Syntactic techniques in artistic speech. Poetic phonetics. Syntactic means

1. 1. This offer is a period:

1. Arrange the punctuation marks with direct speech and determine what example each scheme corresponds.

1. Replace the direct speech of the indirect.

1. Replace indirect speech straight.

1. Correct a punctuation error made when the direct speech is design.

1. Imagine text in the form of a dialogue - you will have a poem of N. Gumileva "Sleep (morning chatter)" (quotes and dashes are not deliberate):

In the troubling camp, in the column of prisoners, in the MGL of evening frosts with translucent chains of lamps - more than once merged into the throat, which would like to shout on the whole world if the world could hear some of us. Then it seemed very clearly: what will say our lucky messenger - and how the world will reflect immediately.
And strikingly for us turned out to be "the whole world" at all, not as we expected, as we hoped: "Not that" living, "not there" going to the marsh, "What a charming lawn!" - on concrete cervical pads: "What a sophisticated necklace!" - And where are the neotiric tears roll in someone, there are others as far as the careless Musicula.
How did it happen? Why did this precipice zinul? Insensitive we were? Is the world insensitive? Or is it from the difference of languages? Why aren't any speech able to hear each other? Words are rejected and drown as water - without taste, without color, odorless. Without a trace.
As I understood it, I changed and changed over the years, the meaning and tone of my possible speech. My today's speech.
(From the Nobel lecture of the Nobel Prize laureate A. I. Solzhenitsyn)

Promotion important information first place is common property newspaper messages. For this, various syntactic structures are used in news texts, rarely found in everyday practice, such as the so-called inverted offers. Instead of the line-to-line grammar proposals, "how reliable sources reported, Libya was attacked by the Military Warm forces of the United States" is given: "Libya was attacked by the military

but the US Air Forces, reliable sources reported "

With the help of grammatical analysis of the use of the language in textacpress, you can understand the general focus of the reports of a particular journalist and the entire newspaper. The syntax of the proposal reflects the distribution of semantic roles of participants of the event: either by the order of words, or by various functional correlation of the elements (subject, object), or the use of active or passive forms. The title "Police kills the demonstrath" the word "police" stands in the first place - the subject of the subject of the subject, which indicates its active role. In the passive design "The demonstrator killed by the police" in the first place of the acting subject is "demonstrant". This indicates that the "police" here is given a smaller role. Finally, the headline "Demonstrant is killed" generally shares the role of "police". At the same time, the title becomes syntactically ambiguous: it can be understood as a description of the event in which the killer was a demonstrant - this or another (after all, with a quick viewing of the text, the role of the usual perception of the subject, which is in the first place as an active subject, i.e. . perceive as a "demonstrant killed"), or at all associate participants in the demo with the murder. The analysis of the syntax of newspaper reports showed that the point is precisely in this: journalists try to use such "lowering" syntactic structures and turnover to cover the negative role of the ruling elite.

In the same way, the direction of television can be expressed by certain video frames, removed with sympathy or to the police, or to its "opponents", that is, to demonstrators, strikers. In studies of the group on the study of mass communication of the University of Glasgow, scientists have been attracted to the hidden, implying messaging of messages and to estimates the use of such words as a "strike" or "unrest". In particular, a serious analysis of the very phenomenon of the "demonstration" and various use of words denoting participants in demonstrations is presented.

The texts of the news consist not of isolated suggestions, therefore, after the development of the admission of words permutation in sentences to manipulate the perception of texts, the study structures of the sequence of proposals have been taken.

It turned out that the procedure for following proposals was influenced by the general understanding of the text. So, if the sequence of proposals wanted to focus on the actions of the demonstration participants, then, accordingly, the word demonstrators are in the first place, the subject of the subject. Further, a passive supply of the type "They is beaten by the police" can follow, and not the proposal of the police beat them "in this way, the journalist's biased point of view is manifested in the complex in the use of certain proposal structures and in the order of these proposals.

Author's punctuation -this postulation of punctuation marks not provided for by punctuation rules. Copyright convey the extension invested in them by the author. Most often, the dash is used as copyright signs, which emphasizes or opposes: Born crawling - can not flyeither especially allocates second after the sign part: Love is the most important thing.Author's exclamation marks serve as a means of expressing a joyful or sorting feeling, mood.

Anaphora,or unity -(Greek.anaphora- Take up). The stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of the same elements at the beginning of each parallel row (verse, stanza, prosaic passage).

Anaphor sound.Repetition of the same combinations of sounds.

Thunderstorm demolished bridges, a coffin with a blurred cemetery.(Pushkin)

Anaphor Morphemnaya.Repetition of the same morpheme or parts of complex words. ... Black-eyed Maiden, Chernogrive Horse!(Lermontov)

Anafora lexical.Repetition of the same words The winds did not blow in vain, the thunderstorm was not in vain.(Yesenin)

Anaphor syntactic.Repetition of the same syntax designs. Whether I go along the streets of noisy, I enter the crowded temple, I sit there formerly you mad, I indulge my dreams.(Pushkin)

Anaphor stanfish(Repetition of the same elements at the beginning of the stanza). See the poem of M. Yu. Lermontov "When the yellowing Niva is worried ...".

Antithesis -stylistic reception, which consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images that creates a sharp contrast effect. It helps better convey, portray contradictions, oppose phenomena. Serves as a way of expressing copyright on the described phenomena, images, etc.

Exclamation particles -the method of expressing an emotional configuration of the author, receiving the creation of emotional pathos text: ABOUT, how beautiful you are, my earth! And how good your fields!

Exclamation proposalsexpress the author's emotional relationship to the described (anger, irony, regret, joy, admiration): Ugly attitude! How can you take care of happiness!Exclamation proposals also express the motivation to action: Saving your soul as a shrine!

Gradation -stylistic figure enclosing in investigative injection or, on the contrary, weakening comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means Artistic speech: For the sake of his child, for the sake of the family, for the sake of mankind - take care of the world!Graduation is ascending (enhancing a sign) and descending (weakening of the trait).

Inversion -(from Lat.InversiO-permutation) - a change in the order of words in the proposal to achieve a certain artistic purpose, for example, to enhance emotional perception. From the mountain runs the stream toast (Tyutchev). itthe reverse order of words in the proposal. With the direct order, the subject is preceded by a fault, the agreed definition is faced with a definable word, inconsistent - after it, the addition after the control word, the circumstance of the image of action - before the verb: Modern youth quickly understood the fart of this truth.And when inversion, the words are in a different order than established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive agent used in emotional, agitated speech: Motherland Favorite, Land My Native, whether you disagree!

Composite joint -this is a repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of a word or words from the previous proposal, usually ending it: I did everything for meMotherland. Motherland i learned, raised, gave a ticket toa life. A life, which I am proud of.

Multi-eyed -rhetorical figure, consisting in the intentional repetition of writing unions for the logical and emotional allocation of the following concepts: AND thunder did not hit and the sky did not hit the landand Rivers did not bloom from such grief!

Parcelation -receive the dismemberment of the phrase on the part or even into separate words. Its goal is to give speech intonation expression by tearing it: The poet suddenly stood. Turned pale.

Repeatconscious use of the same word or a combination of words in order to strengthen the significance of this image, concepts, etc.: Pushkin wassufferers, sufferers in the full sense of the word.

Connecting Constructions -building text in which each subsequent part, continuing the first, basic, separated from it a long pause, which is indicated by the point, sometimes dumeration or dash. This is a means of creating an emotional pathos text: Belorussian station on Victory Day. And the crowd of meeting. And tears. And bitterness loss.

Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations -a special means for creating the emotionality of speech, expressions of the author's position.

Who did not curse the station caretakers, who did not scold with them? Who in a minute of anger did not demand a fatal book from them, in order to enter his useless complaint against the oppression, rudeness and malfunction? Who does not honor their monsters of human kind, equal to the late attiation or at least Murom robber?

What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just witchcraft!

Syntax parallelism -the same construction of several nearby offers. With it, the author strives to highlight, emphasized the thought: Mother is a miracle of earthly. Mother is the word holy.

A combination of short simple and long complex or complicated proposals complicated by a variety of revolutionshelps to transfer a pathos article, an emotional mood of the author.

"Binoculars. Binoculars. Louds want to be closer to Joconde. Consider the pores of her skin, eyelashes. Glare pupils. They seem to feel the breath of Mona Lisa. They, like Vazari, feel that "Jocon's eyes have that shine and that humidity, which are usually visible from a living person ... And in the deepening of the neck, with a careful look, you can see the beat of the pulse ... and they see it and hear. And this is not a miracle. Such is the skill of Leonardo. "

"1855 year. Zenith Fame Delacra. Paris. The Palace of Fine Arts ... In the Central Hall of Exposure - thirty-five pictures of the Great Romance. "

Single, incomplete sentencesmake the author's speech more expressive, emotional, strengthen the emotional pathos of the text: Joconda. Heat people. Whisper. Shore dresses. Quiet steps ... Not a single smear, I hear the words. - No smears. Like a living.

Epiphara -the same ending of several sentences, reinforcing the significance of this image, concepts, etc.: i walked all my lifeto you. I believed all my lifein you I loved all my lifeyou.

Table 3. Detection of fine-expressive means (example)

Literary analysis lyricswork

As an example of literary analysis, we turn to the poem M.Yu. Lermontov "Farewell, unwashed Russia ...":

Goodbye, unwashed Russia

Country slaves, the country of the Lord.

And you, blue uniforms,

And you, they are a devotee.

Maybe behind the wall of the Caucasus

I will go from your pash,

From their all-seeing eyes

From their surviving ears.

1. The poem "Farewell, unwashed Russia ..." was written in 1841 before the second reference of the poet in the Caucasus. Published only in 1887. 40s XIX. Characterized as the time of the social passivity of the Company, which came to replace the national rise of the people in the Patriotic War of 1812 and the uprising of the Decembrist 1825

2. The work belongs to the mature stage in the work of M.Yu. Lermontov, the period of the heyday of his poetic talent. In the 40s, such masterpieces of civil lyrics of the poet were written as "1 January", "and boring and sad ...", "Motherland", "Tuchi" and others. Poems "Farewell, unwashed Russia ... "Reflects the traditions of the Decembrist poetry with its high civilian pathos and a call for a social protest. For this stage in the work of M.Yu. Lermontov was characterized by a sharply critical perception of reality, bitterness and motive of loneliness, the feeling of deep inconsistency of dreams and real life. All these features were reflected in the considered poem.

3. The work belongs to lyricsand is characterized by a pronounced subjective attitude to the actual reality. This is a lyrical monologue of the author, which contains a challenge of autocracy Russia. The product is distinguished by limited descriptive, rhetoric, conventional (cf., for example, a hint of total surveillance, listening, suppression of freedom, dissent - due to hyperbolization and ability to turn the item into the symbol: from their all-seeing eyes, from their survive ears).

4. The work refers to the genre lyrical poem -this appeal to the "country of slaves, the country of the Lord." The accusatory pathos of the work, its angry intonation and clear rhythmics are formed not only due to special vocabulary and syntax, but also chosen by the author poems - four-rescue yamba. N.S. Gumilev said about this amount: "Each meter has its own soul, its own characteristics and tasks. Yamba, as if descending along the steps, ... is free, it is clear, hard and perfectly transfers human speech, the tension of human will. " The latter is especially noticeable in the analyzed poem.

The factors of the "unity of the poems" and "his grinds", marked by Yu.N. Tynanov in poetry is fully characteristic of the work under consideration, which distinguishes the harmonic compliance of the shape and content, the accuracy of poetic usament and aesthetic motivation of syntactic structures. Semantic saturation, laconicism, lack of variance, rhetorical is important features of the poem.

The problems of the poem can be described as civil, anti-refresh.This is a work about the homeland, full of pain and bitterness for the people who passive and oppressed by autocracy. For poems, monologism is characterized, the expressiveness and open evaluation.

6. The main in the work is the topic of the Motherland and the fate of the Russian people. This is a cross-cutting topic in the poetry of Lermontov (Wed. Poems: "Russian Song", "Autumn", "Volya", "The Last Son of Volosts", "You are beautiful, the fields of the Earth ...", "I look for futureness with fear", "Motherland", "Duma"). Unlike other works of Lermontov, where there is a contrast of the heroic past Russia of gloomy reality, in the considered poem presents the modern poet Russia with its despotic orders worthy of decent.

7. The composition of a small volume of the poem consisting of two stanzes is simple. The key statement is a centance reflecting the topic and the idea of \u200b\u200bthe work, opens the work built in the form of an excited monologue-reflection of the lyrical hero. The subsequent presentation reveals and complements the meaning of the key statement. Thus, the general logic scheme of the poetic text includes the thesis and arguments (Scheme 6).

8. As for paphosanalyzed poem, it can be defined as a combination of tragic and satirical with elements of irony.

Paphos of the work is associated with a characteristic of the poet of "transition" from romanticism to realism, their peculiar combination. The text is manifested by the author's reflection, its immersion in itself, the tragic breakdown with the surrounding reality, longing to the high, perfect, characteristic for romance.At the same time, the poem embodies specific historical details of a certain stage in the development of society, expressed in artistic form, the author openly criticizes the existing order of things in the Spirit realism.In the considered poetic product, conditional forms characteristic of satirical image are presented: periphas blue uniforms(about royen gendarmes - autocratic orders who were born blue uniforms); pasha(their ironic designation for the name of the Turkish Military Santers); all-looking ears -symbols that personify the cruel order in the country based on denunciations and surveillance. Rhetoricthe distinguished poem is expressed by the agitated appeal "Farewell, unwashed Russia ...", using bright epithets, syninda and periphrase (blue and blue uniforms)metaphor (unwashed Russia, the Wall of the Caucasus),hyperball (OT. their all-thinking eyes, / from their surviving ears).

9. General emotional tonalitythe works are angry, indignant, painted pain and bitterness for the blasting people. The key in the work is the images of Russia, the people and the royal gendarmes. If the poet confessed in the poem "Motherland": "I love the depreciation, but strange love ...", this "oddity" and a special attitude towards Russia revealed in the analyzed text, reflecting the complex gamut of feelings: hatred and love, pain and bitterness. Estimated epithet "Unwilder", i.e. dirty- In the context of the poem, it has the current meaning of "over. immoral, immoral. " The subsequent presentation reveals the essence of this by receiving contrast: country slaves, the country of the Lord.In the formation of the image of the people, silently abiding in slavery, an important role belongs to the epithet "devotee" (And you, they are a devotee).Devotee - i.e. "Fullable love and loyalty", resigned. This circumstance is deeply perturbed lyrical hero, Filling his heart pain.

Very expressive images of royal gendarmes, forming on the basis of associative-semantic communication of lexical means: blue uniforms, Pasha, all-seeing eye, all-drying ears.The image of the lyrical hero in this work is painted tragically. This personality is brave, proud, deeply suffering from his homeland, denies the humility and humility of the people and the royal order. Regarding chronotope it is interesting to note that the poem presents the images of the present time ("here" and "now") - Goodbye, unwashed Russia ...and the future: - Perhaps, for the wallCavkaza I will creep from your pash ...Image of space as visible and imaginary, large-scale and remote (Caucasian Wall)updated in reflections of the lyrical hero. In general, the shaped system of the poem aims to express his idea.

I. Ideaworks can be defined as an active rejection and condemnation of the autocracy and social passivity of the people. High civilian pathos distinguishes this poem, which was perceived as a challenge of serfdom.

1. Artistic featuresthe poems are determined by its ideological and thematic peculiarity and high civilian pathos. Partly about them was discussed due to the characteristic rhetoricpoetic text. All finely expressive agents are aimed at creating an attitude tonality, being focused on key images. Rheisting and contrast techniques at the beginning of the poem (Goodbye, unwashed Russia, country slaves, / country Lord)determine the subsequent artistic deployment of text. Contrast is enhanced by opposition to images people and Tsarist gendarmesdue to the syninda, periprase and expressive epithet:

And you, blue uniforms, and you, they are a devotee.

Using metaphor (Caucasian wall, unwashed Russia),hyperboles in the formation of a generalizing image of autocratic despotism, total surveillance and listening (From their all-seeing eyes, / from their surviving ears)it is very expressive and pragmatically effective.

Thus, the system of bright artistic means and techniques forms a figurative structure of the work, expressing its ideological content.

The poem is typically for late lyrics M.Yu. Lermontov and reflects its individual-author's stylistic features: romantic palaticle in combination with historically specific realistic accuracy in the description of public realities of the 40s XIX., Outdoor social protest and rejection of autocratic building; Increased expression and diversity of fine-expressive means.

Let's summarize:

Literary analysis is the third stage of the philological analysis of artistic text.

The object of literary analysis is mainly contentartwork,

Immanentanalysis of the literary work must be complemented projectionconsidering the cultural and historical context of the era. Literary analysis includes the study of the time and circumstances of writing a work; His places in the work of the writer; definition of a literary product and genre; main issues; Topics; compositions; Paphos product and emotional tonality; figurative; Ideas and artistic features.

Literary analysis complements and deepens the idea of \u200b\u200bthe content of the artistic text and the creative personality of the author, obtained on the basis of a linguistic and stylistic analysis of the text.

The highest manifestation of the mastery of a public speech is contact with the listeners, that is, the community of the mental state of the speaker and the audience. This community arises on the basis of joint mental activity, similar emotional experiences. The attitude of speech speaking, his interest, conviction causes a response response from the listeners. As the proverb says, the word belongs half to someone who speaks, and half the one who listens. It is necessary to feel the audience and be able to adjust its speech depending on its reaction. Orator must have wide circle Knowledge on many issues, and be able to lead a discussion on any topic.

The main indicators of mutual understanding between the Communications are a positive reaction to the words of the speaker, the external expression of attention from the listeners (their posture, a concentrated look, the exclamations of approval, nodding heads, smiles, laughter, applause), "working" silence in the hall. Contact - variable value. It can be complete (with all the audience) and incomplete, resistant and unstable in different fragments of speech pronouncement.

To conquer the audience, you need to install with it and constantly maintain, visual contact. The protruding usually slowly encourages listeners.

Before starting speech, a small psychological pause is maintained - 5 - 7 seconds. Speech speaker should not be monotonous. Phrases should be pronounced with different intonation. They are divided by pauses.

For modern speech speech, a characteristic combination of logical and analytical and emotional-figurative languages.

No matter how interesting was the topic, the audience's attention is dulled over time. It must be supported using the following speakers:

· Question-response. The speaker puts questions and answers them himself, puts forward possible doubts and objections, finds out them and comes to certain conclusions.

· The transition from the monologue to the dialogue (controversy) allows you to attach to the process of discussing individual participants, thereby intensifying their interest.

· Receiving a problem situation. Listeners are offered

the situation that causes the question: "Why?", which stimulates their cognitive activity.

· Reception of novelty information, hypotheses causes the audience to assume, reflect.

· Support by personal experience, opinions that are always interesting to listeners.

· Display of the practical value of information.

· Use of humor allows you to quickly conquer the audience.

· A brief retreat from the topic gives the opportunity to "relax" listeners.

· Slowness with a simultaneous decrease in the voice of the voice is able to attract attention to the responsible points of the speech (reception of the "quiet voice").

· Reception of graduation - increasing the semantic and emotional significance of the word. The gradation allows you to increase, give them an emotional expressiveness of the phrase formulated by thought.

· Inversion reception - a speech turnover, which, as italic, the usual, generally accepted move of thoughts and expressions to the diametrically opposite.

· Reception of appeals to your own thoughts.

Among the techniques of speech, significantly increase its efficiency and persuasiveness, lexical techniques should be especially allocated. Practically in all guidelines for oratory art among lexical techniques It is recommended to use the so-called trails.

Trope - (from Greek. Trepos - turn, turnover of speech), the use of words or expressions in a figurative, figurative sense; In a narrower value, the word formation, by means of which the aesthetic effect of expressiveness in speech (artistic, journalistic, household, etc.) is achieved. Tropams include comparisons, metaphors, epithets, hyperboles and others.

Comparison - one of the most frequently used techniques, which has a big convincing force, stimulates associative and creative thinking And thus allows the speaker to achieve the desired effect.

Metaphor - This is the transfer of the name of one subject to another, this is a speech convergence of 2 phenomena for similarity or contrast. For example: "Locomotive history cannot be stopped ..."

Epithet - Fashion definition of the subject, phenomenon revealing its essence. For example: "The student is not a vessel that should be filled with knowledge, but the torch that needs to be lit! .."

Allegory - Allegorically depicts anything. For example: "Once upon a time, passerby asked the builder:" What are you doing? " He thought and answered: "You do not see? I drive stones." The second builder answered the same question: "I earn money!"

Hyperbola It is the appearance of a trail consisting in the deliberate exaggeration of properties, the qualities of objects and phenomena. For example: "A rare bird will take up to the middle of the Dnieper."

Specificity oral speech manifests itself in building phrases and entire proposals. It is believed that public speech Preference should be given to shorter sentences, they are better perceived by hearing and remembered. In addition, the short offer allows you to easily approach the intonation change.

The listed language contacts help to overcome the Barrier, serve as an unification of the speaker with the listeners.

Poetic syntax is a combination of words in a sentence, a syntactic way to form artistic speech. He is designed to convey the author's intonation, strengthening the artist of certain feelings and thoughts.

The rhetorical question is a poetic turnover, in which the emotional significance of the statement is emphasized by a questionnaire, although the answer is not required to this question.

Rhetorical exclamation - designed to strengthen a certain mood.

Rhetorical appeal - Not designed for a direct response. Inversion - Violation of the usual, natural for this language, the order of words.

Syntactic parallelism - identical or similar construction of adjacent fragments of artistic text.

Antiteza - Reception of opposition. Actively used in verbal art. Ellipse - skip words whose value is easily restored from context. Amplification is the reception of the stylistic strengthening of any emotional manifestation, the reception of the "healing" of feelings: a) Neuzvuzie - receiving any unions between members of the offer or suggestions. b) Multi-eyed - reception opposite to besophric. The repeat of one union is used, with which parts of the sentence are connected. c) Pleuonism - the reception of the polylovia, which creates the impression of an excessive journey of one trait. d) gradation - the reception of gradual extension of meaning.

Anacoluthon - Receiving a disorder of the syntactic norm. Serves to create speech characters in order to transfer unrest or satyric image Their like people are small.

In verbal art often used repeat. It happens: simple, anaphor (repetition of the word at the beginning of the phrase or verse), epiphara (repetition of the word at the end of the verse or phrase), anadiplosis (repetition of one or more words at the end of the preceding verse and at the beginning of the subsequent), prosuposis (repetition of the word at the beginning and The end of the string), refrain (verse, repeating after each stanza or their specific combination).

Poetic phonetics - sound organization of artistic speech. Sound consistency is manifested primarily in combining certain sounds. In the verbal art, techniques of association are widely used - the repetition of vowels and alliterations is the repetition of consonant sounds. With the help of sound consistency, poets and writers enhance the pathos - the "tonality" of the artistic content of the work. Paronimia, or paronomasia refer to the Phone area, are playing words close to sound. Artists widely use sound resistance. Thus, poetic phonetics plays a well-known role in organizing an artistic whole. Especially significant is the position of Foniki in poetry.