Russian navy. The Russian Navy: history, composition, prospects

| Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation | Navy

Military establishment Russian Federation

Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Navy

From the history of creation

In 1695, the young Tsar Peter I made an attempt to seize the fortress of Azov occupied by the Turks. The siege ended in failure, as the garrison of the fortress was greatly assisted and supported by the Turkish fleet that dominated the Sea of ​​Azov.

After analyzing the reasons for the unsuccessful siege in Russia, the Admiralty was established, and on the river. Shipyards were laid down in Voronezh. As a result of the energetic measures taken in 1696. managed to create the first in the history of Russia, a combination of combat and transport ships, the so-called naval military caravan. It consisted of 2 frigates, 23 galleys, 4 fire ships and about 1000 small rowing vessels. In May 1696, a ground army (about 75 thousand people) and a naval military caravan reached Azov and blocked it from land and sea, and on May 20 a detachment of 40 Cossack boats attacked the Turkish squadron. The Turks lost 2 ships and 10 cargo ships. At the same time, the main part of the military caravan took up a position at the mouth of the river. Don and did not allow the Turkish fleet, which had arrived to help the Azov garrison, to approach the coast and land reinforcements for the besieged.

As a result of these actions, on July 19, 1696, Azov surrendered. In connection with these events, 1696 is rightfully considered the year of foundation of the Russian Navy.

Organizational structure of the Navy

• High Command of the Military navy
• Surface forces
• Submarine forces
• Naval aviation
• Coastal troops:
  • Coastal missile and artillery troops
  • Marines

Navy- a type of the Armed Forces, designed to deliver strikes against industrial and economic regions (centers), important military targets of the enemy and defeat his naval forces. The navy is capable of delivering nuclear strikes against enemy ground targets, destroying its ships at sea and at bases, disrupting its ocean and sea communications and defending its own, assisting ground forces in operations, landing amphibious assault forces and repelling enemy amphibious landings, transporting troops, material funds and perform other tasks.

Part Navy includes several types of forces: submarine, surface, naval aviation, coastal troops. It also includes ships and vessels of the auxiliary fleet, special-purpose units and various services. The main types of forces are submarine forces and naval aviation.

Navy is one of the most important foreign policy attributes of the state. It is designed to ensure the security and protection of the interests of the Russian Federation in peacetime and wartime on the ocean and sea borders.

The Navy is capable of delivering nuclear strikes against enemy ground targets, destroying the groupings of its fleet in naval ships and bases, disrupting the ocean and sea communications of the enemy and protecting its maritime transportations, assisting ground forces in operations in continental theaters of military operations, landing amphibious assault forces, participating in repelling enemy landings and perform other tasks.

Today the Navy consists of four fleets: the Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, Baltic and Caspian Flotilla. The priority task of the fleet is to prevent the outbreak of wars and armed conflicts, and in case of aggression, its repulsion, covering the country's facilities, forces and troops from ocean and sea directions, defeating the enemy, creating conditions for preventing hostilities at the earliest possible stage and concluding peace at conditions that meet the interests of the Russian Federation. In addition, the task of the Navy is to conduct peacekeeping operations by decision of the UN Security Council or in accordance with the international allied obligations of the Russian Federation.

To solve the priority task of the Armed Forces and the Navy - to prevent the outbreak of war, the Navy has naval strategic nuclear forces and general-purpose forces. In the event of aggression, they must repel enemy strikes, inflict defeat on the strike groups of his fleet and prevent them from conducting large-scale maritime operations, as well as, in cooperation with other services of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, ensure the creation of necessary conditions for effective conduct defensive operations in continental theaters of operations.

Navy (Navy) consists of the following types of forces (Fig. 1):
• underwater
• surface
• naval aviation
• Marine Corps and Coastal Defense Forces.
• It includes:
  • ships and vessels,
  • parts for special purposes
  • units and subdivisions of the rear.

The main striking force of the Navy is nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and nuclear-powered cruise missiles. These ships are constantly in various regions of the oceans, ready for the immediate use of their strategic weapons.

Nuclear submarines, armed with ship-to-ship cruise missiles, are aimed primarily at fighting large enemy surface ships.

Nuclear torpedo submarines are used to disrupt enemy submarine and surface communications and in the defense system against a submarine threat, as well as to escort missile submarines and surface ships.

The use of diesel submarines (missile and torpedo) is mainly associated with the solution of typical tasks for them in limited areas of the sea.

Equipping submarines with nuclear power and nuclear missile weapons, powerful sonar systems and high-precision navigation weapons, along with comprehensive automation of control processes and the creation of optimal conditions the life of the crew significantly expanded their tactical properties and forms of combat use. Surface forces in modern conditions remain the most important part of the Navy. The creation of ships - carriers of aircraft and helicopters, as well as the transition of a number of classes of ships, as well as submarines, to nuclear power have greatly increased their combat capabilities. Equipping ships with helicopters and aircraft significantly expands their capabilities to detect and defeat enemy submarines. Helicopters create the possibility of successfully solving the problems of relay and communication, target designation, transfer of goods at sea, landing of troops on the coast and rescue of personnel.

Surface ships are the main forces to ensure the exit and deployment of submarines to the areas of hostilities and the return to bases, the transportation and cover of the assault forces. They are assigned the main role in laying minefields, in the fight against mine danger and in protecting their communications.

The traditional task of surface ships is to strike at enemy targets on its territory and to cover their coast from the sea from the enemy's naval forces.

Thus, a complex of important combat missions is assigned to surface ships. They solve these tasks in groups, formations, and formations both independently and in cooperation with other branches of the naval forces (submarines, aviation, marines).

Naval aviation- branch of the Navy. It consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal.

Strategic and tactical aviation is intended for confrontation with groupings of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as for bombing and missile strikes against enemy coastal targets.

Deck aviation is the main striking force of the aircraft carrier formations of the Navy. Its main combat missions in the armed fight on the sea are the destruction of enemy aircraft in the air, the starting positions of anti-aircraft guided missiles and other means air defense enemy, conducting tactical reconnaissance, etc. When performing combat missions, carrier-based aviation actively interacts with tactical aviation.

Naval aviation helicopters are effective remedy target designation of the ship's missile weapons when destroying submarines and repelling attacks from low-flying aircraft and enemy anti-ship missiles. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they are a powerful means of fire support for the landing of the Marine Corps and the destruction of enemy missile and artillery boats.

Marines- a branch of the Navy, intended for combat operations as part of amphibious assault forces (independently or jointly with the Ground Forces), as well as for the defense of the coast (naval bases, ports).

Combat operations of the marines are carried out, as a rule, with the support of aviation and artillery fire from ships. In turn, the marines use in combat all types of weapons characteristic of motorized rifle troops, while applying landing tactics specific to them.

Coastal Defense Troops, as a branch of the naval forces, they are designed to protect the naval forces basing points, ports, important coastal areas, islands, straits and narrows from attacks by enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their weapons is coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (water area protection). Coastal fortifications are being created on the coast to ensure the defense by forces of troops.

Rear units and subdivisions are intended for logistics support of the forces and combat operations of the Navy. They ensure the satisfaction of the material, transport, household and other needs of the naval formations and formations in order to maintain them in combat readiness to fulfill the assigned tasks.

The fleet has always been the pride of our state - both during the times of the Russian Empire, and the USSR, and in modern times. We know that our sea, ocean spaces, coastlines are reliably protected. We invite you to talk about what the Russian fleet is like today. We will learn about its tasks, structure, prospects, command.

Russian fleet

This is what is called now, in the days of the Russian Federation, the successor to the USSR Navy, the Russian Empire Navy, the naval forces of our country. It has been leading its modern history since January 1992. The Navy is subordinate to the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

The main headquarters of the Russian fleet is located in the Northern capital - St. Petersburg. The acting admiral is Vladimir Korolev. In 2016, 148 thousand people served in the ranks of the Navy.

During its short history, the Russian fleet managed to take part in a number of military operations:

• The first and second Chechen wars.
• The 2008 armed conflict in South Ossetia.
• Fight against Somali pirates.
• Participation in the Syrian military operation.

Day of the Russian Navy is the last Sunday in July. This is a professional holiday for those who stand guard over the sea and coastlines, and for all those who have linked their lives with the preparation of ships, and members of the families of sailors, and workers, employees of naval enterprises, and dear veterans of the Navy.

Purposes of the Russian Navy

In its activities, the Russian fleet pursues the following goals:

Combinations of the Navy

The Russian fleet is represented by the following components - see the table.

We continue to disassemble the system of the Russian fleet.

Structure of the Russian Navy

The naval forces of the Russian Federation are a system of operational and strategic formations. Let's take a brief look at them.

Surface forces. This structure has the following tasks:

• Protection of sea communications.
• Mine resistance (including laying minefields).
• Covering and transporting troops.
• Assistance to the submarine forces: ensuring the exit and deployment of the latter, as well as their return to base.

Submarine forces. The main objectives are reconnaissance activities, as well as delivering surprise strikes against continental and naval targets. Their basis is nuclear submarines, which are equipped with cruise and ballistic missiles.

Naval aviation. It is represented by two groups - shore and deck. The main tasks are as follows:

Naval coastal troops. Consist of two divisions - the Marine Corps and the Coastal Defense Forces. They have two main tasks:

• Participation in combat operations as part of air, sea, airborne assault forces.
• Defense of facilities on the coast - ports, coastal facilities, basing systems.

Other divisions. The Russian navy also includes:

• Subdivisions and units of the rear.
• Special parts.
• Hydrographic Service. It belongs to the Main Directorate of Oceanography and Navigation of the Russian Ministry of Defense.

Command

Let's get acquainted with the command of the Navy:

Modernity and prospects

The Russian Navy reached its peak of power in 1985. Then it included 1561 ships. The fleet took the second place in the world (after the USA). In the two thousandth, its gradual weakening began. As a result, in 2010 the Russian fleet owned only 136 warships.

In 2011, the former commander V.P.Komoedov noted with bitterness that the superiority of one Turkish fleet over domestic is estimated at 4.7 times. And the combined forces of NATO are 20 times stronger. The main tasks of the fleet were only the protection of the coast and the fight against maritime terrorism.

But in our time, Russia has already resumed its naval presence in the world's oceans. In 2014, the National Center for Defense Management of the Russian Federation was founded. The objectives of its activities are as follows:

In 2013, the Operational Command of the permanent Mediterranean unit of the Russian Navy (Mediterranean squadron) was created.

As for the development prospects, for these purposes, according to the State Armaments Program until 2020, it is planned to allocate about 4.5 trillion rubles for the Navy. Active funding has already started in 2015. One of the main tasks is to increase the number of warships in the Navy by 70%.

The fleet of the Russian Federation is still the pride of our Fatherland. Today he is going through difficult times - he is in the stage of revival, striving for his former power.

THE MILITARY-MARINE FLEET (Navy), a branch of the armed forces (AF), designed to solve strategic and operational tasks in the ocean and sea theater of operations; in a number of states - naval forces (Navy). In terms of its combat capabilities, the modern Navy is capable of delivering nuclear strikes against important enemy ground targets, destroying the forces of its fleet at sea and at bases, disrupting (disrupting) ocean and sea transportation, gaining dominance in sea (ocean) regions, and assisting ground forces (ground forces) in carrying out operations in the continental theater of operations, to defend their own sea (ocean) shipments, to land amphibious assault forces. The Navy conducts operations and wages hostilities independently or in conjunction with other types of the Armed Forces. The main properties of the Navy: high mobility, great autonomy, the ability to operate in any areas of the World Ocean, constant combat readiness and high combat stability of its submarine forces and aircraft carrier groups.

The development of the fleet began in ancient times. V Ancient egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and China were originally built merchant ships, and later military rowing ships. In the Greek navy in the 5th century BC, the main class of the warship was the Triere. The most common types of ships in the Roman fleet in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC were the trireme (the same as the trière) and the penteres (a large ship with 5 rows of oars). In the 1st century BC in Rome, along with these types of ships, liburns appeared - small ships with single-row placement of oars and greater maneuverability. The main methods of armed struggle at sea were ramming and boarding. Later, throwing machines - ballistae and catapults, installed in the bow of the ship and firing stones and incendiary shells, began to be used as weapons. In the 7th century AD, the Venetians, based on the Roman liburna, created an improved type of rowing ship - the galley, which gradually replaced other types of rowing ships and by the end of the Middle Ages became the main warship. In the 10-12 centuries, sailing ships appeared in a number of Mediterranean countries, as well as the Anglo-Saxons, Normans and Danes. The transition from rowing to sailing ships was completed by the middle of the 17th century. Artillery becomes the main weapon of sailing ships. In the 16-17 centuries, permanent navies were created in England, France, Spain and Holland. By the beginning of the 18th century, ships, depending on their displacement, the number of guns and the number of crews, began to be divided into classes and ranks. At the same time, the combat organization of the sailing fleet was formed - squadrons appeared. The tactics of conducting a naval battle with sailing fleets was that, having built their ships in a wake column, take an upwind position in relation to the enemy ships and, approaching them, destroy them with the fire of their artillery. If the artillery duel was unsuccessful, the battle ended with a boarding fight.

The creation of a regular Russian military fleet began in 1696, when, by order of Peter I, in order to fight for access to the Azov and Black Seas, the Azov flotilla was built on the Voronezh River. During the Northern War of 1700-21, the Baltic Fleet was created, which propelled Russia into the ranks of the major naval powers. Already at the beginning of its formation, the Russian fleet won its first victory over the Swedish fleet in Gangutsk naval battle 1714 and later wrote many heroic pages in Russian history.

In the second half of the 18th century, the development of industry, science and technology made it possible to significantly improve the design of ship hulls, their sailing and artillery armament. The displacement of battleships increased from 1 to 4 thousand tons, the number of guns increased to 135, naval artillery was improved (bronze guns were replaced with cast iron ones, the rate of fire increased to 1 shot in 3 minutes, the firing range - from 300 to 600 m). The sailing fleet has reached its summit.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the first steam warships appeared. After the Crimean War of 1853-56, all states switched to the construction of steam armored ships. The transition to the construction of a steam fleet coincided with the introduction of naval rifled artillery, which had a greater range and accuracy of fire. The appearance in the 1870s of mines and then torpedoes led to the creation of minelayers and destroyers. Rapid technological progress has led to the creation of three main types of ships in the navy: squadron battleships for artillery combat; cruisers for patrol service, reconnaissance and destruction of merchant ships; destroyers to end the battle with a mine and torpedo attack of damaged ships. The growing role of the Navy at the end of the 19th century (the theory of "sea power", founders - American Rear Admiral AT Mahan and British Vice Admiral F.H. Colomb) was associated with the active colonial policy of the leading countries of the world.

After the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, battleships appeared in the fleets, which became a decisive force in the armed struggle at sea. They were constantly being improved: the number of artillery barrels of the main caliber increased, its range and rate of fire (up to 2 shots per minute), armor, and travel speed. In connection with technical improvement, the role of sea ​​battle torpedo weapons, and instead of destroyers, destroyers, equipped with artillery and torpedo weapons, appeared in the fleets. For reconnaissance, fighting enemy destroyers and operations on sea lanes, light cruisers were built in many states. The improvement of internal combustion engines, electric motors, batteries and periscopes created the preconditions at the beginning of the 20th century for the construction of submarines (submarines), which in most states were originally intended to combat enemy surface ships in coastal waters and reconnaissance. In a number of states, the construction of seaplanes began.

In World War I, hundreds of surface ships and submarines took part in battles at sea, and at its last stage - and aircraft. Battleships were used extremely limited due to the sharply increased mine risk, threats from submarines and other military assets. Light cruisers have found widespread use, their displacement by the end of the war increased to 8 thousand tons, and the speed - to 30 knots (55.5 km / h) and more. Destroyers, which became the most numerous in the fleets of the warring states, proved to be universal ships; their displacement was increased to 2 thousand tons, speed - up to 38 knots (70 km / h). Mine layers were further developed. Special types of minesweepers appeared: squadron (high-speed), base and minesweeper boats. Submarines began to play an important role in combat operations at sea, which took shape as an independent branch of the Navy, capable of successfully solving not only tactical, but also operational tasks. During World War I, aircraft carriers, patrol ships, and torpedo boats appeared. For the first time, naval aviation began to be used, whose aircraft carried out reconnaissance, bombed ships and naval bases, and adjusted the fire of naval artillery. Torpedoes became the weapon of naval aircraft along with bombs. The navy began to turn into a type of the Armed Forces, uniting formations and units of surface ships, submarines, aviation and marines, with the dominant role of surface ships.

In the period between the 1st and 2nd world wars, preference was given to the construction of battleships. Ships of other classes - aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, etc. - were intended to support the operations of battleships. In 1937-38 Great Britain, Japan and the USA switched to serial construction of aircraft carriers. Cruisers, destroyers, submarines, and torpedo boats were intensively built. The fleets included bomber, mine-torpedo, reconnaissance and fighter aircraft. The ships were equipped with improved artillery and torpedo weapons, proximity mines, new anti-submarine weapons appeared, radar and sonar were used.

During World War II, the scope of military operations at sea increased significantly. During the war, battleships ceded the role of the main strike force to aircraft carriers. Naval aviation (deck-based and land-based) was intensively developed. The role of submarines increased, which were used mainly to combat surface ships. To combat enemy submarines, aviation, submarines and mine weapons were used. Air defense ships began to be used as part of the fleets. The war confirmed the conclusion that the goals of armed struggle at sea are being achieved by the combined efforts of the diverse forces of the fleet.

In the post-war period, in the construction of the navies of many foreign countries, and above all the United States, the main efforts were directed at the creation of nuclear submarines armed with ballistic missiles, as well as aircraft carriers. There has been a qualitative renewal of the fleet of aircraft of the Navy. Surface ships began to be equipped with anti-ship, anti-submarine and anti-aircraft missiles, and nuclear submarines - with strategic missiles. The saturation of ships and aircraft of the naval aviation with various electronic means has sharply increased. Anti-submarine and landing helicopter carriers, ships and hydrofoils appeared, on air cushion and etc.

In Russia, after 1917, the Navy was created and developed as an integral part of the Armed Forces of the RSFSR (since 1924 - the USSR). The decree on the creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet (RKKF) was adopted by SNK 29.1 (11.2). 1918. During the years of the Civil War of 1917-22, over 30 sea, lake and river military flotillas were formed in the RKKF, mainly from the ships of the Baltic Fleet. Most of the ships of the Black Sea Fleet, in connection with the threat of their capture by the German invaders, were sunk in the Novorossiysk region on 6/18/1918, some of the ships went to the Sea of ​​Azov and formed the core of the Azov military flotilla. The ships operating on the side of the White movement were taken to Tunisia in November 1920. After the end of the Civil War, only a few ships remained from the Russian Imperial Navy, which required repair.

In 1926, the first Soviet military shipbuilding program was adopted. By 1929, a significant part of the ships was repaired, the destroyers were modernized, partly the battleships, and naval bases were restored. In 1929-40, due to the construction of new ships, the Baltic and Black Sea fleets were strengthened, the Pacific (1935) and Northern (1937) fleets were created. For the direct leadership of the Navy, the People's Commissariat of the USSR Navy was formed (December 1937). At the same time, the People's Commissariat of the USSR Shipbuilding Industry was separated from the People's Commissariat of the USSR's Defense Industry. In 1938, a program for the construction of a large sea and ocean fleet was adopted. At the same time, new forms and methods of warfare at sea, directions of development of naval forces were actively studied. To the beginning of the Great Patriotic War the USSR Navy included about 1,000 warships of various classes (including 3 battleships, 8 cruisers, 54 destroyers and leaders, 212 submarines, 22 patrol ships, 80 minesweepers, 287 torpedo boats), over 2,500 naval aircraft and 260 coastal artillery batteries. The system of basing the naval forces has been significantly improved.

During the Great Patriotic War, the USSR Navy fought to destroy the enemy's fleet, disrupted its sea communications, guarded its sea, lake and river transportations, and assisted the coastal groupings of Soviet troops in defensive and offensive operations. The Northern Fleet, together with the Allied Navy (Great Britain, USA), provided communications linking the northern ports of the USSR with the ports of these states, and conducted active operations on the enemy's sea communications. To ensure the safety of the movement of ships in the Arctic, and in particular along the Northern Sea Route, the White Sea military flotilla was created. In 1942, the Northern Fleet was entrusted with the defense of the Sredny and Rybachy peninsulas. The Baltic Fleet took part in the defense of Liepaja, Tallinn, the Moonsund Islands, the Hanko Peninsula, the Oranienbaum bridgehead, the islands of the Vyborg Bay and north coast Lake Ladoga, and also played an important role in the heroic defense of Leningrad. The Black Sea Fleet together with the Ground Forces defended Odessa, Sevastopol, Kerch, Novorossiysk, participated in the defense of the North Caucasus. On high-water rivers and lakes, river and lake flotillas were used together with the ground forces to create defensive lines: Pinskaya, Chudskaya, Ladoga, Onezhskaya, Volzhskaya, a detachment of ships on Lake Ilmen. From the Azov military flotilla detachments of ships were allocated for operations on the Don and Kuban rivers. The Ladoga military flotilla provided communications across Lake Ladoga (Road of Life) with the besieged Leningrad. The sailors of the Volga military flotilla made a great contribution to the defense of Stalingrad and to the provision of important national economic transportations along the Volga. In 1943, the Dnieper military flotilla was recreated, and in 1944 - the Danube military flotilla. Ships of the Dnieper flotilla, relocated to the Oder basin, took part in the 1945 Berlin operation. The Danube Flotilla took part in the liberation of Belgrade, Budapest and Vienna. The Pacific Fleet and the Amur Military Flotilla in August - September 1945 took part in the defeat of the Japanese Kwantung Army, the liberation of Korea, Manchuria, South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. The navy sent about 500 thousand sailors and officers to land fronts... Military sailors fought near Odessa, Sevastopol, Moscow, Leningrad. During the war years, the Soviet Navy conducted over 100 naval operational and tactical amphibious operations. For military merits in the Great Patriotic War, 78 ships were awarded the guards rank, about 80 formations and units were awarded honorary titles, over 240 ships, units and various formations of the Navy received state awards. More than 350 thousand sailors were awarded orders and medals, over 500 people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 7 of them twice.

In the post-war period, the USSR Navy developed taking into account the experience of the Great Patriotic War on the basis of the achievements of science and technology. Diesel and nuclear submarines for various purposes, missile ships and boats, anti-submarine ships, capable of successfully fighting modern submarines, were created. The naval aviation received jet aircraft capable of carrying missiles over long distances and hitting ships of various classes, and was replenished with anti-submarine aircraft and helicopters. The Navy entered service with missile systems. The Marines received the military equipment necessary for the landing of amphibious assault forces on the unequipped coast.

The Russian Navy is the successor to the Russian Navy and the USSR Navy, designed to ensure military security from sea and ocean areas, to protect the interests of the Russian Federation and its allies in the World Ocean by military methods, and to maintain military-political stability. In addition, the Navy creates and maintains conditions for ensuring the safety of the Russian Federation's maritime activities in the World Ocean.

The Navy of the Russian Federation consists of naval strategic nuclear forces and general naval forces (troops). Includes: submarine forces, surface forces of the fleet, naval aviation and air defense, coastal forces, which are branches of forces (troops) of the Navy, as well as special forces (reconnaissance, communications, radio engineering, electronic warfare, naval engineering, ship repair, hydrographic, etc.) and rear. Coastal troops, in turn, are divided into types of troops: marines, coastal missile and artillery troops and coastal defense troops. Organizationally, the Navy includes the Baltic, Northern, Pacific and Black Sea fleets, as well as the Caspian Naval Flotilla and formations, units, and institutions of central subordination. The main striking force of the Navy is strategic missile submarine cruisers, multipurpose nuclear submarines and naval missile-carrying aircraft.

The navies of the United States, Great Britain, France and China include: strategic nuclear forces (nuclear missile submarines) and general-purpose forces (aircraft carriers, battleships, multipurpose submarines, escort ships, fire support ships, various landing ships, etc.), as well as aviation Navy and Marine Corps. The navies of Italy, Germany, Canada, Turkey, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands and other NATO member countries, as well as Sweden, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, the Arab Republic of Egypt, India, Israel, Pakistan, Japan, etc. include diesel submarines, surface ships, naval aviation, marines and auxiliary vessels (for more details, see the articles about these states).

Lit .: Combat chronicle of the Russian fleet. Chronicle of the most important events in the military history of the Russian fleet from the 9th century to 1917, M., 1948; Gorshkov S. G. Sea power of the state. 2nd ed. M., 1979; The combat path of the Soviet Navy. 4th ed. M., 1988; Vyunenko N.P., Makeev B.N., Skugarev V.D. Navy: role, development prospects, use. M., 1988; Armed forces of the main capitalist states. M., 1988; Firsov I.I.Peter's creation: To the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet. M., 1992; Berezovsky N.Yu., Berezhnoy S.S., Nikolaeva 3.V. Combat chronicle of the Navy, 1917-1941. M., 1992; Military encyclopedia. M., 1994. T. 2; Gribovsky V. Yu., Razdolgin A. A. History of the Russian fleet. SPb., 1996; Russian science - to the Navy. M., 1997; Kostev G.G. The country's Navy, 1945-1995: Ups and downs. SPb., 1999.

The Navy of the Russian Federation is one of the three branches of the Armed Forces of our state. Its main task is the armed protection of state interests in the naval and oceanic theaters of military operations. The Russian fleet is obliged to protect the sovereignty of the state outside its land territory (territorial waters, rights in a sovereign economic zone).

The Russian Navy is considered the successor to the Soviet naval forces, which, in turn, were created on the basis of the Russian Imperial Navy. The history of the Russian Navy is very rich, it has more than three hundred years, during which time it has come a long and glorious combat path: the enemy has more than once lowered a battle flag in front of Russian ships.

In terms of its composition and number of ships, the Russian Navy is considered one of the strongest in the world: in the global ranking it ranks second after the American Navy.

The Russian Navy includes one of the components of the nuclear triad: nuclear submarine missile carriers capable of carrying intercontinental ballistic missiles. The current Russian fleet is inferior in power to the Soviet Navy, many ships in service today were built in the Soviet period, so they are outdated both morally and physically. However, in last years active construction of new ships is underway and the fleet is annually replenished with new pennants. According to the State Armaments Program, by 2020 about 4.5 trillion rubles will be spent on updating the Russian Navy.

The stern flag of Russian warships and the flag of the Russian naval forces is the St. Andrew's flag. It was formally approved by presidential decree on July 21, 1992.

Day of the Russian Navy is celebrated on the last Sunday in July. This tradition was established by a decision of the Soviet government in 1939.

Currently, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy is Admiral Vladimir Ivanovich Korolev, and his first deputy (chief of the General Staff) is Vice Admiral Andrei Olgertovich Volozhinsky.

Goals and objectives of the Russian Navy

Why does Russia need a military fleet? American Vice Admiral Alfred Mahen, one of the largest naval theorists, wrote at the end of the 19th century that the navy influences politics by the very fact of its existence. And it's hard to disagree with him. For several centuries, the borders of the British Empire were secured by the sides of its ships.

The oceans are not only an inexhaustible source of resources, but also the world's most important transport artery. Therefore, the value of the IUD in modern world It is hard to overestimate: a country with warships can project armed force anywhere in the oceans. The ground forces of any country, as a rule, are limited to their own territory. In the modern world, maritime communications play an essential role. Warships can effectively operate on the enemy's communications, cutting him off from the supply of raw materials and reinforcements.

The modern fleet is distinguished by high mobility and autonomy: ship groups are capable of staying in remote areas of the ocean for months. The mobility of naval groupings makes it difficult to strike, including with the use of weapons of mass destruction.

The modern navy has an impressive arsenal of weapons that can be used not only against enemy ships, but also for striking ground targets located hundreds of kilometers from the coastline.

As a geopolitical tool, naval forces are highly flexible. The Navy is able to respond to a crisis situation in a very short time.

One more hallmark The navy as a global military and political instrument is its versatility. Here are just a few of the tasks that the navy is capable of:

• demonstration military force and the flag;
• combat duty;
• protection of their own sea communications and protection of the coast;
• conducting peacekeeping and anti-piracy operations;
• conducting humanitarian missions;
• the transfer of troops and their supply;
• the conduct of conventional and nuclear war at sea;
• ensuring strategic nuclear deterrence;
• participation in strategic missile defense;
• landing operations and combat operations on land.

Sailors can be very effective on land. The most obvious example is the US Navy, which has long become the most powerful and versatile tool of the American foreign policy... To conduct large-scale ground operations on land, the fleet needs a powerful air and ground component, as well as a developed logistic infrastructure capable of supplying expeditionary forces at a distance of thousands of kilometers from its borders.

Russian sailors have repeatedly had to take part in land operations, which, as a rule, took place on their native land and were of a defensive nature. As an example, we can cite the participation of military sailors in the battles of the Great Patriotic War, as well as the first and second Chechen campaigns in which the Marine Corps fought.

The Russian fleet performs many tasks and in Peaceful time... Combat ships ensure the safety of economic activities in the World Ocean, monitor the attack ship groupings of potential enemies, and cover the patrol areas of potential adversaries' submarines. Ships of the Russian Navy are involved in the protection of the state border, sailors can be attracted to eliminate the consequences man-made disasters and natural disasters.

Composition of the Russian Navy

As of 2014, the Russian fleet included fifty nuclear submarines. Of these, fourteen are strategic missile submarines, twenty-eight submarines with missile or torpedo armament, and eight submarines have a special purpose. In addition, the fleet includes twenty diesel-electric submarines.

The ship structure of the surface fleet includes: one heavy aircraft carrier (aircraft carrier), three nuclear missile cruisers, three missile cruisers, six destroyers, three corvettes, eleven large anti-submarine ships, twenty-eight small anti-submarine ships. Also, the Russian Navy includes: seven patrol ships, eight small missile ships, four small artillery ships, twenty-eight missile boats, more than fifty minesweepers of various types, six artillery boats, nineteen large landing ships, two amphibious assault ships, more than two dozens of landing boats.

History of the Russian Navy

Kievan Rus already in the 9th century possessed a fleet, which allowed it to conduct successful sea voyages to Constantinople. However, these forces can hardly be called a regular Navy, the ships were built immediately before the campaigns, their main task was not battles at sea, but the delivery of ground forces to their destination.

Then there were centuries of feudal fragmentation, invasions of foreign conquerors, overcoming internal turmoil - moreover, the Moscow principality had no access to the sea for a long time. The only exception was Novgorod, which had access to the Baltic and conducted successful international trade, being a member of the Hanseatic League, and even made sea voyages.

The first warships in Russia began to be built during the time of Ivan the Terrible, but then the Moscow principality plunged into the Troubles, and the navy was again forgotten for a long time. The battleships were used during the war with Sweden in 1656-1658, during this campaign the first documented Russian victory at sea was won.

Emperor Peter the Great is considered the creator of the regular Russian navy. It was he who defined Russia's access to the sea as a paramount strategic task and began the construction of warships at a shipyard on the Voronezh River. And already during the Azov campaign, Russian battleships for the first time took part in a massive naval battle. This event can be called the birth of the regular Black Sea Fleet. A few years later, the first Russian warships appeared in the Baltic. The new Russian capital, St. Petersburg, became the main naval base of the Baltic Fleet of the Russian Empire for a long time.

After Peter's death, the situation in domestic shipbuilding worsened significantly: new ships were practically not laid down, and the old ones gradually fell into disrepair.

The situation became critical in the second half of the 18th century, during the reign of Empress Catherine II. At this time, Russia pursued an active foreign policy and was one of the key political players in Europe. The Russian-Turkish wars, which lasted with short interruptions for almost half a century, forced the Russian leadership to devote to the development of the military fleet Special attention.

During this period, Russian sailors managed to win several glorious victories over the Turks, a large Russian squadron made the first long voyage to the Mediterranean Sea from the Baltic, the empire conquered vast lands in the northern Black Sea region. The most famous Russian naval commander of that period was Admiral Ushakov, who commanded the Black Sea Fleet.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian fleet was the third in the world in terms of the number of ships and weapon power after Great Britain and France. Russian sailors made several round-the-world voyages, made a significant contribution to the study of the Far East, Russian naval sailors Bellingshausen and Lazarev in 1820 discovered the sixth continent - Antarctica.

The most important event in the history of the Russian fleet was the Crimean War of 1853-1856. Due to a number of diplomatic and political miscalculations, Russia had to fight against an entire coalition, which included Great Britain, France, Turkey and the Kingdom of Sardinia. The main battles of this war took place in the Black Sea theater of operations.

The war began with a brilliant victory over Turkey in the naval battle of Sinop. The Russian fleet under the leadership of Nakhimov utterly defeated the enemy. However, in the future, this campaign was unsuccessful for Russia. The British and French had a more advanced fleet, they were seriously ahead of Russia in the construction of steam ships, and they had modern small arms. Despite the heroism and excellent training of Russian sailors and soldiers, after a long siege, Sevastopol fell. According to the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty, Russia was henceforth prohibited from having a Black Sea navy.

Defeat in Crimean war led to the intensification of the construction in Russia of steam-powered warships: battleships and monitors.

The creation of a new steam armored fleet continued actively in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. To bridge the gap with the world's leading maritime powers, the Russian government purchased new ships abroad.

The most important milestone in the history of the Russian fleet was the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905. The two strongest powers in the Pacific region, Russia and Japan, have entered the fray for control of Korea and Manchuria.

The war began with a surprise attack by the Japanese on the harbor of Port Arthur, the largest base of the Russian Pacific fleet. On the same day, superior forces of Japanese ships in the port of Chemulpo sank the cruiser Varyag and the gunboat Koreets.

After several battles lost by the Russian ground forces, Port Arthur fell, and the ships in its harbor were sunk by enemy artillery fire or by their own crews.

The second Pacific squadron, assembled from the ships of the Baltic and Black Sea fleets, which went to the aid of Port Arthur, suffered a crushing defeat near the Japanese island of Tsushima.

The defeat in the Russo-Japanese War was a real disaster for the Russian fleet. He lost a large number of pennants, many experienced sailors were killed. Only by the beginning of the First World War, these losses were partially compensated. In 1906, the first submarines appeared in the Russian fleet. In the same year, the Main Naval Headquarters was established.

During the First World War, the main enemy of Russia in the Baltic Sea was Germany, and in the Black Sea theater of operations - the Ottoman Empire. In the Baltic, the Russian fleet followed defensive tactics, since the German fleet was superior both quantitatively and qualitatively. Mine weapons were actively used.

Since 1915, the Black Sea Fleet has almost completely controlled the Black Sea.

The revolution and the Civil War that broke out after it became a real disaster for the Russian fleet. The Black Sea Fleet was partially captured by the Germans, some of its ships were transferred to the Ukrainian People's Republic, then they fell into the hands of the Entente. Some of the ships were sunk by order of the Bolsheviks. Foreign powers occupied the North Sea, Black Sea and Pacific coastlines.

After the Bolsheviks came to power, the gradual restoration of the naval forces began. In 1938 appeared separate species armed forces - the Navy of the USSR. Before the outbreak of World War II, he was a very impressive force. There were especially many submarines of various modifications in its composition.

The first months of the war were a real disaster for the Soviet Navy. Several key military bases (Tallinn, Hanko) were abandoned. The evacuation of warships from the Hanko naval base led to heavy losses due to enemy mines. The main battles of the Great Patriotic War took place on land, so the USSR Navy sent more than 400 thousand sailors to the ground forces.

After the end of the war, a period of confrontation began between the Soviet Union with its satellites and the NATO bloc led by the United States. At this time, the USSR Navy reached the peak of its power, both in the number of ships and in their quality characteristics. A huge amount of resources were allocated for the construction of a nuclear submarine fleet, four aircraft carriers were built, a large number of cruisers, destroyers and missile frigates (96 units at the end of the 80s), more than a hundred landing ships and boats. The ship composition of the USSR Navy in the mid-80s consisted of 1,380 warships and a large number of auxiliary vessels.

The collapse of the Soviet Union led to disastrous consequences. The USSR Navy was divided between the Soviet republics (although most of the shipbuilding went to Russia), due to underfunding, most of the projects were frozen, some of the shipbuilding enterprises remained abroad. In 2010, the Russian Navy included only 136 warships.

The structure of the Russian Navy

The Russian navy includes the following forces:

• surface;
• underwater;
• naval aviation;
• coastal troops.

Naval aviation consists of coastal, carrier-based, tactical and strategic.

Combinations of the Russian Navy

The naval forces of Russia consist of four operational-strategic formations:

• Baltic Fleet of the Russian Navy, its headquarters is in Kaliningrad
• Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy, its headquarters is located in Severomorsk
• The Black Sea Fleet, headquartered in Sevastopol, belongs to the Southern Military District
• The Caspian Flotilla of the Russian Navy, headquartered in Astrakhan, is part of the Southern Military District.
• The Pacific Fleet, headquartered in Vladivostok, is part of the Eastern Military District.

The Northern and Pacific fleets are the strongest in the Russian Navy. It is here that the submarines carrying strategic nuclear weapons are based, as well as all surface and submarines with a nuclear power plant.

The only Russian aircraft carrier, Admiral Kuznetsov, is based in the Northern Fleet. If new aircraft carriers are built for the Russian fleet, then, most likely, they will also be deployed in the Northern Fleet. This fleet is part of the Joint Strategic Command North.

Currently, the Russian leadership pays a lot of attention to the Arctic. This region is controversial, moreover, a huge amount of minerals has been explored in this region. Probably, in the coming years, it is the Arctic that will become a "bone of contention" for the world's largest states.

The Northern Fleet includes:

• TAKR "Admiral Kuznetsov" (project 1143 "Krechet")
• two nuclear-powered missile cruisers of project 1144.2 "Orlan" "Admiral Nakhimov" and "Peter the Great", which is the flagship of the Northern Fleet
• missile cruiser Marshal Ustinov (project Atlant)
• four BODs of Project 1155 "Fregat" and one BOD of Project 1155.1.
• two destroyers of project 956 "Sarych"
• nine small warships, sea minesweepers different projects, landing and artillery boats
• four large landing ships of project 775.

The main force of the Northern Fleet is submarines. These include:

• Ten nuclear submarines armed with intercontinental ballistic missiles (projects 941 "Akula", 667BDRM "Dolphin", 995 "Borey")
• Four nuclear submarines armed with cruise missiles (projects 885 "Ash" and 949A "Antey")
• Fourteen nuclear submarines with torpedo armament (projects 971 "Shchuka-B", 945 "Barracuda", 945A "Condor", 671RTMK "Shchuka")
• Eight diesel submarines (projects 877 "Halibut" and 677 "Lada"). In addition, there are seven nuclear deep-sea stations and an experimental submarine.

Also, the Federation Council includes naval aviation, coastal defense troops and marine units.

In 2007, the construction of the Arctic Trefoil military base began on the Franz Josef Land archipelago. Ships of the Northern Fleet take part in the Syrian operation as part of the Mediterranean squadron of the Russian fleet.

Pacific Fleet. This fleet is armed with nuclear powered submarines armed with missiles and torpedoes with a nuclear warhead. This fleet is divided into two groups: one based in Primorye, and the other on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The Pacific Fleet includes:

• Missile cruiser "Varyag" project 1164 "Atlant".
• Three BODs of Project 1155.
• One destroyer of project 956 "Sarych".
• Four small missile ships of Project 12341 Ovod-1.
• Eight Project 1124 Albatross small anti-submarine ships.
• Torpedo and anti-sabotage boats.
• Minesweepers.
• Three large landing ships of project 775 and 1171
• Landing boats.

The submarine forces of the Pacific Fleet include:

• Five submarine missile carriers armed with strategic intercontinental ballistic missiles (Project 667BDR Kalmar and 955 Borey).
• Three Project 949A Antey nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines.
• One Project 971 Shchuka-B multipurpose submarine.
• Six diesel submarines of Project 877 "Halibut".

The Pacific Fleet also includes naval aviation, coastal troops and marine units.

Black Sea Fleet. One of the oldest fleets in Russia with a long and glorious history. However, due to geographical reasons, its strategic role is not so great. This fleet took part in the international anti-piracy campaign in the Gulf of Aden, in the war with Georgia in 2008, and currently its ships and personnel are involved in the Syrian campaign.

Construction of new surface and submarine vessels for the Black Sea Fleet is underway.

This operational-strategic formation of the Russian Navy includes:

• Project 1164 Atlant missile cruiser Moskva, which is the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet
• One BOD project 1134-B "Berkut-B" "Kerch"
• Five patrol ships of the far sea zone of different projects
• Eight large landing ships of projects 1171 "Tapir" and 775. They are united in the 197th brigade of landing ships
• Five diesel submarines (projects 877 "Halibut" and 636.3 "Varshavyanka"

  The Black Sea Fleet also includes naval aviation, coastal troops and marines.

  Baltic Fleet. After the collapse of the USSR, the Baltic Fleet found itself in a very difficult situation: a significant part of its bases ended up on the territory of foreign states. Currently, the Baltic Fleet is based in the Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions. Because of geographic location the strategic importance of the BF is also limited. The Baltic Fleet includes the following ships:

  • Destroyer of project 956 "Sarych" "Persistent", which is the flagship of the Baltic Fleet.
  • Two patrol ships of the far sea zone of project 11540 "Yastreb". In Russian literature, they are often called frigates.
  • Four patrol ships of the near sea zone of the project 20380 "Guarding", which in the literature are sometimes called corvettes.
  • Ten small rocket ships (project 1234.1).
  • Four large landing ships of the project 775.
  • Two Project 12322 Zubr small amphibious assault ships.
  • A large number of landing and missile boats.

  The Baltic Fleet is armed with two Project 877 Halibut diesel submarines.

  Caspian flotilla. The Caspian Sea is an inland body of water that washed the shores of two countries - Iran and the USSR during the Soviet period. After 1991, several independent states appeared in this region at once, and the situation became seriously complicated. Caspian international water area contract between Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan, signed on August 12, 2018 defines as a zone free from NATO influence.

  The Caspian Flotilla of the Russian Federation includes:

  • Project 11661 "Gepard" patrol ships of the near sea zone (2 units).
  • Eight small ships of different designs.
  • Landing boats.
  • Artillery and anti-sabotage boats.
  • Minesweepers.

  Prospects for the development of the Navy

  The navy is a very expensive branch of the armed forces, therefore, after the collapse of the USSR, almost all programs related to the construction of new ships were frozen.

  The situation began to improve only in the second half of the 2000s. According to the State Arms Program, the Russian Navy will receive about 4.5 trillion rubles by 2020. The plans of Russian shipbuilders are to release up to ten strategic nuclear missile carriers of project 995 and the same number of multipurpose submarines of project 885. In addition, the construction of diesel-electric submarines of projects 63.63 "Varshavyanka" and 677 "Lada" will continue. In total, it is planned to build up to twenty submarines.

  The Navy plans to purchase eight Project 22350 frigates, six Project 11356 frigates, more than thirty corvettes of several projects (some of which are still being developed). In addition, it is planned to build new missile boats, large and small landing ships, minesweepers.

  A new destroyer with a nuclear power plant is being developed. The Navy is interested in buying six such ships. They are planning to equip them with anti-missile defense systems.

  A lot of controversy is the question of the future fate of the Russian aircraft carrier fleet. Do you need it? "Admiral Kuznetsov" clearly does not match modern requirements, and from the very beginning this project was not the most successful.

  In total, by 2020, the Russian Navy plans to receive 54 new surface ships and 24 submarines with nuclear power plants, a large number of old ships must undergo modernization. The fleet should receive new missile systems that will be able to fire the latest Caliber and Onyx missiles. These complexes are planned to equip missile cruisers (project "Orlan"), submarines of projects "Antey", "Shchuka-B" and "Halibut".

  If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

The Naval Forces are a specific type of the Armed Forces that guard the interests of Russia. They are ready to defend their homeland in oceanic and naval theaters of military operations. The Navy is ready to interact with the Ground Forces during possible continental wars.

Navy flag

Since 1992, the fleet has returned to itself the historical flag of the Russian Navy, thereby continuing the interrupted tradition. Under it, as before, the sailors perform the responsible tasks of maintaining the country's defense capability.

Peacetime tasks of the fleet

In peacetime, the potential of the fleet serves to deter the possible aggression of a potential enemy against the Russian Federation. Continuous training and combat work is in progress. It would seem that the time is peaceful, but somewhere on their routes, missile-carrying submarines (RPLSN) are continuously on alert. In strategically important areas, search, observation and escort of RPLSN, aircraft carrier groups of a potential enemy is carried out. Opposition to his intelligence and communications is being carried out. A preliminary survey of areas of possible hostilities is being carried out.

The Russian Navy is ready to protect the coast, to act together with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and internal troops in the event of civil conflicts, and in the elimination of the consequences of disasters - to work together with the Ministry of Emergency Situations and civil defense.

It is obvious that it is the Naval Forces that represent the best guarantee for the implementation of national economic activities in the World Ocean. They represent the Russian Federation on endless expanses of water, perform representative functions at the direction of the command by visiting ships. The Russian Navy also fulfills its interstate obligations by participating in peacekeeping operations ratified by the world community, provided they are in line with the country's interests.

The tasks of the fleet in wartime

In wartime, the fleet is ready to actively defend the sovereignty of the state in the space of the exclusive zone, as well as on the continental shelf. In addition, he should also, in the event of military threats, carry out a specific "naval mission" - to defend the freedom of the high seas. To perform the above tasks at the time specified by the standards of combat work, it is transferred to a state of war through operational deployment. If it is possible to localize the conflict or prevent it, protecting shipping, this function is of paramount importance.

In the active phase of hostilities, the Russian Navy's fleet must strike remote enemy ground targets, ensure the combat mode of operation of the RPLSN, strike at underwater and surface naval forces, enemy coastal defenses, defend the Russian coast, and interact with ground front-line groupings of troops.

Fleet composition

The command of the navy is carried out by the Main Command of the Navy. This refers to the control of its functional forces and assets: surface and submarine, naval aviation, coastal troops, coastal artillery-missile, marines.

Organizationally, the Russian Navy consists of the following operational and strategic formations: the Baltic, Northern, Pacific, Black Sea fleets, as well as the Caspian flotilla.

Northern Fleet

The naval bases are Severomorsk and Severodvinsk. It is called oceanic, nuclear, missile-carrying. The basis of combat power is nuclear missile and torpedo submarines, missile and submarine aircraft, submarine aircraft, missile ships, as well as an aircraft carrier - the flagship of the fleet, the nuclear-powered heavy missile cruiser Peter the Great. At the same time, this mighty warship is the flagship of the Russian Navy.

The length of this missile cruiser is 251.1 m, the width is 28.5 m, the height from the level of its main plane is 59 m, and the displacement is 23.7 thousand tons. Two nuclear reactors serve as the mighty "heart" of the giant. The navigation autonomy of the Russian flagship is determined by the supply of food for the crew on board, which is enough for about 2 months. Technically, thanks to its reactors, the cruiser can sail indefinitely - without entering the port. The maximum speed of the ship is 31 knots.

The Northern Fleet is the most formidable operational-strategic formation The warships that make up its power are regularly assigned combat training missions for combat training. For example, the flagship of the fleet crosses the Atlantic Ocean with accompanying ships approximately once every 18 months, and has taken part in the international exercises Vostok-2010 and Indra-2009.

Baltic Fleet

Near the "window to Europe" it is on duty Its composition (ships) is now being intensively modernized and updated. The process is taking place against the background of the buildup of the military power of the NATO countries in Europe. The Baltic Fleet is planned to be strengthened by new Project 11 356 frigates with eight anti-ship cruise missiles and anti-submarine rocket torpedoes on board.

This operational-strategic formation is based in the Kaliningrad region (Baltiysk) and in the Leningrad region (Kronstadt). Functionally, it protects the Baltic economic zone, contributes to the safety of the passage of ships, and performs the functions of foreign policy. This is the oldest Russian fleet. Its history began with the victory over the Swedish ships on May 18, 1703. Now 2 - "Restless" and "Persistent" - form the basis of the combat power of the Baltic Russian Navy.

Its combat potential is formed by a brigade of diesel submarines, a division of surface ships, auxiliary ship formations, coastal troops, and naval aviation. The flagship is the destroyer "Persistent". This year, the ship navigation systems (hydrometeorological complexes, cartographic systems, hydro-course indicators, etc.) are being updated, and the Baltiysk harbor is planned to be modernized.

Black Sea Fleet

After entering Russian empire Crimea, in 1783, under Empress Catherine the Great, this fleet was created. Today he is based in the cities of Sevastopol and Novorossiysk. Since 18.03.2014, the main base of the Black Sea Fleet - the city of Sevastopol - became part of Russia.

25 thousand people are n / a from the Black Sea Navy of Russia. It consists of the following forces and means: diesel-type submarines, surface ships of the "ocean-sea" type, naval aviation (fighter, missile-carrying, anti-submarine). The main tasks of this fleet are the protection of the Black Sea economic zone and the provision of navigation. The flagship of the fleet is the missile cruiser Moskva.

At the current time, military observers report the formation of the Black Sea naval coastal troops and artillery with supporting radio-technical military units equipped with the S-300PM2 and Pantsir-S1 air defense systems. It is expected that the naval aviation of the fleet will be reinforced with MiG-29 and Su-27SM aircraft, and Su-25SM attack aircraft. It is also supposed to reinforce anti-submarine aviation by additional recruiting of parts with Il-38N aircraft, Ka-52K attack helicopters and Ka-29M and Ka-27 carrier-based helicopters.

According to the press, a regiment of Tu-22M3 bombers will be deployed at the Gvardeyskoye airfield. They will be able to tactically support the ships of the Russian Navy of the Mediterranean squadron. In parallel, the formation of land military units of the peninsula is taking place.

Pacific fleet

This Russian fleet ensures the protection of Russia's interests in the Asia-Pacific region. He is based in Vladivostok, in Fokino, in Maly Ulysses. The basis of combat power is made up of strategic missile submarines, nuclear and diesel submarines, ocean surface ships, naval aviation (fighter, missile, anti-submarine), coastal troops. The flagship of the fleet is the Varyag missile cruiser.

This fleet is fulfilling an important strategic task of nuclear deterrence. Nuclear submarines are constantly on alert routes. Pacific ships of the Russian Navy provide guaranteed protection of the regional economic zone.

Caspian flotilla

The Caspian Flotilla is based in Makhachkala and Kaspiysk. The region of this sea is its area of ​​responsibility. Organizationally, the flotilla is a component of the Southern Military District. It is formed by brigades and divisions of surface ships. The flagship of the flotilla is the Gepard patrol ship equipped with Kalibr-NK cruise missiles. It has been tasked with countering terrorism, safe navigation, and protecting Russia's state interests in the oil-producing region.

Ships of the Russian Navy

At first glance, it is difficult for a non-specialist to even imagine the ship composition of the Russian Navy, but nevertheless, as it turned out, this information is freely available. This allows you to “embrace the immensity”: in a convenient compact form, present the summary data on the fleets of the power occupying 1/5 of the land (see Table 1). Let us comment on the abbreviation allowed in the table: the fleets in it are indicated in capital letters for compactness.

Table 1. The ship composition of the Russian Navy as of the beginning of 2014.

Prospects for the development of the Russian Navy

Let us analyze the prospects for the development of the fleet, based on an interview given by the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, Admiral Viktor Viktorovich Chirkov.

The very logic of the Navy's development as a complex, integral organism, the admiral believes, does not accept hasty decisions.

Therefore, its development is planned as a strategic process until 2050. The goal of further progress is associated with increasing the effectiveness of the enemy's nuclear deterrence.

The plan provides that the Russian Navy will receive the latest ships in 3 stages:

• from 2012 to 2020;
• from 2021 to 2030;
• from 2031 to 2050.

At the first stage, the construction of IV generation nuclear submarine cruisers will be completed. The main carrier of ballistic weapons will be Project 955A RPLSN.

The second stage will be marked by the replacement of the existing RPLSN with their IV generation counterparts. It is also planned to create a strategic missile system for surface ships. At the same time, the development of fifth generation nuclear submarine cruisers will begin.

At the third stage, it is planned to launch the construction of the tested nuclear cruisers of the V generation.

In addition to a fundamental increase in the potential characteristics of the Russian Navy, the newest ships - strategic submarine cruisers and RPLSN - will be characterized by increased stealth, low noise, perfect communication, and the use of robotics.

The tasks facing the coastal troops

Let's remind that earlier we have already named the main bases of the Russian Navy for all its fleets. However, the planned development of the fleet for the period up to 2050, of course, will also affect the coast guard. What accents does Commander-in-Chief Chirkov see in him? Considering the bases of the Russian Navy in the process of their further strategic development, Viktor Viktorovich stakes on completing the creation of coastal missile systems, training and equipping the marines to perform tasks in the North.

Conclusion

Although the basis of the organizational structure of the Russian Navy will not change (4 fleets and 1 flotilla), a heterogeneous highly maneuverable strike force will be created within their framework. In the spirit of their creation, the successful development of unmanned vehicles, artificial intelligence systems, marine robotic systems, and non-lethal weapons continues.

Summing up the review of the Russian fleet, special attention should be paid to the prospect of its renewal by ships of the IV, and then of the V generation. At the same time, after the implementation of the plan, the basis of the power of the Navy will be formed by nuclear submarine cruisers of the 5th generation. A fundamental increase in combat power will be accompanied by an improvement in command and control systems, and the integration of naval forces into interspecific groupings of troops in possible theaters of combat.

At the end of our humble presentation of the Russian Navy - a photo of its atomic flagship, the missile cruiser Peter the Great.