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Why poverty is a disease
http://nautil.us/issue/47/consciousness/why-poverty-is-like-a-disease
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From the description of my achievements to date, you would never have guessed that I grew up in poverty and hunger.

My last salary for the year exceeded $ 700,000. I am a member of the Truman National Security Society [is looking for and promoting future leaders of the American nation - approx. transl.] and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. My publisher recently released my latest book series on quantifying global finance.

And all this is not enough for me. I constantly feel myself in a state of "fight or flight", waiting for a catch, or the onset of hunger days. I even decided not to have children, because, despite all the success, I do not feel like I have a secure financial cushion. The minimum state of account at which I am ready to think about children is a very large number. If you knew me personally, you might detect signs of stress, self-doubt, anxiety, and depression. And hear about Tennessee.

No Tennessee will tell you that he is just from Tennessee. He will definitely add: east, west or middle. My life began in East Tennessee, in the town of Rockwood in the Appalachian region. I was the oldest of four children in a family whose income did not allow me to support even one. Every Pentecostal church in this heroin backwater smelled the same: a heavy mixture of cheap detergent and even cheaper oil, with a touch of forgotten hope. One of these abandoned churches was, in fact, my orphanage and school.

The classroom consisted of one room, in which 20 people, aged from kindergarten to 12th grade, were engaged according to the methodology of "accelerated Christian learning." We were given booklets that we had to read on our own. We gave ourselves grades for our homework. There were no lectures and I didn't have a teacher. Sometimes the preacher's wife would hand out tests. We were not allowed to do anything. There were no movies or music. Years could pass during which nothing happened to distinguish one year from another. There was no talk of any social events.

I spent all my time pondering simple questions. Where will my next lunch come from? Will I have electricity tomorrow? I watched my mom try to hide food stamps at the checkout counter in shame. I remember being already at the age of eight, experiencing panic due to constant uncertainty about absolutely every aspect of life, from food to clothing and training. I knew that my life could not be normal. Something was wrong with that tiny microcosm in which I was born. I just didn't know what it was.

Growing up, I thought I realized what was wrong there. I have always believed that my upbringing made me careful and circumspect. But over the past few decades, many new things have emerged. We learned that poverty stress can change your biology in ways we never imagined. It can shrink the surface of the brain, shorten telomeres and life expectancy, and increase the chances of obesity and propensity to take excessive risks.

And now there is evidence that these changes could go even deeper - down to the level at which our bodies assemble themselves, changing the types of cells from which they are made, perhaps even to the expression of genes with which the body is playing. like a Rubik's cube thrown into a washing machine. If the research results are confirmed, it will mean that poverty is not just a socio-economic condition. This will already be a set of related symptoms that can be prevented and treated, and even inherited. In other words, the results of poverty begin to closely resemble the symptoms of a disease.

The word "disease" carries a negative connotation. I do not mean that poor people are some kind of bad or spoiled. I mean, poor people are sick, and everyone else tells them that their condition is a necessary, temporary and even positive part of modern capitalism. We tell the poor that they have a chance to break out by simply working hard enough; that we are all equally involved in a system that distributes equally rewards and punishments. We point to rare stories "from poor to rich", as happened to me, and all this fits into the template of meritocracy [lit. - "the power of the worthy" - approx. transl.].

But my merits have nothing to do with how I got out of there.

We may not remember 1834 as a record year, but it was so in the field of organic chemistry. It was then that Jean Baptiste Dumas and Eugene Peligot distilled from heated sawdust and analyzed a clear liquid, which they called methylene, and we call it methanol, wood alcohol. It is based on a methyl group consisting of one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms. And as it turned out 150 years later, methyl groups play a critical role in gene expression.

In the fall of 1991, Aaron Razin and Howard Tsedar published an unusual work, "DNA Methylation and Gene Expression," in which they showed that the work of gene expression is very similar to a snake coiled tightly around the staff of Asclepius. On the tight weaves of our genetic code are methyl groups that control how tightly our genetic code wraps around special proteins called histones. The tighter a piece of code is coiled, the less likely it is to affect anything, that is, the less likely it is to "express" it. This is one of the pillars of the epigenome: your human appearance is determined not only by your DNA, but also by which parts of it your epigenome allows for expression.

Six years later, Michael Meany, a professor of stress biology at McGeal University, and his colleagues published a revolutionary finding: the quality of maternal care affects the epigenome of rats, glucocorticoid stress receptors in the hippocampus, and the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA ) to stress. Similar effects were later found in zebra finches, which, like humans, are socially monogamous and in which both parents raise children. The levels of messenger RNA of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in birds deprived of their mothers were lowered, and therefore, in adult birds, stress hormones remained elevated for much longer. The researchers wrote that epigenetic mechanisms may be responsible for these changes - but they have not proven this.

In human children, epigenetic changes in the expression of stress receptor genes leading to heightened stress responses and mood problems have been linked by researchers to childhood abuse. And last year, researchers at Duke University found that "low socioeconomic status during adulthood is associated with increased methylation of the nearest serotonin transporter promoter," which makes the amygdala predisposed to "threat-related reactivity." And while a predisposition to high levels of stress has its advantages (for example, learning under stress can accelerate), the main point of this research is that chronic stress and insecurity in childhood makes stress more difficult to cope with in adulthood.

On the one hand, epigenetics offers an intriguing narrative of our lives that goes back to the core "program" that makes you who you are. But there are also fundamental contradictions in this area. Last June, a team of researchers from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine at the University of Bristol and the European Bioinformatics Institute published a paper describing how the area is polluted by misinterpretation of research results. For example, researchers often confuse the cause with the effect (diseases can lead to the appearance of epigenetic markers, and vice versa); falsify or misinterpret statistics; mixing of variables leads to visible correlation of parameters; the great variability of the epigenome from cell to cell is not taken into account.

John Grilli, one of the co-authors of the study, believes that some of the notable results in this area, including those obtained by Mini, suffer from these problems. “During Mini's research, it was believed that if I observe a change in DNA methylation in the cells of rats that were not licked by my mother, or in the cells of children from the lower socioeconomic group, or whatever, then I will learn about how people reprogram when exposed to environmental conditions ". But the change in DNA methylation explains more than whether the cell has been reprogrammed or not. They are also related to the proportions of cell subtypes, each of which has its own epigenomes, found in the compared organisms. Grilli et al call this the metaepigenome.

But Grilli notes that even if this molecular mechanism is not a reprogramming of cells through methylation, but a shift in the subtype of cells, there is still something to think about. “Even if you find a change in the proportions of, say, subtypes of cells in the peripheral blood, which is associated with things like low socioeconomic status, it will be a very interesting finding,” he says. "Then we'll get back to the question of defining what epigenetics is." It is possible that the shift in cell subtypes is inherited, although this does not include reprogramming of cells through methylation. Tim Spector of King's College London, for example, discovered DNA sequence variants associated with variations in cell subtypes.

The study of the biological effects of poverty stresses is still in its early stages. At the same time, it has already given us many mechanisms capable of providing such effects, many of which contain an inherited component. If, say, a pregnant woman is exposed to the stress of poverty, her fetus and fetal gametes may suffer from it, with the result that these effects extend at least to her grandchildren. And maybe even further.

Studies in mice and fruit flies have shown that epigenetic traits similar to those described by Mini can be inherited and persist for at least tens of generations. The effects of things like diet and prenatal stress are inherited not only through histone modification, but also through DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs. In a 2014 study, offspring of a mouse trained to fear a particular scent also feared the scent, even though they hadn't smelled it before. This effect persisted for two generations. In humans, the inherited effects of stress have been observed for at least three generations in people whose ancestors suffered from mass hunger (the famine winter of 1944 in the Netherlands), food shortages (Everkalik experiment) and the Holocaust. The effects of smoking or chewing tobacco by parents at a young age can be transmitted to their children depending on gender, which proves epigenetic effects in humans. According to observations from 2014, "Several human studies indicate the existence of epigenetic effects in the male line that cannot be explained by cultural or genetic inheritance."

Even at the current stage, we can extract some information from science. First, the stresses associated with poverty have life-long biological consequences. Secondly, there is evidence that these consequences can be inherited, either through exposure to the fetus, or through epigenetics, through cell subtypes, or something else.

And this scientific evidence is forcing us to rethink the cornerstone of American mythology and our policies for the poor: being able to get to the top without help. Stories about people who made themselves, escaped from their environment thanks to hard and hard work. A pillar of the platform of meritocracy, where the rewards supposedly go fairly to those who most deserve them.

What kind of independent exit from the environment or fair distribution can we talk about if poverty traumatizes the participants in the "competition"? Especially if it is also passed down through generations? And the ugly consequence of the "self-escape" hypothesis that people who did not get out of difficult circumstances deserve them makes even less sense in light of the grim biology of poverty. When the starting pistol is fired, the poor are far behind the starting line. I was definitely there, despite my current success.

So how did I get out of there? Accidentally.

It would be very easy to tell my story, explaining everything with talents and hard work, since this is what everyone feeds us, from Hollywood to politicians. But that would not be true. My escape was due to a sequence of remarkably unlikely events, none of which I could control.

By the time I was 14, I had been trying to self-study for 8 years using photocopied booklets, without textbooks, lesson plans, help, or at least a teacher. I tried desperately to get out and was terribly afraid to become the same as the people around me were. So I took the phone book and started calling vocational schools, colleges, anyone and everything who might give me opportunities. Accidentally and unexpectedly, I got to the president of a community college [two-year college that prepares mid-level specialists for work in the local community - approx. transl.] Sherri Hopp. When I first met her, I was probably 12 years old, and even at that age I could understand that my story was not unique to her.

In the same college, I met Bruce Cantrell, the professor who replaced my father when I was 15 and poor. He also grew up in poverty, but as a result he got out into the people. We didn't talk much about our experience, but somehow we immediately found a common language. A few years later, he went into politics and made me his campaign manager. We won, and I received invaluable education in the real and unceremonious politics of Roan County. I'll be forever grateful to Bruce and Sherry. With their help, I finally got my college degree.

Did I take the initiative? Sure. Many have interpreted my escape from poverty as evidence of the existence of a meritocracy that justifies the entire system. But the wilderness is filled with people who are just as desperate to get out of there as I am, and are taking the same inventive measures. So I am the exception that confirms the rule - the rule that an escape from poverty is possible only by chance, and not because of some merits.

I have relatives and friends who are as smart and hardworking as myself, and with about the same or better education. But none of them got out of poverty. One of them also ended up in a community college, but only after witnessing his best friend committed suicide under the influence of drugs. It turned out to be a one-way ticket to a life filled with emotional problems. Another was lucky enough to get into an accredited free high school, where they give much more knowledge than in the course of "accelerated Christian education". He became a heroin addict. For them, the path to education did not become, as for me, wonderfully free of obstacles. They did not become, like me, the head of a derivatives company on Wall Street. They don't write, like me, about poverty. They live in it. And today I can count about 20 relatives and friends who said goodbye to life through weapons or heroin. I have no doubt that their number will increase this year.

Why are so few people breaking out of poverty? I can testify from experience - not because some have more dignity than others. This is because being poor means taking big risks. The asymmetry in outcomes for the poor is so enormous because it is very expensive to be poor. Imagine that you lost your job because your phone didn’t work, or you didn’t pass the exam because you spent the whole day in intensive care due to an illness that would have been eliminated by timely treatment. Such simple misfortunes can set off a whirlpool of failures, from which it will not be possible to get out. The reality is that if you are poor and have made just one mistake, you are finished. Life turns into a game of chance with death in the form of loss.

Now imagine that your brain is designed to multiply your subjective feeling of stress by 10. As a result, you focus on short-term plans. For those who are lucky enough to be unaware of the calculus of the poor by birth, the poor seem to make suboptimal decisions over and over again. But the choice of the poor in their circumstances is quite reasonable. You can't talk about optimal solutions for a long period if you have two days of food left. Stress takes on a whole new meaning and is very difficult to get rid of.

The standard American meritocracy myth misjudges stories like mine. The accumulated social capital of American institutions - stable power transfers, rule of law, entrepreneurship - certainly create economic miracles every day. But these institutions are primarily suitable for the exponential growth of capital where it already exists, and not for creating new capital where society needs it. Stories like mine are considered archetypes, and we all unjustifiably believe that there is a way to achieve escape speed for entire segments of the population. But here I am presenting a rags-to-riches success story, and I declare that this story is a myth. The term "meritocracy" was coined in 1958 to scoff at the very idea of ​​receiving awards for merit. We forgot to laugh, and the joke turned against ourselves.

It’s time for us to take a different approach to poverty and take into account the new scientific evidence that describes it.

Let's take education. One of the most active researchers of the relationship between poverty and academic achievement and subsequent economic problems is Roland Fryer of Harvard. Together with his colleagues, he in the work “This may not need the help of the whole village: increasing the achievements of the poor” [an allusion to the saying “the whole village needs to raise a child”, meaning that the child is raised by the entire local community - approx. transl.] focused on reducing the difference in achievement between rich and poor, using different strategies for schooling.

But the standard measure of achievement difference — achievement in math — is a symptom, not a cause. When support for social programs for schoolchildren ceases, their positive effect diminishes, and we become skeptical about the elimination of poverty. But academic success is not the main issue. The problem is uncertainty and stress. When the National Assessment of Educational Progress in 2011 found no city in America where more than 25% of eighth graders from black or Hispanic families were proficient in math and reading at their grade level, we must blame schools for this, or conclude, what have we lost in the neurobiological race even before we tested these kids?

We must use the knowledge gained from science about poverty, not ignore it. Poverty alleviation programs such as contingent cash benefits reward parents or guardians for specific actions, such as tracking school attendance or health prevention. They encourage stress management and long-term planning, and it goes far beyond just passing exams - they provide exactly the sense of confidence that a poverty-stricken brain needs. In a 2009 study, Leah Fernald and Megan Ganer showed that such programs reduced salivary cortisol levels and the risk of mental and physical illness throughout life. There should be more such programs. For example, the so-called long-term childcare programs: they deal with the development of children from birth and the first three years of their growth [in the United States, federal law gives the mother the right to take an unpaid maternity leave duration of 12 weeks, starting no earlier than 2 weeks before the expected date of birth, provided that the expectant mother has worked in the company for more than a year - approx. transl.].

Our new scientific understanding of the impact of poverty has the potential to transform adult health care. In 2009, Michael Mini, Gustavo Turetsky, Moishe Zif, and their colleagues took samples of the hippocampus from childhood abused suicide victims and tested the DNA methylation that drives the expression of the NR3C1 gene. They found increased methylation in the NR3C1 promoter region, which other studies have directly linked to decreased expression of a protein called brain neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF is one of the most active neurotrophic factors that control the growth and development of new neurons even in adulthood. And the level of expression can be inherited. A 2015 study found an association between NR3C1 and decreased BDNF expression in infants whose mothers reported symptoms of prenatal depression.

It may be that BDNF is your best friend if you are an adult and want to change your neuroscience. It can open the way to changes in the structure of the brain precisely in those areas that were most affected by early stress and poverty: the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the entire hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. And these brain regions govern long-term memory, emotions, and delayed rewards. These are all signs of people doing better at school in adolescence and reaching more in maturity. Small doses of ketamine have similar effects to rapid antidepressants, and this is directly related to increased BDNF levels.

I would try this treatment myself. But my main interest in studying poverty is elsewhere. It stems from anxiety about the future.

We are on the brink of a cliff and we urgently need to rethink our understanding of poverty and inequality. Western neo-liberals tell us the tales that if you work hard, everything will work out. And if nothing is formed, then the victim is blamed for everything, and they do not leave him a choice. Brexit, Le Pen and the defeat of Hillary Clinton are examples of problems stemming from inequality and poverty. Already uncovered Piketty's pitchfork [French economist who wrote a popular book on economic inequality in Europe and the United States - approx. transl.], and the march of global disorder can only be stopped by using measures that oppose the marked deck that everyone who is born in poverty receives and hates, including me.

I am sure that the Italian Five Star Movement party will launch a referendum on leaving the EU this year, and that Marine Le Pen has every chance of winning the French elections. transl.]. The EU can take the blame for the defeat of the globalists and collapse in two years.

Such trends are accelerated by the belief that the poor have failed to seize the opportunities created by the globalized marketplace. It's time to stifle this myth - and the emerging empirical scientific research on poverty can help us do that if we give it the attention it deserves.

A modern wall panel is, very often, the merit of the whole family, when over beautiful decoration all household members work. Today, such options are in vogue when there are beautiful works in the interior that have been created by collective labor. But you can start not with a very large-scale event - first try to figure out how to make a panel of photos with your own hands on the wall in an artistic style that is close to you.

What panels are there?

Wall paintings can differ in the following parameters:

• Anything can serve as a material: fabrics and plastic, cardboard and wood, wire and paper, fur and buttons, yarn and dry branches, photographs and postcards, shards of a mirror, and so on.
• Technique: wood carving, embroidery, embossing, knitting, inlay and gluing. In this case, the decorative element can be an interlacing geometric shapes and lines, have a certain plot or abstract image.
• A shape that can be of any geometry and size. Do-it-yourself paintings and panels can be made in the form of polygons, ovals, curvilinear figures, often consisting of many separate elements.
• The 3D effect is a new trend in the creation of such compositions. It is quite difficult to make this version of the panel, but it is quite possible. In this case, the three-dimensional effect is achieved with the help of various protrusions, volumetric paper applications. Appliques can simulate high relief, bas-relief and unique different works.

Important! The “soft” patterned volumetric panels, created with the help of small wallpaper nails, which are equipped with decorative hats, look great.

• Lighting - it makes the panel not only an element of decor, but is also able to give it a practical property. For example, Neon lights allows you to use the panel as a night light. The lighting level can be adjusted by the number of LED elements.

Choosing a place for decor

Before you make a beautiful panel on the wall with your own hands, you need to determine its location. This may affect the shape, size and color scheme future canvas:

• The distance from the panel to the floor surface is usually 170 cm.
• If you are going to make mirror panel, then it should be installed so that natural or artificial lighting falls on the surface of the painting. Thus, reflected and diffused light can create visual harmony in the room.

Important! A wall panel made of corks, cardboard and other scrap materials looks great in free space. For this reason, it is undesirable to place this decor near other interior items, for example, shelves, paintings and photographs.

Preparatory work

There are a huge number of options to make a wall panel with your own hands for absolutely any room. Photos of finished products can be found in catalogs or come up with your own project. To begin with, it is advisable to apply the conceived drawing of the panel on the prepared sheet of paper. With this sketch, it will be easier for you to determine the future shape, size of the painting and the materials that you will need in the process of creating it.

Idea 1

If you are going to use fabric as decoration, then you can, as a base, take a piece of board, plastic or any other material that has a hard surface. The fabric should be pulled over the base, and its allowances should be fixed from the seamy side of the workpiece. The finished craft is installed in a frame, and then hung on the wall.

Idea 2

Also, the panel can be made without a frame. To do this, you need a piece of plywood or drywall. The front part of the blank is pasted over with padding polyester or foam rubber, and then the resulting “pillow” is covered with fabric. Next, the product is decorated.

Photopanel

It is very easy to make a beautiful panel on the wall with your own hands if there are many interesting photographs in your family album. This decor option can perfectly decorate any room: a corridor, a children's room, a living room. Such pictures in the bedroom in the shape of a heart look very original.

Materials and tools:

• A piece of white thick cardboard.
• PVA glue.
• A simple pencil.
• Stationery knife and scissors.
• A set of photographs.

Sequencing:

1. We take a piece of cardboard.
2. We draw the outline of our future collage.
3. Cut out.
4. First, we lay out the photos in the desired order.
5. First, we glue the elements along the contour with a slight overlap.
6. We fill the inner space of the craft with photographs.

Panel made of threads and nails

A picture in the shape of a heart will help to decorate a young girl's room. You can make it with threads and nails.

Important! The base can be taken from wood, cork, foam or plywood.

To make a heart-shaped panel on the wall with your own hands, you have to try a little.

Materials and tools:

• A hammer.
• Nice-headed pins or thin studs.
• Acrylic paint.
• Pliers.
• Threads - any: iris, floss, wool.
• PVA glue.
• Scissors.
• A simple pencil.
• Paper.

Sequencing:

1. Choose a base, determine the size of the future painting.
2. Cover the surface with paint a shade lighter than the color of the threads.
3. Draw on a piece of paper the outline of the heart, which will be proportional to the size of the painting.
4. Cut out.
5. Attach the template to the base and circle.
6. Hammer the cloves evenly along the contour - the smaller the distance between them, the better.
7. Tie a string to one clove.
8. Pull it towards the opposite side of the stud.
9. Circle around it.
10. Continue wrapping in any order.
11. Glue beads or other decorative elements to the base.

Panel from buttons

Almost every house has a jar or casket where different buttons have been folded over the years. In the end, there were so many of them that there was nowhere to go. Buttons different sizes, flowers, with arches or holes - all this can be a wonderful material for a picture that can decorate a boring wall.

The very first thing that comes to mind is a painting “ Money Tree”. It is usually made from coins, but they can be replaced with buttons. Although no one can forbid you to combine buttons with coins in one panel.

Important! There is an opinion that such paintings bring money to the house.

Materials and tools:

• The basis is a fabric stretched over a frame, cardboard, board.
• Buttons in different sizes and colors.
• Glue.
• Pencil.
• Copy paper.

Sequencing:

1. On the base, apply a pattern in the form of a lush crown and a thick trunk.
2. Prepare buttons of different sizes.
3. Mark which of the buttons will be located where.
4. Apply glue to the base of the buttons and glue them one by one, starting from the trunk.
5. Stick the buttons, which will be leaves, going on the trunk, so that it is clearly visible how the foliage "hangs down".
6. If you don't have a lot of buttons and gaps remain on the base, you can paint over them with any colors.

Salted dough panel

Salted dough is a wonderful sculpting material. The catfish process of making a masterpiece develops fine motor skills, which is very useful for children to formulate speech.

Important! Why salted dough, and not, for example, plasticine? After all, he also warms up well, develops motor skills and has a large selection of color palette. And the fact is that plasticine always remains soft, and it is not possible to dry it, respectively - the panel may be damaged sooner or later. But dried dough is a completely different matter: it is strong and firm.

Let's look at how to make pictures and panels with our own hands from salt dough.

Materials and tools:

• Flour - 2 glasses.
• Fine salt - 1 glass.
• Unrefined vegetable oil - 1 tablespoon (you can use the same amount of dry wallpaper glue or hand cream instead).
• Water - 125 ml.

Important! A properly prepared dough does not stick to your hands, it should knead well, be elastic and dense. If the dough is too viscous, add a little flour, and if it sticks to your hands, add a little butter.

The dough can be made fragrant by adding different spices: black and red pepper, nutmeg, turmeric, cinnamon and more. And food coloring will help to paint it.

Sequencing:

1. Sculpt a picture from the finished dough or make separate figures for crafts, which will need to be assembled in the future.
2. When the modeling is completed, the product is put to dry in the oven at 80 degrees.
3. You can also dry it on the battery, but in this case, the drying process may take 5 or more days.
4. The dried picture is painted with paints.

Important! In order for a salt dough product to be strong and durable, it should be varnished.

Home is the place where you want to feel as comfortable as possible. there is different ways make it even more comfortable. But it is especially pleasant when the decorative elements are made by hand. Decorative panels in the interior always attract admiring glances, and making them from scrap materials is not difficult if you follow the technology correctly and act step by step and according to the instructions.

What it is

The panel is an element of decor and its purpose is to decorate the interior and fill in the empty space on the walls or ceiling. Sounds a lot like describing a painting, doesn't it? How does it differ from a picture if both decor options are designed to decorate the room? The answer is simple: a painting is a piece of painting art, and a panel can consist of anything. Dough, plastic, plaster, beads, fabric, wood - there is no limit to imagination when it comes to making panels and the material for decoration can be anything. If you want to make your interior unique, then the panel will do an excellent job with it!

Determining the scope of work

The first stage in creation wall panel- decide on the design of the future product. If you already know where it will be located, then this complicates the task. It is necessary to weigh the color scheme, the size, what it will have, whether the material from which it is planned to be made fits into the overall picture of the interior.

So, we decide: size, color scheme and what materials will be used. This is the first step. If possible, then it is worth drawing a sketch of the planned product. This will help to take into account all the nuances of the task.

If a piece of cardboard, canvas or any other solid surface is taken as a basis, then markings are made on it: where and how the decor elements will be located. If the base is fabric, then it is pulled over the base (for example, on a piece of plywood, board or plastic), and the rest of the fabric is fixed on the back side. After the craft is completed, it is placed in a frame and hung on the wall.

There is another option for making panels on a fabric basis. You will need to take a solid foundation, for example, gypsum plasterboard the desired size and glue the foam rubber to it. The fabric is pulled onto the resulting soft base. In this case, you can do without the frame.

After all the preparations, you can proceed to the main part of manufacturing: decorating.

Types of panels with your own hands

Consider the main types used in decoration:

Here are examples of making various types of panels:

From the prints of fruits and vegetables

When creating this panel, a child can also participate, since it is very simple to execute. The bright, colorful design of this creation is perfect for the kitchen.

For manufacturing you will need:

• Hard vegetables or fruits (these can be apples, any citrus fruits, pears, cabbage, etc.);
• Paint (gouache, oil, acrylic);
• The basis on which the decoration will be made. It can be cardboard, board, cloth, stretched over a sheet of drywall.

The surface of the base is pre-degreased and painted in the desired shade... Cut fruits and vegetables into halves and dip them in paint. It is best to pour the dye into a plate thinly. We apply the colored fruit with the cut side to the base and get a stamp.

Stamps are made in any desired place on the substrate, but images that are symmetrically located look best.

From paper

There are many options for making paper creations. Let's take a look at the main ones:

From round paper designs

This product can be made by hand in an hour and is a great way to decorate the interior, as well as get a lot of positive emotions.

We will prepare materials:

• Colored paper;
• Paper clips;
• Scotch;
• Pins;
• Stapler.

Procedure:

1. A sheet of paper is folded like an accordion, like a fan.
2. We bend the accordion in half.
3. With a stapler we fix the edges at the fold so that the accordion does not disintegrate and a small fan turns out. We connect three such fans and we get a circle.
4. Accords of different colors can be combined into one circle, then the panel will turn out even brighter.
5. Join many circles together by securing them to the wall with safety pins. The size of the circles and the composition itself can be as large and take any shape.

From photos

In fact, this is a collage of photographs or artistic pictures, which can either have a specific theme or be completely abstract. Photos are combined into one composition and fixed on the wall or on another basis. Design option: combine multiple sea and sky images.

From colored paper

There are a great many options for making crafts from colored paper. Today we offer the option "Flowers from hearts", which is suitable even for a children's master class. It is very simple to perform, is an excellent tool for the development of fine motor skills of a child, and it looks amazing!

We need:

• Office colored paper;
• The basis for the panel;
• Pencil;
• Scissors;
• Cardboard;
• Paints;
• Brushes;
• Frame.

Let's get started:

1. Cut out the pattern in the shape of a heart. To make one flower, we need eight of these hearts. All hearts in a flower must be the same size.
2. Fold the heart in half and get a petal.
3. We glue a flower from such petals to the base. It can be cardboard or a wall.
4. To make flower leaves, you need smaller green hearts.
5. We lay out the flowers in any order, depending on the general shape of the desired panel. It can be a heart shape, or flowers can be laid out in the shape of a tree. We show imagination and bring it to life!

From newspaper tubes

Newspapers can be great for making panels with your own hands.

Necessary materials:

• Newspapers;
• Knitting needle;
• Glue;
• Wire;
• Brush;
• Knife;
• Acrylic paint.

Procedure:

1. Cut the newspaper sheet into two parts with a knife.
2. Apply a thin layer of glue to these parts.
3. We wind the sheets of newspapers on a knitting needle diagonally. You should get thin tubes.
4. We take acrylic paint and paint over the newspaper tubes in the desired color.
5. We coat the resulting flagella with glue again and wrap the ends of each newspaper tube so that we get a spiral. Both ends must be screwed in opposite sides if you want to get the shape of a seahorse. You can make a circle: for this you just need to roll the whole tube in a spiral.
6. We fix the spirals with rubber bands and leave for 24 hours to dry.
7. We remove the elastic bands and compose the desired pattern from the resulting elements. Elements can be immediately attached to the wall, or you can create panels on a previously prepared basis.

Newspaper tube circles can be colored different colors, combining several shades in one circle. Circles with a gradient look interesting: a transition from one color to another.

From wallpaper

This is an interesting solution that will enliven your interior and make it even more comfortable.
There are several ways to make a wallpaper panel yourself:

• Patch technique

Cut out fragments from the existing wallpaper. The pieces can be of any shape, but must fit together. Consider general form all future composition. For example, you can cut squares of flowers from three different types of wallpaper and combine them together in several rows in a specific sequence. In this case, paired elements do not have to be arranged symmetrically.

• Whole wallpaper technique

We take the wallpaper with the desired image (for example, a sakura branch), carefully cut it out and insert it into the frame, or glue it on the wall and decorate it with molding or panels.

• Combination of styles

Here the design is limited only by your imagination! Combine whole pieces of wallpaper with small cut pieces. It is modern and inexpensive way decorate your home.
Important! If you cannot decide on the style of the future composition, then you should take a closer look at the image of flowers and plants in soft shades. It is always appropriate and looks beautiful.

Salted dough

This type of panel is one of the most budgetary, since a minimum of material is required for its production and usually everything you need is always at home.

We offer a version of a stucco panel, where the arms and legs of your child will be printed. This creation will allow you to decorate your baby's bedroom in an original way and preserve the memory of his childhood for a long time.

We need:

• Flour;
• Salt;
• Colored gouache (optional).

Procedure:

1. We take flour and salt in two to one proportions. Two glasses of flour are mixed with a glass of salt, then water is added. The approximate volume of water for this amount of flour and salt is 125 ml.
2. Knead the tough dough. If it sticks to your hands, then add more flour. The dough should be elastic and not stick to your hands.
3. If you want to make the panel colored, then it's time to add gouache by decorating the dough with it.
4. Roll out the dough. Its approximate thickness should be about 2 centimeters. The shape of the dough piece can be any.
5. We bring the dough to the baby and gently press his palm and foot into the mass. The pressure should be light, but sufficient to leave a mark.
6. We make two through holes in the dough - this is for the future ribbon, on which the panel will then hang.
7. Put everything on a baking sheet and cover with baking paper.
8. Preheat the oven to 90 degrees and put the dough there to dry. This will take approximately two to two and a half hours. It is necessary to turn the dough gently once, in the middle of drying.
9. We paint the resulting panel with colored or white gouache, thread the tape into the holes - voila! A very touching and cute decoration for your home is ready!

From fabric

The decoration of the panel with fabric came into fashion not so long ago: only in last years hand-made lovers drew their close attention... Such a product is ideal for a Provence style interior. Consider the main types of woven panels that you can do yourself:

Patchwork

Various techniques are used to make such panels, but they all have one thing in common: the use of scraps of fabric in the work. There are many patterns of such products on the Internet. Panels can be both fabric-based and rigid structures. You will need any fabric for manufacturing: from pieces of tulle to scraps of old bedding.

Felt for creativity

The felt panel is one of the most popular among needlewomen. All you need is pieces of felt of different colors, a pattern for future details of the picture, threads with a needle or glue and a base on which it is planned to fix all the details of the panel. Felt is a very fertile material for creativity: it will help to bring all fantasies to life. The felt panel will be an excellent decoration for the living room or hallway.

Burlap is a seemingly nondescript material, but it starts to play with completely different colors when the craftswomen use it in their work. Burlap can be used to cover a frame for a panel, it can be used as a basis for other materials: beads, lace and others. This coarse material perfectly enhances the softness and sophistication of other fabrics.

This wool panel is the simplest product using the wet felting technique. This is an interesting process in which the wool is compacted in a certain way in order to make felt. The drawing on such a panel can be anything: it all depends on the skill of the needlewoman.

If you want to take a single-colored piece of fabric and paint a certain picture on it, then keep in mind that it is not as easy as it seems. It is worth practicing on a draft, and then move on to the fabric that you plan to use on the panel.

From beads

In this version of the panel, all or part of its elements are made of beads. To begin with, the elements themselves are made, and then they are fixed on the base and, if desired, are framed.

Of thread and nails

This is far from new, but a very interesting way to make a panel with your own hands! Minimalism in the choice of materials reigns here, but this panel does not become insipid and boring, but, on the contrary, attracts admiring glances.

The whole point is that carnations are hammered onto a solid base. This can be done chaotically, or it can be done according to a certain scheme, which can be successfully found on the Internet. Threads are pulled between the nails in several layers. Thanks to this, a kind of drawing is created.

From buttons

Ideal for beginners! Buttons can be used to decorate a panel made of fabric or paper, or you can create a product made entirely of buttons. This will require

• PVA glue;
• Buttons;
• The foundation.

Execution order:

1. Draw on the basis of a sketch: where the buttons will be located and what pattern they should all depict together.
2. Glue the buttons with PVA glue to the base.

The design can be any: inscriptions, abstraction, flora and fauna, and others.

Mirror panel

A modern panel created from pieces of mirrors. Complex versions of it can only be made by specialists, and simple ones are even very accessible for independent work. The mirror panel will become additional lighting in the room.

Necessary materials:

• Mirror tiles;
• Liquid Nails;
• Base with wooden slats, if you plan to stick mirrors not directly on the wall.

The principle of operation is clear: we combine various mirror pieces and attach them in the right order to a wall or other base on liquid nails.

They are usually made in an abstract style from a variety of wood species. Very beneficial in classic interior wooden panels with inlaid semi-precious stones look.

Dry flowers and leaves

Great for kids' creativity. We decide on the plot of the future work, and then on a solid base (cardboard, fiberboard) with the help of glue we glue the dried flowers and leaves (juniper branches, tree leaves - any flora will do). Grains, seeds and twigs will be an excellent addition.

Groats and seeds

A sketch of the future painting is applied to a solid, already painted base. Then, cereals and seeds are attached to the base with PVA glue. Large grains need to be glued each individually, and small scattering, for example, rice, should be poured onto the glue already applied to the base.

We all love our home and are constantly trying to decorate it with something. Do-it-yourself decor is especially held in high esteem. After all, how nice it is to sit in the long evenings and translate your endless ideas into reality, and then exhibit the work in the most honorable place in the house! One of these decorations is beautiful wall murals. Let's take a closer look at how to make, where to hang and much more.

What is a panel? How do they decorate the room?

Painting or a fragment of plaster sculpture can be located inside the panel. Nowadays, a mural is characterized as a painting that can even decorate the ceiling. By creating a panel on the wall with your own hands, you can throw out the accumulated ideas into it. Only original imagination will help create a real masterpiece. In addition, the panel is a welcome gift. You can present it for housewarming or birthday. With the help of the panel it is really possible to hide the flaws or flaws in the design of the room. The painting will help cover up the spots that appear on the wall. Many people consider this an unnecessary object in the interior, but removing it, you will understand that the room without this decor has become empty and dull.

Any panel on the wall, made with your own hands, gives exactly that important finishing touch and chic to the interior. Recently, products from several parts are considered fashionable decor. They can be originally placed in the room. But the variety of types of panels does not end there. We are just starting to learn the most interesting things with you.

Types of panels on the wall

Having decided to add a drop of uniqueness and freshness to the interior, many people resort to this fashion accessory like a decorative panel on the wall. It can be hung in any room. The main thing is not to forget that this element is chosen for a specific theme of the room. Let us analyze in more detail which panel is suitable for different rooms:

1. Children's. This is the most cheerful room in every home. Here, from morning to evening, ringing laughter is heard. Such an atmosphere should be supported by bright and rich colors, which means that appropriate panels are needed. They can depict heroes of your favorite cartoons or fairy tales. Do not forget that the children's room is not only a play area, but also a sleep area. Therefore, views of wildlife are welcomed on the panel. LED painting has become a relevant know-how. It easily combines such a useful function as a night light.
2. Bathroom. Here, when choosing a panel or materials for its manufacture, it is worth giving preference to waterproof ones. So in such a room it is better to create a panel with your own hands from ceramic tiles or mosaics. Of course, the decor should be combined with the overall interior.
3. Kitchen. This room is divided into zones where food is prepared and consumed. So if you decide to hang a panel in the food preparation area, then it should be well cleaned. The dining area can be decorated with items made from plates or themed murals.

The varieties are not limited to this. They can be:

1. IN antique style... Such panels are chosen for the interior, in which they want to bring an atmosphere of culture and romance.
2. Oriental style. The most popular are now the images of cherry blossoms and a winter garden. Such panels will emphasize the lightness and sophistication of the interior.
3. High-tech style. Such panels, as a rule, depict views of large cities in the daytime or at night.
4. Versatile style. Such panels on the wall, made with your own hands, can be included in the concept of any interior and add zest to it.

You can combine these types with each other. But there is one more nuance. Everyone wants the house to become the most fashionable, and for this, its decoration must be appropriate.

Fashionable panels on the wall

Don't have money for repairs? Want something new? We propose to make a decorative panel on the wall yourself. So, to get started, you need to prepare the necessary inventory:

The materials for the manufacture are simple. They can be found in every home workshop. Now let's go directly to work:

1. We take the cord. It is necessary to twist a tight circle from it. To do this, it is necessary to fold the rope without gaps.
2. So that our circle does not disintegrate, we lubricate each new level with a layer of hot melt glue.
3. If glue is visible somewhere on the workpiece, melt it with a heat gun.
4. We take the cord larger diameter and begin to glue it in the same way.
5. From the canvas of the fabric, select the desired and interesting fragment of the drawing.
6. With the help of a compass, we make a circle and cut out our picture.
7. Glue a fragment of the picture to the workpiece.
8. We glue the outline of the picture with a cord of a larger diameter.
9. The circle needs to be decorated with the same details, only of a smaller diameter.

As planned, you need to make several such paintings. The drawings on each should be different from each other. Then we hang it on the wall in the form of a rectangular, square or round composition. Our panel on the wall is ready. The photo of the work will delight you and your guests.

New trend

Recently, they began to make panels from decorative plaster... This is a bright and unique decor that is usually placed on separate wall, and best of all, in a niche. There you can supplement the panel with illumination, which will emphasize the beauty and create the desired mood. Such elements can be used to decorate columns or ledges in a room. Decorative plaster is considered the most versatile material for creativity. You can make whatever your heart desires from it. These volumetric wall panels can be integrated into any interior.

Decorative plaster panel

So, if you want to make a decorative plaster panel on the wall with your own hands, think over every little thing. These include the location. After all, for a long time the decor will be in front of your eyes. The panel shouldn't annoy you. So, in order to save money Money we suggest making your own panel on the wall. The master class will help with this. For creativity you will need:

1. Wooden slats.
2. Paint.
3. Miter box.
4. Assembly adhesive.
5. Primer.
6. Putty knife.
7. Decorative plaster.
8. Stencil with drawings.
9. Patina effect tinting.
10. Sponge.

We proceed directly to the manufacture of our panels:

1. You need to take wooden slats and use a miter box to make angles of 45 degrees each.
2. Reiki should be painted with paint that will fit the overall interior.
3. We glue them to the wall using assembly glue.
4. The inside of our rectangle needs to be primed.
5. The next step is to apply decorative plaster. You can make any texture you like.
6. We take the desired stencil with a pattern and transfer it inside the workpiece, using also decorative plaster.
7. To make the drawing somehow different from overall composition by color, you can add color to the putty.
8. Let the plaster dry thoroughly.
9. In order for the panel to have a finished look, it should be tinted. We will do this with a special tinting that has a golden patina effect. We apply it using a sponge.

And now the panel on the wall is ready. The photo of the sample shows the final result.

If you did not know how to make a panel on the wall, then in this master class you will easily learn. But do not forget that there are other materials for making panels.

Panel on the wall made of wood

To make wooden panels on the wall, you need to have the skills of carving on this material. If you know how to work with wood yourself, you can make various types of carving, but the most popular options are the manufacture of geometric shapes and openwork patterns. Each work will have no analogues, and for this many people prefer to pay large sums. There are still no less interesting stuff for the manufacture of panels.

My light, mirror, tell me ...

Since ancient times, the mirror has been considered a mystical object. He was hidden from prying eyes. Many believed that this is a kind of portal through which various beings get to us. Today the situation has changed radically. Mirrors have become the trendiest and most elegant room decorations these days. So, for example, many people fell in love with a mirror panel on the wall. It consists of tiles different shapes, which are glued to a special solution. Such panels help small rooms to visually enlarge.

The décor can include mirror tiles in different finishes and shapes. This panel is allowed to decorate the hallway, living room or bedroom. Mirror decoration will help to add a certain zest to the interior, which you will surely appreciate. The tiles can be made according to the individual dimensions of the customer. Further work is yours and your imagination. Do you want to decorate your interior with a mirror? Choose a wall panel. Photo original decoration presented below.

With the original shape of the tiles, you can create an amazing atmosphere in the apartment. But even on this, the mirror panel on the wall never ceases to amaze. Today's technologies offer colored mirrors for decoration. They can be bronze or gray. There is also a choice of a colorless mirror. You can choose any material for the production of panels. One of these is gypsum.

Frozen image

Gypsum is no less interesting material for making various panels on the wall. With it, you can make amazing volumetric compositions. For the manufacture of this kind of jewelry, the casting method is used. This way you can make interesting things of various shapes. Ordinary leaves from trees or shrubs will do, as well as any toys or utensils. Then it all depends on your imagination. You can easily make a gypsum panel on the wall with your own hands.

Handmade

Handicraft will always be appreciated. Sometimes it is difficult for a stranger to explain what you want to get from the panel. Therefore, many people begin to independently master the technique of making wall decor. So, in order to start creating, you should first decide what you want to see on the panel. Oriental motives are in fashion now. We suggest you familiarize yourself with the manufacture of one such option.

Oriental panels

To make a piece of jewelry, you first need to prepare the following materials:

1. Wooden planks of the same size.
2. A brush.
3. Paint of any shade to your taste.
4. Acrylic lacquer.
5. Stencil depicting oriental drawings.

Now we proceed directly to the production itself:

1. Boards need to be varnished and dried well
2. We put the boards together. Apply a stencil with a pattern on top.
3. We cover with paint. For better view it is preferable to apply it in two layers.
4. It is worth drying the boards well.
5. Then we cover them with transparent varnish.

And you can hang the finished panel on the wall. Also perfect for a gift to friends or loved ones.

Do not forget that the panel can be made from the most unexpected materials at hand. At the next master class, we will consider such a product.

Panel on the wall from scrap materials

Such panels can be made from multi-colored pieces of fabric, ropes, threads, glass, mosaics. The main thing is that the product is combined with your interior.

So, we need:

1. A regular photo frame.
2. PVA glue.
3. Basic material according to your taste.

Getting started:

1. The frame can be purchased in the store or made by yourself. If you make it yourself, it is better to make it from strong wood or cardboard.
2. The material for decoration can be buttons, coins, cereals, beads or shells.
3. You can arrange the material in any order. It is also allowed to alternate and use several types at the same time.
4. It is better to use PVA glue to fix the parts. It adheres well to surfaces.

How to make a panel of flowers with your own hands

For our example, consider real dried leaves and wildflowers. To make jewelry, you need to prepare a base. It can be made from different material any shade. Then glue flowers and leaves on top. This panel can be hung in the kitchen or living room. You can also use crocheted flowers made by yourself. In this case, multi-colored threads are used. Everything else depends only on your imagination.

Don't overlook the last fashion trends in the field of home decoration.

Triptych in the interior

Recently, many people choose panels to decorate their homes. The most popular are textile paintings. Such a decoration is easy to make yourself. To do this, you need to prepare three stretchers. They can differ from each other in size. Next, you need to choose a colored fabric. Its pattern should match between the stretchers. We cover them with material. And the next panel on the wall was made by hand.

We have analyzed different types of wall murals. Everyone can easily make them. The main thing is to arm yourself with material and imagination convenient for you. Everything else will surely follow. We wish you patience and perseverance in this matter. Create and decorate your home!

The creation of a panel can fill not only the house with beautiful designer things, but also life with bright colors. This hobby is suitable for everyone, without exception, so be sure to take note of it.

The ability to draw is not given to everyone, but there is a very interesting alternative to painting - the creation of a panel. If paints are used for paintings, then almost any materials are suitable for panels, including those of natural origin and waste. Mixing allowed different techniques and components. It is not difficult to master this hobby, because you can choose a technology that is more attractive to yourself and start with the simplest stories that do not require complex actions.

History and modernity panels and interesting facts

The first panels were found in the caves of primitive people - animals and natural phenomena were depicted on stone walls. What it was - a desire to decorate your home, a way to capture what you saw or protection from evil spirits, now historians can only guess about it. Later, panels of stone, mosaics, stucco moldings appeared, Venetian plaster... This type of creativity has become an integral part of cultural development.

Modern panels are made of stone, mosaics, fabrics, leather, glass fragments, paper. Needlewomen use ribbons, beads, and embroidery for their masterpieces. Very unusual materials are also suitable: coffee, cereals, pasta. Do not disdain creative people and waste such as toilet paper rolls and newspapers.

Separately, there are modular panels - compositions created from several elements, representing a single work. Modular panels include decor from mirrors, photo frames, small paintings.

For example, to create a panel on the wall with your own hands, you can take several round mirrors without frames and stick them to the wall with tape or special Velcro for pictures.

The task of the panel is to decorate the interior, but the designers make it work in full force. With the help of wall decor, it is easy to visually expand the space, mask defects and irregularities in the walls, protect wall covering from pollution.

Features of making panels from textiles

Fabric paintings are made according to the principle of applique, using embroidery and patchwork techniques. With the help of patchwork mosaics, admirable pictures are obtained. For creating decorative panel a textile picture is first assembled from the fabric, and then it is placed in a frame.

Fashionable modular paintings can be made from textiles. The easiest option is to place beautiful fabrics with different patterns in the same frames and use them in wall decor. Tapestry, brocade, sewing, burlap are suitable for fabric paintings. In a rustic style, it is better to use simple natural materials- flax, calico, chintz with a cheerful pattern.

Simplest wall decor

Marine motives - decor from stones and shells

Returning from vacation, in addition to rest and sunburn, people tend to bring pebbles and shells with them. This is an excellent material for creating a panel with your own hands. Even if you have not brought anything from the sea or have not traveled anywhere, you can buy all of this at handicraft stores or in construction departments. There is even a ready-made pebble mosaic on a grid.

Materials with nautical theme suitable for bathroom decor. The author's composition can be used to decorate the wall above the bathroom or a free wall opposite the mirror. It is appropriate to supplement the picture with a small mirror symbolizing the smooth surface of the water.

Practical mosaic panels

Mosaic is an ancient art that originated many millennia ago. The oldest mosaic work is about three thousand years old. Ready-made mosaic tiles are suitable for creating a home mosaic panel. It can be ceramic, glass, mirror, metal.

All these materials are not afraid of moisture, which means that you can decorate the wall with their help in the bathroom, in the kitchen, on the terrace or in winter garden... The decor can be of any scale - on the entire wall, above the kitchen working area, or in the form of a miniature composition. Read more about this technique in our other.

What types of needlework are suitable for panels

To create a panel with your own hands, you can use almost all types of needlework. Let's consider the most popular and interesting ones.

Very beautiful and lifelike wall decorations are obtained from artificial fruits and vegetables that can be purchased at decorative and craft stores. Fruit compositions are ideal for the kitchen. For a bedroom, a floral painting made of artificial flowers (ready-made or made by hand) is more suitable.

Also, for volumetric decor, all kinds of objects are used: coffee cups, toy sets of dishes with miniature copies, watches and everything that seems interesting and suitable for reincarnation.

To create a panel on the wall with your own hands, you can use objects that cost almost nothing. For example, plastic spoons, colored plastic plugs from water,.

Master classes and new ideas

If you have become infected with a simple, pleasant and useful hobby, then start creating a panel using ideas and master classes on our website.