General requirements of fire safety rules in forests. Fire safety in the forest
Each of us knows that the forest is the most the best place For a full rest. Of course, the forest manites with its beauty of numerous vacationers, mushrooms, hunters and tourists who for the most part are responsible people. However, according to the figures of statistics more than 95% of all annual forest fires It is precisely because of a person. Not a single hike, no trip to the forest do not do without being divorced a fire. At the same time, some tourists simply forget that it is not always easy to manage fire, and causing a fire in the forest, he becomes already a real disaster, as it will destroy everyone and everything that happens on the way. Therefore, there is a direct need to know and comply with the rules of fire safety in the forest.
However, unable to abandon the forest and their main services must necessarily deal with fire in forest ecosystems and learn how to manage this phenomenon, ranging from its roots, or knowledge and management of forests, forests and other forest lands in the dynamics of evolution and interaction with rural spaces. Only in this way we can soften the consequences of a new generation of fires.
Compared to the past, the phenomenon of fires changes, since the forest environment and its interaction with climate and society have new connotations. In addition, as soon as the territory was cultivated and controlled capillary. Today, the forest changes and disappears. It decreases in the world and returns to take abandoned spaces in our country. Trees grow rapidly and grow in the forest, in rural and mountainous areas, around cities, in interstitial spaces, from the forest. The result of the refusal of agricultural and cattle breeding areas, the Italian forests spontaneously expand about 000 hectares per year, which leads to pre-forest formations and the forest newly formed, especially inclined to be covered by fires.
Compliance with the rules of fire safety in the forest
Having decided to go on holiday in the forest, it is necessary to go through the procedure for registration in the forestry, which is what the site where you want to go through. There you will get acquainted with those routes that are allowed to move tourists. Also, you will be instructed for compliance with fire safety measures, you will tell you about imminent strict responsibility for non-compliance with these rules.
As a result, if the fires change, we must change the management strategies and the regime of this phenomenon. The forest fire government passes through the understanding of the numerous physical, biological and socio-economic aspects and their complex interactions. However, simplified, based on emotions of interpretation, which do not help effectively solve the problem are proposed. For example, it is usually argued that most of the forest fires is difficult. There are other reasons for committing a crime, however, the allowance is much more limited than it is considered.
If bonfires are allowed in the forest, the places for this will be separately indicated by forestry workers. And any retreat from these places will be direct violation of the law of the Russian Federation about. Large cash fines in this case can not be avoided, and even if no fire happened.
At the same time, on the place where the fire will be divorced, the top layer of the jar should be removed, it is also necessary to remove dry grass, foliage and branches. As a result, the fire must be located in the center of the peeled round, with a diameter of at least two meters. Observing the rules of fire safety in the forest, you should choose a place for the fire so that you would not be closer than 4 meters from it there would be trees, roots or stumps. And over the bone itself, in no case should there be a hanging branches.
The most common cause of fires is not thirst, but ignorance, neglect, negligence or imperfection of citizens who need to be informed and accountable. Even the effects of fire on the environment are dramatized. After passing the fire, the link is still done on the "lost" surfaces, and not on the "surface", incorrectly receiving irreversible damage everywhere and anyway! The fire is sometimes very damaging, others - no. This is due to the transformation of extensive forest arrays with sudden restitution in the atmosphere of large, limited and local greenhouse gases, which do not have negative consequences for services provided by the forest.
It should not arrange fires on the stones, since the fire can set fire to the humus and foliage, which is between the stones, as a result, the fire will spread on very winding forward and extinguish it extremely difficult.
At the same time, any, even correctly equipped a place for the fire, does not imply breeding on it of huge fires, sparks and split heads of which can fly by significantly distance. And it is not possible to cope with such a flame, even with a small breeze.
These examples show that the problem should not be difficult, and this leads to incorrect types of management. Today, the only strategy, at least in Italy, is mainly based on the extinction of fire. This strategy provides a fire structure capable of carrying out numerous actions in an extensive territory. Nevertheless, fires have high variability from one year to the following, depending on the various predisposing and defining conditions, and first of all from weather variability.
Readers will notice that in a few years fires are one of the hot topics lit in the newspapers in the summer, but for a long time they do not say about it, and we forget about the problem. In those years, when fires were sporadic, most of the fire structure remains unused, unused and "waiting" to the next difficult period with very high costs to preserve its performance and efficiency. In addition, the technically strategy of the fire attack is mainly based on the fight using water.
The pad prepared for the fire must be duct (approximately on the bayonet depth), or lay stones to exclude fire from the crude area.
Under no circumstances to leave a fire without constant and proper supervision. And after you are going to leave the parking lot, the fire should be poured with water, then fall asleep wet ground and thoroughly thoroughly.
For transportation and use of water ground vehicles Used to work on the edge of the forest, and for penetration inside - is mainly used in the air. These funds have very high costs and even using complex technologies that they cannot counteract numerous outbreaks in adverse meteorological conditions, increasingly aggravated by extreme climatic conditions. See what happens in July of this year.
One strategy is one not wise. Only a strategy based on extinction neglects a fundamental aspect, that is, the characteristics of vegetation that predispose to large fires. Setting the expectation of extinction does not allow to protect the stand outside the tree. A preventive approach, however, enters the forest and is actively promoting the actions of "prophylactic forestry" to reduce the continuity and flammability of vegetation at critical points, which allows the extinction of safer and efficient operation.
Fire safety in the forest and measures providing it
A set of fire safety activities in forests consists of four main areas of work.
Direction number 1. Practical fire safety measures
The truth about forest fires is that it serves to manage forests in accordance with their ecology and services that they provide communities and the community, in order to reduce the easiest flammable biomass and, thus, creating a flame less quick, intense and as much as possible. Serious. Knowing how to correctly evaluate the potential intensity and seriousness in the forest, indispensable for the development and implementation of the right precipitation measures. Sometimes preference is given to traditional interventions, such as growth of less flammable species and more stable, large and more distant trees.
These measures are made of measures to prevent the emergence of fires, continuously controlling the risk of fires in the forests, writing and complying with plans for forest fires, other security measures.
Direction number 2. Forest Compliance Tracking
All fire safety measures are carried out according to the forest plan, which is developed by each subject of the Russian Federation, and is consistent with the rules of reference of forestry and forest parks.
However, these interventions go hand in hand with such limiting factors as complex accessibility, which is reflected in the construction and cost of forest arrays. These limits are most obvious in the forests of non-formation, often in marginal areas that are not serviced by roads. Therefore, new prevention methods should be provided. Summer fire, passing through a zone treated with fire, will find less fuel and will have more low speed, intensity and flame length and will have less chances to cause a burning fire that has the strongest impact on the forest.
Direction number 3. Fire safety rules and measures
Developing special security rules in the forests and basic measures to comply with their observance, change and are drawn up in binding to the target status of forest areas. This direction Work is within the competence of the Russian government.
Direction number 4. Systematic preparation of forest classifier for their fire danger
Results are encouraging. In addition, the design and implementation of the necessary fire is useful to prepare firefighters, which helps to organize more efficient and effective system The struggle that works on the territory, even when the fires are silent. For these reasons, we hope for the rapid spread of this technique of prevention.
However, fire management does not stop on prevention and extinction, but also concerns the prediction of the danger before the emergence of a fire and reconstruction after a fire. Even in these cases, the decision is based on the knowledge of forests. In fact, to predict the danger, it is necessary to understand how factors ambient And, above all, the meteorological model affects flammability and vegetable state of vegetation. However, to replenish the forest covered by the fire, it is necessary to understand the ecological dynamics of the forest and accompany them with the relevant measures of forestry.
Drawing up a specialized classifier of forests, according to their fire dangeris carried out on the basis of a combination of factors such as the time of year, weather conditions and others. Regulated only at the level of specially authorized federal bodies.
As already noted at the beginning of the article, almost all forest fires are associated with the improper human activity.
Events after fires should be aimed at forest with greater resistance and resilience and ensure that no other events occur in subsequent years. Therefore, forecasting, prevention, disappearance and recovery should be integrated and based on knowledge in the field of forestry and forestry ecology, ensuring the conditions for forest and rural space to be less affordable and more vulnerable to fire. Their approach should take into account environmental performance, given that many small fires with low intensity flames do not cause significant damage.
One of the main causes of forest fires is the burning of grass, which in the forest applies to large areas, and can provoke the burning of peatlands. Such fires lead to the strongest smoke of large areas, and the Gar and the caustic smell spread to many tens of kilometers.
Separately, it should be noted that the forest fire can cause not only not an extinguished fire or abandoned lit match. Become a source of fire may be forgotten or broken in the forest glass bottlewhich begins to work as a lens under the hot rays of the summer sun.
And vice versa, little intense, heavy and large fires have serious consequences. Therefore, proper planning will have to determine areas where large fires may arise, and determine the most appropriate measures for predicting, preventing, controlling and mitigating adverse effects.
Everything changes in the forest sector. When devastating internal and mountainous areas, it corresponds to some cases of real dismantling of some technical services and at the central level, the institutional transition lasts long, increasing the risk of loss of valuable capabilities.
The reasons for the spread of fires in the forest zone is also a specific climate or abnormal weather conditions. In wet and cheese climates, forest fires - an extremely rare phenomenon. In the arid areas - fires are usually case. In the sultry periods, the number of fires also begins to increase.
A much more rare cause of forest fires is lightning.
Fire management in Italy should change and no longer be based on extinction. This innovation has become necessary thanks to the new environmental scenarios. Avoid emotional choice and alarms during major fires. Instead, it is necessary to integrate extinction with forestry and territorial planning, ecological education, oriented primarily on schools, and prevention with forestry, which is necessary to improve the welfare and quality of life.
Forest disorders in climate change. Compliance of the EurAsEC Customs Union - documents issued by independent organizations. These subjects fulfill their duties as the owners of a laboratory accredited in government agencies on standardization and metrological oversight in three countries included in the Union: Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan.
Summarizing the foregoing about the causes of fires, it can be concluded that the main causes of forest fires are:
- Abundant flammable layer (foliage, humid, dry branches, etc.);
- Sufficiently dry climate and abnormally hot weather;
- The presence of an open source of fire (campfire glowing coals, abandoned burning match, etc.).
Responsibilities of citizens located in the forest
According to current legislation, citizens should not only carry out a number of rules related to fire safetybut also strictly fulfill their direct duties:
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The message must contain the following parameters. Fires of various scale and character, unfortunately, are part of our everyday life. Flooded by non-industrial human or destructive nature of nature, this is a fact that we cannot close your eyes. We should not forget that "evil" can always appear or put our child into a critical and dangerous situation. That is why it is important that the children traveled to self-preservation, studied to realistically assess the dangers of our environmental and the environment.
- In case of detection of fire in the forest, citizens are obliged to notify the state as soon as possible. organs or local authorities;
- Take all accessible measures to independently flying a forest fire until the firefighters arrive at the fireplace location;
- If necessary, the firefighter should be helped during the extinguishing of a forest fire.
It should also be noted that the stay of citizens in the forest at certain periods of time may be limited or completely prohibited. And in case of violations of fire safety rules, administrative fines for fires in the forest can be superimposed.
The purpose of learning extreme conditions is to familiarize students with typical natural and industrial risks and factors that may arise, to know and be able to protect themselves. Learn about the problems of protecting ecosystems from fires and natural fires.
Know that firefighters and emergency services are one of the main protection forces from natural Disasters, catastrophe and disasters in the Republic of Bulgaria. The purpose of this brochure is to synthesize the knowledge, observations and conclusions of fire and emergency security specialists. Teachers themselves can find the most suitable ways Representations of this material. Training methods are selected by them depending on the objectives and contents of the age of students, the state educational institutions and technical meansas well as features specific situation in the region.
On the rules of behavior in the fire
With a fire quickly out of the house go!
Firemen urgently call you.
And in the house it is impossible to hide
You will not hide from fire, friends.
About cautious handling iron
Iron hot is not a toy,
Iron is more dangerous than gun.
For him attentive to watch
Not that fire is waiting ahead!
Fire safety rules in forests
The overwhelming majority of forest fires arise due to careless appeal of people with fire or violations with them of fire safety requirements when working and leisure in the forest. Statistics argue that in 9 cases out of 10 - the culprit of forest fires is a person.
The overwhelming majority of forest fires occurs from fires, which are laid out for heating, cooking and even just for the sake of balobiness.
Many fires occur due to the fault of smokers who throw unspecified matches and cigares in the forest. Also, forest fires may also occur on other reasons, for example, from glowing rusty dius, discarded from the windows of unspecified cigarettes, from sparks from exhaust pipes of engines, etc. Being in the forest, it must be remembered that the danger of a forest fire is completely realized from a minor source of fire, especially in a dry warm wind time.
Natural factors, as a result of which a forest fire can begin, are dry thunderstorms, self-burning of forest trash, etc.
If you detect sunbathing in the forest or near it, the forest bedding, wiping, winds, stuffing remains, the main task is not to give fire to gain strength and spread. To do this, put fire, carefully inspect the burning place and make sure that there are no burning foci. In cases where the fire independently can not be extended, it is necessary to report a fire into forest protection authorities, to local authorities or the police.
When extinguishing lighting in the forest, the most common way is to overwhelm the fire on the edge of the fire. For overclocking, green branches are used. Effectively throwing the fire edge with a soil, cooling burning materials and air depriving them.
During extinguishing, it is necessary to comply with the rules of fire safety and firmly to know that with rude forest fires, when the crowns of trees are burning, a shepherd of water bodies, large glads, a deciduous forest without coniferous teenager. You should not look for asylum on the roads and bits surrounded by a coniferous forest, especially young with low-omnounced crowns, as well as in the logs that swore.
Due to the fact that most forest fires arise from unspecified fires, it is better not to light them into dry warm and windy weather. But if you still need to be required to observe simple rules. Finding fires should be specifically reserved for this. If there is no place, it can be prepared on sandy and pebble braids along the shores of rivers and lakes, on forest roads, in quarries, on old fires, on lawns and glades covered with green grass. It is necessary around the fire, on the strip of a width of at least 0.5 m, remove everything that can burn and serve as the proliferation of fire. It is desirable that the water is closed near the fire, as well as branches for overclocking the flame in case of the spread of burning.
Should not be able to dry the fire near the trees, because From this they die or, at best, weaken or reduce the increase, populate insect pests. Try not to disperse fires under the crowns of fir wheels, fir, cedar, usually having lowered crowns, as well as in coniferous youngsters, because needle - excellent fuel material. Avoid laying fires near the duplicated trees - they are dangerous in the fireplace. It is unacceptable to dry fires on old cutting, boring, plots of damaged forests, i.e. On squares with lots of dry combustible materials. In these cases, even a small spark is enough to close the campfire, an unnoticed source of lighting. Wood burning by open areas Always very strong. In dry weather and in the wind, burning bumps, leaves, coals are transferred to dozens of meters.
When visiting the forest should be discarded smoking. But if he climbed, it is necessary to know that it is dangerous, especially in coniferous plantings, where little green grass and the day heavily dries past last year's needles, lichens, grass, small twigs and other vegetable opead. Therefore, it is better to smoke in specially rejected places or areas suitable for breeding fires and smoking. It should not smoke in the forest on the go, because There is always a danger of car discarding in the direction of burning matches or cigarette, and as a result of this - a fire that his culprit may not suspect.
Discipline in the forest, conscious behavior and strict adherence to uncomplicated fire safety rules will be a guarantee of forest saving from fires. This is in the interests of each of us.
Leaving in nature, follow the rules of fire safety and remember in the fire hazardous season in the forest is unacceptable:
Use open fire;
Consult a hunt to dust from flammable or smoldering materials;
Leave wipe or impregnated with combustible substances wiping material;
Refuel the fuel tanks of engines, use defective cars, smoke or enjoy open fire near the machines filled with flammable;
Leave bottles or glass fragments, because They are able to work as incendiary lenses;
Slice the grass under the trees, on the forest glades, rogs, as well as stump in the fields, in the forest;
to plant fires in coniferous young, on peatlands, forest-shops, in places with dry grass, under the crowns of trees, as well as on the plots of damaged forest. Observe fire safety rules in the forests!
Several observations for those who got into a thunderstorm:
The wind does not give the correct idea of \u200b\u200bthe direction of the movement of the thunderstorm, thunderstorms often go against the wind;
Thunderstorms can be determined in time between flash lightning and grommet (1 sec. - 300-400 m, 2 sec. - 600-800 m, 3 sec. - 1000 m);
Immediately before the start of the thunderstorm, uround-lights or the wind changes the direction;
Wet clothing and body increases the danger of lightning damage;
It is dangerous to have a camp on convex form of relief;
Preferably in the forest to hide among low trees, in the mountains at 3-8 m from the high "finger" 10-15 m, on open area - in a dry jam, ditch;
Sand and rocky soil safer clay;
Signs increased danger Are: mechanical mechanization, buzzing of metal objects, discharges at acute ends of equipment, "St. Elma" lights on masts of vessels.
In a thunderstorm forbidden:
Take place near lonely trees;
Stop on the edge of the forest;
Go and stop near the reservoirs;
Hide under the rock canopy;
Run and fuss;
Move the dense group;
Be in wet clothes;
Store metal items in a tent.
How to behave at a thunderstorm:
If you got into a thunderstorm, being in large city Among the high-rise buildings, then you have little chance to be amazed zipper, because Most of the houses have thunders that, due to lower resistance, are more attractive lightning objects.
If you are outside the city, then in no case are not hiding the rain under lonely tree. If you still end out on the field with such a tree, then you need to stand up to it or back, in this case, with a possible impact of lightning in the tree, the potential difference between your legs will be minimal.
During thunderstorms, it is dangerous to swim in the river, because Water is a good current conductor. In the situation of the impending thunderstorm, and even more so during it, it is dangerous to walk with long objects under power lines, it usually concerns graphite fishing rods, and direct contact with the wire is not obligatory - the "breakdown" can occur at a distance of 1- 2 m.
In the thunderstorm, it is advisable to get rid of metal objects, there are cases of lightning strikes on a key bundle pocket.
Memo on Fire Safety Rules in the Forest
The forest for a person is the most attractive place to relax. However, a person is far from always properly behaves visiting a welcoming owner. Hence the garbage dumps in the most beautiful places, broken bottles, but the most important thing is to breed fires in a fire hazardous period.
The most dangerous enemy of the forest - fire, in the overwhelming majority of cases, the forest burns through the human fault. A rare exit to the forest costs without a fire. They prepare food, dried things, sign themselves about their location. More than 90% of forest fires occurs near settlements, roads and places of production of various works in the forest. Anthropogenic factor It is the cause of 88-98% of forest fires and about 2-12% accounted for the share of meteorological conditions (a shock of lightning, self-burning in drought).
Going out on nature, manifest accuracy in your actions - take care of the forest from the fire. No supernatural requirements here are not presented. Everything is extremely easy both for understanding and for execution.
Do not divide the fire in the forest, if there is no sharp need.
Remember: under no circumstances can bonfires under the woods, especially coniferous young, on peat soils, as well as in fire hazardous weather. Capacity extinguishing should be very carefully.
Remember! The location for the bonfire is determined and designated only by forest guard workers. The campfire in a unknown place is a serious violation of the rules of fire safety in the forests of the Republic of Belarus and is punished even if the violation did not cause a forest fire.
At the site of the alleged fire or bivouak (resting place) you need to remove the ropes, to cut dry leaves, branches, chevy and dry grass from the fire for a distance of 2-3 m. It is impossible to breed a fire closer than 4 - 6 m from trees, near the pitsy or roots . Above the fire should not hang branches of trees. Do not place bivouake in coniferous youngs, on areas with dry reed, moss, grass and on old cutting. In no case can not be arranged a fire on peatlands. Remember that the glowing peat is very difficult to decay, even pouring water. Unnoticed, can easily turn into a destructive soil fire. Peat can be slowly, but to smoothly smoothly not only on the surface, but also in depth, so the fire may occur even 3-4 days after care. Do not make bivouaks on stone places. The fire of the fire can be lit the forest opead and humus, lying between the stones, and spread over deep and winding moves between the stones.
Remember! Even on a specially reserved area - Bivuaka cannot be breeding overly large bonfires. The fire "to heaven" sparks and shoots, cook on it is extremely uncomfortable, dry clothes are dangerous. Sheaf sparks at the breeze reaches standing nearby Trees, the fire shoots heads for a large distance, a large flame can easily get out of control.
It is recommended to fill the place of fire with a groove or run by stones so that the fire does not "ran" on the forest litter. Do not leave a fire unattended. When careing with Bivuaka, the location of the fire is recommended after injection with water to throw with wet soil and trotting. Even if you did not dilute the fire in the morning, in the evening weakly smooth coals could remain, and there is enough wind, so that the dangerous flames appeared again.
To secure the bonfire, it is necessary:
1. Leaving the halt, thoroughly pour the fire with water. Then rave it, fill it again until it stops to soar.
2. It is necessary to mix the bonfire of the shovel (if you do not have a shovel, you can use the ax, a pointed raw stick, etc.). Do not forget to move all the stones, major heads, burned out the remains of logs - can be coal under them - and pour them additionally with water. Especially take care to pour water the peripheral part of the fire.
3. Felt coals and ashes - they should be cold.
Accidentally broken glass dishes, canned canned banks in a specially dug hole. After care, the place where Bivouake was located, should be clean.
If you discovered a starting fire - for example, a small herbal fell or smoldering forest litter at the bonfire abandoned by someone, try to slight it yourself. Sometimes it is enough just to flood the flame (however, you have to wait and make sure that the grass or the litter is really not smoldering, otherwise the fire may appear again).
If the fire is strong enough, and you can't put it on your own - try as quickly as possible to notify those who should do this. Call B. fire protection (Phone 101) and inform the foundation foundation foundation and how to get there. If the fire in the forest or on a peatman, call the forestry (address and telephone line, it is desirable to learn before the fire hazardous period - it can be found in the district telephone directory or ask in the nearest communication separation).
If you are near a fire in the forest or a peatman, then go to the road, seek or to the river bank; Get out of the zone quickly, perpendicular to the direction of movement of the fire;
coming by open space, breathe air near the Earth - there it is less smashed, the mouth and nose are covered with a cotton-gauze bandage or a wet cloth, handkerchief. If there are no open areas, go out in the area of \u200b\u200bdeciduous forest. Unlike coniferous, it is not ignited immediately and burns weakly; If it is impossible to get away from the fire, enter the water or cover wet clothing; When you are safe, report 101 fire by phone 101.
