Comparison concept in Russian. What are figurative comparisons? Examples

Comparison

Stylistic reception; assimilation of one phenomenon to another, emphasizing their common feature. It happens simple, and then it is expressed in a turn with words as if or as if: “Lazily and thoughtlessly, as if walking without a goal, there are subcloud oaks, and dazzling blows sun rays light whole picturesque masses of leaves, throwing over others a shadow as dark as night ... "(N. V. Gogol," Sorochinskaya Fair "), - or indirectly, expressed by a noun in the form of an instrumental case without a preposition:" Onegin lived an anchorite ... "( A. Pushkin, "Eugene Onegin"). Often in fictional speech, comparative turns as a result of the use ellipse turn into metaphors.

Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M .: Rosman. Edited by prof. A.P. Gorkina 2006 .

Comparison

COMPARISON(Latin comparatio, German Gleichnis), as the term poetics denotes the comparison of the depicted object, or phenomenon, with another object according to a common feature of both of them, the so-called. tertium comparationis, that is, the third comparison element. Comparison is often seen as special syntactic form expressions of a metaphor, when the latter is connected with the object expressed by it by means of the grammatical link "how", "if", "like", "exactly", etc. case. “The streams of my poems are running” (Blok) is a metaphor, according to “my poems are running like streams” or “my poems are running in streams” - there would be comparisons. Such a purely grammatical definition does not exhaust the nature of the comparison. First of all, not every comparison can be syntactically condensed into a metaphor. For example, "Nature amuses herself jokingly, like a carefree child" (Lermontov), or an antithetical comparison in "The Stone Guest": "The Spanish grandee, like a thief, Waits for the night and is afraid of the moon." In comparison, in addition, it is separateness comparable objects, which is externally expressed by a particle how etc.; the distance between the objects being compared is felt, which is overcome in the metaphor. The metaphor, as it were, demonstrates identity, comparison-separateness. Therefore, the image used for comparison easily unfolds into a completely independent picture, often associated with only one feature with the object that caused the comparison. Such are the notorious Homeric comparisons. The poet unfolds them, as if forgetting and not caring about the objects they are supposed to represent. Tertium comparationis only provides an excuse, an impetus to distract from the main flow of the story. This is also Gogol's favorite style. For example, he depicts on-line barking of dogs in the courtyard of Korobochka, and one of the voices of this orchestra evokes a widespread comparison: “all this was finally performed by the bass, perhaps an old man endowed with a hefty doggy nature, because he wheezed like a singing double bass wheezing, when the concert is in full swing, tenors rise on tiptoe from strong desire bring out a high note, and everything that is, rushes to the top, throwing his head back, and he alone, thrusting his unshaven chin into his tie, crouching down and dropping almost to the ground, skips his note from there, from which the glasses are shaking and rattling. " The separation of similar objects in comparison is especially clearly reflected in the special form characteristic of Russian and Serbian poetry. negative comparison... For example: “Not two clouds in the sky converged, but two daring knights converged”. Wed from Pushkin: "Not a flock of ravens flew On the pile of smoldering bones, - Beyond the Volga at night, at the fires of the Udalykh, a gang gathered."

M. Petrovsky. Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary of literary terms: In 2 volumes / Edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky. - M .; L .: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925

Synonyms:

See what "comparison" is in other dictionaries:

Learn. the operation underlying judgments about the similarity or difference of objects; with S.'s help, quantities are revealed. and qualities. characteristics of objects, classified, ordered and evaluated the content of being and cognition. Compare… … Philosophical Encyclopedia

Comparison- COMPARISON (Latin comparatio, German Gleichnis), as the term of poetics, means the comparison of the depicted object, or phenomenon, with another object according to a common feature of both of them, the so-called. tertium comparationis, that is, the third element of comparison. ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

COMPARISON, comparisons, cf. 1. Action according to Ch. compare compare1. Comparison of the copy with the original. It defies comparison. || The result of this action is the named, indicated similarities. Bad comparison. A witty comparison. What is it ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Verification, comparison, comparison, identification (e) identification, assimilation, parallel. Wed ... Synonym dictionary

comparison- one of the logical operations of thinking. Tasks in S. of objects, images, concepts are widely used in psychological studies of the development of thinking and its disorders. The bases for S. are analyzed, to which a person uses, lightness ... ... Great psychological encyclopedia

1. TO COMPARE See To Compare. 2. COMPARISON; COMPARE, I; Wed 1. to Compare. C. Slavic languages with Germanic. Compared to him, you lose a lot. 2. A word or expression containing the assimilation of one object to another, one situation to another ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Comparison- Comparison ♦ Comparaison Comparison by linguistic means of two different objects, either in order to emphasize their similarity or difference, or, in poetry, in order to evoke the image of one, naming the other. If the comparison is implicit, we are talking about a metaphor ... Sponville's Philosophical Dictionary

The ratio between two integers a and b, meaning that the difference a b of these numbers is divided by a given integer m, called the comparison module; spelled a? b (mod m). For example, 2? 8 (mod3), since 2 8 is divisible by 3 ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

COMPARISON, I, cf. 1. see compare. 2. A word or expression containing the assimilation of one object to another, one situation to another. Witty s. Compared to whom (what), offer. with creat. comparatively, comparing, comparing who what n. with whom what ... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

English. comparison; German Vergleich. The cognitive operation underlying judgments about the similarity or difference of objects, with the help of a swarm, quantitative and quality characteristics objects, signs that determine their possible ... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

comparison- COMPARISON is the operation of comparing several objects in order to find out the degree of their mutual similarity. It is applicable only to objects that have some common feature, considered as the basis of C. In the field of scientific research, S. ... ... Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science

Books

Comparison of the concepts of isomer and homologue. Functional groups of classes of organic substances,. Table 1 sheet (vinyl). Art. B5-8670-001 Table Comparison of isomer and homologue. Functional class groups organic matter…
Comparison of GARCH and HAR-RV models for predicting realized volatility in the Russian market, A. D. Aganin. Multiple comparison is in progress a large number models GARCH, ARFIMA and HAR-RV families on the data on the quality of one-step forecast of realized volatility for one day ...

Comparison- This is a special literary device based on the comparison of two objects or phenomena between which equalizing relations can be established. By comparison artistic speech becomes brighter and more expressive, the character of the characters is revealed most fully.

In the literature, comparisons are created in several ways:

Using comparative unions as if, as if, as, exactly etc.

The form of the instrumental case.

The comparative degree of an adjective or adverb.

With words similar and like.

Some comparisons, due to their frequent use, have become stable expressions, so they have turned from comparisons into phraseological units. For example:

Comparison in Russian means the comparison of various objects or phenomena in order to explain the object with another object, or one phenomenon with another phenomenon. In other words, comparison means the assimilation of one object to another by identifying common signs or characteristics.

Here are some examples:

Sunny smile - here a smile is compared to the sun, I mean the same bright, warm.

His eyes are as deep as the sea - eyes are compared to the depth of the sea;

It is as beautiful as a May rose - it is compared to a May rose.

In russian language comparisons(lat. comparatio) is one of the artistic stylistic devices intended for a more complete expression of one's thoughts, so that the reader can vividly present the described pictures and events. This is an assimilation, opposition of two different objects, in order to then assert whether they are similar or different, the identification of their common features.

1.Simple comparison method- with the use of words: as exactly as, as, as if.

Rose petals are red in the snow how drops of blood.

Her eyes shone as if diamonds.

She was so thin as if reed.

The face was so white exactly carved from marble.

2.Indirect comparison method(used with a noun in the instrumental case)

He lived hamster- I pulled everything into my hole;. Compare: He lived, how hamster. those. the preceding words do not apply, but are implied.

3.Unionless comparisons:

My home is my castle.

4.Comparison by metaphor(Used figuratively).

A. Typical metaphor- We read from A. Blok. Streams of my poems are running - poems are called streams.

B. Negative metaphor- More often in ancient Russian epics, songs and tales - That is not thunder thundering, not a mosquito squealing, it’s a godfather to a kuma pike perch;.

V. Comparisons - Set Phrases - Comparisons:

Sweet as honey, sour as vinegar, bitter as pepper.

G. Animal comparisons:

Line M.Yu. Lermontov: Garun ran faster than a deer, faster than a hare from an eagle

D. Comparisons are frightening visuals:

It looks like fate, you are a bazaar butcher, whose knife is bloody from tip to handle (Khakani).

The talent of a writer is manifested in the ability to use comparisons, and therefore, one has bright pictures, while the other has incoherent babble.

It is the process of comparing multiple objects and their qualities / characteristics. For example, in literature, it is often used to give a narrative even more expressiveness.

There are several types of comparisons (for example, using the unions AS , BUDTO and others; using metaphors, etc.):

For example,

He is strong as a bull.

Comparison in any language (and in Russian - in particular) is, in its essence, rhetorical figure formed by various linguistic prims. This term can be called both linguistic and literary at the same time. Any trope, including comparison, is studied in vocabulary, but is used in spoken language and in any other styles; and in fiction.

It can be explained to schoolchildren like this:

In order to figuratively and beautifully compare two (or more) people, animals, two objects or two qualities, writers and poets use comparisons.

Comparisons and metaphors are different linguistic concepts, so there is no need to confuse them. Otherwise, we will make a mistake.

Since the question is sent to the zone of the Russian language, in particular the syntax, then, considering comparisons, it is now necessary to dwell on the linguistic primaries of comparison.

Here are some of my examples with explanations:

Natasha's cheeks turned pink, as if (as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly) two apples (the usual, simplest comparison, using comparing union).
Natasha's cheeks were similar (were) like two pink apples (the same simple comparison, but instead of conjunctions, other parts of speech).
Natasha's cheeks turned pink with red apples (the subject with which the comparison is made is put in the Instrumental case).
Natasha's apple cheeks turned more pink (two compared objects are connected by a hyphen).
Natasha's apple cheeks turned pink as never before (an unusual definition was used for the purpose of comparison).

Comparison is a stylistic device in language, when a phenomenon or concept is clarified, refined by comparing it with another phenomenon or concept. Comparisons can be negative, expanded.
Examples of comparisons and how they can be expressed:
Comparison is a stylistic technique that is based on a figurative comparison of states or several objects. Comparisons are very often used by writers in their creations and this expresses their implications very well. For example, the words of A.S. Pushkin
Also in nature it is very well expressed and applied
Comparison- identification of a common feature by comparing (assimilating) one phenomenon to another. Stylistic technique in Russian language, literature. The letter is separated by commas. Comparison can be simple (as if, as if) or indirect.
Comparison in Russian is a stylistic device due to which it is possible to describe the properties of one object by comparing its qualities with another. There are various methods of comparison in Russian, for example, using the degrees of qualitative adjectives:
- positive degree (qualitative);
- comparative (better);
- excellent (highest quality).
There is also a figurative comparison. An example of such a comparison can be found in books - this is when a certain subject compare with a certain image. For example: The weather is cold, like winter . Here the word weather - this is a subject of comparison, and like in winter is an image.
Comparison in Russian is called the comparison in oral or pistol speech of two objects or phenomena that have common features... It can also be used to explain one phenomenon with the help of another.
Examples of comparisons.

Comparison is a stylistic device based on a figurative transformation of a grammatically designed juxtaposition. The means of grammatical design of S. are - 1) a comparative turnover (see), introduced by unions as if, as if, exactly, exactly, as if and others: “Crazy years, extinct fun is hard for me, like a vague hangover , - the sadness of bygone days In my soul, the older, the stronger ”(Pushkin); 2) the comparative degree of the adjective or adverb and (less often) the form of the creator. p. (instrumental comparison): “Under it is a stream of brighter azure” (Lermontov); 3) a connecting structure, introduced by the union and usually containing an expanded C: “I live sad, lonely, And I wait: will my end come? So, struck by the late coldness. A winter whistle is heard like a storm, One - on a bared branch A belated leaf trembles! .. ”(Pushkin).
A special place is occupied by the so-called. negative C, characteristic of works folk art and folk stylizations: "Not a huntsman trumpets on an oak tree, Cackle the head, - Having burst into tears, a young widow chops and chops Firewood" (Nekrasov).
The stylistic expressiveness of S. is determined by the nature and degree of transformation of the general linguistic semantic and stylistic basis of comparison, and both semantics and syntax (separately or simultaneously) can be transformed: “Garun ran faster than a doe. Faster than a hare from an eagle ... ”(Lermontov). However, in the statements He ran like an arrow or He ran like a real athlete, the stylistic effect does not arise: the imagery of the first is of a general linguistic nature (compare: hungry like a wolf, angry like a dog, drink in one gulp), in the second - the usual equation.
The figurative transformation is caused by: 1) comparing diverse (semantically distant) concepts: “You, at least for decency, Listen to me, beautiful and nimble, Soul through my tongue-tied tongue. Like warmth through a sheepskin coat. Feeling "(Svetlov); 2) complication or development of an object or means of comparison: “And the Exile of paradise flew over the peaks of the Caucasus. Under him Kazbek, like the edge of a diamond, shone with eternal snows ... ”(Lermontov). S. here is of a two-degree nature: first, Kazbek itself is compared with the facet of a diamond, and then this S. is complicated by the fact that Kazbek is also compared with the facet of a diamond in relation to the action attributed to him (shone); 3) omission of the union: “We are from any side Non-contiguous parts: I am like a biography of the country, You are her today's happiness” (Svetlov); 4) violation of the forms of syntactic correlation (the influence of constructions of speech. Speech), which is characteristic of some poetic texts: “How the heart shrinks for the final earthly order. Groves stood along the road and trembled like jogging ”(Voznesensky).

A figurative comparison is a figure of speech that compares two different things in an interesting way. The purpose of comparison is to create an interesting connection in the mind of the reader or listener. Comparison is one of the most common forms figurative language... Figurative comparisons can be found anywhere: from poems to song lyrics and even in everyday conversations.

Comparisons and metaphors are often confused with each other. The main difference between comparison and metaphor is that the comparison uses the words “how” for comparison, and the metaphor simply indicates the comparison without using the “how”. An example of comparison is that she is as innocent as an angel. An example of a metaphor: she is an angel.

Comparisons in everyday language

Comparisons are used in literature to make speech more vivid and powerful. In everyday speech, they can be used to convey meaning quickly and efficiently, since many commonly used expressions are comparisons. For example, when someone says, “He is as busy as a bee,” it means that he is working hard, as bees are known to be very hardworking and busy.

Some other well-known comparisons that you often hear:

Happy as an elephant.
Light as a feather.
Innocent as a lamb.
Tall like a giraffe.
White as a ghost.
Sweet as sugar.
Black as coal.

As with a lot of figurative language, when you speak to someone from a different region or don't speak your own language, they may not understand the meaning of many of the comparisons.

Comparisons add depth to your speech

Figurative comparisons can make our language more visual and enjoyable. Writers often use comparisons to add depth and emphasize what they are trying to convey to the reader or listener. Comparisons can be funny, serious, casual, or creative.

Figurative comparisons are a great tool to use in creative language. They not only make what you write or say more interesting, but they can often intrigue the reader. When creating your own comparisons, watch out for clichés and try to go beyond obvious comparisons.

To make the text expressive, deep and interesting to read, the authors use the means when writing artistic expression... Today we will talk about what comparison is in the literature.

Comparison in a literary work is a means of artistic expression that helps to enhance the meaning of an action, object, or event.

The purpose of use is to reveal the personality of a character or event, his deep motives. The role of comparison is determined by the author.

The main feature is the use of prepositions: as if, as, as if, exactly, similar to, exactly, as if, like that. Comparative construction is easy to find thanks to prepositions.

Now let's give a definition of what a comparison is in Russian. This is the name of the stylistic method of assimilating one object to another, highlighting their common meaning. The role of comparison in the work is significant enough.

Note! Comparisons in fiction are often used to gain a deeper understanding of a character, his thoughts, character, and intentions.

Literary examples

Here are examples of comparisons from works written in verse.

“You see, calm - how! The Pulse of the Dead "(" A Cloud in Pants ", V. Mayakovsky).

“I was like a horse, driven in soap, spurred on by a courageous rider” (“Letter to a Woman”, S. Yesenin)

"Horse in soap" is an idiom that emphasizes the fuss and active actions of a person, which bring him only stress and fatigue. In this case, the trope is used to show a lyrical hero who lived in a crazy rhythm, on the verge of life and death.

His emotions and feelings were subjected to the strongest blows from the heroine, to whom the poem is dedicated. In this case, a woman is a brave rider who is not afraid to kill a horse, continuing to ride on it (figuratively), that is, continuing to play on the feelings of the lyrical hero.

"-Because I tart sorrow, I made him drunk" ("I clenched my hands under a dark veil",)

Here Akhmatova shows the degree of emotional explosion of the lyric hero, which is indicated in the poem by the pronoun "he". I got drunk drunk - knocked out of balance in my own words. When a person is drunk, he does not control himself and can perform spontaneous actions, the same happened with the lyric hero:

“How can I forget? He came out staggering .. "

The heroine said something to him, which served as a serious blow and made him leave the room "staggering", with a tortured mouth twisted. The epithets "came out staggering" and "twisted painfully" emphasize the above.

"And the queen over the child, Like an eagle over the eaglet" (the tale of Tsar Saltan, A. Pushkin)

Pushkin shows the tsarina's serious and reverent attitude towards her children. Eagles approach children responsibly, starting with choosing a partner, ending with a nest and raising.

"I am moved, silently, tenderly I admire you like a child!" ("Confession", A. Pushkin)

Children are the most sincere and pure people. Their brains are not yet tainted with bad thoughts, impure intentions and profit seeking. When they rejoice or admire something, they are so helplessly beautiful in their manifestation of feelings that it is impossible not to notice. In this poem lyric hero experiences such strong and pure feelings that he is subjected to comparison with the child.

"And as the speech speaks, As if the river gurgles." (tale about, A.S. Pushkin)

The murmur of the river is soothing, you want to listen endlessly. A similar comparison A.S. Pushkin emphasizes a beautiful and well-formed speech that can be heard.

And now we will give examples of comparisons in the literature. Let us take for this the famous novel War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy.

"I started a uniform, decent talking machine."

Lev Nikolaevich clearly demonstrates what a comparison is in literature - this technique in an epic novel was found on almost every second page. In this case, Anna Pavlovna Sherer is compared not with nature or animals, but with an inanimate object - a talking machine.

Anna Scherer serves as a mediator between people's conversations. If we recall the novel, then it was with her filing that conversations, acquaintances began, and circles were formed.

"His words and actions poured out of him as evenly, necessary and directly, as the smell is separated from the flower."

This is the opinion of Pierre about Platon Karataev. The smell from the flower is separated continuously and uncontrollably. With such an accurate description, they show the character of Plato, who always reinforces words with actions and does not make him doubt himself. A detailed comparison was used, as suggested by the adverbs “necessary” and “directly”. The author already gives an explanation for the use of the trope.

"And Natasha, opening her big mouth and becoming completely ill, roared like a child, not knowing the reason and only because Sonya was crying."

The child is associated with purity and spontaneity. They can sincerely worry and cry about what is bad for others. Children take everything to heart, without dirty intentions. The path is used to understand Natasha - she is pure, bright, her brain is not polluted by rotten thoughts and double standards, she is not looking for profit, but lives as if tomorrow does not exist.

Examples from the novel by Anna Karenina ().

“A man who calmly crossed the bridge, and then saw that this bridge was dismantled and that there was an abyss. This abyss also absorbs him. "

So Lev Nikolaevich demonstrates Alexander - Anna's husband, presenting a figurative character. He does not look around, he is deep in himself and refuses to understand what is happening to him, ignoring what is happening.

He feels like a separate person, for whom everything around does not exist - a walking wife, family and bad words of the environment, nevertheless he is drowning and he himself does not understand the depth of this abyss.

"The recollection of the evil inflicted on her husband aroused in her a feeling similar to disgust and similar to what a drowning man would feel when he tore away a person who was grabbing him."

The image of Anna is compared with the figurative character who, in the name of his chance for life, rejects another drowning person. Will he be saved? - a rhetorical question. Anna appears to be selfish, but there is also something human in her - she reproaches herself for what she has done and bears full responsibility for it.

To understand why the author uses the trope, it is necessary to read the work or part of it as a whole, not forgetting about the author's irony. For example, you need to understand what the telephone means when describing Anna Pavlovna Sherer. Read at least 5 pages in its entirety. If you take out only tropes from the text, then the meaning and attitude of the author is barely perceptible.

Important! How to find tropes if there is no time to reread the text: pay attention to the prepositions. They often provide a means of artistic expression.

Useful video

Output

Any character can be compared to understand his deep motives and his personal qualities... To find this trope in the text, pay attention to the prepositions and the formulation of sentences.