Typical apartment layouts: from the first high-rise buildings to the present day. Typical series of houses Drawings of panel 5-storey houses

Most housing in apartment buildings Moscow and the Moscow region - these are apartments in serial (standard) houses. A series of houses is a group of residential back houses with identical apartment layouts, engineering structures and building materials used. Layouts in such houses are called typical. You can combine different series of houses by wall material or by time.

By used building materials three main types can be distinguished:

Brick houses- standard series, external walls which are built of bricks.
Panel houses- standard series built from prefabricated reinforced concrete panels.
Block houses—Typical series in which the outer walls are constructed of concrete blocks.

On the basis of time, four main construction periods can be distinguished:

Stalinist series are typical series of houses designed in the 1950s. The houses are mostly brick or block. Distinctive features - high ceilings, spacious rooms, large corridors and kitchens.
Khrushchev series are typical series of houses designed in the period from 1956 to 1964. The houses are mostly panel, sometimes brick. Distinctive features are small kitchens, no elevators, combined bathrooms, poor heat and sound insulation.
The Brezhnev series are typical series of houses designed in the USSR from 1965 to the end of the 1980s. There are both brick and panel and block projects. The number of floors gradually increased, first to 9, and then to 17 floors. Later projects are distinguished by a wide variety of designs and successful standard layouts. The most successful Brezhnev series were modified and are being built today.
Modern series - typical series of houses designed since the early 1990s. Differ from previous attempts to add typical houses individual features, houses of variable number of storeys appear, combined houses, apartment layouts become more spacious, the external and interior decoration buildings.

The site contains most of the typical series of houses built since the 1950s. Those. 90% of all possible options typical apartments and houses on the market of Moscow and the Moscow region.

Project of a 5-storey apartment building. dwg

Sections AR, KZh, EO, VK, OV

Project of a 5-storey residential building. Description of design solutions

Building solutions and structures

The building is 5-storey, monolithic-frame, reinforced concrete. Floor height -3.0 meters.
After excavation of the pit, carry out a soil analysis (if other soils of the base are found, inform the project developers).
The foundations are designed for base soils - Solid loams with the following design characteristics: y = 19kN / m3, U = 19 deg. c = 25 kPa. (stock material "report on engineering and geological surveys at the facility:" Shop on Perova st. "architect No. 930 DSP).
Foundations and monolithic walls technical underground to be performed on sulfate-resistant cement.
Foundations for columns - monolithic reinforced concrete columnar, under the walls of the technical underground and diaphragms of rigidity - tape.
The walls of the technical underground are monolithic reinforced concrete with a thickness of 300 mm. with thermal insulation with a min-plate 100 mm thick.
Columns - monolithic reinforced concrete with a section of 400x400 mm.
Stiffness diaphragms - monolithic reinforced concrete 200 mm thick.
Ceilings and coverings - monolithic, reinforced concrete with a thickness of 220 mm. The blind area is concrete.

All unspecified surfaces of structures that are in contact with the ground should be coated with hot bitumen 2 times, on a primer made of liquefied bitumen.
Concreting at negative temperatures environment and temperatures above + 25 degrees. the requirements of SNIP RK 5.03-37-2005 "Bearing and Fencing Structures" must be met.

When performing all types of work, follow SNIP RK 1.03-05-2001 "Labor protection and safety in construction.
Steel structures should be painted with PF-115 GOST 6465-76 enamel in 2 layers on primer GF-021 GOST 25129-82 in 1 layer according to SNIP RK 2.01-19-2004.
Fire protection steel structures perform with an intumescent coating VPM-2 (GOST 25131-82) at a consumption of 6 kg / m2 and with a coating thickness after expansion of 4 mm.

Water supply and sewerage

The project adopted the following technical solutions:

Laying distribution networks of cold and hot water supply in the technical underground.
- release household sewerage to the well of the general network.
- a water metering unit with a cold water meter is installed at the entrance to the building
- hot water supply - central (see section "ОВ")

Heating and ventilation

The project for heating and ventilation of a residential building was developed in accordance with the drawings of the AU, in accordance with the requirements of SNiP RK 4.02-05-2001, SNiP RK 3.02.01-2001.
The design temperature of the outside air for heating is taken Тн = -31 С.
The heat supply source of the building is the CHPP.
The duration of the heating period is 200 days.
The total estimated heat supply is 580,000 kcal / hour.
Heat carrier parameters 130 - 95 C.
Hot water supply - from the heating unit.
The heating system of a residential building is one-pipe, dead-end with U-shaped risers, distributing the supply and return lines along the technical underground.
As heating devices accepted cast iron radiators M90-108.
Ventilation of the residential building is provided - exhaust, natural, through the ventilation ducts of the kitchen and bathrooms. Perform ventilation ducts with a box of section. 200x200 from a flat asbestos-cement sheet.
Accepted steel pipes for water and gas in accordance with GOST 3262-75 **
Installation of heating and ventilation systems should be carried out in accordance with SNiP 3.05.01-85.

Power supply and lighting

As an input-distributing device, a panel of the VRU type is adopted, which is installed in the technical underground of the house. For power supply of apartments from the input-distribution board, supply lines depart, which are suitable for the cabinets of Shche 3300.

ShchE electrical cabinets are installed on staircases floors. Counters are placed in cabinets apartment registration electricity, automatic machines for the protection of group lines of apartments and junction boxes for low-current devices.

In the lighting floor boards of the ShchE, reinforce the cabinet doors with a locking device that provides access to them only to the personnel of the power supply organization. Electricity metering for lighting the basement and stairwells is carried out by a meter installed on the ASU panel.

The group lighting lines are made with PUNP wire, laid in the pipe hidden along the ceiling, in the wall bars.

Typical series of residential buildings

Typical series of residential buildings- types of houses of mass series, built in the cities of the USSR and in some countries of the Warsaw Pact, and which are the basis of the architectural appearance of many residential areas of these cities. According to the construction technology, serial houses are divided into panel, block and brick.

History

For political, ideological and demographic reasons, the period of the Khrushchev "thaw" was the first in the history of the Soviet planned economy, when, along with the development of heavy industry, a significant increase in the production of consumer goods and everything connected in one way or another with the needs of the people, and not the military-industrial complex and resource-consuming raw materials industries.

However, by the mid-1980s, only 85% of families had separate apartments: in 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev pushed back the terms by 15 years, putting forward the slogan "Each Soviet family - a separate apartment by 2000".

Block buildings (Plattenbau), built in Berlin and Dresden since the 1920s, became the prototype for the first "Khrushchevs". The construction of residential buildings "Khrushchev" lasted from 1959 to 1985. In 1956-1965, more than 13 thousand residential buildings were built in the USSR, and almost all of them were five-story buildings. This made it possible to annually introduce 110 million square meters housing. A corresponding production base and infrastructure was created: house-building factories, reinforced concrete factories, etc. The first house-building factories were created in 1959 in the Glavleningradstroy system, in 1962 they were organized in Moscow and other cities. In particular, during the period 1966-1970 in Leningrad, 942 thousand people received living space, with 809 thousand moving into new houses and 133 thousand receiving space in old houses. Since 1960, construction of residential 9-storey panel houses, since 1963 - 12-storey.

Technology

Prefabricated panel house components

Components of a panel house, which are large reinforced concrete slabs that are manufactured in factories. In the factory, reinforced concrete products are manufactured according to the existing GOSTs, therefore it is assumed that their quality should differ in positive side from products manufactured directly on the construction site. But in reality, in some factories, the proper technology is not followed. The construction of a panel house resembles the assembly of a children's design kit. Ready-made parts of the structure are delivered to the construction site, which the builders only have to assemble. As a result, labor productivity on such a building is very high. Square construction site much less than what is needed when building a brick house. Such time-consuming and laborious processes as the installation of reinforcement or concreting, which are typical for monolithic housing construction, are completely excluded. This is exactly what experts see as the main advantage of panel housing construction over other types of construction. The disadvantages of this type are poor-quality assembly of the structure. The sore spot is interpanel seams through which, if improperly executed, wind and water penetrates. Also, panel houses are characterized by poor sound insulation, in contrast to houses with wooden floors and some types of monolithic houses.

Seismic issues

Under the same conditions, panel and monolithic multi-apartment and multi-story houses in the seismic zone is preferable due to design features these houses, in which almost all the walls are "load-bearing", and the floors are rigidly connected to each other. In such houses individual elements less flexible than in frame, and they work as a single structure. Houses with a reinforced concrete frame and brick walls must also withstand seismic loads, but such houses must have reinforced concrete transverse walls (stiffening diaphragms) to give the house stability, or reinforced concrete "stiffening cores", the role of which is played by elevator shafts and stairs.

Typical series of houses

1940s

Since 1947, the USSR Academy of Architecture has been developing a prefabricated large-panel dwelling. Frame-panel and frameless houses are being built:

4-5-storey (Moscow, Leningrad, Magnitogorsk)
8-storey with panels on two floors (Moscow)

1950s

The height of 5 floors was chosen because, according to the standards of that time, it was the highest number of storeys, at which it was allowed to build houses without an elevator (however, sometimes houses of 6 floors were also built - with a store on the ground floor).

Stalinists:

II-01
II-02
II-03
II-04
II-05
II-08

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en: Category: Urban studies and planning Urban studies

Notes (edit)

although for many people a room in communal apartments in the early years Soviet power improved housing conditions by allowing them to move out of corners and basements;
Implementation of the Program for Mortgage Lending for Housing Mortgage Lending for JSCo Russian Railways' employees and prospects for participation of NPF Blagosostoyanie in it. Theses of the speech by E. V. Sukhorukova, Executive Director of NPF "Blagosostoyanie": As many people know, in Soviet Russia, the authorities first thought about providing citizens with housing after the war. In 1955, on August 23, a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers was issued USSR"On measures for further industrialization, improving quality and reducing the cost of construction." Party directives were ordered: by September 1956 to develop standard projects, allowing to drastically reduce the cost of housing construction and make it affordable for workers. The aim of the project was such that in

A series of houses is a group of residential properties built at the same time according to the same design. The buildings have practically no differences in terms of number of storeys, building materials used, apartment area and room arrangement. The layout of premises in such houses is considered typical: uniting a series of houses according to common feature... Typical buildings are conventionally divided into several categories, and each has its own distinctive characteristics.

Layout of apartments in typical houses

The era of building communism presented Soviet citizens with three series of houses at once, named after the names of the general secretaries ruling the country. The buildings differed in the number of storeys and the level of comfort of living quarters, but most of the houses built at that time are successfully operated at the present time.

"Stalinists"

The first stage of typical construction, which began in the early 50s of the last century. The country was actively recovering after the Great Patriotic War, and citizens were in dire need of better housing conditions.

The following were considered characteristic features of typical apartments of the Stalinist period of rule:

durable brick walls;
high ceilings - at least 3.5 meters;
separate bathrooms;
a large number of rooms - 3-4 per apartment on average, one-room and two-room apartments were not provided for by the project, therefore they were extremely rare;
large area of living quarters and common areas;
large openings of doors and windows: sometimes there were several window openings in one room;
convenient demarcation interior space.

Within the series, "Stalinkas" were divided into nomenklatura and privates. The first type of layout was used for the homes of members of the government, prominent figures in the arts and sciences, middle and senior managers. There were specially allocated rooms for an office and premises for domestic servants. Terraced apartments were often used for communal living of several families in the same area.

Communal apartments of the Stalin era of government have increased significantly in value since the beginning of the 90s, when they began to be resettled, and the vacated area was converted into elite housing.

"Khrushchev"

The construction of panel and then brick 5-storey buildings spanned the period from 1957 to 1962, when there was a peak in the resettlement of people from communal apartments and wooden barracks. Nikita Khrushchev believed that every Soviet person has the right to a separate, comfortable housing, but the approved building design did not correspond to these ideals.

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Characteristics of a typical "Khrushchev":

thin walls and poor sound insulation;
low ceilings: no more than 2.5 m;
adjoining rooms;
small living area;
small sizes of common areas: bathrooms, kitchens, hallways.

Under Khrushchev, 4 series of houses were built:

1-464;
1-335;
1-434;
1-434C.

The number of rooms in apartments varied from 1 to 5, but all typical houses that era was united by one thing - the irrational planning of the internal space. Despite a lot of shortcomings, such houses continued to be built until the early 80s.

Currently, "Khrushchevkas" are recognized as unfit for living, so the houses of these series are demolished in all large cities country.

"Brezhnevki"

The massive construction of such apartments took place from 1966 to 1977. "Brezhnevki" are considered an improved version of "Khrushchev". The houses were built from panel blocks and bricks; the bulk of the buildings did not exceed 5 floors in height. At external similarity, standard apartments The Brezhnev era had an improved layout, the first skyscrapers began to appear: nine and twelve-story buildings.

Features of the layout of "Brezhnevok":

increased ceiling height - 2.7 meters;
spacious kitchens and hallways;
built-in furniture: wardrobes, mezzanines;
balconies or loggias;
different number of apartments on the staircase: 2 or 4;
combined or separate bathroom.

Houses with a height of more than 5 floors were equipped with elevator shafts and garbage chutes.

Series typical houses Brezhnev era of rule:

1-464A;
1-335A;
MK-5;
1-OPB.

Under Brezhnev, small-family dormitories became widespread - standard house designs designed for single citizens and young families who were not entitled to comfortable housing. By their characteristics, small families are considered an intermediate link between the hostel and separate apartment, are characterized by a small area and a low level of comfort.

Transitional stage: from the USSR to Russia

Since the end of the 70s of the last century, the construction market has almost completely switched to multi-storey construction. 9-storey houses are being built from panel blocks and bricks. The first wave of such buildings is considered standard, and the apartment layouts laid down in 1968 were applied until 1999.

M-464;
M-335;
MK-9;
3-OPB.

Standard nine-story buildings were connected to a centralized water supply, therefore hot water the apartments were supplied from the nearest boiler room. The number of rooms in apartments varied from 1 to 3, each apartment had an exit to a balcony or loggia. Bathrooms have always been separate, entrances have been equipped passenger elevator and a garbage chute.

For standard series 9- storey houses a small kitchen area is typical, usually not exceeding 6.2 m2.

Since 1976, high-rise buildings with an improved layout began to appear. Such apartments were built until 2006, practically retaining the originally approved layout of the premises. This category includes houses, series:

M-4644
M-335-BK;
M-111-90;
3A-OPB.

Unlike standard ones, improved high-rise buildings could have up to 18 floors, freight elevators appeared in the entrances, and the kitchen area increased to 9 m2.

Typical apartment layouts

The concept of standard construction appeared in the mid-60s. The Soviet government came to the disappointing conclusion that the citizens of the USSR were inferior in terms of living standards to capitalist countries, so a real construction boom began. The main idea behind the introduction of standard projects was the maximum amount of living space with minimal costs... Thanks to this decision, houses-constructors appeared, which were literally assembled from ready-made structural elements.

In panel houses

The founder of the construction of panel houses was the architect Vitaly Lagutenko, who had the idea to assemble houses from ready-made reinforced concrete panels. The average construction time for one 5-storey building was 12-15 days.

Despite the likely speed of construction, the quality of the housing being built left much to be desired. The following features are characteristic of the layout of the Khrushchev panels:

small area of living and utility rooms;
combined bathroom;
low ceilings;
almost complete absence of heat and sound insulation;
the predominance of load-bearing walls, which implied the impossibility of independent redevelopment.

The layout of the panel "Brezhnevok" somewhat improved the situation. Ceilings have grown in apartments, and the footage has increased, garbage chutes have begun to appear in houses.

Determining the series and type of house

You can find out which series of typical buildings a particular house belongs to from technical passport, which is in the hands of every homeowner. Shown here detailed information about the living space, including the series number.

The information of interest is available in the construction department of the local municipality, documents of the management company that maintains the building.

Information is provided free of charge and is often found on the official websites of the listed organizations.

What are the advantages of typical layouts?

Despite a number significant disadvantages, had typical projects and advantages:

low cost - houses are stamped according to one template;
speed - the developer does not waste time drawing up and agreeing on the project, immediately starting to work;
reliability - a series of houses has already been put into operation, therefore, during the construction of the next buildings according to the standard design, the shortcomings that have appeared are immediately eliminated.

It is noteworthy, but in the modern construction market typical layout survived, however, it is used mainly for the construction of departmental and municipal housing.

Layout of apartments in modern Russia

Today, preference is given to high-rise, monolithic construction. The layout of the apartments is individual for each developer. The main requirement: strict observance of the requirements for the allocation of living space necessary for a comfortable stay of one person.

The modern layout assumes a spacious living area and common areas. For apartments on the upper floors, glazed balconies and loggias are provided, the lower floor is usually reserved for shops or offices. Housing with a free layout is gaining great popularity, where the location, number and area of rooms depend only on the wishes of the residents.

Attention! In connection with latest changes in legislation, the information in this article may be out of date. At the same time, each situation is individual.

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Five-story panel houses series 1-464

Large-panel 4-5-storey residential buildings of the series of standard projects 1-464 are the most common prefabricated buildings of the first generation. The basis for the solution of the houses of the series under consideration is a cross-wall structural system.

The main load-bearing frame of buildings is transverse reinforced concrete walls located with a pitch of 3.2 and 2.6 m, due to which houses of this type were called houses with a "narrow" step of transverse load-bearing walls. Reinforced concrete floor slabs of "room size" are supported on them. They also rest on the outer and inner longitudinal walls, which perceive part vertical load while ensuring the longitudinal stiffness of the building.

Floor slabs laid at 3.2m steps are designed and function as supported along the contour. Since all interior walls separating the rooms bear the load from the floors and overlying floors, it is impossible to move these walls and thereby change the width of the rooms. For the same reason, it is impossible to remove the outer walls in a step of 3.2 m, without ensuring the support of the floor slab along the short outer wall.
The outer walls are made of three-layer panels, consisting of two reinforced concrete shells and a layer of insulation between them, or single-layer panels (made of lightweight concrete). Internal load-bearing walls 12cm thick and floor slabs 10cm thick are solid-section reinforced concrete flooring. Roof - combined with a roll soft roof or an attic rafter with a corrugated asbestos cement roof.

When redeveloping houses of the 1-464 series, it becomes necessary to construct new or expand existing openings in the transverse walls. This is possible to a limited extent, but requires confirmation by calculations.

When modernizing a building, floor slabs cannot be dismantled. However, during the superstructure of the building, the floor slabs above the existing fifth floor can be partially dismantled. The device of new openings in them is possible, but with large sizes such openings may require floor reinforcement.

In the series under consideration, the balconies are placed in a step of 3.2 m. Balcony reinforced concrete slabs 10cm thick and 90cm wide are mounted according to two schemes. In the initial period of construction, they relied on outer wall and were held in the design position by two metal rods, which, passing through the joint between the outer walls, were attached to the end of the inner wall panel. In later projects, this decision was abandoned and, calculating balcony slab like a console supported on the outer wall, they connected it to the floor slab using welded embedded elements.

Five-storey panel houses series 1-468

Typical projects of residential buildings series 1-468 were originally developed at the Institute "Gostroyproekt", since 1961 - at TsNIIEPzhilishcha.

The load-bearing frame of the houses of this series is the transverse load-bearing walls, located in the plan with a step of 3 and 6 m, due to which, unlike the houses of the 1-464 series, the houses of this constructive system are called houses with a "mixed" step of the transverse load-bearing walls.
The most common representative of this series of houses is a five-story, four-section residential building. In it, the external wall panels are made of cellular concrete autoclaved or from lightweight concrete, and hollow-core reinforced concrete floors rest on transverse load-bearing reinforced concrete walls. The longitudinal walls of the building are self-supporting. The roofs of such houses were erected in two versions: combined with a roll covering and an attic rafter with a roof made of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets.

The main advantage of the houses in this series is that the floor panels do not rest on the longitudinal walls of the building. Therefore, these walls, in addition to individual sections inner wall, adjacent to the stairwells and ensuring the longitudinal stability of the building, can be dismantled in some places. It is this circumstance that, when modernizing such buildings, opens up wide opportunities for eliminating the flaws in the layout. existing apartments by adding additional volumes to the building. The construction of new and expansion of existing openings in the load-bearing transverse walls is possible only with the confirmation of the calculation and strengthening of the "contours" of the openings.

Five-storey panel houses series 1-335

Five-storey residential buildings of the series of standard projects 1-335 are representatives of the frame-panel constructive system. Typical designs of this series were initially developed by the team of authors of the Leningrad design bureau, and then were continued at the LenZNIIEP institute.

The structural scheme of the house is a so-called "incomplete" frame, which consists of one row of reinforced concrete columns located on the middle longitudinal axis of the building with a pitch of 3.2 and 2.6 m and reinforced concrete crossbars located across the building and resting on one side of reinforced concrete columns , and on the other hand, on metal support tables embedded in the body of the external wall panels... Reinforced concrete floor slabs of "room size" are laid on the crossbars, designed to be supported on two long sides. The columns are connected to each other by girders that ensure the longitudinal rigidity of the building.

In the houses of the system under consideration, load-bearing external walls were used mainly layered. They have an outer layer in the form of a reinforced concrete ribbed "shell" and an inner (insulating) layer of foam concrete 26 cm thick, the surface of which is plastered from the side of the premises. There are no internal load-bearing walls in these houses, with the exception of stiffening diaphragms, which are the intersectional walls of the stairwells.

With the same sizes and steps of houses of different series in houses of the frame-panel system, the principle of "free planning" can be fully implemented. The presence of crossbars under the floor slabs can be considered as a certain disadvantage that impedes the traditional formation of the interior of living rooms.

A modification of this structural system was the introduction of two more rows of columns into it - at the outer walls of the building to support the crossbars on them. Such houses are called “full frame houses”. In them, the external walls are self-supporting and can be dismantled during reconstruction.

Five-story brick houses series 1-447

The series 1-447 includes standard projects of 4-5 storey brick residential buildings with three longitudinal load-bearing walls. The load-bearing frame of the houses of the series under consideration are three longitudinal load-bearing walls and transverse brick walls - external end walls and internal ones, between which the staircases are located. Transverse brick walls act as stiffening diaphragms. All other walls (intra-apartment and inter-apartment) are non-bearing.

The ceilings are made in the form of hollow-core reinforced concrete slabs, supported by their short sides on longitudinal brick walls. The most loaded is the middle wall, on which the floor panels are supported on both sides. In the outer longitudinal walls, openings can be increased only by eliminating the window sill while maintaining the existing piers. The jumpers over the windows should also be preserved. In the end walls of the building during reconstruction, it is possible to arrange openings.

Possible dismantling of partitions in series 1-447