It implies a certain group of disability. Disabled people. Social adaptation of the disabled

The concept of a disabled person and disability.

At present, the concept of "disabled person" does not have a clear definition due to the constantly changing conditions of the social environment and temporal space. The concept is constantly evolving within the framework of social and medical approaches to the definition of "disabled". However, let us give the following definition this phenomenon, based on the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation", adopted in November 1995.

Disabled person - a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life and causing the need for his social protection.

In this regard, the term "disability" in the modern sense no longer has a definite and static meaning once and for all. The concept of disability is dynamically evolving as social ideology evolves, eliminating the need for a unified canonical definition of disability.

In the context of an ever-changing societal attitude towards disability as a social phenomenon the adoption of a single wording of the concept of "disability" is no longer possible.

However, the commonly used current meaning of the term "disability" can be formulated as follows:

Disability means functional disorders of a physical, mental or mental nature observed in a person, in connection with which a person needs special compensatory measures in order to be able to live a full life on an equal basis with other citizens.

Let's give another definition of this phenomenon.

Disability - obstacles or restrictions on the activity of a person with physical, mental, sensory and mental disabilities, caused by the conditions existing in society, under which people are excluded from active life.

There is only one difference between the concepts, but it gives the concept a completely different meaning. It is not the disease that creates the limitations of activity, but the conditions. If this approach, which has been called social, spreads, society will create conditions for equal opportunities for all its citizens.

However, both of these definitions are very consonant with the concepts of disability and disability enshrined in the United Nations Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities:

Term "life restrictions" means the loss or limitation of opportunities to participate in society on an equal basis with others. It involves the relationship between the disabled person and his environment. This term is used to highlight the shortcomings environment and many aspects of society's activities, in particular in the field of information, connections and education that limit the ability of persons with disabilities to participate in society on an equal basis with others.

This concept makes a clear distinction between two key concepts: disability and disability. Disability implies an objectively established fact, for example, a violation of the functions of vision, hearing, deviations in mental or mental development. Disabilities, on the contrary, are the consequences of external factors. Disabilities should be understood as defects human environment physical and social environment, i.e., restrictions created by a society that is not adapted to participate in the general activities of people with various health disorders.

The difference between disability and disability underlies the concept of disability, which takes into account the relationship between deviations in human health and the physical and social environment surrounding it.

The concept of disability based on environmental factors:

· Disability + barriers = disability.

· Disability + compensation = equal opportunity.

The concept of disability, which takes into account the relationship between violations of the structures and functions of the human body and its environment, shifts the focus from the adaptation of a disabled person to the "norms" of social life to changing the society itself. Thus, the main direction of social protection and rehabilitation of people with disabilities is not the identification and correction of defects and deviations, but the development of compensation mechanisms and the elimination of barriers in the environment, as well as the maximum consideration of the needs of people with disabilities in making all decisions in society.

In this regard, the formation of an accessible environment and the elimination of physical and social barriers are currently the most important priority in the field of social protection and rehabilitation of people with disabilities.

Let us single out several principles of social protection and rehabilitation of the disabled:

availability of living environment.

the principle of compensation.

· the principle of sectoral distribution of responsibility.

the principle of solidarity.

the principle of ensuring equal opportunities.

Let us dwell on the last of the principles, which, in our opinion, is the most important in the light of considering the problem of education for disabled people.

The concept of ensuring equal opportunities is based on the combination of the principle of sectoral distribution of responsibility, the principle of compensation and the principle of solidarity.

Ensuring equal conditions for all members of society requires the following prerequisites:

· Each sector of society, within its area of ​​activity, is responsible for removing physical and social barriers so that public goods and services are accessible to people with disabilities as an integral part of the population.

· The Society is jointly and severally responsible for compensating functional limitations for people with disabilities individually or collectively in order to ensure, as far as possible, equal starting conditions for all citizens.

Thus, ensuring equal opportunities does not mean equal treatment. On the contrary, we are talking about guarantees of equal opportunities for every citizen - opportunities to develop, realize their potential and, to the extent of their strength and ability, acquire knowledge and skills. Disabled and non-disabled people are initially in different starting conditions, and the nature and severity of functional disorders can vary over an extremely wide range. Therefore, in order to ensure truly equal opportunities in society for persons with disabilities, certain advantages and privileges must be provided.

Ensuring equal opportunities in the labor market, for example, for the visually impaired with a fully preserved intellect, seems to be a completely feasible task; much more difficult problems associated with the compensation of life limitations for people with multiple dysfunctions or deviations in mental or mental development. Nevertheless, equal opportunities must be guaranteed and ensured for all groups of disabled people, regardless of the severity of functional disorders, which is possible only if, when determining equal opportunities, society is guided not so much by formal as by ethical and moral concepts of the standard of living and decent life - that is, the ability to achieve the desired conditions of life, despite the limitations of health and dependence on social services. In other words, the principle of equal opportunity has a much broader meaning than the notion of equal starting conditions that underlies the principle of compensation. If it is impossible to ensure objectively equal opportunities, the creation of conditions for a “decent life” becomes a priority.

Chapter 1.: General provisions of the social protection of the Russian Federation

In Russian legislation, the definition of disability is based on the model of disability recognized by the state.

V Soviet time the concepts of "disabled" and "disability" were defined based on the economic model. So, according to Art. 18 of the Law of the USSR "On State Pensions" of 1956, disability is a permanent or prolonged loss of ability to work.

In the 1990s, the definition of disability in the legislation changed due to the influence of the medical and social model of disability. The definition of the concept of "disabled" was enshrined in the Law of the USSR "On the basic principles of social protection of disabled people in the USSR" (Article 2): "a disabled person is a person who, due to the restriction of life due to the presence of physical or mental disabilities, needs social assistance and protection" .

The development of the medical and social model in Russia was influenced by a review published in 1993 by M.V. Korobov "International classification of disorders, disability and social insufficiency and the possibility of its use in practical medical and social expertise", in which the author proposed to use this classification to clarify the criteria for disability, determine the needs of people with disabilities in rehabilitation measures and evaluate the effectiveness of its results.

Finally, the medical and social approach in the definition of the concept

"disabled person" was enshrined in the Federal Law "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation". In accordance with Art. 1 of this Law, a disabled person is a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life and causing the need for his social protection. According to the same article, disability is a complete or partial loss by a person of the ability or ability to carry out self-service, move independently, navigate, communicate, control their behavior, learn and engage in work activities.

In 1997, the Decree of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation and the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation approved the Classifications and time criteria used when conducting

medical and social expertise, which became the basic document serving the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 13, 1996 No. 965 “On the procedure for recognizing citizens as disabled.”161 These Classifications were based on the International Nomenclature of Violations, Restrictions and Social insufficiency.162 Currently, there are Classifications and criteria used in the implementation of medical and social expertise, which were approved in 2009163 (Classifications and criteria). They are based on the same principles and approaches as the previous Classifications. Thus, Russian legislation is based on a scientifically developed and accepted by the international community medical and social model of disability.

After acceptance federal law"On the social protection of persons with disabilities in the Russian Federation", a new definition of the concept of "disability" was introduced, contained in the Classifications and temporary criteria adopted in 1997 used in the implementation of medical and social expertise. According to clause 1.1.2. of these Classifications, disability is a social insufficiency due to a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, leading to a limitation of life and the need for social protection.

630, these Classifications were canceled, there is currently no legal definition of the concept of "disability" in Russian legislation.

The definition of the concept of disability in modern legislation can only be identified through a consistent analysis of legal norms. From paragraph 4 of Art. 3 of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation” dated December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ, it follows that disability is a difficult life situation that objectively disrupts the life of a citizen, which he cannot overcome on his own. However, this definition does not capture the essence of disability.

The concept of “disabled person” currently enshrined in legislation corresponded to the international documents that existed at the time of its introduction, since the general methodological basis for defining this concept both in the Federal Law “On the Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” and in the World Program of Action for Disabled Persons and in the Standard Rules for Ensuring Equal Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities was the MCS adopted in 1980. However, after the adoption of the ICF in 2001 and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2006, the definition of the concept of “disabled person” contained in Russian legislation is outdated and no longer corresponds to modern international acts, since it does not indicate such an element of disability as inability to adapt to a disabled person external environment. In this regard, the development of a new definition is currently very relevant.

Considering the issue of introducing a new concept into the legislation

"disabled", it is necessary first of all to dwell on the terminology used. In Russia, the Latin word “invalid” is used to designate persons with significant health impairments, which means “unfit” in translation. In Russian, this word appeared in the 18th century. in relation to military personnel who, as a result of injuries, did not allow them to support and serve themselves. In the 19th century All persons who have lost the ability to support and serve themselves due to a health disorder began to be classified as disabled.

In modern scientific and socio-political literature, there is a tendency not to use the term "disabled" to refer to people with health problems, explaining this with ethical considerations. There is an opinion that this word offends dignity, discriminates against rights, inspires the idea of ​​one's own inferiority and thus hinders the normal formation of personality. The term “disabled person” is intensively replaced by the terms “person with disabilities” (sometimes “…health” is added), “person with disabilities”, “person with visual impairments (or other impairments)”, etc. For example, the First International Festival of Young Disabled People, held in Moscow in 1992, proposed the term

“disabled person” should be replaced by the concept of “disturbed condition”, since there are no people called disabled, but there are people with various physical, mental, etc. states.

The debate about replacing the word "disabled" with other terms is not new. In the 1930s, the Soviet medical community discussed the question of whether this term should be used, and such names as “limitedly able-bodied”, “persistently disabled”, etc. were proposed.

Since this trend can be reflected in legislation, it is necessary to dwell in more detail on the use of relevant terms.

The term "person with disabilities" is a Russian translation from in English North American term "people with disabilities". This term does not reflect the specifics of the state of a citizen, because it does not determine in what area of ​​life a given person has limited opportunities (in health, commercial activities, creativity, opportunities for prestigious recreation, etc.).

The terms "person with disabilities", "person with disabilities", "person with visual (hearing, etc.) impairments" reflect the specifics of the state of a citizen, but the Latin term

"disabled" allows you to form a generalizing noun - disability, which is impossible when using the above terms.

The term "disabled person" most clearly conveys the essence of the phenomenon in comparison with other terms in the Russian language. Therefore, its replacement is especially unacceptable in the legislation, since legal technique requires clarity and uniformity of the terminology used.

The proposal by Yu.V. Ivanchina to exclude the term “disabled person” from the circulation of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and replace it with the terms “capacity for work” and “disability”. Firstly, such an innovation would contradict the rule on the use of labor law concepts of other branches of law in the same sense that they are given by the "parent" branches.

Secondly, the concept of "disabled" is broader than the concept of "disabled", since it covers both temporarily disabled persons and persons with permanent disability. Directly for people with disabilities (who can conditionally be classified as persons with permanent disability) in Labor Code RF171 (Labor Code of the Russian Federation) provides for a number of benefits (Articles 92, 94, 96, 99, 113, 128, 179, 224). Usage general concept"disabled" will not allow to single out this category and additional definitions will have to be introduced (temporarily disabled, permanently disabled, etc.).

Thirdly, as noted above, it is wrong to equate disability and incapacity for work. Not every disabled person can be recognized as disabled. In the Classifications and criteria used in the implementation of the medical and social examination of citizens by federal state institutions of medical and social examination, three degrees of limitation of the ability to work are established (clauses "g" clause 6):

I degree - the ability to perform labor activities in normal working conditions with a decrease in qualifications, severity, tension and (or) a decrease in the volume of work, the inability to continue working in the main profession while maintaining the ability to perform labor activities of a lower qualification under normal working conditions;

II degree - the ability to perform labor activity in specially created conditions using auxiliary technical means;

III degree - the ability to perform labor activity with significant assistance from other persons or the impossibility (contraindication) of its implementation due to existing limitations of life.

As an example, consider the case of determining the degree of working capacity of a disabled person with no lower limbs, who has the profession of "programmer". This disabled person can work full time at home or in the office and does not require specially created working conditions. Therefore, he cannot be recognized as disabled, based on the specified Classifications and criteria, although he is undoubtedly disabled.

Thus, labor legislation should contain special legal regulations ensuring the implementation by disabled people of their right to work (norms on limiting the involvement of disabled people in work at night and overtime work, preemptive right to leave at work when reducing the number or staff of employees, etc.). Based on the analysis carried out, it is not possible to differentiate the legal regulation of the labor of disabled people without using the term "disabled person".

The concepts "disabled" and "disability" cannot be regarded as equivalent due to the fact that "one of them characterizes the subject, personality, and the second - a special state of health or even a social category." Thus, both concepts should be defined in the legislation.

In order to bring Russian legislation into line with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, in March 2014, amendments were prepared to the Law on the Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities, according to which the definition of the term “disabled person” is supposed to be reworded: “a disabled person is a person who has health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, violations of the anatomical structure of the body, its organs and systems, leading to limitation of life and causing the need for its social

protection." However, the proposed changes, in our opinion, do not solve

the problem of compliance of the considered international documents. The new legal concept of "disabled person" must meet the following requirements:

1. The definition must use the terms contained in the ICF.

2. The definition should indicate that the impairment of a person's health entails both a limitation of his opportunities and the social limitations that this person faces. It is advisable to define the limitation of opportunities with the help of the phrase "limitation of life activity", and social limitations - with the help of the phrase "reduced adaptability to the social environment", the use of which indicates the need to adapt to the disabled environment.

3. Since, from the point of view of law, a person becomes disabled after being recognized as such by competent specialists, this should also be recorded in the definition. The need to reflect this circumstance in the definition, in particular, is indicated by S.Yu. Golovin 174 and V.S. Tkachenko.

In view of the foregoing, the following definition can be given: a disabled person is a person who has a change in health established by the conclusion of a medical and social examination due to a persistent violation of the functions and systems of the body, leading to a limitation of life, expressed in the complete or partial loss of the ability to independently carry out domestic, social and professional activities , as well as to reduce adaptability to the social environment and causing the need for its social protection.

The concept of "disabled" defines a person with certain properties. The concept of "disability" should reflect the properties of a person defined as a disabled person. Therefore, based on the formulated definition of "disabled person" for fixing in regulatory legal acts

the following definition of "disability" can be proposed: disability is a change in human health due to a persistent impairment of the functions and systems of the body, leading to a limitation of life, expressed in the complete or partial loss of the ability to independently carry out household, social and professional activities, as well as to reduce adaptability to social environment and causing the need for its social protection.

The Latin word for "invalid" (invalid) lit. means "unsuitable" and serves to characterize persons who, as a result of illness, injury, mutilation, are limited in the manifestations of vital activity. In Russian, this word took root in the 18th century; Initially, former military personnel who, due to health reasons, could not serve themselves, were called disabled. Later, in the XIX century. Disabled persons were considered to be persons who have completely lost the opportunity to earn money due to their health condition. For a long time, when characterizing disabled people, the emphasis was on the professional and labor side of life. Since disability is an obstacle to a full-fledged professional activity and deprives a person of the opportunity to independently provide for his existence, attention was mainly paid until the middle of the 20th century. paid attention to the medical aspects of disability and the problems of material assistance to the disabled. Until the beginning of the 20th century. in Russia and abroad, the main attention was paid to the charity of the disabled, mainly through charitable donations. Appropriate institutions were created to make up for the lack of material means of subsistence for the disabled. important role in charitable assistance disabled people belonged to religious organizations. At the beginning of the XX century. ideas were expressed about the need for such assistance, which would give the disabled person the opportunity to lead a fairly independent lifestyle. The very concept of "disability" was also revised, which has since been regarded as a complex biopsychosocial category. For a person who has become disabled, a new stage of life begins: habitual life stereotypes are deformed, the existing system of social contacts is disrupted, the social status of the individual changes, barriers appear on the way to fulfilling the most important biological and social needs. Society is forced to spend significant material resources, compensating for the exclusion of disabled people from the main sphere of life - work. Given these circumstances, rehabilitation began to develop as a science and as a system of measures aimed not only at reducing the impact of disabling factors and conditions, but also at providing opportunities for people with disabilities to achieve social integration, return or get as close as possible to a full-fledged social life. The need to develop the rehabilitation of disabled people is dictated not so much by its economic significance (i.e., a decrease in the share of society’s expenses for helping disabled people) but by the growing understanding that in a harmonious society all its members should have opportunities for the most complete self-realization, that a disabled person in most cases is able to respond for himself on an equal footing with healthy people and needs help only in order to cope with certain difficulties caused by violations of body functions. The foundation in 1922 of the organization "International Rehabilitation" is considered to be the beginning of an organized international policy in the field of rehabilitation of the disabled. In 1933, in New York, under the leadership of J. Smith, the Institute for the Crippled and the Disabled was established - the world's first comprehensive rehabilitation center. In 1930, the Scientific Research Institute for the Expertise of Working Ability was established in Moscow, later renamed the Central Research Institute for the Expertise of Working Ability and Organization of Labor of the Disabled (CIETIN). Initially, the main attention was paid to the examination of the residual working capacity of the disabled and the assessment of professional suitability for performing a particular job. However, already in the 1930s. studies were also conducted to compensate for disturbed mental functions, methods and techniques were developed for vocational training for certain categories of disabled people (in particular, with disability as a result of mental illness). In reality, the concept of rehabilitation was introduced into medical practice and labor expertise only in the 1960s-1970s. The psychiatrist M.M. fruitfully worked on the methodology of this scientific and practical direction. Kabanov. He pointed out that rehabilitation is not just prevention, treatment and employment, but a fundamentally new approach to the patient, re-socialization, restoration of the personal and social status of the disabled. Kabanov identified the main core of rehabilitation programs - an appeal to the individual. He formulated the main principles of human rehabilitation.

DISABLED PERSON

handicap) - 1. Partial or complete inability to perform any social, industrial or other activity that a person would like to do. At the same time, the degree of his partial or complete inability (disability) to perform any activity is indicated in comparison with representatives of the control group, who do not have such an inability. A disabled person is usually considered a person with some established structural impairment (impairment); often it includes two standard deviations from the average obtained from the study a large number practically healthy people in this respect. Such a deviation may reflect a functional impairment, and often it is unexpected for the person himself and is detected only with the help of a clinical examination or during the testing process. Alternative terms in this case are: abnormality (abnormality), defect (defect), malformation (malformation) (malformation) or impaired function (malfunction); these terms are often used by most specialists, which can lead to confusion. To solve this problem working group The World Health Organization has suggested using the general term "disablement", but so far it has only limited use. See also International Classification of Diseases. 1. See mental deficiency.

DISABLED PERSON

from lat. invalidus - powerless, weak] - a person who has permanently or for a long time lost his ability to work (partially or completely) due to injury, injury, illness, old age or a congenital developmental defect.

Disabled person

lat. invalidus - powerless, weak) - an individual who has a physical or mental handicap, a certain lack of opportunities, due to which he is completely or partially deprived of the opportunity to fully function and is dependent on someone. All those hypocritical shows with the disabled, which are often shown, for example, the Paralympic Games, diabetic running championships, archery for the visually impaired, etc. epilepsy, for example, about pole vaulting of patients with mental retardation or sambo competitions between patients with paranoid schizophrenia) are intended, in essence, to create the appearance of touching, paternal care of the state for the disabled, the achievements of serious successes in their rehabilitation, and in fact the rehabilitation of only negligibly small of them part, as well as to “promote” politicians on this or to make people completely forget that the prevention of morbidity, especially including psychiatric, is de facto in a catastrophic situation.

DISABLED PERSON

Having a defect due to which the ability to function is less than normal. Usually this term refers to those with physical disabilities, but can sometimes be used to refer to the mentally handicapped. See disabled.

Found schemes on the topic — 8

Found books on the topic - 4

Found scientific articles on the topic — 12

Model of psychological support of preventive work with the family of a disabled child with cerebral palsy in the system

Ivanova V. S., Gritskevich N. K.

The fundamental scientific foundations and psychological practice of helping children with mental developmental disabilities in the system of special education are considered.

Dramatherapy as a technology for the social rehabilitation of young people with disabilities: a theoretical aspect

Sharovskaya A.V.

The article discusses the positive potential of drama therapy in social rehabilitation young disabled people, is theoretically substantiated beneficial effect drama therapy work on the personal characteristics of people with disabilities, as well as examples of high achievements of people with disabilities in the field of theatrical art.

The dynamic state of disability and interactions in the family as a psychological problem (ex.

Ivanova Vera Semyonovna

The article discusses the relevance of the problem of interaction between the family and children with disabilities, considers the expectations of parents, which are an essential component that contributes to violations or prevents their correction for social adaptation and integration of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Keywords Keywords: child and adolescent disability, parental expectations, parenting style, the problem of adaptation and learning. integration of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Key words: infantile and adolescent disability, parents expectations, the way to bring up children, the problem of adaptation and training.

Psychological readiness of disabled people to receive vocational education

Sladkov E. I., Subbotina O. A., Shulmin M. P.

The presented results of a pilot study of the psychological readiness of applicants with disabilities to receive professional education were obtained on the basis of psychological and pedagogical communication between researchers and a group of young disabled students attending a pre-university training course. The results of the study convince that vocational education is the leading goal for the disabled, they associate with it the achievement of the most important life goals, the possibility of self-realization in the future.

Socio-psychological and personal factors of tolerance for the visually impaired in the modern society

Volkova Irina Pavlovna

One of the topical problems of the theory and practice of social interaction, the problem of personal determinants of tolerant interaction between people with profound visual impairments and normally seeing people, is considered. The data of an empirical study (with the help of a complex of psychodiagnostic methods and methods of multidimensional statistical analysis) of the relationship between the components of communicative tolerance (attitudes of tolerant behavior) and personal characteristics at various levels of its structural organization are presented. The data obtained made it possible to identify the main personal mechanisms of tolerant intolerant interaction between sighted and blind people.

The artistic potential of the visually impaired as a problem of rehabilitation tiflopedagogy and tiflops

Kantor Vitaly Zorakhovich

In the article, in the context of ideas about artistic potential as the embodiment of the rehabilitation potential of the blind and visually impaired in relation to the socio-cultural sphere, its structural model is built, on the basis of this, a systematic analytical assessment of the scale and nature of the influence of visual deprivation on the substructures of artistic reflection, artistic experience and artistic orientation of the individual, as well as on the artistic and creative, artistic and epistemological, artistic and axiological and artistic and communicative subpotentials.

The birth of a disabled child as an event initiating the transformation of the subjective picture of a mother's life

Ralnikova Irina Aleksandrovna, Shmakova Svetlana Sergeevna

The article reflects the results of a scientific study of the subjective picture of the life path of mothers raising children with disabilities in the context of their personal orientation. It is shown that when a woman endows the event "the birth of a disabled child" with a psycho-traumatic meaning, transformations occur in the leading dynamic tendencies of the personality and, as a result, a change in ideas about one's own life path, an integral accompaniment of the deployment of which is the child and his illness. The article presents the research results of mothers" subjective life-course view, who bring up disabled children in the context of their personal orientation. It has been shown that when a woman attributes psycho-traumatic sense to "disabled baby birth" event, leading personal dynamic trends of personality are transformed. As a result, woman's own life-course view changes. The baby and his/her disease becomes an essential part of this view development.

Phenomenology of the emotional disposition of disabled people to understand their own life experience

Shulmin Maxim Petrovichi

The results of theoretical analysis and empirical research of the phenomenon of emotional disposition of all people to understand their own life experience are presented. The needs of the respondents, actualizing the experience of their capabilities and limitations, were structured in accordance with the levels of I-identification of the individual.

1.1 Definition of disability

The term "disabled" goes back to the Latin root (volid - "effective, full, powerful") and in literal translation can mean "unfit", "inferior". In Russian word usage, starting from the time of Peter I, such a name was given to military personnel who, due to illness, injury or injury, were unable to carry military service and who were sent to serve in civilian positions. It is characteristic that in Western Europe this word had the same connotation, that is, it referred primarily to crippled soldiers. From the second half of the nineteenth century. the term also applies to civilians who also became victims of the war - the development of weapons and the expansion of the scale of wars increasingly exposed the civilian population to all the dangers of military conflicts. Finally, after the Second World War, in line with the general movement to formulate and protect human rights in general and certain categories of the population in particular, the concept of "disabled person" was formed, referring to all persons with physical, mental or intellectual disabilities.

Today, people with disabilities belong to the most socially unprotected category of the population. Their income is well below average, and their health and social care needs are much higher. They are less able to get an education, they cannot be engaged in labor activity. Most of them have no family and do not want to participate in public life. All this suggests that people with disabilities in our society are a discriminated minority.

An analysis of the history of the development of the problem of disability indicates that, having gone from the ideas of physical destruction, isolation of "inferior" members of society to the concepts of attracting them to work, humanity has come to an understanding of the need for reintegration of persons with physical defects, pathophysiological syndromes, psychosocial disorders.

In this regard, it becomes necessary to reject the classical approach to the problem of disability as a problem of "inferior people" and present it as a problem affecting society as a whole.

In other words, disability is not a problem of one person, and not even of a part of society, but of the whole society as a whole.

Its essence lies in the legal, economic, industrial, communicative, psychological features of the interaction of disabled people with the outside world.

This genesis of social thought is explained by the corresponding development of economic opportunities and the level of social maturity of various historical epochs.

1. "Disabled person," says the Law "On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in Russian Federation", - a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to a disease, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to limited life activity and causing the need for his social protection."

“Restriction of life activity,” the same law explains, “is a complete or partial loss of the ability or ability of a person to carry out self-service, move independently, navigate, communicate, control their behavior, learn and engage in work activities.”

Blind, deaf, dumb, people with impaired coordination of movement, completely or partially paralyzed, etc. are recognized as disabled due to obvious deviations from the normal physical condition of a person. Disabled persons are also recognized as persons who do not have external differences from ordinary people, but suffer from diseases that do not allow them to work in various fields as healthy people do. For example, a person suffering from coronary heart disease is not able to perform heavy physical work, but he is quite capable of mental activity.

All disabled people are divided into several groups for various reasons:

1. By age - disabled children, disabled adults.

2. By origin of disability: disabled since childhood, disabled from war, disabled at work, disabled from a general disease.

3. According to the degree of ability to work: disabled able-bodied and disabled, disabled people of group I (incapacitated), disabled people of group II (temporarily disabled or able-bodied in limited areas), disabled people of group II (able-bodied in sparing working conditions).

4. According to the nature of the disease, disabled people can be classified as mobile, low-mobility or immobile groups.

Depending on belonging to a particular group, the issues of employment and organization of the life of the disabled are resolved. Persons with limited mobility (who are able to move only with the help of wheelchairs or on crutches) can work at home or have them delivered to their place of work.

This circumstance causes many additional problems: equipment of a workplace at home or at an enterprise, delivery of orders at home and finished products to a warehouse or consumer, material and raw materials and technical supply, repair, preventive maintenance of equipment at home, allocation of transport for delivering a disabled person to and from work, etc. .

Even more difficult is the situation with immobile disabled people who are bedridden. They can't live without outside help move around, but are able to work mentally: analyze socio-political, economic, environmental and other situations; write articles, works of art, create paintings, engage in accounting activities, etc.

If such a disabled person lives in a family, many problems are solved relatively simply. What if he's lonely? Special workers will be needed who would find such disabled people, identify their abilities, help to receive orders, conclude contracts, acquire necessary materials and tools, organize the sale of products, etc. It is clear that such a disabled person also needs daily care, starting with the morning toilet and ending with the provision of food. In all these cases, special social workers who are paid for caring for them. Blind but mobile disabled people are also assigned employees paid by the state or charitable organizations.

disability statistics

The population of the planet should be aware of the presence of disabled people and the need to create normal living conditions for them. According to the UN, every tenth person on the planet has a disability, one in 10 suffers from physical, mental or sensory defects, and at least 25% of the total population suffer from health disorders. According to official statistics, there are now 10 million disabled people in Russia (about 7% of the population). According to the Agency for Social Information, there are at least 15 million of them. There are a lot of young people and children among the current disabled.

In the general contingent of disabled people, men make up more than 50%, women - more than 44%, 65-80% are elderly people. Along with the growth in the number of disabled people, there are trends in qualitative changes in their composition. The society is concerned about the increase in the number of people with disabilities among people of working age, they make up 45% of the number of citizens initially recognized as people with disabilities. Over the past decade, the number of disabled children has increased at a faster pace: if in the RSFSR in 1990. 155,100 such children were registered with the bodies of social protection of the population, then in the Russian Federation in 1995. this figure rose to 453,700, and in 1999 to 592,300 children. It is also alarming that, according to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 50,000 children are born in our country every year who are recognized as disabled since childhood.

In recent years, the number of disabled people due to war injuries has also increased. Now their number is almost 42,200 people. The share of people of retirement age accounts for 80% of the total number of disabled people; Great Patriotic War- more than 15%, group I - 12.7%, group II - 58%, group III - 29.3%.

The structure of the distribution of disability due to a common disease in Russia is as follows: in the first place are diseases of the cardiovascular system (22.6%), followed by malignant neoplasms (20.5%), then injuries (12.6%), respiratory diseases and tuberculosis (8.06%), in fifth place are mental disorders (2.7%). The prevalence of disability is generally higher among urban populations than among rural residents.

The dynamics of the growth of disability in Russia is characterized by the following indicators:

The age structure is dominated by disabled people of retirement age;

· according to nosology - most often disability is associated with diseases of the circulatory system;

In terms of severity, group II disabled people predominate.

1.2 Public Policy and Legal Framework for Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities

Obligations of the modern state to the disabled

Disability, no matter how it is defined, is known in any society, and each state, in accordance with its level of development, priorities and opportunities, forms a social and economic policy for people with disabilities.

Over the past 30 years, stable trends and mechanisms have emerged in the world for the formation of such policies, support by governments of various countries to develop approaches to solving the problems of this social group and assist state and public institutions in the definition and implementation of policies addressed to people with disabilities.

The main principles for the formation of a policy regarding persons with disabilities:

1. The state is responsible for eliminating the conditions leading to disability and resolving issues related to the consequences of disability.

2. The state shall provide disabled persons with the opportunity to achieve the same standard of living as their fellow citizens, including in the area of ​​income, education, employment, healthcare, and participation in public life.

3. Disabled people have the right to live in society, society condemns the isolation of disabled people. To do this, society seeks to create conditions for the independent life of disabled people (a barrier-free environment).

4. The rights and obligations of citizens of this society are recognized for disabled people. It is within the competence of the state to find ways of recognizing, ensuring and exercising the rights and obligations of persons with disabilities as members of society.

5. The state strives for equal accessibility of social policy measures in relation to persons with disabilities throughout the country, regardless of where the person with disabilities lives (in rural or urban areas, the capital or province).

6. When implementing a policy on disabled people, the characteristics of an individual or groups of disabled people should be taken into account: all disabled people, due to the specifics of their disease, are in different starting conditions, and in order to ensure the rights and obligations of citizens of the country in relation to each group of disabled people, their own set of measures is carried out.

State policy currently remains the main public mechanism in the definition, categorization and legalization of disability and continues to be an essential element in constructing and maintaining the dependent status of people with disabilities.

In the Russian debate on social policy for persons with disabilities, along with the approval and acceptance of the ideas of integration, the issue of costs and benefits is raised, and the quality and range of existing social protection measures remain a secondary issue. Social legislation and programs contain the necessary requirements for accessibility and integration, but in practice it is far from always possible to talk about the readiness and ability to ensure the declared and achieve the goals set.

The systems of social protection of disabled people that have developed in developed countries include a number of interrelated elements reflected in the normative consolidation of the rights of disabled people, the rights and obligations of state bodies, public and charitable organizations, the forms and methods of their activities in this area.

The main criteria for the development of the policy of states in relation to persons with disabilities are:

· Existence of an officially recognized disability policy.

· Existence of special anti-discrimination legislation in relation to persons with disabilities.

· Judicial and administrative mechanisms for the implementation of the rights of persons with disabilities.

· Presence of non-governmental organizations of disabled people.

· Access of persons with disabilities to the exercise of civil rights, including the right to work, to education, to found a family, to privacy and property, as well as political rights.

· Availability of a barrier-free physical and social environment.

Basic laws on disability in the Russian Federation

Modern Russian legislative acts in terms of care and assistance to people with disabilities in terms of content are approaching the laws and principles adopted throughout the world.

And although people with disabilities, as well as their families, continue to encounter barriers in understanding and communicating with other people, there is much evidence that, in general, social attitudes towards people with disabilities are gradually changing from inattention and rejection to recognition of their rights, dignity and full participation. in the life of society. Adopted in 1995 State Duma law "On the social protection of persons with disabilities in the Russian Federation", the development of the draft Law of the Russian Federation "On special education", the creation of rehabilitation centers - all this testifies to the changing social policy.

The main laws on people with disabilities in the Russian Federation are:

1. Federal Law "On the Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation" (as last amended on December 31, 2005) dated November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ.

2. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the provision of free social services and paid social services by state social services" No. 739 dated 24.06.1996.

3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On measures for vocational rehabilitation and employment of disabled people" No. 394 of 03/25/1993.

4. Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" No. 195-FZ dated 10.12.1995.

5. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On ensuring the formation of an accessible environment for the disabled" No. 927 of 12.08.1994.

6. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On measures to ensure state support for the disabled" No. 1011 dated 1.06.1996. (as amended on April 27, 2000)

7. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the scientific and information support of the problems of disability and the disabled" No. 802 of 07.27.1992.

8. Decree of the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation "On the provision of pensions for children who are fully supported by the state" No. 16-u of 23.06.1995.

9. Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation "On the Approval of the Model Regulations on the Individual Rehabilitation Program for a Disabled Person" No. 42 dated 12/14/1996.

10. Order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation No. 18.06.2001 No. 2417 "On the implementation of the decision of the board No. 10 of May 15, 2001. "On the experience of Russian universities in ensuring the availability of higher professional education for the disabled"".

11. Letter of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated 25.03.1999. No. 27 / 502-6 "On the conditions for the admission and training of disabled people in institutions of higher professional education."

12. Clarification of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation and the Fund social insurance RF dated April 4, 2000. No. 3 / 02-18 / 05-2256 "On the procedure for granting and paying additional days off per month to one of the working parents (guardian, trustee) to care for disabled children" (approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation and the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation dated 4.04 .2000 No. 26/34).

13. Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of 27.07.1999. No. 29 "On approval methodological recommendations on the organization of the activities of social and health centers for the elderly and the disabled.

14. Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of October 29, 1998 No. No. 44 "On recommendations for the creation and organization of the activities of boards of trustees (public) councils at institutions of social protection of the population."

15. Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated February 25, 1998. No. 50/18 "On approval of the form for sending children under the age of 16 for examination to institutions of medical and social expertise."

16. Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of 29.01.1997. No. 1/30 "On approval of the Classifications and temporary criteria used in the implementation of medical and social expertise".

17. Decree-Order of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of December 23, 1996. No. 21/417/515 "On Approval of the Model Regulations on a Rehabilitation Institution".

18. Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of September 8, 1993 No. No. 150 "On the list of priority professions for workers and employees, the mastery of which gives disabled people the greatest opportunity to be competitive in regional labor markets."

19. And others regulations Russian Federation and subjects of the Russian Federation.

1.3 Practical measures for the social protection of persons with disabilities

Creating a Barrier-Free Habitat

The criterion for evaluating a disability policy can be the accessibility of the physical environment for the disabled person, including housing, transport, education, work and culture, and the availability of information and communication channels. In Russia, the beginning of the transformation of the environment of the disabled, taking into account their needs, was laid on 2.10.1992. Decree of the President "On measures to create an accessible living environment for the disabled." Russia has developed standard rules that take into account the needs of the disabled in the construction of housing, the construction of social infrastructure.

However, the lack of a mechanism obliging to take appropriate measures remains the most important obstacle to the implementation of this direction.

In Russia, the federal target program "Formation of the living environment accessible to the disabled" has been formed and is being implemented. However, the legislative framework is just a prerequisite for great job to create an environment without barriers. The creation of such should begin as a detailed development of private mechanisms that ensure the implementation of the declared norms, monitoring the housing and socio-spatial needs of the disabled, and the policy of adapting the environment to the needs of the disabled.

To date, the foundations of the rehabilitation industry have been formed in Russia, uniting more than 200 enterprises - manufacturers of technical means for the rehabilitation of disabled people. More than 150 new technical means of prosthetics have been developed, auxiliary devices, new means of transportation for the disabled. Devices have appeared that enable the blind to navigate in space, and the deaf to “hear”. An unparalleled speech synthesizer for the disabled with hearing and speech impairments has been put into production. A modernized model of a wheelchair with variable characteristics of the running gear, as well as improved models of canes and crutches are produced.

The law "On social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation" obliges the authorities to create conditions for disabled people for free access to social infrastructure facilities. At present, provisions that ensure that the interests of people with disabilities and other people with limited mobility are taken into account are contained in the current building codes and rules, adjusted to take into account the requirements for the accessibility of buildings and structures for people with disabilities. In the regions of Russia, local expert bodies should establish control over the quality of design documentation for the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures in terms of ensuring access for people with disabilities to buildings, structures and their premises in order to freely receive the necessary range of services.

By law, local authorities must not issue licenses to transport companies who refuse to equip their buses with lifts. A promising plan for the improvement of the city is the phased reconstruction of streets and intersections, when the requirements of the disabled are also taken into account. However, the provision declared by law that “organizations, regardless of their organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, are liable for failure to fulfill their obligations to ensure access for persons with disabilities to social infrastructure facilities,” is in fact not accompanied by implementation mechanisms; there are no clear indications of responsibility for non-compliance with the law, there are no levers of control, verification, standardization of social infrastructure facilities.

Airports, railway and bus stations, sidewalks and road crossings should also be equipped with special devices that make life easier for the disabled. There should be separate parking lots and rooms for disabled vehicles, special toilets, which has already become common in many countries of the world.

Thus, today the foundations for creating a living environment for disabled people, in which there would be no barriers, are just beginning to be developed, although the Presidential Decree "On measures to create an accessible living environment for the disabled" was adopted several years ago. Those on whom the creation of such an environment depends, among the obstacles to the implementation of the developed urban planning and housing standards, financial problems are most often mentioned. However, this is a problem of prioritization and lack of control over the implementation of legislative norms.

In order for social services for the disabled to be carried out in civilized conditions, the issue of the environment requires an immediate solution. It is necessary to draw the attention of the public, authorities and journalists to it in every possible way.

Benefits and compensation

In accordance with the legislation on the social protection of disabled people, they are granted a significant number of rights, benefits and compensations. All of them are divided into groups depending on the form and frequency of provision, the category of benefits provided.

According to the form of submission:

· Having a "moral" form (preferential or priority right in something).

· Having a monetary form (free provision of medicines or free use of polyclinics).

· Having a natural form (free provision of vehicles, motorcycle and bicycle strollers, provision of fuel).

By frequency of submission:

· Of a one-time nature or provided with a large

frequency (free telephone installation, overhaul or provision of living space).

Having a monthly nature (compensation of part of the cost of living space, utilities).

· Having an annual frequency (free travel once a year or every two years in long-distance transport, sanatorium treatment or its compensation).

· Having a permanent character (benefits for travel in urban, public transport, free services, benefits when buying medicines).

· On pensions, taxation, payment of benefits.

· On receipt, acquisition, construction and maintenance of residential premises.

· Public utilities and trade services.

· For medical, prosthetic and orthopedic care, sanatorium treatment, provision of medicines and medical products.

· To ensure vehicles and payment of travel.

· On employment, training, retraining and working conditions.

· On the use of services of communication institutions, cultural and entertainment and sports and recreational institutions.

· On receipt of services of institutions of social service, social and legal assistance.

The reality is that a significant number of disabled people are currently not receiving the assistance they need to return to normal work, family and social life.

In Russia, the rights of people with disabilities to participate in society and protect their interests are enshrined in federal legislation and a number of by-laws. However, most of the disabled due to the fact that there are no conditions for movement in public transport, entry and exit to residential and educational buildings of wheelchairs, and also because there are no special programs education, educational places are not equipped (although the right to education is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education"), cannot be trained on an equal footing with healthy citizens in general education institutions. For these and many other reasons, other rights and opportunities for people with disabilities are not fully realized.

The officially proclaimed policy in the field of social protection of the disabled and its implementation are very different, there is no coordination between them. Disabled people and families with disabled children are among the poorest segments of the population. The size of the pension in many regions does not cover the real costs of medicines and other benefits necessary for a disabled person and promised to him by the state.

Medical service

In accordance with the fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation "On the protection of the health of citizens" No. 5487-1 of July 22, 1993, Article 27, people with disabilities, including disabled children and disabled since childhood, have the right to medical and social assistance, rehabilitation, provision of medicines, prostheses, prosthetic and orthopedic products,

means of transportation on preferential terms, as well as vocational training and retraining. Disabled persons with disabilities have the right to free medical and social assistance in institutions of the state or municipal health care system, to home care, and in case of inability to meet the basic needs of life - to maintenance in institutions of the social protection system.

The state provides for the provision of qualified medical care to the disabled free of charge or on preferential terms, as well as free provision of medicines and medical products. Restorative treatment and reconstructive surgery should be carried out at the expense of compulsory health insurance. The order of rendering various kinds medical care for the disabled is defined by a number of regulations of the Government of the Russian Federation.

One of the stages of the process of medical support for the disabled is sanatorium treatment. The sanatorium-resort complex of our country has no analogues in the world. A differentiated approach to the use of natural healing factors taking into account the specifics of their actions, allowed for a rational medical specialization of sanatoriums throughout the Russian Federation. Despite these indicators, in general, the situation in the country in terms of providing disabled people and people suffering from various diseases with sanatorium and resort vouchers is difficult. Disabled people and children with disabilities have the right to sanatorium treatment in accordance with an individual rehabilitation program on preferential terms. In the department of social protection of the population at the place of residence, a disabled person in need of treatment, on the basis of an application and a medical certificate, is placed in a queue for a permit. Waiting for a sanatorium-and-spa voucher for disabled people often stretches for years.

Distinguish social-medical and medical-social assistance to the disabled. The first provides care in case of illness and inability to meet their basic living needs. The second is aimed at treatment, care, maintaining an active lifestyle. In the first case, social protection institutions are responsible for providing assistance, in the second case, state and municipal health authorities.

Socio-medical and medico-social services are provided both in hospitals and at home. Inpatient facilities include hospitals or nursing units. Actually, the system of social protection is made up of boarding houses, gerontological centers, neuropsychiatric and other stationary institutions. Since 1997 at social service centers, specialized departments of social and medical care at home began to develop.

In the field of realization by disabled people of their right to health, it is necessary to coordinate the efforts of various departments and sectors, to achieve their interaction, and the primary role may belong not even to official government institutions, not to ministerial or regional government bodies, but to a wide variety of professional and public associations, in particular medical associations and organizations of the disabled. They are called upon to achieve the solutions necessary for society, firmly defending their opinion in state institutions. After all, in accordance with international conventions, norms of international law, civil and professional codes, doctors are entrusted not only with the treatment and organization of disease prevention, but also with the duty to encourage the authorities to take action.

Housing

The Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaims the right to housing among the fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The housing policy for the disabled is the most important moment affecting the issues of an accessible living environment.

According to Article 40 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the poor and other categories of citizens, determined by law, are subject to housing free of charge or for an affordable fee. Such citizens, in particular, include war invalids and persons suffering from severe forms of certain chronic diseases.

The provision of living space for the disabled is provided for by Article 17 of the Law "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation". In addition to the law, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the provision of benefits to the disabled and families with disabled children, to provide them with living quarters, pay for housing and utilities" dated 07.27.1996 was adopted. No. 901.

The main provisions are:

· benefits for paying for housing and utilities are provided to any disabled person and do not depend on the group and causes of disability;

Disabled people and families with disabled children can be registered for the improvement of living conditions at the same time at the place of work and place of residence;

· when providing housing to disabled people and families with disabled children, the recommendations of the individual rehabilitation program (IPR), their state of health, as well as other circumstances are taken into account;

· additional living space in the form of a separate room is provided to the disabled in accordance with the list of diseases approved by the Government of the Russian Federation;

· the provision of housing to a disabled person in the houses of the state or municipal housing stock is carried out taking into account his right to additional living space.

A very painful issue in defending the property rights of disabled children, in particular those left without parental care, as well as people with disabilities over the age of 18, is the protection of their rights to housing.

The problem of providing housing for people with disabilities in different regions Russia continues to be very acute and slowly solved due to insufficient funding. The difficult economic situation, the difficulties that arise with the budget financing of housing construction, lead to massive violations of the housing rights of people with disabilities in almost all subjects of the Federation. And although there are a number of positive examples when people with disabilities receive housing or improve their living conditions with the assistance of the administration of their region, nevertheless, acts are adopted in certain constituent entities of the Russian Federation that infringe on the rights of people with disabilities to housing, established by federal law. The problem of providing disabled people with housing in the subjects of the Federation and with the help of the institution of gratuitous subsidies for its construction is not resolved. In many cases, the intervention of human rights organizations leads to the resolution of the problem and the assertion of the rights of persons with disabilities. Social workers in each specific situation should help people with disabilities to assert their rights to housing adapted to their special needs.

Employment and training of the disabled

Despite the fact that disability is associated with a limited ability to work, the inalienable right of a disabled person is the right to work. It was established by the Federal Laws "On the Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation" and "On Employment in the Russian Federation", aimed at creating real opportunities for disabled people to engage in useful, income-generating activities and providing for specific mechanisms for their implementation. The implementation of this right requires an active state policy aimed at promoting the employment of persons with disabilities, since the position of people with disabilities in the labor market in Russia remains inadequate for their potential, and their employment is unjustifiably low.

One of the main measures aimed at solving the problem of employment of disabled people at the present time is the establishment by the executive authorities of the subjects of the Federation of quotas for the employment of this category of citizens, which are given to organizations regardless of organizational and legal forms.

Within the framework of the federal target program for promoting the employment of the population of Russia, the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation on employment issues for persons with disabilities are implementing a set of measures such as the provision of advisory and career guidance services; assistance in finding a job; professional education; job quotas.

However, new problems have now emerged in the creation of quotas for the disabled. Employers, obeying the requirement of the state, although they allocate vacancies, but not those that suit people with disabilities. The bottom line is that income wages received by workers with disabilities on such workplaces does not cover the cost of losing their drug benefits when they do so. In addition, the vacancies provided do not meet the needs of people with disabilities, are not adapted to their special needs, working conditions are unsatisfactory, which leads to the risk of exacerbation of the disease and reduced ability to work.

One of the main areas of support for disabled people is vocational rehabilitation, the most important component state policy in the field of social protection of people with disabilities.

Vocational rehabilitation of disabled people with their subsequent employment is economically beneficial for the state, since the funds invested in it will be returned in the form of tax revenues as a result of the employment of disabled people.

Vocational training and vocational education for disabled people are the most important aspects of their professional rehabilitation. Special schools they do not provide training for disabled people at a level that guarantees their competitiveness, and some of them graduate specialists who obviously turn out to be unclaimed. This is largely due to the following reasons:

Specialists of medical and social expertise, who today carry out professional orientation of disabled people, do not have information about indications and contraindications for admission to higher and other educational institutions, focusing on the wishes of the disabled themselves;

Disabled people do not have access to information about indications and contraindications for admission to educational institutions, they know little about the chosen profession and working conditions in this professional field;

· special educational institutions of the system of social protection of the population are not prestigious and do not provide prospects for subsequent employment in well-paid positions;

· Educational institutions are not adapted for people with disabilities, whose psychosomatic abilities require a special infrastructure of premises, special equipment of educational places and a special teaching methodology. Accordingly, the range of professions that disabled people can be trained in is narrowing and subjectively formed contraindications for admission to educational institutions.

The process of vocational rehabilitation of disabled people involves not only social protection agencies, employment services, educational institutions, but also, of course, employers.

In accordance with the established quota for hiring, employers are required to:

create or allocate jobs for the employment of persons with disabilities;

create working conditions for the disabled in accordance with the individual rehabilitation program;

provide in accordance with the established procedure the information necessary for the organization of employment of persons with disabilities.

In turn, some categories of employers are guaranteed state support (providing tax and other benefits). Enterprises that employ at least 30% of disabled people have the right to preferential taxation, financial and logistical support, and if more than 50% of disabled people are employed, they are exempt from paying local taxes, VAT, property tax and payments to the Pension Fund, Fund employment and the Health Insurance Fund.

Funding and pensions

The weakest point of the social policy towards the disabled is the absence of its unified strategy. In fact, we are dealing with individual social measures, and not with a complex systemic concept. Laws providing benefits contradict the country's main financial law - the Law on the federal budget of the Russian Federation: they proceed from the indispensable fulfillment of the obligations of the federal budget or the budget of a constituent entity of the Federation to the recipient, however, Russian federal budget legislation establishes priorities for the implementation of various budget items and provides for the possibility of underfunding for certain articles.

As part of the reform of the pension system in Russia, in accordance with the new Federal Laws No. 173-FZ "On labor pensions" (dated December 17, 2001) and No. 166-FZ "On state pension provision in the Russian Federation" (dated December 15, 2001), there is several types of pensions for disabled people: state and labor.

The size of the state pension is calculated as a derivative of the size of the basic part of the labor pension, depending on the category of pensioner, and is, for example, for disabled people who have a disability of the 3rd degree in the event of disability due to a military injury, - 300% of the size of the basic part of the labor pension old age, provided for by the Federal Law "On labor pensions in the Russian Federation" for citizens who have reached the age of 60 and 55 years (men and women, respectively).

In accordance with Article 18 of the Law "On State Pension Provision in the Russian Federation", a social pension for disabled citizens is assigned in the following amount:

Disabled people from childhood with a disability of the 3rd and 2nd degree of disability, disabled people with a disability of the 3rd degree, disabled children - 100% of the base part of the disability labor pension provided for in subparagraph 1 paragraph 1 of article 15 of the Federal Law "On labor pensions in the Russian Federation";

Disabled people with limited ability to work of the 1st degree - 85% of the size of the basic part of the old-age labor pension provided for by the Federal Law "On labor pensions in the Russian Federation" for citizens who have reached the age of 60 and 55 years (men and women, respectively), but not less than 400 rubles per month.

The rest of the disabled citizens receive a labor disability pension, the amount of which is calculated as the sum of its basic, insurance and funded parts.

Disabled people receiving a social pension are in the worst position. Thus, there is a discrepancy between the pension legislation and the requirements of Article 2 of the Federal Law "On the subsistence minimum in the Russian Federation", according to which the established minimum dimensions wages, pensions, as well as the provision of the necessary state social assistance to poor citizens, should be determined on the basis of the subsistence minimum.

Currently, the provision of pensions for disabled people in Russia is not linked to the level of their income and employment (unemployment), and is also very weakly related to the rehabilitation of a disabled person.

Pensions perform exclusively the function of social support for the disabled, being by their nature a social benefit for those who are not competitive enough to feed themselves.

The imperfection of the existing system of financial support for the policy towards persons with disabilities leads to underfunding of certain activities, to delays in payments different types benefits and compensation.

The main advantage of a pension social type assistance to a disabled person - a legislatively fixed obligation to provide and guaranteed payments.

All other types of assistance, activities affecting people with disabilities do not guarantee mandatory funding and, as practice shows, are not funded in full.

social service

According to Russian legislation, social services are the activities of the relevant services for social support, the provision of social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens who are in difficult life situation.

The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 12.08.1994 No. No. 927, where the federal list of state-guaranteed social services provided to the elderly and disabled was specified. This act lists the services provided to the disabled and the elderly in a stationary institution and at home: material, social, medical, legal, ritual, educational services, as well as services related to social and labor rehabilitation.

The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation also regulates the procedure for the provision of social services. They can be used free of charge:

lone disabled people who receive a pension (including allowances) in the amount below the subsistence level established for the region;

persons with disabilities who have relatives who, for objective reasons, cannot provide assistance and care, provided that their size

pensions below the subsistence level;

Disabled people living in families whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level.

Social services for disabled people include a set of social services (care, catering, assistance in obtaining medical, legal, socio-psychological and natural types of assistance, assistance in vocational training, employment, leisure activities, assistance in organizing funeral services, etc.) that are provided disabled citizens at home or in social service institutions, regardless of ownership.

Such services are provided only with the voluntary consent of the disabled, unless it is necessary to do so in order to save the life of the disabled (perhaps even against his will).

The provision of social services can be carried out at home, when placed in a special institution (hospital), which provides constant care for the persons in it, as well as in the form of semi-stationary services.

Home social services guaranteed by the state in the federal list include:

catering, including home delivery of groceries;

Assistance in the acquisition of medicines, food and industrial essential goods;

Assistance in obtaining medical care, including accompaniment in medical institutions;

maintaining living conditions in accordance with hygienic requirements;

Assistance in organizing legal assistance and other legal services;

Assistance in the organization of funeral services;

other home social services.

Semi-residential social services include:

social, medical and cultural services for the disabled;

organization of their food, rest;

Ensuring their participation in feasible labor activity;

maintaining an active lifestyle.

It is provided to disabled people who need it, who have retained the ability to serve themselves and actively move around, who do not have medical contraindications to providing it, and is carried out by day (night) stay departments created in municipal social service centers or under social protection bodies.

Stationary social services are aimed at providing comprehensive social and household assistance to disabled people who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-service and who, for health reasons, need constant care and supervision. It includes measures to create for the disabled the most convenient and comfortable living conditions for their age and state of health, as well as providing them with medical and other assistance that contributes to the achievement of such a state, organizing their rest and leisure. Stationary social services for the disabled are carried out in boarding schools, specially equipped in accordance with their age, health and social status. A disabled person who chooses to live in such an institution is by no means deprived of the opportunity to lead a comfortable and familiar life. He has the right to use telephone and postal services for a fee in accordance with the current tariffs, to meet with relatives and friends at almost any time. Spouses from among those living in a boarding house have the right to demand that they be provided with an isolated living space for cohabitation.

A set of measures related to social services for the population also implies compliance with the rules of law that apply not only to the disabled, but to all citizens. In particular, this applies to servicing the population in shops, ateliers, households and other organizations of this kind. True, in these cases, too, the legislation directs persons involved in the provision of such services to a special attitude towards citizens recognized as disabled. So, disabled people of groups I and II should be served out of turn in trade, public catering, household services, communications and housing and communal services, in healthcare, education, culture, legal services and other organizations that provide services to the public. Disabled persons enjoy the right of extraordinary reception by heads and other officials of enterprises, institutions and organizations.

And other diseases requiring treatment in specialized health care facilities may be denied social services. 1.3.3 Inpatient social services Inpatient social services for the disabled and the elderly kept in institutions of social protection of the population have the following features: Inpatient social services are carried out in houses - ...

For example, in group 1, I degree is determined or in group 3 - II or III degree. In accordance with Art. 11 of the Federal Law "On State Pension Provision in the Russian Federation", disabled citizens have the right to a social pension, which include people with disabilities who have a disability of 1, 2 and 3 degrees, including people with disabilities from childhood, not ...

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Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………3

1 Disability: concept, causes, forms………………………………………..5

1.1 The concept of disability……………………………………………………………..5

1.2 Causes of disability…………………………………………………………….7

1.3 Forms of disability………………………………………………………….....9

2 Problems of the disabled………………………………………………………………..13

2.1 Social and everyday problems…………………………………………………………………………………………13

2.2 Psychological problems…………………………………………………… 14

2.3 Education problems…………………………………………….17

2.4 Employment problems……………………………………………………….22

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...28

References…………………………………………………………………..29

Introduction

The powerful process of humanization of social relations that has been outlined throughout the world stimulates the aggravation of universal interest in the problems of the least socially protected strata, among which the disabled occupy one of the first places.

Various reasons lead to the loss of a significant part of humanity of health and ability to work, which severely affects their financial situation and attitude, gives rise to moods of deprivation, inferiority and pessimism not only among themselves, but also among those around them. Therefore, a society that is aware of its humanity and strives to realize it faces the problem of comprehensive assistance to those who are in dire need of it.

In practice, this finds expression in the practice of rehabilitation of disabled people, the ultimate goal of which, according to the definition of the World Health Organization, is their social integration, i.e. active participation in the main areas of activity and life of society, inclusion in social structures intended for healthy people and related to various spheres of human life - educational, professional, etc.

The policy of social support for the disabled should be built on the platform of creating conditions for the equal participation of people with disabilities in the life of society. The organization of accessibility of the environment for people with disabilities implies, following the recognition of equal rights of people with disabilities to participate in society, the organization of an effective market for services, where people with disabilities are increasingly presented as consumers with specific requirements, demand for certain goods, services and accessible buildings.

The problems of disabled people need to be studied in order to improve the quality of life of people with disabilities, as well as to make them more comfortable in modern society.

The concept of equal citizenship regards people with disabilities not as persons with “residual working capacity”, but as worthy citizens, as consumers of special, specific services and goods. Such a shift in emphasis contributes to the rejection of attitudes towards people with disabilities as "damaged" people and the formation of attitudes towards people with disabilities as people with special, additional needs.

At the same time, a disabled person is not only a passive consumer of goods and services. If society seeks to integrate disabled people, this implies processes of raising their status in socio-economic and market relations.

Modern Russian social policy does not form dependent attitudes, orienting disabled people to an active position in relation to employment, independent life, however, the mechanisms for suppressing discrimination and arbitrariness of employers in relation to disabled people are not yet fully operational. Discriminatory actions of employers are justified by them from the standpoint of the requirements of a market economy, and there are still not enough precedents for restoring justice and imposing punishment for violating constitutional guarantees 1 .

The purpose of this course work- to study the problems of people with disabilities.

Objectives of the course work:

1. Highlight the basic concepts, causes, forms of disability.

2. Show the main problems of the disabled.

1 Disability: concept, causes, forms

1.1 Concept of disability

According to Russian legislation, a disabled person is “a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life and causing the need for his social protection.” Disability is defined as “a person's complete or partial loss of the ability or ability to carry out self-service, move independently, navigate, communicate, control their behavior, learn and engage in work” 2 .

This definition is comparable to that given by the World Health Organization: people with disabilities have functional difficulties as a result of illness, deviations or deficiencies in development, health, appearance, due to the inability of the external environment to their special needs, due to prejudices of society in relation to disabled people. In order to reduce the impact of these restrictions, a system of state guarantees for the social protection of persons with disabilities has been developed.

Social protection of the disabled is a system of state-guaranteed economic, social and legal measures that provide disabled people with conditions for overcoming, replacing (compensating) life restrictions and aimed at creating equal opportunities for them to participate in society with other citizens.

Thanks to the new state social policy, researchers and social workers, educational activities of human rights associations, changes are gradually taking place, including in the language itself. Abroad today, this term is almost out of use, people avoid using such “labels” as deaf, blind, stutterer, replacing them with combinations of “impaired hearing (vision, speech development).

According to the UN, every tenth person on the planet has a disability. According to official statistics, there are now 13 million disabled people in Russia. According to the Agency for Social Information, there are at least 15 million of them. There are a lot of young people and children among the current disabled.

In a narrow sense, from a statistical point of view, a disabled person is a person who has an unexpired certificate of disability issued by the Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise (BMSE) or medical institutions power departments. The overwhelming majority of such people are registered with social protection agencies or medical institutions of law enforcement agencies as recipients of various types of pensions, including pensions not for disability, but for other reasons (most often for old age).

In a broad sense, the contingent of persons with disabilities also includes persons who fall under the definition of disability established by law, but due to various circumstances, have not applied to the BMSE. What are these circumstances? They can be divided into 2 classes. The first is related to the development of healthcare and medicine, in particular, the diagnosis of diseases and its availability (for example, late detection of malignant neoplasms). The second - with the motives of a person in obtaining the status of a disabled person. At present, this motivation is higher than in the past, when restrictions on the employment of disabled people were very significant, and the status of a disabled person did not allow working.

Among the disabled, three groups can be distinguished: a) pensioners receiving an old-age pension; b) persons with disabilities who receive a disability pension; c) working persons of working age who are not recipients of pensions and benefits.

The increase in disability that we are experiencing today can be called an increase in "accumulated" disability. Decreased chances of employment, the unreliability of casual earnings cannot but push citizens who have grounds for obtaining a disability to register their disability. In order to survive in such conditions, they resort to the accumulation of all available sources of income, including the social security system.

Disability, defined in one way or another, is familiar to every society, and each state, according to its level of development, priorities and opportunities, forms a social and economic policy in relation to people with disabilities.

Over the past thirty years, stable trends and mechanisms for the formation of policies regarding persons with disabilities have developed in the world, governments of various countries are developing approaches to solving the problems of this social group, assisting state and public institutions in defining and implementing policies addressed to persons with disabilities 3 .

1.2 Causes of disability

When determining the disability group, the ITU should always determine the cause of the disability. All documents that served as the basis for establishing the cause of disability are recorded in the examination report.

There are several causes of disability:

1. For the civilian population:

Work injury;

Occupational Illness;

Since childhood;

Injury (disease) associated with the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant;

General disease

2. For military personnel:

military trauma;

Disease acquired during military service;

A disease acquired in the performance of (official) duties, military service in connection with the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

The sequence of events leading to social insufficiency and disability, in general view the following: etiology - pathology (disease) - dysfunction - limitation of life - social insufficiency - disability - social protection.

The basis for determining disability is a combination of three factors: impaired body functions, persistent limitation of life, social insufficiency.

Classification of violations of the basic functions of the human body

1. Violation of psychological functions (perception, attention, thinking, speech, emotions, will).

2. Violation of sensory functions (vision, hearing, smell, touch).

3. Violation of the static-dynamic function.

4. Violation of the function of blood circulation, respiration, digestion, excretion, metabolism and energy, internal secretion.

Classification of the main categories of life

1. Ability to self-service - the ability to independently satisfy basic physiological needs, perform daily household activities, and maintain personal hygiene.

2. Ability to move independently - the ability to move in space, overcome an obstacle, maintain body balance.

3. Ability to learn - the ability to perceive and reproduce knowledge (general educational, professional, etc.), mastering skills and abilities (social, cultural and household).

4. Ability to work - the ability to carry out activities in accordance with the requirements for the content, volume and conditions of work.

5. Ability to orientation - the ability to be determined in time and space.

6. Ability to communicate - the ability to establish contacts between people through the perception, processing and transmission of information

7. The ability to control one's behavior - the ability to self-awareness and adequate behavior, taking into account social and legal norms.

Classification of violations of the body's function according to the degree of severity provides for the allocation of mainly three degrees of violations:

1 degree - minor or moderate dysfunction;

Grade 2 - severe functional impairment;

3 degree - significantly pronounced dysfunction.

Types of social insufficiency:

1. Physical dependence - difficulty (or inability) to live independently;

2. Economic dependence - difficulty (or inability) to material independence.

Before the beginning of the 21st century Problems disabled people remained somewhere on the periphery ... of public consciousness. Problems disabled people, including children, remained "... there is a tendency to help children- disabled people problem not only their unfortunate...