Nine principles of warehouse management. The device and layout of warehouses are determined by their purpose, the characteristics of the range of goods, the physical and chemical properties of goods, the organization of the technology of warehouse processes. development and

In this article, we have describeda list of recommendations for improving warehouse performance and maximizing profits.

Labour Organization

1. Appoint an effective manager. It must meet the following requirements:

experience, knowledge of the nuances of warehouse logistics;
confident user of PC and software for process automation;
knowledge of all processes.

It is good if such an effective manager can "grow" himself from his employees. Is there no such possibility? Start searching on the side.

2. Keep track of your headcount. Do not exceed it without urgent need, but also do not go beyond the normalization of the working hours of employees in accordance with the current legislation.

3. When developing norms, local legal acts, be guided by the legislation: the Labor Code, the SanPin Decrees, current intersectoral norms and rules, federal laws, recommendations of various departments. Conduct a workplace assessment.

4. Develop a clear organizational structure for staff. Over time, it can be upgraded and new ones introduced. structural units or staff units.

5. Regulate the workflow so that the staff has clear instructions for action. Develop and implement:

Regulations on the warehouse (this will be your foundation of the foundations - the Constitution of the warehouse);
regulations describing the processes of acceptance, movement, storage, release, return, picking, write-off;
draw up a flow chart for each process;
official, work instructions;
instructions on labor protection, fire and electrical safety.

Keep track of the validity of the developed documentation.

6. Keep track of the separation of labor and technology resources. They must be evenly distributed. The situation when one part of the warehouse is idle, and the second is worn out is unacceptable!

7. Transfer workers to piece-bonus pay.

8. Pay salaries based on performance indicators (KTR). Consider no more than 10 indicators, otherwise their inclusion will lead to even greater costs. You can limit yourself to taking into account such indicators:

The volume of shipped products;
- speed of shipment;
- quality indicators (lack of battle, marriage, accuracy of design).

9. Organize workplaces, equip them with everything necessary to perform official duties. Place the offices of immediate supervisors as close as possible to the work areas of subordinates.

10. Follow the labor market in the field of warehouse logistics, track the level of employment and changes in salaries.

Unloading and acceptance

11. Before unloading the car, it is necessary to verify the seal numbers with those indicated in the accompanying documents. Check their integrity, correct sealing. Inspect the vehicle for a malfunction (torn awning, broken lacing).

12. Develop a regulation that determines the procedure for unloading Vehicle if they arrived at the same time. Take the decision on priority based on the specifics of the products arrived, its quantity. First of all, it is advisable to unload items that will not be stored, but will go immediately for assembly and shipment to the customer.

13. Unloading should be carried out rationally in accordance with the developed technological schemes. It is advisable to carry out unloading with the simultaneous entry of goods into the register and control in terms of quantity and quality.

14. Only one item of goods may be placed on a pallet. Avoid mixing and sorting. You can set a rule that different items can be stored on one pallet, but at the same time, if they are sent to the same zone. Arrange packages so labels are easy to read.

15. Pallets (pallets, stacks) used for storage must be stable, serviceable, ensure the integrity of the goods when moving. For the safety of products, it is necessary to carry out its "palletization" - wrap 2-3 upper rows with several layers of stretch film.

16. Unloading should be carried out as quickly as possible by the best workers.

17. Unload and take into storage on the day of arrival.

18. Check compliance with the quantity indicated in the waybill by:

partial or full weighing;
recalculation of units in the package;
recalculation of the number of packages.

Be sure to open all suspicious, damaged packages to check the safety of the attachments.

19. An effective method to increase the speed of unloading and registration is to assign certain categories to suppliers: "super reliable", "reliable", "requiring verification", etc. It is not necessary to check the cargo from an ultra-reliable supplier. A "reliable" supplier needs to check no more than 30% of the scope of delivery. Shipment from a supplier that "requires verification" is checked thoroughly.

20. In case of shortage, surplus, regrading, marriage and other claims, draw up an act. You can use the unified form TORG-2, developed by the State Statistics Committee, but it is very cumbersome. The law allows you to use your own approved form of the act.

Storage

21. Each category of goods must have its own zone. And separate or so-called "virtual" warehouses should be created. For example, a warehouse "in the zone of long-term storage" or a warehouse "in the zone of waiting for shipment." Thus, you will always know how the goods move inside the "physical" (main) warehouse.

22. Inside the allocated area, a place (box, shelf, pallet, rack) should be allocated for a certain article.

23. Frequently requested items should be readily available. Such positions should be placed as close as possible to the shipping area. To determine the demand, use the ABC analysis or a special technique for the percentage of circulation.

24. Sometimes the "demand rule" has exceptions: it is better to store bulky goods, regardless of demand, near the shipping area. It is advisable to store products of great value in the back of the room.

25. Determine the categories of goods for statistical storage - in allocated places, and for dynamic storage - place in free places at the time of its receipt. Designate staff responsible for organizing accommodation.

26. Do not store goods on the floor! Use pallets of the same standard 800x1200, 1000x1200 or any other size.

27. Transfer the goods for storage with the utmost care. Inspect it daily for integrity.

28. Enter the rule "3 steps" for a quick search: 1st step - arrange the product into groups. The staff will remember the storage location of this group.

29. 2nd step - address storage (the product in quantity "x" is stored in department "A", on rack "B", on shelf "1", in cell "11"). Enter the information into the accounting system. Make labels different colors. The color will help in identification.

30. 3rd step - implementation automated system accounting, the use of bar codes, bar codes, digital codes, electronic labels. This method helps to get the job done quickly and efficiently, but has disadvantages:

high price;
strict regulation of all actions;
only zoned storage;
good software;
personnel must be trained in the use of the system.

Packing and shipment

31. Never release cargo without accompanying documents. EKAM allows you to generate waybills, invoices, TORG-12 and many other documents.

32. Develop picking routes, set deadlines for the preparation of supporting documents.

33. Set the time for receiving applications from customers: for example, applications submitted after 16:00 are processed the next day, applications submitted before 12:00 are processed on the same day after 15:00, etc. Appoint an official who will be authorized to make a decision on changing the regulations on the time of picking.

34. Determine priority items for shipment. This:

orders that will be delivered to the customer earlier;
orders for the last unloading point of the carrier vehicle.

35. It is wise to use a combination of two picking methods:

individual, when the required amount of goods for one order is withdrawn from the departments;
complex, when a product that is present in several orders is withdrawn.

Assign a worker to decide on the picking method.

36. Place the completed goods in a container, container, put on a separate pallet, wrap with foil. Label with customer name, shipping address.

37. Get a "Packing Log", where each employee responsible for order picking will put his signature.

38. Inspect the vehicle for suitability for the load being carried. Avoid shipment to inappropriate transport.

39. Do not exceed the permitted carrying capacity of the vehicle, axle load.

40. Avoid bulk loading or stacking heavy goods on top of light goods. If the product is damaged during shipment, then immediately replace it - a return from the client is inevitable, but it will cost more. Upon completion of loading, we seal the vehicle in accordance with the established regulations.

Warehouse zoning

41. Determine which premises you need based on the picture:

42. Divide the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe room into zones.

34. The area of each zone must be used with maximum benefit, then it may turn out that part of the premises can be rented out.

44. Do not allow the storage area to be extended to other departments.

45. Use a scientific approach to calculate the required space for each zone. The calculation is based on the indicators of cargo turnover and inventory turnover.

46. Create a zone of "marriage", put there products that do not meet the established requirements. It is advisable to visually fence it off.

47. Let the manager submit a monthly report on products in the "defective" zone with a proposal for decisions on its further use.

48. Take measures to reduce the number of marriages:

price drop;
bonuses for sales managers;
promotions, sales;
return to the manufacturer;
repair, restoration;
selling to their employees;
charity events;
disposal.

49. The presence of passages and passages inside the warehouse is mandatory!

50. Administrative and amenity premises should be in sufficient quantity: toilets, showers, changing rooms, rest rooms. The optimal rate is 3 square meters. meters per person.

Warehouse order

51. Even with a significant shortage of space, leave passages of at least 50 cm along the walls, this will make it possible to bypass the warehouse around the perimeter for inspection and during cleaning.

52. If there is not enough space, then consider the possibility of additional shelves on racks, extensions of mezzanines from above. Or maybe reduce the space between the shelves?

53. Do not store foreign items in the warehouse.

54. Use a modern lighting system. Paint the ceiling in a light color - this enhances the luminous flux.

55. Create a lighting system that will only illuminate the parts that need to be lit at the moment. This will significantly reduce energy costs.

56. Use the principles of ergonomics: walls, ceiling light color visually increase the space. Highlight traumatic areas with bright colors.

57. Mark the floor for the movement of equipment. Designate the places of its parking.

58. Equip the warehouse with warning signs, information plates. Be sure to hang up a safety information board.

59. Keep clean. Carry out systematic cleaning, deratization. Monitor the health of all systems: sewerage, ventilation, air conditioning.

60. Keep in mind that your warehouse will be known far beyond your region - carriers are willing to share information about working conditions.

Warehouse equipment

61. Loading and unloading equipment is very expensive. The calculation of its required amount is best done according to the well-known Gadzhinsky method. It is important to correctly calculate the stock indicator: when a certain number of carts during unloading can be supplemented with idle ones from the neighboring department.

62. Each piece of equipment must be assigned to a specific person - individual responsibility greatly increases its service life.

63. The technical department should have everything necessary for maintenance: brushes, rags, a vacuum cleaner, buckets. Materials for lubrication and maintenance should also be available and located in the technical department.

64. Please note that employees working with complex equipment are required to undergo training. To conduct training, it is necessary to conclude a contract with a training organization.

65. Has the warranty expired? Conduct an inspection on the basis of which make a decision on the advisability of further use, sale, purchase of new equipment.

66. Try to buy from one manufacturer. Spare parts from decommissioned equipment are suitable for repair.

67. Entry of equipment into a wagon or vehicle body - justified. Use overpasses, adjusting bridges for this.

68. When choosing a manufacturer, consider:

cost, terms of payment;
lifetime;
reviews of other buyers;
specifications;
how service is organized.

69. On a level floor, use polyurethane coated wheels. With an uneven, earthen floor, asphalt pavement- rubber wheels or rollers made of nylon.

70. Buy 80% of pallet trucks with two rollers - for work along the entire length of the pallet. 20% of trolleys with one roller - for working with a pallet on the side, is enough.

Cost reduction, optimal budgeting

71. Manage the cost of operations, which is calculated as the dependence of handling costs on cargo turnover over a period of time. Cost data will allow you to see ways to optimize technological processes.

72. Make the cost price the main motivation of the management staff: the lower it is, the more bonuses.

73. If possible, determine the cost of each operation - this will help identify and eliminate unnecessary, non-profitable ones.

74. Introduce IT technologies and lean principles to reduce costs.

75. Reduce the number of manual operations with the movement of the load to the minimum possible. Labor productivity will increase - costs will decrease.

76. Increase the level of staff training. Create a flexible motivation system.

77. Approve standards for consumables. Review them periodically.

78. Make a budget in advance - this will allow you to spend money efficiently.

79. Give the manager some financial independence: let him decide issues with the priority of payments.

80. Remember! The warehouse does not spend money, it earns it! There are many ways:

Safety of material assets

81. Sign an agreement on liability with each employee.

82. Require personnel to strictly comply with established rules, norms, and regulations.

83. Do not allow the presence of a "peak" load on the warehouse, this leads to a different result on the fact and documentation.

84. Employees should be aware that losses are covered from the company's net income.

85. Do not punish anyone financially without establishing the causes and conditions of shortage (spoilage of products).

86. Eliminate the possibility of theft of goods, the presence of strangers.

87. Special control is required for shipping areas - 90% of thefts occur here.

88. Pay on time wages staff.

89. Periodically check employees for alcohol intoxication, drug addiction.

90. Use modern security systems, or at least their dummies.

Inventory

91. Regulate the inventory procedure. Clearly define goals and deadlines. Inventory goals can be:

identifying discrepancies between documentary and actual data;
improving the efficiency of inventory management;
improving the level of service and more.

92. The inventory is announced by order, which determines the date of the event, the composition of the commission, goals, participants.

93. Before the procedure, stop the movement of products in and out of the warehouse.

94. Have employees prepare the warehouse for the event.

95. The most competent employees of the warehouse should take part in the inventory.

96. Conduct a complete inventory once a year, periodically - monthly or weekly. Analyze data from previous checks.

97. Occasionally conduct unscheduled inventories to test the performance of the manager.

98. Use different methods: by geography, manufacturer, product group, etc.

99. Removing residues is the task of responsible people! Get it done.

100. The results of the inventory are drawn up by an act, all financially responsible employees put their signatures.

Warehouse logistics is a complex system that plays a crucial role in the supply chain. This area is multifaceted and diverse, there is always room for improvement, efficiency and profitability.

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Warehouses, their arrangement and the basics of technological planning. The role and functions of warehouses in the process of commodity circulation. Organization of technologies for warehouse operations in M. Video Management LLC. Recommendations for improving the efficiency of the enterprise.

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COURSE WORK

Organization of warehouse facilities and increasing its efficiency (on the example of a wholesale and retail enterprise LLC "M. Video Management")

Content

Introduction
1.3 Arrangement and layout of warehouses
Conclusion
List of sources used

Introduction

This course work deals with the organization of warehouse management and improving its efficiency. Well-established work of wholesale enterprises, bases and warehouses has a significant impact on the entire process of logistics, as well as ensuring the safety of material assets, accelerating their promotion from suppliers to consumers at lower costs directly affect economic indicators manufacturing enterprises.

A warehouse in a broad sense is a wholesale trade enterprise that serves the process of commodity circulation, in a narrow sense it is a facility designed for the accumulation and storage of inventories, the acquisition of a trading range of goods.

The main task of warehousing is to carry out the rational storage of material assets, their safety, ensuring uninterrupted, timely and complete supply of subdivisions of the enterprise with the necessary material resources, as well as timely shipment of finished products to consumers at the lowest cost of warehouse maintenance.

1. Warehouses, their arrangement and the basics of technological planning

1.1 The role and functions of warehouses in the process of commodity circulation

Goods in the process of bringing them to retail trading network passes through the links of the wholesale trade, where they are temporarily delayed, thereby forming commodity stocks.

Warehouses are needed to store stocks of goods.

A warehouse in a broad sense is a wholesale trade enterprise that serves the process of commodity circulation, in a narrow sense it is a facility designed for the accumulation and storage of inventories, the acquisition of a trading range of goods. They constitute the main complex of buildings of wholesale trade enterprises, as well as a significant part of the material and technical base of retail trade.

In wholesale trade, a warehouse, as a rule, is an integral organizational and technical part of the wholesale base. In some cases, warehouses may act as independent trade enterprises.

The totality of warehouses of wholesale enterprises, organizations or systems in combination with the service infrastructure form a warehouse economy.

The set of works performed in different warehouses is approximately the same. This is explained by the fact that warehouses perform the following main functions in different processes.

receiving goods from suppliers and monitoring their quality. By controlling the quality of incoming goods, warehouses of wholesale bases prevent the penetration of low-quality goods manufactured by industrial enterprises or produced in agriculture into the retail trade network;

warehouse wholesale retail

accumulation of commodity stocks and provision of appropriate conditions for their storage. To ensure the safety of inventory in warehouses, the necessary conditions storage of goods taking into account a variety of physical and chemical properties;

sorting goods. One of the important functions of warehouses is the sorting of goods entering the warehouses in a narrow range from a large number of suppliers for the retail network;

picking orders from wholesale buyers. Carrying out the transformation of the industrial assortment into trade ones, warehouses of wholesale bases concentrate a wide trade assortment necessary for the uninterrupted satisfaction of the requests of retail trade enterprises for the importation of goods;

commodity supply of the retail trade network. Warehouses of wholesale bases play an important role in preparing goods for sale and organizing a rational supply of goods to a retail trade network.

1.2 Types of warehouses and their characteristics

The role of warehouses in the process of commodity circulation, the functions they perform, the range of goods, the device and other factors determine the types of warehouses. Warehouses are classified according to the following main features

By character performed functions There are several types of wholesale warehouses.

subsorting- distribution warehouses - designed to accumulate current stocks of goods. Goods are stored in these warehouses for a short time. The main functions of sorting and distribution warehouses are the acceptance of goods in terms of quantity and quality; subsorting; preparation of goods for release and sending to the retail network.

This includes warehouses of wholesale trading bases, which are located in areas of consumption, as well as warehouses of retail trade organizations. Here, commodity flows are formed in an assortment convenient for retail trade enterprises and sent to the trading network.

transit - transshipment warehouses - are located at railway stations, water piers and serve to accept goods for batch storage due to the need to reload them from one mode of transport to another. These warehouses carry out the acceptance of goods, short-term storage and shipment of them in whole containers.

Warehouses seasonal storage represented by warehouses for potatoes and vegetables, as well as other warehouses where seasonal goods are processed and stored.

Warehouses early importation are created in the regions of the Far North and other regions, the delivery of goods to which is difficult at certain periods of the year. In such warehouses, goods are stored for a long time.

Cumulative warehouses carry out the acceptance of small consignments of goods from industrial enterprises and in the form of bulk shipments send them to the areas of consumption.

By organizational forms management there are warehouses for individual use (own and rented), joint use (may belong to several organizations, taking into account the amount of funds invested by each of them), general use (under the jurisdiction of the forwarding and container departments of the railway, as well as motor transport and other enterprises) .

By assortment sign Warehouses are divided into universal, specialized and mixed.

Universal warehouses provide storage and processing of a wide range of industrial or food products.

On the specialized warehouses store goods of only one or several related groups of goods.

On the mixed warehouses store a range of food and non-food products.

A wide variety of physical and chemical properties of goods requires a differentiated approach to the conditions of their storage and necessitates the availability of an appropriate warehouse network.

WITH taking into account created modes storage Warehouses are divided into two types - general goods and special.

general commodity warehouses - the main type of warehouses in trade, which are designed to store non-food and food products that do not need to create a special regime.

Special warehouses represented by vegetable stores, warehouses - refrigerators, oil stores, salt warehouses, etc.

V dependencies from number of storeys and heights warehouse premises distinguish:

Single-storey warehouses (not less than 6 m high) are more convenient for the rational organization of the technological process, since this facilitates the intra-warehouse movement of goods, and multi-storey warehouses.

By degrees mechanization technological processes warehouses are divided into complex-mechanized, automated and with the use of small-scale mechanization.

WITH taking into account external transport connections Warehouses are available with berths (pristanskie), with rail access roads (railway) and non-railway (without access roads).

V dependencies from devices Warehouses are divided into open, semi-closed and closed.

open Warehouses are designed to store building materials, fuel, goods in containers, etc. They are arranged in the form of ground areas and areas on poles or strip foundations.

semi-closed warehouses - these are sheds for storing building materials and other products that require protection from atmospheric precipitation.

Closed warehouses - these are one- or multi-storey buildings, which can be heated and unheated (insulated and not insulated).

Heated warehouses have heating equipment and ventilation devices. They are designed to store goods that require maintaining the temperature and relative humidity within certain limits.

Unheated warehouses store goods that do not lose their properties at temperatures below 0°C.

By material walls warehouses are wooden, brick, stone, reinforced concrete and mixed construction.

A special variety is represented by temporary storage warehouses, which are established by customs authorities or Russian persons with a customs license. The procedure for issuing a license to establish a temporary storage warehouse and its validity period are determined by the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation (FCS of Russia).

The arrangement of temporary storage warehouses must be subordinated to ensuring customs control and the impossibility of access of third parties to stored goods and vehicles. If necessary, they should be equipped with double locking devices, one of which should be under the control of the customs authority.

1.3 Arrangement and layout of warehouses

The device and layout of warehouses are determined by their purpose, the characteristics of the range of goods, physical and chemical properties goods, organization of technology of warehouse processes.

A significant impact on the arrangement of warehouses is exerted by such economic factors as the construction cost of warehouse facilities, the level of operational and operating costs.

Warehouse buildings are currently constructed mainly from standard prefabricated reinforced concrete standard and unified structures and prefabricated parts. The most widely used construction of single-storey warehouse buildings, which, compared with multi-storey buildings, have the following advantages:

higher utilization rate of warehouse space due to the absence of staircases, elevators, fewer columns and the possibility of a significant increase in the load per 1 m² of floor area (in multi-storey buildings, the load is limited by building codes - up to 2 tons);

the use of a lighter and cheaper warehouse design;

simplified mechanization of intra-warehouse operations.

When placing warehouse buildings on the territory of settlements, the architectural and construction features of warehouse buildings are taken into account, while special meaning have:

number of storeys;

height. Warehouses are built with a height of protruding structures (beams) above the floor level of at least 6 m; in some cases, warehouses are built with a higher height (up to 16 m);

form - the most rational configuration of a warehouse building is rectangular shape, which allows you to make fuller use of the entire warehouse space, reduces the intra-warehouse ways of moving goods, and eliminates unnecessary turns and intersections.

The width and length of the warehouse buildings should ensure the free implementation of loading and unloading operations. The optimal ratio of width to length in general warehouses is 1: 2; 1:2.5; thirteen; 15.

Warehouse width depends on step width load-bearing columns(column grids). The grid of columns in the longitudinal direction is taken from 6 to 12 m, in the transverse direction - from 6 to 24 m. The required length of the loading and unloading front is determined based on the warehouse turnover and the number of vehicles (cars, cars) simultaneously supplied to the warehouse. This takes into account the length of the wagon, vehicle and the distance between transport units.

The arrangement of warehouses must meet the requirements for the rules of their operation, compliance with labor protection conditions and safety requirements, as well as fire safety.

All premises in general warehouses are divided into groups: the main industrial purpose, auxiliary, auxiliary - technical and administrative - household.

The structure of the premises of the main production purpose includes: premises for the storage of goods, expeditions for the receipt and release of goods, receiving and unpacking, packaging, for packing goods.

Auxiliary premises are intended for storage of containers, reusable containers and pallets. These include tare-repair workshops.

V auxiliary - technical premises there are engine rooms, ventilation chambers, boiler rooms, pantries of household materials and equipment, repair shops, recharging battery stations, etc.

Administratively - household premises are designed to accommodate administrative and office services, a place for rest and eating, dressing rooms, a hall for product samples, showers, sanitary facilities, etc.

The hall of commercial samples should be directly connected with the premises of the computer center or bureau for mechanized information processing.

The location of warehouses (warehouse zones), their internal layout and interconnection is determined by the technological scheme of the warehouse, depending on the nature of the movement and warehouse processing of goods.

To perform technological operations for the acceptance, storage and dispatch of goods to customers in warehouses, the following zones are allocated: unloading vehicles, acceptance of goods by quantity and quality, storage, packaging of goods, selection and completion of customer orders, loading of vehicles.

The listed operating areas of the warehouse must be interconnected by the necessary passages and driveways and be located taking into account a number of requirements:

the zone of unloading vehicles should be adjacent to the zone of acceptance of goods in terms of quantity and quality, where the workplaces of merchandisers-brakers are located;

the main part of the warehouse area is allocated for the storage area of goods, which consists of the area occupied by goods and the area of passages;

the storage area should be adjacent to the areas of packing and packaging of goods, picking orders from wholesale buyers;

The order picking area must be adjacent to the shipping forwarding.

Such a principle interior layout premises (zones) of warehouses allows to ensure the flow and continuity of the warehouse technological process.

Usually, in the hall of commercial samples, there are working areas, an exposition area, as well as waiting and rest (information) areas and an aisle area.

workers zones serve to accommodate the jobs of merchandisers-merchants. They are equipped with desks and office chairs, counting equipment or a personal computer, filing cabinets, chairs for customers and furniture for storing documents. The number of such zones depends on the number of assortment groups of goods exhibited in the hall of product samples.

Zone expositions is divided into separate subzones, equipped with wall and island slides with devices for displaying goods (shelves, consoles, bars, etc.) Subzones are allocated for displaying individual assortment groups of goods. Here, in addition to the working display of samples of goods of this group, special exhibitions of seasonal goods, etc. are provided.

Commodity samples are exhibited in such a way that buyers can freely navigate in the assortment offered to them.

Zone expectations and recreation intended for independent work buyers with albums, catalogs and product lists, as well as for their relaxation after the selection of goods. It is desirable that this zone be separated from the main exposition of goods and workplaces of merchants.

Zone passages serves for movement in the hall of commodity samples and passage to other premises of the wholesale base.

The main passages must have a width of at least 2 m, others - at least 1 m.

1.4 Technological equipment of warehouses

Equipment for storage of goods.

The equipment of this group is divided into the following subgroups:

racks and pallets are widely used for stacking and storage of packaged products, for storing bulk and bulk products, for storing liquid products, for stacking and storing packaged cargoes.

Racks by appointment are divided into universal and special. Universal racks used to store various food products in containers or on pallets. Special racks are used to store certain goods.

Pallets are devices designed for forming cargo packages, stacking and transporting products. They are universal in their use. The use of pallets in warehouses creates the necessary conditions for the comprehensive mechanization of loading and unloading and inside warehouse operations, reducing labor costs, more effective use area and storage capacity. Storage of bulk and bulk products (salt, granulated sugar, etc.) is carried out in bunker devices and bins.

Bunker devices are specially equipped receptacles for temporary storage of bulk and bulk cargoes. They can have a capacity from 20 to 100 cubic meters. m or more. Bins - places fenced off by a vertical partition for filling bulk products. They may have cells formed by internal partitions.

For the storage and transportation of liquid cargo, specialized vehicles and containers with a gross weight of 30, 20, 10, 5 and 1.25 tons can be used. Their use is economically beneficial, as it allows the maximum mechanization and simplification of operations related to the storage and transportation of liquid cargo.

Handling equipment is classified according to the following main features: functional purpose, the principle of periodic action, the type of cargo being processed, the types of drive, the degree of mechanization of labor.

Lifting machines and mechanisms include cranes, freight elevators, winches and electric hoists. Freight elevators are intermittent lifting devices for lifting and lowering products. Their carrying capacity is from 150 kg to 5 tons. Winches are used for vertical (lifting winches) and horizontal (traction winches) movement of goods, they are produced with manual and electric drives. They can have pulling forces up to 1 ton.

Electric hoist - a mechanism with an electric drive for vertical and horizontal movement of a load suspended on a hook. Horizontal movement is carried out along the overhead single-rail track. It is controlled by a push-button mechanism, it has a load capacity of 0.5 and 1 t and is designed for a load lifting height of 4 to 100 m.

Transport machines and devices include conveyors, gravity devices, cargo transport carts, electric tractors and electric cars.

Conveyors (conveyors) - transporting machines of continuous action. Depending on the design features, they are tape, plate and roller. Are applied to horizontal and slightly inclined movement of loose and piece cargoes.

Gravity devices include gravity conveyors and vertical descents. The load with the help of these devices moves under the influence of its own gravity.

Cargo transport trolleys are used for horizontal and slightly inclined movement of goods. They are electric and manual. Electric trolleys are used to move goods over a distance of up to 1 km. Hand carts are produced on three four wheels, their carrying capacity is up to 1 ton. Cargo transport carts with a carrying capacity of up to 50 kg are used to move individual lightweight loads.

Stacker trolleys with a manual hydraulic drive for lifting cargo allow for multi-tiered storage, stacking in racks and movement of goods in industrial containers. Carts may have a lifting platform or lifting forks.

Electric tractors are used for horizontal movement of trailers and container-equipment on wheels. The total weight of transported goods is up to 1500 kg.

Loading and unloading machines - forklifts and stackers - are designed to perform loading and unloading operations, inside the warehouse movement and warehousing of goods. Forklifts are divided into electric forklifts and forklifts.

Electric forklifts are floor-mounted trackless electrified vehicles driven by an electric motor powered by batteries. Their main working body is the pitchfork, which serves to pick up the load, lift it, transport it and stack it. They are produced with a carrying capacity from 0.5 to 5 tons, the height of the load is from 2.0 to 5.6 m. Electric forklifts are highly maneuverable.

Auto - loaders are driven by an internal combustion engine, and therefore are used to perform loading and unloading operations in open areas.

Their carrying capacity is from 3.2 to 10 tons, the height of the load is up to 8.2 m.

Electric stackers also belong to floor trackless vehicles. They are used to carry out warehouse work in enclosed spaces with a hard and even floor covering. They are used to work in cramped conditions when stacking goods in high tiers of racks. Their carrying capacity is 0.8; 1.0; 1.25; 1.6 and 2 t.

When equipping warehouses with lifting and transport equipment, the following are taken into account: arrangement of warehouses; range and dimensions of products to be processed; volume of loading and unloading and storage works; mechanism performance; warehouse operation mode.

Veso- measuring and packing equipment.

Depending on the design, the scales used in warehouses are divided as follows: weight scales, scale weights, scale weight scales, dial scales, semi-automatic, automatic.

In addition, the scales are divided into the following varieties: carriage, automobile, crane, commodity (platform), desktop (ordinary, dial, electronic).

To equip warehouses, mobile and stationary platform scales are most often used.

For weighing loads weighing from 50 kg to 3 tons, mobile floor scales are used.

Easy-to-use scale and dial scales. Scales platform stationary are intended for weighing of freights of the big weight. Their mechanism is mounted on a special foundation. At the same time, for weighing goods with a car, truck scales with the largest weighing limits of 10, 15, 30, 60, 100 and 150 tons are used.

Carriage scales are used to weigh goods together with wagons in the warehouses of wholesale depots.

New generation electronic scales are becoming more and more widespread. Currently, several hundred models of such scales are produced in the Russian Federation (from desktop to automobile and wagon). They are durable and reliable, can be made under any operating conditions. Weighing time is only 2-3 seconds. Scales have a maximum of service functions.

Wholesalers and warehouses use a variety of packaging equipment.

By purpose, it is divided into equipment for filling and packing groceries (automatic dispensers, mechanized production lines) and equipment for sorting, packing and packaging potatoes, vegetables and fruits (semi-automatic scales and lines for filling and packing). Otskochnaya Z.V. Organization and technology of trade: textbook. allowance for students. medium institutions. prof. education. M.: "Academy", 2012.192 p.

2. Organization of technologies for warehouse operations at the enterprise LLC "M. Video Management"

2.1 Technology of receipt and unloading of goods; acceptance of goods by quantity and quality

At the warehouse of M. video Management LLC, a complex of various sequentially performed operations for the receipt, storage and release of products is carried out. These operations together constitute the warehouse technological process.

Products are delivered to the warehouse by trucks. The performance of operations related to the receipt of products involves unloading vehicles, delivering products to the acceptance area, unpacking and accepting them in terms of quantity and quality.

The accepted products are delivered to the storage area, where they are placed on racks or stacked in stacks.

This is followed by operations related to the release of products to customers: product selection; moving it to the order picking area; picking orders; forwarding operations to send products to customers (forming routes, loading vehicles, centralized delivery of products); delivery of products to recipients, display of goods in the hall.

The rational organization of the commodity flow in LLC "M. video Management" provides for the movement of products within the warehouse by the shortest, non-intersecting, oppositely directed routes, which reduces the duration of individual operations and requires lower costs for the movement of goods.

The principle of efficient use of labor means involves the optimal use of space, capacity and equipment of warehouses.

Ensuring the complete safety of the properties of products in the company "M. Video Management" LLC is achieved by creating an appropriate storage regime for products, a convenient system for their stacking and placement, and organizing constant monitoring during storage. One of the conditions for the rational organization of the warehouse technological process is a clear distribution of responsibilities between employees, performing the corresponding operations.

The initial stage of the warehouse technological process in the company "M. Video Management" consists of operations for the receipt and acceptance of goods.

Before arrival cargo The following preparatory activities are carried out at the warehouse:

the place of unloading of goods is determined;

the presence of pallets is checked;

establish, with the help of what mechanisms the unloading and movement of the incoming goods will be carried out.

The speed of unloading operations depends on the availability and efficiency of the use of the necessary handling equipment and the precise organization of work on unloading vehicles.

At admission and unloading goods v companies LLC "M. Video Management" the following operations are performed:

checking the integrity of the vehicle (presence of damage and breakdowns);

checking the presence and integrity of seals;

vehicle opening;

inspection of the appearance of goods;

unloading of goods;

preliminary acceptance of goods by quantity;

delivery of goods to the acceptance site (acceptance expedition);

delivery of goods from the places of acceptance to the places of storage.

For unloading, forklifts, small-sized battery loaders, forklifts are used. Unloading of vehicles is carried out with strict observance of the established rules for the implementation of loading and unloading operations.

If a malfunction of the vehicle is detected, or the seals are broken, the following operations are carried out:

continuous check of the quantity and quality of goods;

if damage or breakdowns of the vehicle are found, a commercial act is drawn up, which is the main one for filing a claim with the transport authorities or the supplier;

if, as a result of a malfunction of the vehicle or damage to the cargo, it is drawn up technical act in addition to the commercial act.

Acceptance of goods by quantity at M. Video Management LLC is a verification (verification) of the conformity of actually received goods with the data of accompanying documents (waybills, invoices, inventories, specifications, packaging labels).

In the absence of accompanying documents, the goods are accepted upon actual availability with the obligatory drawing up of an act, which lists the missing documents.

preliminary acceptance is carried out during unloading of vehicles and consists in checking the number of places of the goods received and the gross weight.

final acceptance is produced at the receiving sites, while checking the number of commodity units.

If a discrepancy is found in the quantity of the goods received, the acceptance is suspended, and the recipient is obliged to take a number of actions:

1. Draw up a unilateral act on the identified shortage in a unified form.

2. Ensure the safety of the received goods and take measures to prevent mixing it with other homogeneous products.

3. Notify the sender's representative about the identified shortage. Notifications are sent by telegraph or telephone no later than 24 hours

4. Appoint a representative to participate in the final acceptance of the goods. In case of non-appearance of the representative of the supplier, acceptance is carried out:

with the participation of a representative of the public of the recipient's enterprise, appointed from among the persons approved by the decision of the trade union committee;

representative of another enterprise authorized;

unilateral by the recipient enterprise (if the supplier for consent).

A representative of the public (a representative of another enterprise) is issued a certificate confirming his authority to participate in the acceptance on the day of the final acceptance of goods by quantity. The certificate is issued for each acceptance separately. It must indicate: the date of issue and number of the certificate, last name, first name, patronymic, position, length of service of the representative, as well as:

for a representative of the public - the date and number of the decision of the local committee of the trade union by which this representative is allocated is indicated;

for a representative of another enterprise authorized to do so by the sending enterprise, a link is given to the documents by which the representative is authorized to participate in the acceptance.

5. Draw up a bilateral act on the day of final acceptance. The act indicates: the number of missing goods, their cost, a conclusion on the causes and place of the shortage, etc. All the necessary documents are attached to the act confirming certain circumstances of the shortage (copies of accompanying documents, packaging labels, seals of containers where the shortage was found, original transport document, certificate, documents containing data of plumb lines and measurements). The act is approved by the head of the recipient's enterprise no later than the next day after its preparation.

Acceptance goods on quality is to reconcile compliance of the quality and completeness of the received goods with the data of regulatory technical documentation, state standards, specifications and approved designs.

Acceptance of goods by quantity is carried out materially responsible persons with the participation of merchandisers-brackers in accordance with the instruction "On the procedure for accepting products for industrial purposes and consumer goods in terms of quality" No. P-7.

Terms of acceptance of goods by quality:

for out-of-town delivery - 20 days;

for out-of-town delivery - within 10 days;

hidden shortcomings - 4 months (the act is drawn up within 5 days from the date of detection of hidden shortcomings).

When a discrepancy is established in the quality of goods, a unilateral act is drawn up and further acceptance is suspended. Notify the representative of the supplier of the established discrepancy in the quality of goods within 24 hours

The supplier's representative must be:

single-city supplier - the next day after receiving the call;

non-resident supplier - within 3 days, not counting travel time.

The representative of the supplier must have a certificate confirming his authority to participate in determining the quality of goods received by the recipient.

If the representative of the supplier fails to appear, the quality of the goods is checked with the participation of:

an expert from the department of examinations of commercial and industrial boards;

competent representatives of another organization related to the relevant production sector;

a competent representative of this organization from among the persons approved by the decision of the trade union committee;

unilateral by the recipient enterprise (if the manufacturer has agreed).

The certificate is issued only for the right to participate in the acceptance of a particular batch of goods.

A bilateral act on the acceptance of goods for quality is drawn up. It provides accurate information about the detected shortcomings, gives their characteristics, lists the reasons for which the product was transferred to a lower grade or rejected. If the product is transferred to the lowest grade, then it is re-labeled. The marriage is accepted for safekeeping, after which it is reported to the supplier and a safe receipt is sent to him.

The one-city supplier must dispose of the rejected goods within 5 days;

If the supplier does not dispose of the goods within these periods, the recipient has the right to dispose of them himself.

The acts drawn up based on the results of the acceptance of goods on the established discrepancy in the quantity or quality of the goods received serve as the basis for filing a claim with the supplier.

2.2 Technology of placement, stacking and storage of goods

Proper placement and stacking of goods in the warehouse of M. Video Management LLC is an indispensable condition for the rational organization of the warehouse technological process. With a wide range of goods stored in the warehouse, thoughtful placement and stacking of goods allows you to create the proper storage conditions, reduce losses, and increase the efficiency of use warehouse space.

Rational placement system allows you to: quickly find the right product; keep accurate records of its availability, receipts and expenditures; ensures the quality of goods.

For the rational placement and stacking of goods at the enterprise, M. Video Management LLC draws up economic and technologically justified schemes for placing goods in warehouses. In these schemes, behind the goods certain groups, subgroups and names are fixed permanent storage locations. Each storage location is assigned a code or index. Electronic computing equipment is used in the memory of computers, codes of places of storage of goods are entered necessary elements automated system of search, movement and stowage of goods.

In warehouses and in the hall of commodity samples, a scheme for placing goods on racks (in time sheets) with their codes is posted.

In the event that the receipt of goods exceeds the maximum inventory for which the permanent storage sites are designed, the incoming goods are placed in reserve storage sites or in those assigned to other goods, but temporarily free.

The storage efficiency of goods depends on the choice of the stacking method. Shelving is used in the warehouse of the company "M.video Management" LLC.

When storing goods for storage, the following basic requirements must be observed:

homogeneous goods must be stacked in racks on both sides of one aisle;

when stacking goods by hand, they should be placed vertically in the cells of the racks so that they are located in one or more adjacent sections;

on the upper tiers of the racks, goods released from the warehouse in large quantities should be placed;

tare places should be stacked with markings outward.

To create the correct storage regime, it is necessary to know the main causes leading to the deterioration of the quality of goods, and eliminate them. These reasons are:

physical and chemical processes arising in goods under the influence of environment;

biological processes associated with the development of microflora;

damage to goods by insects, rodents and other pests;

mechanical damage, etc.

The most active influence on the quality of goods stored in M.video Management LLC is exerted by air temperature and humidity. The air temperature is regulated by heating and ventilation. Natural ventilation is carried out through windows, doors and ventilation ducts. mechanically air supply and exhaust.

Invalid (activated) commodity losses ( damage, breakage, scrap, etc.) arise as a result of unsatisfactory storage conditions or improper handling of goods. In warehouses, where operations for the acceptance, storage and release of goods are rationally carried out, their losses are minimized.

2.3 Technology for the release of goods from warehouses

Vacation goods- the final stage of the warehouse technological process is the most time-consuming operation of the trade and technical process.

The holiday operation in the company "M.video Management" LLC begins from the moment selection goods representatives of the buyer in person or by their written or telephone orders in the hall of commercial samples.

For the selection of goods in warehouses, special zones are allocated, taking into account the volume of selection of goods and the quality of concurrently completed consignments of goods.

After receiving at the warehouse an order (selection sheet) or an invoice issued in the hall for product samples, the warehouse workers select and complete the goods.

The selection of goods from storage places can be carried out by mechanized or automated, partially mechanized or automated and manual methods. The most effective is the mechanized or automated selection methods, in which the cargo on a pallet is removed from the stowage place and delivered as a whole transport unit to the places (zone) of preparation or release, or directly to the dispatch expedition.

In the company "M. video Management" LLC, the most perfect is the selection of goods from the cells of the racks with the help of special sorting machines (stackers-selectors) moving between the aisles of the racks.

Selected goods from storage places are delivered to the zone of warehouse preparation of goods for release (picking zone). Acquisition consists in the selection of the necessary assortment of goods ordered by buyers. An important operation in warehouses is packaging.

Transported goods using electric forklifts, battery carts or other vehicles, depending on the specific conditions of the warehouse.

2.4 Organization of work and management technological processes in stock

The most important direction of the rational organization of labor in the warehouse in the company "M. Video Management" LLC is:

development of rational forms of division and cooperation of labor;

organization and maintenance of workplaces;

studying the dissemination of advanced techniques and methods of labor in the performance of warehouse operations.

improvement of labor rationing;

creation of favorable working conditions;

labor protection and safety requirements;

training and advanced training of personnel.

The division of labor involves the differentiation of the activities of workers in the process of joint labor. The main directions of the division of labor are: functional (for selectors, sorters, pickers, support personnel, etc.), commodity-industry division and qualification.

The division of labor in the warehouse allows you to ensure the correct placement of workers in accordance with their classification, determine the required number of certain categories of workers, and also establish a clear responsibility for each employee for the assigned work.

The consequence of the division of labor is the need for its cooperation. The main forms of cooperation between warehouse workers are specialized and integrated teams. Depending on the nature of the work, they are interchangeable and through.

A specialized team is an association of workers of the same profession and specialty (loaders, selectors, pickers, etc.).

Integrated teams are formed from workers of various professions and specialties. When creating integrated teams, the possibility of interchangeability of team members, compatibility of professions is created.

Cross-cutting teams are a form of inter-shift cooperation of labor.

One of the important directions in the organization of labor of warehouse workers is the rational organization of their jobs.

The labor efficiency of warehouse workers depends on the degree of equipping workplaces with the necessary equipment, inventory, and the creation of working conditions that are safe for human health. In addition, the maintenance of workplaces provides for the provision of workers necessary information, a clear organization of economic services, modern renovation equipment and technical means.

One of the conditions for the rational organization of labor of warehouse workers is the operational planning of the warehouse.

For work performed manually, technical production standards can be determined on the basis of a photograph of the working day and a chronometric study of the costs of working time for employees to perform individual operations or a certain amount of work.

The rationing of labor in warehouses is expressed in the establishment of norms for time, production, number and structure of warehouse workers.

One of the directions of the rational organization of labor is the creation of favorable working conditions that contribute to increasing labor productivity, maintaining the health and working capacity of workers. Certain requirements are imposed on heating, lighting of premises, the presence and arrangement of rest rooms.

The improvement of working conditions is facilitated by measures for labor protection and safety requirements, which provide for compliance with the maximum norms for carrying loads, regulation of the use of labor of women and adolescents in loading and unloading operations, etc. The design of the building must meet the requirements of labor protection. In order to comply with labor safety requirements, warehouse workers are instructed and appropriate credits are taken.

The rational organization of labor provides for the continuous improvement of work with personnel on the selection and placement of employees, increasing their classification.

The technology for performing warehouse operations should ensure the high efficiency of the warehouse, the rhythm of work on the acceptance and release of goods. In this regard, the development of a rational technology for performing warehouse operations is of particular importance, the improvement of which consists in the constant search for the best forms and methods of their organization and management.

Technological schedules reflect the performance of warehouse operations by time (per shift, day, hour). For the efficient use of handling equipment and the elimination of its downtime, it is necessary to develop schedules for the operation of loading and unloading mechanisms during the work shift.

The company "M. video Management" LLC uses a network model - this is a graphical representation of warehouse operations, consistently displaying the alternation of the chain of work and operations of the overall technological process.

The network model with the deadlines for the execution of technological process operations is a network diagram.

Network models and graphs can significantly improve the efficiency of warehouse process management due to:

elimination of duplication of operations;

elimination of non-production operations based on their combination and rationalization;

determination of cost centers manual labor in order to find needs and ways to reduce or completely eliminate it;

reduction of time and duration of individual technological operations based on rational choice effective means labor and accounting for the workload and specialization of performers.

The rational organization of the management of loading and unloading operations and transport operations is one of the conditions for increasing the efficiency of the technological process in warehouses.

The management of these operations is aimed at reducing the duration of the technological process, projects of lifting and transport mechanisms, ensuring the rhythmic operation of warehouses.

Placement of goods in the warehouse is carried out on the basis of fixing permanent seats storage behind each item and free (variable) storage locations. Fixing permanent storage places allows you to reduce transportation costs, quickly place a newly received batch of goods. In the presence of an automated control system, optimal conditions for placement of goods for storage, its search during selection according to customer orders, acquisition of consignments for shipment of goods.

Storage management pursues the goal of quantitative and qualitative preservation of goods, efficient use of storage space and capacity, as well as the creation of conditions for the rational implementation of all operations of the technological process.

Commodity flow management includes the development of rational routes for the movement of goods upon receipt, selection and release to their customers. Pashkov A.K. Warehousing and warehouse work. M.: ICC "Akademkniga", 2003. 367 p.

3. Recommendation for improving the efficiency of the enterprise LLC "M. Video Management"

With regard to assessing the rationality of the organization of warehouse management at M. Video Management LLC, one can say about certain successes of this organization. In my opinion, the enterprise in question has found the best method for organizing warehouse management. But in order to achieve the most effective work warehouse it is necessary to pay attention to the optimal placement of stocks. It is extremely important to use convenient shelving, which will reduce the complexity of unloading and loading operations, as well as place raw materials, materials, finished products in the most appropriate way. When choosing racks, it is necessary to be guided by the convenience of dimensions and unpretentiousness in care. The ideal option is multi-storey racks, which take up little space, but provide a lot of space for placing goods. Most optimal choice material - metal. Metal racks withstand heavy loads, they have the highest degree of strength and durability.

It is extremely important to correctly place the stored materials in the room. Closest to the exit should be racks with raw materials that are used on a daily basis. The most popular stocks should be within walking distance from the entrance. If you place them against the far wall of a huge warehouse complex, then the loaders will have to do a lot of unnecessary work.

Also, not many organizations in the current economic situation can afford the construction of a new building for a warehouse. It is much easier and cheaper to try to get more from the existing warehouse. Companies trying to use every millimeter of space not yet occupied often consider using carousel or elevator storage systems Kardex Remstar Kardex Remstar - (Switzerland) - a leader in the production and implementation of automated storage systems, selection and picking for small and medium-sized goods of any type: components , spare parts, tools, electronic components, spare parts, documents, etc.: with their help, a high storage density is achieved and up to 85% of the floor space can be saved.

Optimize and automate

The trend in the organization work warehouse farms today it is the optimization of their activities. The most important component of increasing the efficiency of the warehouse is the improvement of current business processes, their optimization, if necessary - the reorganization of existing structures, and automation. Warehouse automation is understood as a set of interrelated and coordinated processes, methods and means that ensure the storage, movement of stocks and integrated accounting of inventory items. Automated management of technological processes of modern warehousing allows business leaders to receive timely information about the state of affairs and, if necessary, promptly correct its work.

Automation warehouse farms includes complex such events, how:

equipping the warehouse with the necessary technical means;

development and implementation of an integrated information system that automates warehouse activities;

change in the organization of the warehouse in accordance with the new requirements (allows you to reduce the duration and complexity of loading operations, increase the efficiency of accounting and safety of cargo during transportation);

training.

Warehousing automation also implies the automatic issuance of the necessary documents reflecting the movement of goods (waybills, bills, invoices, write-off acts, etc.), support for operations on the arrival of goods, internal movements from warehouse to warehouse, issuance to departments and employees, returns from departments and employees, write-offs from warehouses, etc.

warehouse management

How to organize a wholesale business

We all know what wholesale structures provide wide range of goods that we see today on the shelves of retail stores.

If you are thinking about organizing profitable business in the wholesale trade, our article will tell you where to start and how to avoid the difficulties that await along the way.

Movement of goods in the warehouse: acceptance and shipment

Any movement of goods, products, products is accompanied by the execution of various mandatory documents. The movement of goods can be during the purchase, during the sale, as well as intra-company movement within the framework of one trading (retail or wholesale) company from warehouse to warehouse, or from one outlet to another. Any movement of goods must comply with certain rules.

Storage of goods in a warehouse

How to properly store goods in a warehouse, where to place it depends on the purpose of the goods, the storage method suitable for it, the size and ergonomics of the warehouse itself, the availability of cargo for quick search, for manipulating the loader and other mechanisms working with the cargo, and some other factors.

How to calculate inventory and prevent shortages and overstocking

Inventory management is important element management and entrepreneurial activity in retail. Competent and efficient inventory management is aimed at ensuring that the outlet is provided with goods and stocks in exactly the volume and quantity in which it is necessary for a certain period, based on the parameters of the business. Otherwise, there may be both a shortage and an excess of inventory, which is unacceptable from the point of view of business efficiency.

The procedure for conducting an inventory in a warehouse

The procedure for conducting an inventory of goods and other material assets is regulated by legislation. However, it is not always easy to take into account the spirit and the letter of the rules during a real inventory of goods and materials in a warehouse and in a store.

Read more: Conducting an inventory of the warehouse

Control of stock balances

The rest of the goods in the warehouse need to be accounted for and controlled. Inventory management is part of inventory control. How and at what points it is easier to control warehouse inventory, read in this material.

Read more: Control of stock balances

Warehouse accounting automation

Accounting for the movement of goods in wholesale trade, accounting for orders and sales is a continuous process that requires attention and compliance with many important procedures and rules.

With the help of accounting automation systems in retail trade, it is possible to carry out the widest range of accounting, reporting and analytical work, which ultimately allows you to make the right and most effective management decisions.

The program for automating warehouse accounting Business.Ru will significantly facilitate the work and save time. Thanks to the program, inventory can be carried out in two clicks and manage an unlimited number of warehouses at the same time. Advantages:

the whole process is automated and clear;
all operations are performed in a couple of clicks;
transparent reservation of goods;
accounting for goods in various units of measurement, etc.

Special nuances of warehouse accounting. Video

Warehouse documents

Packing list

A bill of lading is a primary accounting document. It serves as an excuse for the write-off of goods and materials by the seller and for the registration of goods by the buyer.

Organized warehouse management- the first condition for effective inventory management. To ensure order in the warehouse means to create motivation for employees to thrifty handling of stocks, to streamline the processes of storing stocks and introducing new products to the assortment, to rank stocks by priority, to carry out an inventory of goods and process documentation in a timely manner. The ways of implementing these conditions are different, the main thing is the result, that is, order. Usually, putting things in order in the work of the warehouse gives a direct economic effect in the form of a decrease in stocks, an increase in turnover, and an increase in the company's profit.

iTeam consulting company consultant
Ksenia Kochneva

What warehouse, such business

Warehousing of the enterprise is a link to which it is necessary to pay Special attention. The importance of this link is confirmed by Scheme 1, which shows the “circulation” of financial and material flows in one commercial firm:

Red lines mean financial flows, and blue lines mean material flows. What goes to the suppliers in the form of a financial flow returns to the company in the form of material values (for example, goods) and enters the warehouse. On the other hand, everything that goes to customers (leaves the warehouse) returns to the company as a cash flow.

Of course, the scheme is very conditional, it does not reflect, for example, the sequence of flows, it does not have a commercial department, without which the process is unthinkable. Nevertheless, the diagram clearly shows the role of the warehouse.

As you know, the company's financial flows are almost 100% regulated by laws, and material flows are mostly regulated by internal procedures. The point of contact of the two main types of material flows - incoming and outgoing - is a warehouse. In other words, a warehouse is a link in which procedures are concentrated that concern not only the warehouse itself, but also its interaction with the rest of the company.

Therefore, the warehouse is a kind of indicator by which one can judge the health of the company. Practice has long shown that if the warehouse is in order, then this certainly applies to the company as a whole. But if some processes in the warehouse are lame, then there will definitely be a failure in the work of the company. That is why underestimating the role of the warehouse is already a mistake.

Where do you get ideas from?

Of course, along with constant monitoring, regular analysis of warehouse processes is necessary in order to establish in advance the indirect causes of all shortcomings. However, it cannot be argued that the deterioration of warehouse operations always leads to the deterioration of other processes in the company. But the slightest glitch common processes Companies are almost always affected primarily by the warehouse. Thus, regular analysis of warehouse processes will allow us to respond in time to any situation that could harm the interests of the company.

Analysis of a certain activity is necessary not only to identify problems in it. Analysis is a source of ideas for its improvement. And each measure to improve warehouse activities in any case will have a beneficial effect on the activities of the entire company.

However, a reasonable question arises: is it possible once and for all to regulate all processes in the warehouse and control only their implementation? Unfortunately no. In one exceptionally dynamic business environment, rules and procedures quickly become obsolete. And one of the most effective ways to respond to this process in a timely manner is to analyze the work of the warehouse.

What is clear to the storekeeper is not always clear to the logistician

After the company's management understands that warehouse activities are part of a business process, the question arises: how to analyze warehouse processes more efficiently?

Can be distinguished 9 principles of warehousing. They apply to any warehouse without exception, their observance is a kind of guarantee of stability. But if for a storekeeper these principles are taken for granted, then for a logistician, even an experienced one, they are not always clear. Therefore, we will dwell on them separately, since they greatly simplify the analysis of warehouse processes.

The principle of clearly delineated strict liability. There should be one employee in the warehouse who bears full financial responsibility for everything that is here, is responsible for all shortages and surpluses.
The principle of organization and control. Any activity, including in the warehouse, must be organized and controlled. And one employee should do this as part of one of his main duties.
Since financial responsibility is impossible without good organization and control, on the one hand, and good organization and control are impossible without financial responsibility, on the other hand, the third principle becomes quite obvious.
The principle of unity. And control, and organization, and financial responsibility should be concentrated in the same hands, one employee. You can call him whatever you like: the head of the warehouse, and the organizer of warehouse activities, the warehouse manager, or come up with something even more fashionable.
The principle of strict financial reporting and always in real time. The most important and easiest principle to understand and follow. Here is an example. The regional warehouse of one large European expedition is managed by a woman of about forty: a menacing look, a hoarse voice. She can bang her fist on the table and shout: “Nothing enters my warehouse without a document and nothing comes out without a document!” With her grip, she can handle a dozen men in the warehouse.
However, the male grip does not always help. And here's another example. The truck is at customs, and the goods are already in the computer. The employees of the commercial department saw it, were delighted, and sold half of it in an hour. We gave an order to the warehouse to load and lead to customers who are burning with impatience. But there was a problem at customs, and the truck stood there for a week. Merchants had to apologize to customers.
The principle of planning warehouse activities. Like any activity, warehousing also needs to be planned. Terms can be different - depending on the characteristics of a particular warehouse. A common case is when the goods arrive at the warehouse, and for the storekeepers this is a surprise. They immediately begin to think about where to put it, how to arrange it, etc.
The principle of a strictly defined method of movement of values in a warehouse. Most often it is FIFO, but it can be different, or maybe mixed. The main thing is that it be clearly defined. And storekeepers know better than any manager how to carry it out in a particular case.
The principle of the correct location of values. You can write novels about this, but it is important to understand that the right location speeds up and simplifies warehouse processes.
The principle of planned, regular inventory. Let's dwell on it in more detail.
Inventory used to be considered an ordinary audit. Sometimes they even carry it out just to prevent the abuse of storekeepers, so that they do not relax. But the purpose of the inventory is still different - in the analysis of the results of labor. This is one of the most powerful tools for assessing the effectiveness of warehouse operations. As practice shows, almost a third of all discrepancies in the amount of goods available and recorded in the documents are due to the poor performance of storekeepers, the remaining two-thirds of the discrepancies arise because warehouse processes are either poorly organized or outdated. This is exactly what an inventory should reveal, which should preferably be carried out regularly, according to a plan.
Of course, the inventory takes time, and it should take place when the warehouse is at rest, and this may require stopping all processes in the company and working on weekends. And it also takes time to process the results of the inventory.

Let's see if it is possible to speed up this procedure without reducing its effectiveness? Every warehouse has products that are less error prone than others. So is it worth it in this case to recalculate the entire warehouse every time? Of course not. Here are just a few postulates, the truth of which has been proven by many years of practice.

The more warehouse operations are performed with a particular product in a certain period, the greater the likelihood of an error. The degree of error probability can be determined, for example, by the number of product exits from the warehouse (table 1).

However, the number of exits is not the only criterion. The probability of errors depends on many other factors - the same packaging, piece output, relatively high price. Therefore, the number of exits has to be corrected using a coefficient in the range of 1-2 (and possibly less than one). At the same time, it is important that the coefficient is determined by the method of expert assessment, and the best experts in this matter are the storekeepers themselves. To determine the coefficient, it is also important to use the results of previous inventories and take into account the specifics of a particular warehouse.

Based on the adjusted number of exits, a simplified ABC analysis can be performed (Table 2).

For example, the first 50% of the products will be assigned to group A, the next 30% to group B and the remaining 20% to group C. After that, we decide: we will recalculate group A every month, group B - once every two months and group C - once every three months. As a result, a full inventory of the warehouse will be held once every three months. Therefore, there is no need to recalculate the entire warehouse monthly. ABC analysis allows many times to improve this technique.

The principle of strict regulation of the presence in the warehouse. There should be clear instructions about who, when, in the presence of whom and for what reason, if you like, can be in the warehouse. And no one dares to violate this instruction, not even top management. For greater importance, you can also indicate in the instructions: “Exceptions are not allowed!”