accuracy, so the necessary in the war. (S.-Ts.)

III. If a noun has several homogeneous definitions listing varieties of objects, then this noun is usually put in the singular, for example:

1) The success of students in the first and second quarters were quite average. 2) The number of students in primary and secondary school increased dramatically. Plural preferred if the noun comes before adjectives or if it is necessary to emphasize that there are several subjects: 1) There were factories aviation, machine-building, metallurgical. 2) He walked to the threshing floor, cattle and horse courtyards.(L. T.)

Exercise 76. Write down by inserting the missing letters. Arrange punctuation marks. Underline the homogeneous members of the sentence (if there are several rows of homogeneous members in the sentence, then underline the homogeneous members of one series with one line, the other with two, etc.).

1) The first snow flashes in ... 2) The carts were loaded with hay, straw, sacks of flour, bricks ... and firewood. 3) Near them sk ... kali Nogai guides in burqas and with lasso. 4) He was tall, thin and ... thirties. 5) For two days it seemed to him new secluded fields, the coolness of the gloomy oak tree, the murmur of a quiet stream. 6) In the window ... Tatiana saw in the morning the whitened courtyard of the curtain, the roof and the fence on the glass, light patterns trees in winter ... silver forty merry in the courtyard and softly covered ... mountains of winter with a brilliant carpet. 7) In front of the house, multi-colored lights flashed, whirled, rose up with ears of palm trees, fountains rained down with rain, stars dimmed and flashed again.

77. Read, indicate the meaning of unions that stand with homogeneous members; Explain the placement of punctuation marks for homogeneous members. Explain the spelling of the words in all the cases noted.

1) Hardened pines with pale yellow trunks, dark oaks, magnificent ash-trees raised high here and there their lonely tops. 2) The gloomy pine forest is sullenly silent or howls dully. 3) And it smells like smoke, and grass, and tar a little, and a little skin. 4) The sky was all covered with loose white clouds, then suddenly in places it was cleared for a moment. 5) The last waves of warmed fog then roll down and spread out like tablecloths, then wriggle and disappear into the deep. tenderly with and the rising above. 6) The felled aspens crushed both the grass and small bushes. 7) Tchertop-hanov was known throughout the neighborhood as a dangerous man and extravagant, proud and bully of the first hand. 8) I could not discover passion in him nor to food, nor to the hunt. 9) He would I came to you myself, but I was afraid. 10) I also try to acquire something by correspondence and lessons. 11) The sun was shining and warm, but not scorching heat.

78 . Write off with punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.

1) The bushes of the rapids by a blizzard will bring everything ... deep into the snow, immersed ... s. 2) In the snowdrifts in front of her, a bubbling dark and gray stream rustles with its wave. 3) The moon took off and with a languid light illuminated Tatyana's pale beauties and ... loose hair and drops of tears. 4) I love more ... youthfulness and crampedness and brilliance and joy. 5) In harmony, my rival was the noise of the forests, or the whirlwind, wild, or the orioles, singing alive, or the sea at night, the sound of a dull, or w ... the sweat of the river is quiet ... like a stream. 6) He [the poet] will pick up new thoughts and feelings ... and give them to us. 7) I remember mountains, high peaks and runaway waters, cheerful streams and shadows and noise and red d ... lines. 8) Between the mountaineers ... the prisoner watched their faith, the morals of upbringing, loved their lives, the simplicity of hospitality ... property, the thirst for abuse of the movements of the free speed and lightness of the legs and the strength of the doe. 9) On the way ... I thought of both for the deliverance of the poor girl. 10) My successes, although they were slow, are good ... reliable.

(From the works of A.S. Pushkin.)

79. Read the examples and point out where the definitions serve to enumerate the varieties of objects, where they list the attributes of the subject, where one explains the other, where the first definition refers to the combination of a noun with an adjective. Explain the spelling of the words in all the cases noted.

1) Amusingly motley with their pink, lilac, pale-yellow hats, they looked out and zemy raw f Ki. 2) Only here and there between the bushes were tiny glades with emerald green, silky thin grass. 3) In the sky, here and there motionless silvery clouds were visible. 4) It was a beautiful July day. 5) Gemma put on a large straw nn my hat. 6) Her not a large, pink, pretty face breathed with irrevocable determination. 7) She was not it is unpleasant to show yourself before me in this new, unexpected light. 8) Deaf, restrained sobs suddenly hit me. 9) Suddenly, a loud mu was heard from the yard f sky voice. 10) I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a length nn oh shit nn oh beard. 11) Here we need a different, fresh look.

(From the works of I.S.Turgeniev and.)

80. Write down by placing punctuation marks and inserting missing letters.

1) White red blue shirts flashed everywhere between the trees. (T.) 2) The whole river was dammed up by a shallow continuous soaked ... ice flooded with water. (T.) 3) I turned into a long linden tree ... with it. (Ch.) 4) In the distance, a clearing was broken ... by a high railway embankment. (Ch.) 5) It was a clear moonlit evening. (Ch.) 6) Directions ... there was a continuous white ... translucent darkness. (Ch.) 7) It began to drizzle ... a fine, rare rain. 8) The same gloomy strict wilderness was all around. (L. T.) 9) He stared at ... a mobile gaze at the distant ... the masses of gray-haired ruddy blue mountains. (NS.) 10) The need for a new better life n ... bearably painful ... protected my heart. (Ch.) 11) Nekhlyudov breathed in the strong smell of a young birch leaf. (L. T.)

81 . Write down by inserting the missing letters; Explain the agreement in the number of predicates with homogeneous subjects, definitions - with homogeneous determinable.

1) In the villages ... there was ... stomping and screams. (L. T.) 2) Noise and scream were heard everywhere. (NS.) 3) Animation and anxiety were expressed on all faces. (L. T.) 4) Sometimes you hear ... a rifle crackle, a vague din of battle. (T.) 5) In all her movements, n ... that carelessness, n ... that fatigue was noticed. (T.) 6) They [children] are worried not only about the present, but also about the future of the kittens. (Ch.) 7) When cooked ... a large fork and spatula made of maple wood made one suspect that it was unlikely that a boiled sterlet was not cooked. (L. T.) 8) His calmness and simplicity of address surprised Olenin. (L. T.) 9) She wiped every thing so carefully ... as if a vase or a book were alive. (M.G.)

82. In the sentences below, add to the existing major and minor members others, similar to them.

Sample. The plant needs locksmiths. ... - The plant needs locksmiths, turners, electricians.

1) Planks were brought to the warehouse, ... 2) The boy liked to tinker: plan, ... 3) His briefcase was old, ... 4) Snow lay everywhere: in the fields, ... 5) In our forest not only spruce and pine trees grow, but also ... 6) The wind either died down or ... 7) He did not receive letters from anyone: not from his brother, ... 8) From the street you can hear cheerful, ... voices children. 9) Pavel tried to help his mother in everything: sawing wood, ... 10) The silence of the night was sometimes broken by the cry of an owl, ... 11) The visitor turned out to be a man of average height, ... 12) Athletes from all over the planet came to the Olympics: from France, ...

Generalizing words for homogeneous members of a sentence.

The general word is a term of a sentence, which is a more general designation for all homogeneous members standing with it.

In the example The basket was game: two black grouse and a duck (Hound.) the general word is the subject game.

A generalizing word can be any member of a sentence, for example: predicate - Manor location was good: friendly, solitary and free (T.), circumstance - The bird was everywhere: in the garden, in the garden, in the threshing floor, on the street (A.), definition - In the village of Taginke headquarters two divisions: Iron and Penza (Small) etc.

Combinations of words can be generalizing, for example:

K. blackwood also owns berry trees: bird cherry and mountain ash. (A.)

Very often, generalizing words are expressed by attributive and negative pronouns and pronominal adverbs: everything, nobody, nothing, always, never, everywhere, everywhere, nowhere, nowhere etc.

Homogeneous terms answer the same question as the generalizing word for which they stand: In the field, in the grove, in the air -everywhere silence reigned.

The generalizing words are the same members of the sentence as the homogeneous members that stand with the generalizing words, for example:

1) All of a sudden all came to life: and forests and ponds and steppes.(G.)(All highlighted words are subjects.) 2) In forests, mountains, seas and rivers - everywhere we will find brothers. (OK.)(All highlighted words are the circumstances of the place.)

Note. For homogeneous subjects, there can be nominal predicates with a generalizing meaning, for example: Apples, pears, oranges, tangerines., Grapes - fruits ,.

Colon and dash for homogeneous members.

1. When the generalizing word is in front of the homogeneous members of the sentence, then a pause is made in front of the homogeneous members, and two words are put on the letter, for example: Everything changed around: and the weather and the nature of the forest.(L. T.)

2. If the sentence does not end with homogeneous members, then a dash is put after them: Everything this is: flowers, glitters, sounds and smells- pressed on my eyes. (M.G.)

If, according to the context, a comma is required after homogeneous members with a preceding generalizing word (for example, before an adversary union), then a dash after homogeneous members is usually omitted, for example: People have experienced many natural disasters: fires, droughts, floods, but this did not break the will of man in his struggle with nature.

3. After the generalizing word, a union may follow or

introductory word warning about enumeration: somehow, namely, for example and etc.; before such an alliance or an introductory word, a mark is placed, and after it two more: He was served the usual in taverns dishes, such as: cabbage soup, brains with peas. sausages with cabbage. (G.)

4. If the generalizing word comes after the homogeneous members of the sentence, then a pause is made after the homogeneous members in the pronunciation, and t and pe is put in the letter: In the steppe, across the river,

on the roads - everywhere it was empty. (L. T.)

5. The general word may be preceded by an introductory word:

in a word, in a word, in general and etc.; t and r e is placed before the introductory word, and after it is written: But common sense, firmness and freedom, ardent participation in other people's troubles and joys - in a word, all her virtues were definitely born with her. (T.)

Note. Sometimes a colon is placed in front of homogeneous members of a sentence in the absence of a generalizing word in front of them; this usually happens in business and scientific speech.

EXAMPLE The meeting was attended by the director of the institute S. I. Ivanov, deputy director I. T. Protsenko, deans of faculties P. M. Simonov and M. S. Uspensky, scientific secretary P. M. Timofeev.

Stylistic differences in designs with homogeneous members.

Homogeneous members, used without unions or connected by unions and or but , have no stylistic coloring and are common to all functional styles. Constructions with homogeneous members connected by a union Yes, more typical for colloquial speech and the language of folklore. Wed: Blue and scarlet banners flutter over the stadium - Cloaks of only two colors - blue and gray(from colloquial speech); He small in stature, but physically very strong(book construction) .- Small, but daring. Small spool but precious(sayings); You say a lot, but you do little(from colloquial speech).

Constructions with unions and ... and, not only ... but and, how ... So and are close in meaning. Wed: He came yesterday and today. - He came not only yesterday, but today. - He came both yesterday and today. In this case, constructions with a repeating union and stylistically neutral, and designs with alliances not only ... but and, how ... So and gravitate towards the literary and written language. Both parts in each of these unions are permanent and cannot be replaced with other words. For example, wrong:

"She loves not only literature, but also physics" or: "not only literature, but also physics"; "He came as yesterday as well as today." Such constructions are unacceptable in the Russian literary language.

Exercise 83. Write down by inserting the missing letters. Explain the placement of punctuation marks.

1) Everything around inside ... suddenly turned dark ... warm: trees, grasses and earth. 2) In the house it was still asleep in the morning ... it was like dead sleep. 3) The whole mustache ... Tchertop-hanov's house consisted of four log cabins of different sizes, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn and a bathhouse. 4) Everything in his house: music, furniture, food, and wine - n ... only n ... could be called ... paramount, but even in the second degree it was not ... suitable. 5) These prolonged readings, this silence, this snail-like hidden life - all this went ... just in tune with his mental structure. 6) Tchertop-hanov put his hands over his ... ears and ran. And drunkenness, and anger, and self-belief ... awn - everything flew out at once. 7) We are not the only comedies ... we will play, we will all ... play: dramas, ballets and even tragedies. 8) A thin eagle ... th nose with open translucent nostrils, a bold outline of high eyebrows, pale, slightly sunken cheeks - all the features of her face ... expressed wayward passion and ... carefree prowess. 9) On the red ... cottony grass, on the blades of grass, on straws - everywhere bl ... lay and in ... white ... numerical threads of autumn cobwebs flashed.

(From the works of I.S.Turgeniev and.)

84. Write off with punctuation marks. Explain the spelling of the words in all the cases noted.

1) Circassians on the roots of centuries on a branch hangs around their armor combat shield burka carapace and a quiver and a bow with a shell. 2) Everything is alive there and the poplars are cool in the shade of the olives, the sleeping herds around the houses are resh e weaves of grapes. 3) There were two of us, brother and me. 4) Neither you nor she, you will forget what happened.

5) And they put a projectile with him not loaded pishchal quiver and bow Georgian dagger and checkers of crosses? yu steel.

6)Neither muses nor labors nor the joys of leisure nothing is not will replace the only friend. 7) Something dear is heard in the long songs of the driver, then revelry, then heartfelt melancholy.

(From the works of A.S. Pushkin.)

II. 1) Sharp hunting requires three conditions dark night light water and absolutely clear weather... 2) A large fish such as pike catfish asp walleye beats with a sharp edge. 3) At this time of the year, the large fish somehow chubs and the line no longer took.

(S. T. Ak sak o v.)

85. Write off by placing the missing punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.

What could be more fascinating and interesting ... e of underground caves? Narrow winding entrance. Dark and damp. Gradually you get used to ... the light of a trembling ... candle. I drag ... the branch ... I suddenly expand ... I expand ... I go into whole halls then I steeply descend ... I go down somewhere and suddenly I break off ... with precipices. No ropes, no hooks, no rope ladders ... which does not help to get ... to n ... led depths to explore to the end the underground labyrinth.

In the echoing emptiness of the caves ... you can hear different sounds and rustling of bats and the quiet, measured noise of falling drops and dull rumblings of stones breaking off under your feet. For a long, long time they skate ... until somewhere far ... near ... there is a splash of water. Trying to ... guess ... give that there is a lake, an underground river or a waterfall.

Particularly wonderful in the caves is their luxuriant decoration, now from bizarre white ... snow patterns, now from long tall columns, now from icicles of garlands and curtains hanging from ... above. Sometimes the walls of the caves are covered ... with deposits of white yellow red minerals. The strange shapes of these deposits resemble either the figures of some giants or the bones of giant ... lizards.

(According to A. E. Fersman.)

86. Write off by placing the missing punctuation marks.

All species of resinous trees such as pine spruce fir and others are called "red forest" or "redwood". All other tree species that lose their leaves in the fall and renew them in the spring somehow oak elm poplar linden birch aspen alder and others are called "black forest" or "black forest". Those species of bushes, which also lose their leaves in winter, viburnum, hazel, honeysuckle, wolf's bast, rose hips, common talnik, and others, must also be included in the black forest.

(S. T. Ak sak o v.)

87. Establish, according to the curriculum and textbook of the Russian language for grade III, which homogeneous members and unions students get to know with them primary school... Come up with eight sentences yourself with such homogeneous members and unions. In doing so, use the list of difficult words available in the program.

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Homogeneous are called members of the proposal that answer the same question, refer to the same member of the sentence and perform the same syntactic function (i.e., occupying the position of one member of the sentence).

They are equal, independent of each other and are one and the same member of the proposal. Between themselves they are connected by a compositional or non-union syntactic connection. The compositional connection is expressed intonation and with the help of compositional conjunctions: single or repetitive. Unionless connection is expressed intonation.