Distance of racks from the wall in warehouses. Fire safety of warehouses

Fire safety of warehouses

General requirements

A wide variety of materials and substances are usually stored in warehouses, and it is imperative to place them in a particular building, taking into account physical and chemical properties, in particular those related to such a category as fire hazard. In accordance with GOST 12.1.044–89 “Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials. Nomenclature of indicators and methods for their determination "and NPB 105-03" Determination of categories of premises and buildings for explosion and fire hazard»Warehouses are usually subdivided into five categories A, B, C, D and D, depending on the fire hazard of the materials stored in them.

- Category B(fire hazardous) - warehouses for storage of natural and artificial rubber and products from them; warehouses for cotton fiber, wool, tarpaulins, sacks, leather, magnesium, titanium sponge; warehouses of timber, non-combustible materials (including metals) in flammable soft or hard containers.

- Category D- warehouses of non-combustible materials and substances in a cold state in the absence of soft or hard combustible containers (packaging), workshop premises where non-combustible materials are processed in a cold state.

This classification does not fully reflect the specific features of the storage process and limits the choice of measures fire safety for storage facilities, therefore, it is more expedient to classify warehouses of fire hazardous substances according to the principle of uniformity of stored products, as well as depending on the danger of fire or explosion arising from the joint storage of certain substances and materials. Fire safety requirements for the joint storage of substances and materials are regulated by GOST 12.1.004–91 “Fire safety. General requirements".

By design, general-purpose warehouses are divided into open (platforms, platforms), semi-closed (sheds) and closed (heated and unheated). Closed warehouses are the main type of warehouse. When determining the admissibility of storing certain substances and material values ​​here, the degree of fire resistance, the classes of constructive and functional fire hazard of the latter are taken into account. The degree of fire resistance of a building is determined by the fire resistance of its building structures, the class of constructive fire hazard of the building - the degree of participation of building structures in the development of fire and its formation dangerous factors, and the class of functional fire hazard of the building and its parts - their purpose and features of the technological processes used.

SNiP 21-01-97 "Fire safety of buildings and structures" establishes four degrees of fire resistance of buildings - I, II, III, IV, four classes of constructive fire hazard - C0, C1, C2 and C3 (non-fire hazardous, low fire hazard, moderate fire hazard, fire hazard) ... According to the functional fire hazard, buildings are divided into five classes F1 ... F5, depending on the methods of their use and on the extent to which the safety of people in them in the event of a fire is under threat. Warehouses are classified as F5.2.

Working rooms for employees in warehouse buildings of I, II and III degrees of fire resistance must be separated by fireproof walls, ceilings and have an independent exit to the outside. Arrangement of windows, doors in interior walls working rooms are not allowed. Working premises of warehouses of IV degree of fire resistance should be located outside the buildings of such warehouses.

The correct layout of the warehouse complex is of great importance for fire safety. When located on the territory of several buildings, it is necessary to ensure a clear division into zones with the same fire safety requirements... Buildings where materials from increased danger, located on the leeward side in relation to other buildings. It is necessary that there are fire-prevention gaps between the storage rooms in accordance with the established standards. Structures of IV degree of fire resistance must be at a distance of at least 20 m from each other.

Fireproof gaps must always be free, they cannot be used for storage of materials, equipment, packaging and parking. Buildings and structures along the entire length must be provided with access for fire trucks: on one side - with a building width of up to 18 m and on both sides - with a width of more than 18 m. (PUE).

The main causes of fires in warehouses are: careless handling of fire, smoking in the wrong place, malfunction of electrical installations and power grids, sparking in power and industrial installations, vehicles, static electricity, lightning discharges, and spontaneous combustion of some materials if not stored properly.

All fire-fighting measures can be divided into three groups: measures aimed at preventing fires, warning measures and measures to eliminate an already existing fire.

Fire prevention measures

Fire safety largely depends on the principles of organizing storage facilities, creating conditions for correct storage, excluding joint storage of substances and materials, upon contact of which there may be a danger of explosion.

Warehouse area layout

The layout of the warehouse is reduced to determining the location of the racks or stacks of materials, the aisles between them (this eliminates the clutter of the latter for a long time, and you also need to quickly remove the packaging material and containers from the places of acceptance and unpacking), the organization of sorting and work sites. This is a matter of paramount importance, because it is precisely because of improper planning of premises that enterprises often incur heavy losses.

Storage locations, depending on the nature and characteristics of the goods, are determined in advance; next to them, appropriate signs are posted, informing about what materials are stored here and in what quantity. Laboratory testing of materials is carried out in special laboratory rooms, the use of storage places for these purposes is not allowed.

Materials and goods must be stored on racks or stacks that must be reasonably stable. Do not place racks and stacks close to the walls and columns of buildings, as well as install spacers between the stacks (racks) and the wall (column). The minimum distance between the stack (rack) and the wall (column, protruding structure, heating devices) must be at least 0.7 m, between the stack (rack) and the ceiling (truss or rafters) - 0.5 m, between the stack and the lamp - 0.5 m, between the luminaire and the combustible structure - 0.2 m.

In non-sectional warehouses or sections with a width of up to 30 m and an area of ​​no more than 700 m2 against emergency exits(doorways) a passage with a width of at least 1.5 m must be left. In warehouses with an area of ​​more than 700 m2, in addition, a passage with a width of at least 1.5 m must be left along the warehouse premises. On the floor of the warehouse, clear lines mark sites for storing materials and goods, taking into account longitudinal and transverse passages, emergency exits and access to fire extinguishing equipment. It is not allowed to place longitudinal and transverse aisles with warehouse columns located on them. It is forbidden to use passages and gaps between stacks, even for temporary placement of goods, equipment and cushioning material.

The gaps between stacks or racks are determined by the corresponding technological instructions. For example, when placing tires on warehouse racks, the longitudinal aisle should be at least 1.2 m, and the transverse aisles against the evacuation doors should be at least 4.5 m. doorways, but no further than 25 m from the transverse walls.

Joint storage in one section (sectionless warehouse) with rubber or tires of other materials, regardless of the uniformity of the used extinguishing agents, is not allowed.

In warehouses for storing cotton fiber, wool, tarpaulins, sacks, the longitudinal passage and passages against the doors must be at least 2 m wide. more than six carloads with a capacity of not more than 300 tons) must be separated by passages. It is not allowed to store other combustible materials or goods in sections or sectionless warehouses where cotton fiber, wool, bags, tarpaulin are stored.

This requirement is also true for warehouses (sections) where chemically active metals are stored, as well as metals or concentrates in a combustible container (package).

For storage of natural rubber, cotton fiber, chemically active metals, warehouse premises are used not lower than II degree of fire resistance, for storage of synthetic rubber and tires - not lower than III degree of fire resistance.

Heating

Heating of warehouses is a link in the overall complex firefighting measures... Closed warehouses are subdivided into unheated and heated. In warehouses where metals, metal products, textiles, etc. are stored, it is not necessary to maintain a positive temperature. Warehouses for storage food products need a plus temperature (+3 ° C).

Heating of warehouses is allowed only centralized (steam, water) with smooth batteries, preferably a heater. It is forbidden to use electric heating devices with an open heating element, as well as with a heating element, the temperature of which is more than 95 ° C, in working rooms. To heat these rooms, you can use safe electric heating devices, for example, oil radiators of the RBE-1 type, which must have a separate power supply network with starting and protective devices and serviceable thermostats. When a malfunction or violation is detected temperature regime switch off the heater immediately and inform the person in charge of it.

Transport. Charging stations

The use of forklift trucks with internal combustion engines for moving and storing combustible materials and goods in combustible packaging (containers) is not allowed. At the end of the work in the warehouse, it is allowed to leave non-self-propelled loading mechanisms (carts, conveyors), provided they are placed in free areas, but not in aisles and gaps between stacks or racks. All other mechanisms are taken out of the warehouse into a designated parking space.

Some warehouses have additional fire safety requirements. So, when working with combustible materials, cotton fiber, wool, bags, tarpaulins, etc.:

Electric forklifts with closed contacts in a technically sound condition should be used;

The use of cranes and hoists with electric motors in open design is not allowed;

Diesel locomotives running on liquid fuel with closed blowers and siphons are allowed to the warehouses no closer than 15 m;

Vehicles should drive up to warehouses only with the side opposite to the exhaust pipe of the muffler, which is mandatory must be equipped with a spark arrestor;

When unloading and loading near the warehouse, it is allowed to install no more than one railway carriage or two cars for each section;

During the ventilation of the warehouse, the passage of the railway and road transport it is prohibited on the roads and roads near the warehouse. All air vents after ventilation of the warehouse must be closed from inside the premises;

When accepting, storing and dispensing combustible materials (cotton fiber, wool, bags, tarpaulins), it is necessary to strictly observe measures to exclude contact of these materials and their packaging with heat sources and oxidants;

Bales of cotton, accepted for storage, must be tightly pressed, covered with fabric on all sides and fastened with metal belts. Compressed, damaged bales should be stored separately, covered with tarpaulins and sold first;

Warehouse (section) room and its building construction should be systematically cleaned of fibers and dust.

Special fire safety requirements apply to charging stations and parking lots for electric forklifts:

The chargers are located separately from the batteries and are separated by a fireproof partition. The cable passages from the chargers to the battery room must be made through seals;

The floors in the charging station must be horizontal, on concrete base with alkali-resistant (acid-resistant) coating. Walls, ceilings, etc. should be painted with alkali-resistant (acid-resistant) paint. Glass windows should be matte or covered with white paint;

Electrical equipment (protective and starting), as a rule, is installed outside the battery charging room (or it must have an explosion-proof version of class B-1b). The charging current is switched on and off by persons specially designated for this;

The charging room must be equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation... In the control and automation circuit, an interlock should be provided to turn off the charging current in case of ventilation interruption. At the end of charging, the unit must be turned off immediately;

It is forbidden to charge alkaline and acid batteries in the same room, as well as to repair batteries and other devices;

Only electric forklift trucks that are charging should be in the charging room. The number of simultaneously charged loaders must be determined at the enterprise by a special instruction, taking into account the design power of the charger;

The acid should be stored in a separate room, containers with acid (bottles) are placed on the floor in one row;

In the battery room, one luminaire must be connected to the emergency lighting network;

A circuit breaker should be installed in the battery circuit, selective in relation to protective devices;

Batteries are installed on racks or cabinet shelves. The vertical distances between the racks should ensure convenient maintenance of the batteries;

Batteries must be isolated from the shelves, and the shelves must be isolated from the ground by means of electrolyte-resistant insulating gaskets;

Passages for servicing batteries must be at least 1 m wide for two-way service and 0.8 m for one-way service;

Distance from batteries to heating appliances must be at least 750 mm;

The battery room should be located as close as possible to the chargers and the switchboard direct current, be isolated from water and dust ingress and easily accessible for maintenance;

Battery rooms, as well as acid storage rooms and parking lots for electric forklifts are equipped with autonomous supply and exhaust ventilation, separated from common system and ventilation of the charging room;

The suction of gases from the premises should be carried out from the upper and lower zones on the side opposite to the fresh air inflow, and the suction from the upper zone should be more intense. From rooms with a ceiling divided by beams into compartments, suction is performed from each compartment;

Metal ventilation ducts must not be installed over batteries;

V charging rooms it is recommended to use hot air heating. When installing steam or water heating, the latter should be done smooth pipes connected by welding; installation of flange joints and valves is prohibited;

On the doors of the charging station and battery room there should be inscriptions: “Charger”, “Rechargeable”, “Flammable”, “No smoking”, “Do not enter with fire”;

Parking of electric forklifts is allowed in garages and on special areas;

Charging of faulty electric forklifts is not allowed; the conductors to the batteries must be in good working order to avoid sparking and heating of the contacts; in case of damage to the insulation and malfunction, the conductors must be replaced immediately;

Starting devices for electric forklifts used in rooms with combustible dust, must have a dustproof design;

Electric forklift trucks must not be placed in aisles, driveways, exits and obstruct fire extinguishing means. In the parking area for electric forklifts, a diagram of their arrangement should be posted in a conspicuous place.

Electrical equipment, electrical lighting and power grids

Technical measures aimed at preventing fires are associated with the correct arrangement and installation of electrical equipment, electric lighting, grounding and lightning protection. Electrical networks and electrical equipment installed in warehouses must meet the requirements current Regulations electrical devices (PUE), Rules technical exploitation electrical installations of consumers, Safety Rules for the operation of electrical installations of consumers, SNiP 3.05.06-85 "Electrical devices", Rules of the Certification System for electrical installations of buildings (order of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation of December 26, 1995, No. 264).

The classification of premises and outdoor installations according to the degree of explosion and fire hazard when using electrical equipment is given in the PUE.

The design, the degree of protection of the enclosure, the method of installation and the class of insulation of the machines, equipment, apparatus, devices, cables, wires and other elements of electrical installations used must correspond to the nominal parameters of the electrical network (voltage, current, frequency), the class of explosion and fire hazard of premises and outdoor installations , characteristic environment, the requirements of the PUE. All electrical installations must have devices for protection against fire hazards (leakage currents, short circuit - short-circuit, overload, etc.). To protect against prolonged flow of leakage currents and short-circuit currents developing from them. apply residual current devices (RCDs) according to NPB-243-37 "Residual current devices. Fire safety requirements. Test methods ". RCDs used in electrical installations of buildings at facilities Russian Federation, must meet the requirements of the current GOST R 50807–95 “Protective devices controlled by differential (residual) current. General Requirements and Test Methods "and must undergo certification tests according to the program approved by Glavgosenergonadzor and Glavgosstandart in a center specialized in RCDs with the issuance of a Russian certificate of conformity and its regulated annual inspection control.

The RCD must disconnect the protected section of the network when a leakage current appears in it, equal to the tripping differential current of the device, which, according to the requirements of the standard, can have values ​​in the range from 0.5 to the nominal value specified by the manufacturer. RCD should not be triggered when removing and reconnecting the mains voltage and switching the load current and automatically re-enable; it should be triggered when the TEST button is pressed. RCDs must be protected against short-circuit currents. circuit breaker or fuse, while the rated current of the protective devices should not exceed the operating current of the RCD.

When choosing a place for installing an RCD in a building, one should take into account: the method of installation of electrical wiring, the material of the buildings, the purpose of the RCD, the conditions of the premises. According to the method of performing the trip operation, RCDs are divided into two categories: electromechanical (not requiring a power source) and electronic (requiring additional power). In Russia, the most widespread are electromechanical devices ASTRO UZO manufactured by JSC Technopark-Center (Moscow).

Protection of electrical installations and electrical networks from overloads and short-circuit currents. carried out by circuit breakers and fuses. Apparatus electrical protection must be designed for the continuous flow of the rated load current and for the short-term effect of the peak current. The rated current of fuse-links of fuses and circuit breakers is indicated by the manufacturer on the stamp of the device and corresponds to the current load.

At the end of the working day, the electrical equipment of the warehouses is de-energized.

Warehouse electrical lighting must be performed in accordance with the requirements of the PUE SNiP 23.05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting", GOST 50571.8-94 "Electrical installations of buildings. Safety requirements ". For emergency lighting, only lamps with incandescent lamps are used. Luminaires for evacuation emergency lighting must be connected to a network that is not connected with working lighting, starting from the substation switchboard, and if there is one input, from the input distribution device (ASU).

Electric lighting devices of all types must meet the requirements of the PUE and safety requirements in accordance with GOST 12.2.007.0–75 “Electrical products. General safety requirements ".

The operation of lighting installations must be carried out in accordance with current Regulations operation of electrical installations of consumers (PTE). Emergency lighting and installation of plug sockets in the warehouse are not allowed. Luminaires must meet the requirements of NPB 249-97 “Lamps. Fire safety requirements. Test Methods ", have a closed or protected design (with glass caps) with a protective grid. The lighting network must be installed so that the lamps do not come into contact with combustible building structures and combustible materials.

To increase the height of storage of goods, it is advisable to place lamps above areas of the area free from stacks and racks. The device in stacks of niches for electric lamps is not allowed. The disconnecting devices must be located outdoors on outside fireproof wall or on special metal racks. Switches, knife switches should be enclosed in metal cases (cabinets), which are sealed after disconnection at the end of the working day.

Methods for performing power and lighting networks must ensure reliability, durability, and fire safety. The cross-sections of wires and cables must be calculated from the heating conditions (long-term permissible current load), permissible voltage loss and mechanical strength; the cross-sections of the grounding and zero protective conductors should be selected in compliance with the requirements of the PUE.

According to the method of execution, the wiring can be open or hidden and have a design and degree of protection, taking into account the requirements of the PUE. The insulation of wires, regardless of the type of wiring, is designed for a voltage of at least 500 V at a mains voltage of 380 V. The joints and branches of the wires and cables, as well as the corresponding clamps, must have insulation equivalent to the insulation of the cores of the whole places of these wires and cables. Connections and branches of wires and cables are made using junction and branch boxes made of non-combustible material. Metal boxes must have a reliable insulating gasket inside.

Portable luminaires should be equipped with protective glass covers with metal mesh and hanging hooks. The delivery set of portable luminaires includes a flexible copper cable, the length of which depends on the type of luminaire. The mains voltage for portable lamps is 12 ... 24 V. Almost all portable lamps are produced in an explosion-proof design; some of them are equipped with explosion-proof connectors.

Joint laying in one pipe, bundle, closed channel of the structure of mutually redundant circuits is not allowed; power and lighting circuits; working and emergency lighting; power and control cables; circuits of different voltages.

The design of electrical equipment for fire hazardous, explosive and outdoor installations, as well as the permissible degree of protection of lamps, depending on the class of the fire and explosion hazard zone, are defined in the PUE. The types of electrical wiring in fire and explosive zones are defined in the PUE.

Fire fighting measures

Fire extinguishing methods can be classified according to the type of applied fire extinguishing agents(compositions), the method of their application (supply), purpose, etc. All methods are divided into surface extinguishing (supply of extinguishing agents directly to the combustion center) and volumetric extinguishing (creating an environment in the fire zone that does not support combustion). For surface extinguishing, compositions are used that can be supplied to the fire center at a distance (liquid, foams, powders), for volume extinguishing - substances that can be distributed in the atmosphere of the protected volume and create the necessary concentration for this. These are gas and powder formulations.

Fire fighting equipment, depending on the method of fire extinguishing, is divided into primary means - fire extinguishers (portable and transportable) and fire hydrants located in buildings, mobile means - various fire vehicles, as well as stationary ones - these are special installations with a supply of fire extinguishing agents, which are activated automatically or manually. Surface extinguishing can be carried out by all types of fire fighting equipment, volume extinguishing - only by stationary installations. Water and aqueous solutions of some salts, water with wetting agents and other additives, water-foam formulations, gases (CO2, argon, nitrogen, freons), powders, aerosols, combined formulations are used as fire extinguishing agents.

In the complex of fire protection measures, an important place is occupied by the choice of rational means and methods of extinguishing, depending on the conditions of the occurrence and development of a fire.

Main types fire equipment and the requirements for its placement and maintenance are established by GOST 12.4.009–83 "Fire fighting equipment for the protection of objects." The range of products for fire fighting equipment, their number and layout for each specific object is determined taking into account the provision of the level fire protection according to GOST 12.1.004–91 “Fire safety. General requirements ", as well as the peculiarities of the development of a possible fire at this facility, the rates of water and other fire extinguishing substances consumption, the time of arrival of fire departments to the place of fire. The number and nomenclature of the main types of fire fighting equipment is indicated in the relevant departmental norms, approved in accordance with the established procedure.

Buildings and structures to be protected by automatic fire extinguishing installations are installed in accordance with the fire safety standards of the State fire service Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia NPB-105-03 and NPB 110-03 "List of buildings, structures, premises and equipment subject to protection by automatic fire extinguishing installations and automatic fire alarm". Premises, buildings and structures must be provided with primary fire extinguishing means in accordance with PPB 01-03. Norms primary funds fire extinguishing are given in.

At all enterprises in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.02-85 " Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings "must be provided for systems fire water supply as a source of water supply for mobile fire fighting equipment and fire extinguishing installations. The consumption of water for extinguishing a fire depends on its area, the category of fire hazard of the facility, the rules for using equipment for supplying water, etc. Water consumption is important when calculating technical means water supply and the development of requirements for uninterrupted water supply.

The methods of supplying water in firefighting are very diverse: for example, it is used in the form of continuous and drip jets, and the supply can be automatic or manual. Automatic water fire extinguishing installations must comply with the requirements of NPB 83-99 "Automatic water and foam fire extinguishing installations".

Of great importance is the device for fire-fighting water supply for extinguishing fires on the territory of timber warehouses, rubber and rubber warehouses. These warehouses must be provided with a powerful external fire-fighting water supply system in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.05.04-85 "External networks and water supply and sewerage facilities". Sources of water supply (water supply, reservoirs) located in the area of ​​the warehouse must provide water withdrawal at a rate of at least 150 ... 200 l / s. Rubber warehouses must have an internal fire-fighting ring water supply system connected to the external water supply network with two inputs. In each compartment of the warehouse, internal fire hydrants are installed with a minimum water consumption of 30 ... 35 l / s. To extinguish fires in warehouses of cotton fiber, wool, tarpaulin, bags, it is recommended to use water with wetting agents.

Water-based fire extinguishing installations are the most common and cheapest means of fire protection. The most widespread are sprinkler and deluge installations. Sprinkler installations are designed to localize and extinguish fires. Sprinklers (sprinklers) are used as sensors. They are equipped with fusible locks, which are unlocked when a fire starts. In this case, the valve on the water supply line of the distribution network automatically opens and an alarm signal is generated at the same time.

Water consumption for sprinkler installations depends on the number of sprinklers in operation, their performance and the parameters of the distribution piping system in which they are located. According to the requirements of NPB 88-2001 “Fire extinguishing and alarm installations. Norms and rules of design ”the flow rate is calculated depending on the irrigation intensity (specific flow rate) and the area protected by the operating sprinklers. These parameters for storage facilities are normalized according to the height of storage, which determines the density of loading with combustible materials.

Drenchers serve as sensors in deluge installations. A drencher, unlike a sprinkler, does not have a fusible lock and an automatic system for switching on the valves of the water network. Various designs of drenchers (blade, involute, etc.) allow irrigation of the estimated area of ​​the building, individual elements, create water curtains in the openings of doors, windows, etc. Drencher installations are used to extinguish fires in premises with a high fire hazard, where rapid spread of fire.

Equipment for sprinkler water installations is manufactured by OJSC MGP Spetsavtomatika (Moscow), Fizimatic, Viking, Grinell (USA). The set includes sprinkler sprinklers, pumps, control cabinets, hydrant cabinets. Deluge installations are manufactured by Minimax (Germany), Biysk (Russia).

Foam fire extinguishing installations are used for fire protection of facilities where flammable and combustible liquids are used or stored. Automatic foam fire extinguishing installations must comply with NPB 83-99 "Automatic water and foam fire extinguishing installations".

Foam sprinklers are similar in design to water sprinklers. They turn on automatically when opening (melting the lock) of the foam sprinkler, the design of which, however, differs significantly from the design of a water sprinkler. The automatic foam feeder constantly maintains the required water pressure, which ensures uninterrupted operation of the sprinkler foam installation immediately after opening the foam sprinkler until the main foam feeder reaches the specified mode.

Deluge foam installations are used to protect objects where a fire can quickly spread over a large area, as well as where fire extinguishing requires filling the entire volume of the room with air-mechanical foam. When a fire detector is triggered, the control and starting unit of the foam concentrate, the main foam concentrate and other units of the automatic deluge installation are simultaneously turned on.

Stationary automatic sprinkler and deluge foam fire extinguishing installations are also produced by OJSC MGP Spetsavtomatika.

Gas fire extinguishing installations are subdivided into installations: volumetric fire extinguishing; for extinguishing a fire in a local volume; for extinguishing a fire on a part of the area of ​​the protected object. A fire extinguishing charge in automatic installations can be carbon dioxide and other inert diluents (argon, nitrogen, water vapor), freons, combined compositions based on freons. The advantages of extinguishing agents with gas compositions are the ability to quickly fill with the latter a volume of any configuration, the speed of extinguishing, etc.

These installations must meet the requirements of NPB 88-2001 "Fire extinguishing and alarm installations. Norms and rules of design ". The most widespread are balloon gas fire extinguishing installations. Batteries and Modules automatic fire extinguishing produced by OJSC MGP Spetsavtomatika, ELLA (Biysk), Ansul (USA), Pastor (Croatia), Minimax GmbH (Germany).

Installations for extinguishing fires with powder compositions can be stationary (with manual, remote or automatic control) and mobile (powder extinguishing vehicles, transportable and hand-held fire extinguishers). Fire extinguishing with powder formulations is used in warehouses for storing metals. Powder fire extinguishing installations are equipped with powder sprinklers, which open depending on the type of control. Modular powder plants... Modules "Veer-1" ("ELLA" company, Biysk) and MPP-2 "Buran" (GC "Epotos", Moscow) are produced in Russia.

For extinguishing and localizing small fires fire extinguishing agents hand-held and mobile fire extinguishers are used, which must comply with the requirements of NPB 155-02 "Fire equipment. Fire extinguishers ", NPB 166-97" Fire equipment. Fire extinguishers. Requirements for operation ", NPB 316-2003" Portable and mobile fire extinguishing devices ". The following brands of fire extinguishers are produced in Russia:

Manual carbon dioxide OU-2, OU-3, OU-5, OU-6, OU-8 (from 2 to 8 kg); mobile OU-10, OU-20, OU-40, OU-80 (Torzhok, they are transported on a two-wheeled cart with rubber tires);

Foam OVP-10, OVP-50, OVP-10 (b), OVP-50 (h), OVP-100 (h) - from 10 to 100 kg (Torzhok city);

Powder OSB (GK "Epotos", OP-1, OP-2, OP-3, OP-5, OP-10, OP-50; OPU-5, OPU-10 - Torzhok).

From foreign models on our market there are models Redline 10 (4.5 kg), Redline 20 (4.5 kg), Sentri 5 (2.04 kg) under pressure, Sentri 10 (4.5 kg) under pressure from Ansul, OPR1 , OPR3, OPR6 of the Pastor company.

It is especially worth emphasizing that fire fighting equipment should only be used to fight a fire; its use for household needs is prohibited.

At the protected facility, plans must be posted indicating the locations of fire fighting equipment in accordance with GOST 12.1.114–82 “Fire engines and equipment. Graphic designations ". Fire extinguishing means and fire-fighting equipment should be painted in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 12.4.026-01 and NPB 160-97 "Signal colors, safety signs and signal markings". Equipment requiring manual maintenance or use shall be positioned with regard to ease of maintenance, observation and use. In order to quickly find extinguishing agents, they are placed in prominent places of building structures, and a horizontal red stripe 200 ... 400 mm wide is applied above the equipment locations. Surface areas on which manual fire extinguishers, manual fire detectors, manual start devices for fire extinguishing installations and pumps that increase pressure in the fire water supply network are located must be painted with White color with a red border 20 ... 50 mm wide.

The need to ensure constant readiness for action of fire equipment put into operation at the facility, and to carry out appropriate fire safety measures are established by PPB 01-03 and regulations State Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Requirements for instructions on fire safety measures are given in.

What to consider when choosing an automatic fire extinguishing system

The first question that usually worries the customer when choosing one or another automatic fire extinguishing system is its price. Of course, this is very important factor, but it is important to take into account the fact that you are not paying for the permission of the fire authorities to operate the facility, but for real equipment, from which, if applied, you will not only need to reliably extinguish the fire, but also cause minimal damage to the protected material values. In general, in order of decreasing cost, automatic fire extinguishing systems are arranged as follows:

Gas fire extinguishing systems;

Fine water systems (systems water mist);

Foam fire extinguishing systems and water-foam systems;

Water-based fire extinguishing systems;

Aerosol fire extinguishing systems;

Powder fire extinguishing systems.

However, it should be noted that when automatic fire extinguishing systems are triggered, their degree increases in approximately the same order. harmful effects for material values. So, the cheapest fire extinguishing systems - powder and aerosol - have the disadvantage that the powder sprayed in the room, being chemically active, leads to metal corrosion and various types of destruction of plastic, rubber, paper and other materials. It is very harmful to get the powder on the skin or in the respiratory tract. This imposes restrictions on the objects of application of these systems and imposes increased requirements on their reliability and protection against false alarms. The advantage of the systems is ease of installation, since they are autonomous. It is recommended to use them, for example, in unattended or low-maintenance premises where power equipment is located (substations, transformer, etc.). They can also be used in warehouses, small offices, cottages, garages.

Gas fire extinguishing systems cause a minimum of harm to material assets, but their price is higher, since it is determined by special requirements for automation and notification, for sealing the room, the need for gas and smoke removal and evacuation of people. They are used to protect libraries, museums, banks, computing centers, small offices.

The most widespread are currently received automatic systems water fire extinguishing, which are in the price range between gas and powder fire extinguishing systems.

They are used on large areas to protect warehouses, shopping and business centers, office buildings, sports complexes, hotels, enterprises, garages and parking lots, banks, energy facilities, military facilities and special-purpose facilities, residential buildings and cottages. Here, however, it is necessary to consider the possibility of consequential damage by fire or false alarms when the water supply is switched on.

Foam fire extinguishing systems are more expensive than water fire extinguishing systems, since they require additional equipment (for example, a foam generator, etc.). Foam fire extinguishing installations protect premises or entire facilities for the production, processing and storage of oil products, alcohols, chemicals and other substances, materials and products, the extinguishing of which with water is ineffective. Gas fire extinguishing systems have no restrictions on the materials to be extinguished. There are practically no such restrictions for foam and water-foam fire extinguishing systems, aerosol systems and systems of finely dispersed (finely sprayed) water. However, water-based fire extinguishing systems have significant limitations.

Aerosol fire extinguishing systems and water mist systems are autonomous, while other systems have special requirements for additional communications and energy resources: systems gas fire extinguishing need gas exhaust installations, have special requirements for automation and notification; foam and water fire extinguishing systems and water foam systems require a supply of water, power supply to pumps and foam generators, and, in addition, are under constant pressure.

In contrast to automatic water fire extinguishing systems and systems of finely dispersed water, in the case of using gas, foam fire extinguishing and aerosol automatic fire extinguishing systems, personnel evacuation is mandatory.

It is especially important to carefully select the installer of such systems. This is borne out by worrying statistics. So, in 2001, at objects equipped with fire automatics, it worked only in 32% of cases, and at the same time, in 11% of cases of installation fire automatics did not fulfill their functions. Among the reasons for the occurrence of failures and ineffective operation of systems, experts note:

Errors in the design of automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing systems;

Insufficiently high quality of work performed by enterprises that manufacture and supply components for automatic fire alarm systems, fire extinguishing and extinguishing agents, and organizations that carry out installation, commissioning and maintenance.

Alert activities

Measures of a warning nature are reduced to the installation of fire alarm devices. Fire alarm systems (FS) are designed to detect a fire at the very beginning, transmit a signal about the place and time of its occurrence, to activate an automatic fire extinguishing system. The SS system must quickly and reliably notify the local and nearest city fire brigades about a fire, and automatically notify about damages in the alarm system (electrical).

Any system consists of fire detectors included in the signal line (loop) and converting infrared radiation from a fire or heat source into an electrical signal; receiving and control fire station, which generates an alarm signal and transmits it to the central point of fire communication (CPPS), and also includes optical light and sound alarms.

Fire detectors are manual and automatic. Manual fire detectors are designed to transmit alarm information to control and reception points when turned on manually. Automatic fire detectors convert a controlled fire sign (temperature, smoke, radiation) into an electrical signal, which is transmitted via a communication line to technical warning devices.

Automatic fire detectors, according to the type of fire sign, are divided into heat, smoke, light and combined. Thermal automatic fire detectors are subdivided according to the principle of operation into maximum, differential and maximum differential. The detectors of the maximum principle of operation are triggered if the monitored parameter exceeds a certain value, differential - at a certain rate of change of the monitored parameter, maximum differential - from any sharper than usual temperature change.

Smoke fire detectors are ionization and photoelectric. The operation of ionization devices is based on the principle of fixing the deviation of the air ionization values ​​when smoke appears in it. Photovoltaic devices respond to changes in the state of the optical density of the air. The operation of linear volumetric photoelectric detectors is based on the principle of beam shading between the receiver and the emitter by combustion products. Flame detectors react to the ultraviolet or infrared spectrum of an open flame.

When choosing fire alarm systems, it is necessary to take into account the category of the object, the amount, location and type of combustible materials stored on it.

Selection of automatic fire detectors depending on the purpose of the warehouse premises

The main document regulating the choice of the type of fire detectors and their placement at the facilities is NPB 88-2001 “Fire extinguishing and alarm installations. Norms and rules of design ". Thermal or smoke detectors should be installed in a warehouse where products made of wood, synthetic resins, synthetic fibers are stored, polymer materials, celluloid, rubber, textile, knitted, garment, shoe, leather, tobacco, fur, pulp and paper products, Rubber products, synthetic rubber, cotton. The same detectors are installed in warehouses where non-combustible materials are stored in combustible packaging, solid combustible materials.

Heat or light detectors should be installed in rooms where varnishes, paints, solvents, lubricants, and alcohols are stored. Light detectors are installed in rooms where alkaline materials, metal powders, natural rubber are stored. Heat detectors are installed in warehouses for storing flour and other products and materials that emit dust.

The effectiveness of the use of fire detectors depends on the rational choice of the type of device, its location, operating conditions.

Installation requirements for fire detectors

Manual fire detectors are installed on walls and structures at a height of 1.5 m from floor or ground level. The maximum distance between the two nearest manual call points inside the premises is no more than 50 m, and outside the room - 150 m; wire entry into the detector body - pipe. In the event of a malfunction, hang up a sign with the appropriate inscription on the detector.

In buildings, detectors are installed one by one on all staircases of each floor. Detectors installed outside buildings must have signposts in accordance with GOST R.12.4.026-2001 and NPB 160-97 and be provided with artificial lighting. The number of automatic fire detectors in the monitored room is determined based on the need to detect fire over the entire area. In one room, it is supposed to install at least two automatic fire detectors. In rooms where the ceilings protrude more than 60 cm (stiffeners, beams, etc.), detectors are installed in each span.

If there is a threat of mechanical damage, the detectors must have protective devices that do not affect their performance. It is forbidden to install detectors of a different type and principle of operation instead of failed devices. The detectors must be easily accessible, and the places where they are installed must have adequate lighting.

The permissible installation height of fire detectors should not exceed: for heat detectors - 9.0 m, for smoke detectors - 12 m, for combined (heat and smoke) beam detectors - 20 m, for light emitters - 30 m. Fire detectors must be installed in each a compartment formed in the warehouse by stacks of materials, racks. The areas controlled by one heat or smoke fire detector should not exceed the values ​​specified in the passport (technical specifications).

Smoke fire detectors should not be located in rooms where dust in suspension, as well as vapors of acids and alkalis, can form. The free spread of smoke in the room and its access to the detectors should not be impeded by racks, stacks of goods. The distance from the stored materials to the detectors is at least 60 cm.

Both heat and smoke fire detectors in our country and abroad are produced by a lot of companies, so below we will indicate only a few models.

Thermal fire detectors

In our country, devices of a domestic manufacturer - JSC "MGP Spetsavtomatika" (Moscow) are quite widespread. The range includes thermal fire detectors 5451 E, 5551 E (thermal differential), IP 101-4, ISh 01-20 / 1 (MAK-T), IP 103-4 (MAK-1), IP 103-4 IB (intrinsically safe, MAK-1 IB), IP 103-5, IP 103-5 / 1 IB (intrinsically safe), IP 103-2 (explosion-proof).

Fire detectors

Among foreign companies, one can note the products of Apollo (Great Britain), which produces thermal fire detectors S-65-H, 60-H-1S (55, 60, 75, 80 and 100C), as well as an explosion-proof detector series 60IS, XP -95-H; detectors maximum differential 60C complete with base, ATD (thermal, analog addressable), ATD-L (thermal, low-profile) from FCI (USA), heat detector ТС808Е1002 / 28 (Honeywell, USA).

Linear heat detectors PHSC (thermal cable)

A very interesting and popular device abroad - a discrete linear heat detector РНСС (thermal cable), which allows detecting a heating source anywhere along its entire length, is produced by the American company Protectowire. The cable consists of two steel wires in individual heat-sensitive polymer insulation. Insulated wires are twisted so that pressure builds up between them, wrapped in protective tape and covered with an outer sheath suitable for the installation environment of the detector.

As soon as any point of the detector heats up to the design temperature, the heat-sensitive polymer insulation deforms under pressure, the wires inside the detector come into contact with each other, thereby triggering an alarm signal. To trigger an alarm, it is not required to heat a specific section of the cable, and it is also not necessary to calibrate the system to neutralize changes in the ambient temperature in which the cable is installed. Such a single continuous sensor has unique advantages when used in places with difficult access, increased dust pollution, in aggressive and explosive environments, and does not require maintenance. The service life of the thermal cable is 25 years. РНСС is laid along the walls, ceiling on a steel cable-carrier. It is completed with a PIM-1 fire alarm control panel, auxiliary and special device. The equipment is certified for use in Russia.

Smoke fire detectors

OJSC MGP Spetsavtomatika produces optical smoke detectors of the following types: IP 212-ZS, IP 212-ZSU, IP 212-ZSM, IP 212-4S, IP 212-4SB, IP 212-5MZ, IP 212-44 (DIP- 44), DIP-ZMZ; 6424, 2251E. Apollo - S-65-0, XP-95-0, XP-95-0-IS devices, FCI - ASD-PL model, Honeywell - ТС806Е10 / 2 device.

Fire control stations

Receiving and control devices are part of notification system. They process the signal from the detector and transmit it to the alarm line, as well as monitor the status of the detectors. Receiving and control stations must comply with the requirements of NPB 75-98 “Fire control and reception devices. Fire control devices. Are common technical requirements... Test methods ". They should be installed in rooms with constant round-the-clock presence of personnel on duty.

Fire control station

Station blocks are rigidly fixed to the base, wall or special rack. The station body is grounded in accordance with the requirements of the PUE. Terminal blocks for control and receiving devices must be protected with sealed covers. The premises in which the receiving and control stations are installed must be dry, heated, ventilated, with sufficient illumination (with natural and artificial lighting), and have a separate exit.

OJSC MGP Spetsavtomatika manufactures receiving and control stations: PPKPO 01121349-3-1 (fire control and receiving device “Zarya-S”), NJP-2000A “Zarya-S16”, NJV-300A, CLP-4.

Receiving and control stations of foreign production: Intal (Pastor, Croatia); FCI7200 (FCI, USA); XLS1000 (Honeywell, USA); PI MB-93 thermal cable connection station (Protectowire, USA).

The room of the receiving and control station, in addition to the worker, is equipped with emergency lighting. In this case, the illumination on the working surfaces must be at least 10% of the corresponding norms of the working illumination.

Power supply

Fire alarm installations according to the PUE are related to the provision of power supply to consumers of the 1st category and must be supplied uninterruptedly either from two independent AC sources, or from one with automatic switching in emergency mode to backup power from storage batteries. The capacity of the backup battery must provide power to the receiving and control station for one day in standby mode and at least 3 hours in the "alarm" mode. If these conditions cannot be fulfilled at the enterprise for any reason, the issues of power supply of technical means of fire alarm are decided and agreed upon with the State Fire Supervision Authorities in each specific case.

Remote light and sound signaling

The remote alarm serves to signal an alarm and is carried out in accordance with the requirements of NPB 104-2003 "Systems for warning and evacuation of people in case of fires in buildings and structures." Incandescent lamps with a power of 25 W are used as an optical signaling device, which are protected by light-signaling fittings with a glass shade painted in red, protected by a metal mesh. The alarm system is mounted using fittings installed on the front side of the building at a height of at least 2.75 m from the ground, and is attached to the building wall or on a metal bracket. It is allowed to use luminaires of the NPP05, PSH, NSP types as fittings (the version is completely dustproof).

Sound-light annunciator "Biya-S"

Sirens, howlers, bells with a power of up to 20 watts are used as an acoustic signaling device. Sound signaling devices are installed on outside wall buildings from the front side at a height of 2.75 m from the ground and are carried out in a metal case. Domestic industry produces the following devices: loud bang bells MZM-1; signal sirens SS-1, VSS-4M (Donetsk), howlers - outdoor sirens 749, 702 (OJSC MGP Spetsavtomatika, Moscow). The signal sound-and-light device "Biya-S" is widely used.

Sound fire alarm devices

To provide a light and sound signal, a combined device is also used - a signal post PS-1 or PS-2, completed by order, in addition to a red B-230 signal lamp, also by the call of the ZVP, the roar of the RZP or the SS siren. Such a post is made in a metal case with a threaded inlet; it is manufactured by the Electroluch plant (Moscow). Zelenokum plant "Electroapparat" produces a signal device PVSS-4 with a signal frequency of 30 ... 35 per hour (after 1 s).

Fire alarm installations

The routes of the linear part of fire alarm installations at the intersection with power or lighting networks must be protected with PVC or rubber tubes.

Laying of cables and wires through partitions, walls, etc. is performed using special plastic sleeves, through brick and concrete walls - in metal or insulating pipes, also terminated with sleeves. Wires and cables of the lines of the linear part of the fire alarm must not have damaged insulation, twists; they must be freely accessible for inspection. It is forbidden to suspend the alarm wires on the power network supports.

Appendix A

Fire safety requirements PPB-S-3-81

Chapter IV. Fire safety requirements for bases and warehouses

4.5. Trade warehouses and bases.

4.5.1. The order of entry of transport into the territory, the number of its simultaneous location, parking places, as well as the internal access regime is determined by the administration of the facility.

4.5.2. Warehouse loading and unloading mechanisms and electric forklift hose cables must be in good condition.

4.5.3. In the premises intended for storing inventory items, it is not allowed to set up change houses, rooms for eating and other auxiliary services.

4.5.4. Parking of all types of transport in the landing stages is prohibited.

4.5.5. Glazed partitions installed in warehouses for fencing the workplaces of commodity specialists, experts, storekeepers, rejectionists, apprentices, accountants and operators should not interfere with the evacuation of people or inventory items in the event of a fire.

4.5.6. Wickets arranged for the evacuation of people at the gates should open in the direction of the exit from the warehouse.

4.5.7. The entry of locomotives into the warehouse is prohibited.

4.5.8. When storing inventory items (combustible and non-combustible in combustible packaging) in an open area, the area of ​​one section (stack) should not exceed 300 square meters. m. Fire-prevention gaps between sections (stacks) must be at least 6 meters. In the gaps between the piles, storage of materials and equipment is not allowed.

4.5.9. In warehouses built into buildings for other purposes, it is prohibited to store flammable substances and materials (household chemicals in aerosol packaging, varnishes, paints, flammable and combustible liquids, matches, etc.).

4.5.10. In warehouses vegetable oils storage of any other combustible materials is not allowed.

4.5.11. Matches are allowed to be stored in common warehouses in separate compartments, separated from other rooms by fireproof structures.

4.5.12. It is prohibited to store goods in premises through which transit electric cables pass, as well as with the presence of gas communications and oil-filled equipment.

4.5.13. Installation of gas stoves and household electric heating appliances in warehouses is prohibited.

4.5.15. Vehicles used for loading and unloading operations cannot be left on the territory of bases and warehouses after the end of work.

4.5.15. When storing acids at bases and in warehouses, measures should be taken to prevent their contact with wood, straw and other substances of organic origin. In places where acids are stored, it is necessary to have ready-made solutions of chalk, lime or soda for immediate neutralization of accidentally spilled acids. Storage locations for acids should be identified.

4.5.16. Aerosol packs in the amount of more than 5,000 pieces should be stored in isolated warehouses or isolated compartments of general warehouses with non-attic, easily disposable covers.

4.5.17. In each compartment of an isolated warehouse, it is allowed to store no more than 150,000 aerosol packages, the total storage capacity should not exceed 900,000 packages. A maximum of 15,000 packages can be stored in an isolated section of the general warehouse.

4.5.18. Storage of aerosol cans is only permitted on the top floor of the multi-storey warehouse.

4.5.19. It is not allowed to combine storage of aerosol containers in the same room with oxidizers, flammable gases, flammable and flammable liquids.

4.5.20. In warehouses for aerosol packages, varnishes, paints, solvents, etc. the ventilation system must ensure reliable ventilation of the entire warehouse.

4.5.21. Storage of aerosol containers under a canopy or in open areas should be allowed only in closed containers.

4.5.22. Transportation of aerosol containers over long distances should be carried out, as a rule, in closed containers, preventing the leakage of vapors of the contents of the packages outside the container.

4.5.23. At the bases and independent warehouses, in the premises of which explosive and fire hazardous goods, substances and materials (varnishes, paints, solvents, household chemicals, matches, gas cylinders, etc.) are stored, an information card should be posted on the outside of the doors or gates safety measures characterizing the fire hazard of goods stored in the premises, their quantity and measures for extinguishing a fire (see Appendix 7).

4.6. Fire safety measures for chargers and parking lots for electric cars and forklift trucks.

4.6.1. Rechargeable batteries of an electric car must be charged in specially designated rooms - charging stations. These rooms must comply with the requirements of Chapter E11-8 "Rules for the technical operation of consumer electrical installations" and "Safety rules for the operation of electrical installations of consumers".

4.6.2. The floors of the rooms allocated for the charging station and repair shop must be horizontal, on a concrete base, with an alkali (acid-resistant) coating. Glass in windows charging station must be matte or covered with white paint. Walls, ceilings, floors, etc. should be painted with alkali (acid-resistant) paint.

4.6.3. Supply and exhaust ventilation of charging stations and rooms intended for storing charged batteries must be constantly operating.

4.6.4. Switching on the ventilation of the charging stations in general ventilation is prohibited.

4.6.5. The suction of gases is carried out both from the upper and lower zones of the room, and the suction from the upper zone should be more intense.

4.6.7. On the doors of the battery room there should be inscriptions "Charger", "Flammable", "Do not enter with fire", "No smoking".

4.6.8. When the ventilation stops working, the charging current must be disconnected.

4.6.9. It is prohibited to repair batteries and other devices in the charging room; install together alkaline and acid batteries, as well as allow faulty electric cars to be charged. Only those electric cars that are being charged should be in the charging room.

4.6.10. Parking of electric cars and forklift trucks is allowed in garages and special areas. Defective transport is not allowed to work.

4.6.11. The use of forklift trucks to move flammable goods and goods in flammable packaging indoors is not allowed.

Starting devices for electric vehicles used in rooms with the presence of combustible dust must have a dustproof design.

4.6.12. Electric cars and lift trucks should be installed so as not to obstruct walkways, driveways, exits, as well as fire extinguishing equipment. In the event of a fire, vehicles must be removed from the warehouse.

4.8. Refrigeration units.

4.8.1. Each enterprise must appoint a person responsible for the correct and safe operation refrigeration machines and installations.

4.8.2. Persons who do not have special training... Admission to independent work carried out by order of the enterprise.

4.8.3. At least two gas analyzers for refrigerant vapors must be installed in the rooms of engine rooms and equipment rooms of ammonia refrigeration units, which must be interlocked with supply and exhaust ventilation and compressor shutdown devices.

4.8.4. Cylinders with refrigerants (ammonia) should be stored in special warehouses; their storage in engine rooms is prohibited.

4.8.5. It is not allowed to use the premises of refrigerated chambers and refrigeration units for other purposes.

4.8.6. It is not allowed to punch holes, pass pipes, install fasteners, stick combustible materials in the fire belts of refrigerating chambers.

4.8.7. It is prohibited to place refrigeration units in the vestibules of refrigerated chambers. The placement of refrigeration units with brine cooling of chambers is allowed only in the engine room, which has an exit to the outside or through a corridor separated from other rooms by doors.

4.8.8. Ventilation systems machine and equipment rooms should not be blocked with ventilation of other rooms.

4.8.9. Emergency lighting in the rooms of the engine room and equipment rooms must be kept in good condition at all times.

4.8.10. The placement of communications with the refrigeration unit in the hoist shafts is prohibited.

4.8.11. Explosion-proof electrical equipment in the engine rooms and equipment rooms of ammonia refrigeration plants must be regularly inspected and maintained in a technically sound condition.

4.8.12. During operation and repair, it is not allowed to replace the non-combustible or hard-to-combustible thermal insulation of refrigerating chambers with a combustible one provided for by the project.

4.8.13. During the operation of the premises of the engine rooms and equipment rooms, it is not allowed to replace easily resettable elements (panels, windows, doors, etc.).

4.8.14. Repair of equipment under pressure, packing and tightening of glands on operating pumps and compressors, flange seals on devices and pipelines without reducing (bleeding) the pressure in the system is prohibited.

4.8.15. At preventive examinations the equipment of machinery and equipment rooms may be used for lighting portable explosion-proof lamps with a voltage not exceeding 12 V.

4.8 .sixteen. Heating cylinders with refrigerants to accelerate the filling of the system is prohibited. Ammonia cylinders should be located at a distance of no closer than 10 m from open sources of fire and no closer than 5 m from heating devices.

4.8.17. Storage allowed lubricants in metal containers in compressor rooms in an amount not exceeding the replacement requirement.

Chapter V. Installation of fire automatic equipment

5.1. Fire control installations include: sprinkler and deluge water fire extinguishing installations; stationary installations of gas and aerosol fire extinguishing; automatic installations fire and combined security and fire alarm.

5.2. On the basis of the technical documentation of the manufacturers of fire-fighting installations, the enterprises have automatically developed instructions for their operation.

5.3. At each enterprise, for the high-quality operation of the installation, by order of the administration, the following personnel should be appointed:

5.3.1. An official responsible for the operation of the installation, as well as for the training of maintenance and operating personnel.

5.3.2. Maintenance personnel for the maintenance and repair of the installation.

5.3.3. Operational (duty) personnel for round-the-clock monitoring of the operating state of the installation.

5.4. Businesses without the ability on their own carry out maintenance of installations and maintain maintenance personnel, are obliged to conclude contracts for scheduled maintenance with specialized organizations of the All-Union Industrial Association "Soyuzavtomatika" of the USSR Ministry of Pribor or private security Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

Transferred to a specialized organization for maintenance fire protection systems and installations of fire automatics remain on the balance sheet of a public catering enterprise, a base and a warehouse, whose managers are responsible for their safety and proper operation.

5.5. When performing work on maintenance and repair by a specialized organization, control over the quality of their implementation is carried out by an official responsible at the enterprise for the operation of the installations.

5.6. The official responsible for the operation of the installation is obliged to ensure:

5.6.1. Maintaining installations in working order by organizing timely maintenance and scheduled preventive maintenance.

5.6.2. Training of service and operating personnel, as well as instructing workers and employees working in the protected premises.

5.6.3. Development of the necessary operational and technical documentation.

5.6.4. Information from the state supervision authorities about all cases of failures and operation of installations.

5.7. The maintenance and operating personnel who discovered a malfunction of the installation are obliged to immediately inform the person responsible for the operation of the installation about this and take the necessary measures to eliminate the identified deficiencies.

5.8. The maintenance personnel is responsible for the routine maintenance and maintenance of the operating documentation for the installation.

5.9. During the period of maintenance or repairs, the conduct of which is associated with the shutdown of the installation, the administration of the enterprise is obliged to ensure the fire safety of the premises (devices) protected by the installation and notify the fire brigade.

5.10. Sprinklers and detectors of fire automatics installed in places where mechanical damage to them is possible must be protected by special devices.

5.11. Fire alarm and fire alarm control equipment should be installed in rooms with constant round-the-clock presence of people (duty personnel), whose duty is to receive alarms and calls from the fire department.

The personnel on duty serving the control and monitoring equipment of sprinkler and deluge systems, fire and security and fire alarms are prohibited from leaving the receiving equipment unattended, as well as sleeping while on duty.

5.12. In the control room or in the room where the alarm receiving equipment is installed, an instruction should be posted on the order of the duty officer when receiving alarms about a fire and a malfunction of the installation.

5.13. The room of the fire extinguishing station, which houses the starting devices, main and standby pumps, control and starting valves and other equipment, must be locked, the keys to which must be kept by the service and operational (duty) personnel. The entrance to this room should be marked with a light board "Fire extinguishing station".

5.14. For persons working in the premises protected by the installation, instructions should be developed and posted on their actions and the procedure for evacuation when the installation is triggered.

5.15. Fire detectors in security and fire alarm installations must be in operating mode around the clock.

5.16. During the operation of fire automatics, it is not allowed:

5.16.1. Transfer of fire extinguishing installations from automatic control to manual control. In exceptional cases, when it is required to transfer fire extinguishing installations from automatic control to manual control, it is necessary to notify the head of the facility and the fire brigade about this.

5.16.2. Install plugs and plugs instead of opened and faulty sprinklers.

5.16.3. Clutter the approaches to control and signaling devices and devices.

5.16.4. Store materials at a distance of less than 0.9 m to the sprinklers and 0.6 m to the detectors.

5.16.5. Use of piping installations for suspension or fastening of any equipment.

5.16.6. Connection of production equipment and sanitary devices to the feed pipelines of the installation.

5.16.7. Installation of valves and flange connections on supply and distribution pipelines.

5.16.8. Install instead of faulty detectors of a different type or principle of operation, as well as close the blocking loop in the absence of a detector at the place of its installation.

Chapter VIII. Maintenance of fire fighting equipment and communications

8.1. The head of the enterprise is responsible for the maintenance and timely repair of communication facilities and fire fighting equipment (fire trucks, motor pumps, fire extinguishers).

8.2. One or two of the available telephones should be provided with free round-the-clock access. Each telephone set should have a plate indicating the telephone number, which in the event of a fire can be called fire brigade... In the absence of telephone communication, the facility should have an indicator of the location of the nearest telephone or the method of calling fire assistance.

8.3. The use of fire fighting equipment and inventory for household, industrial and other needs not related to training fire volunteers and extinguishing fires is strictly prohibited. The use of fire fighting equipment in case of accidents and natural disasters is allowed by agreement with the state fire control authorities.

8.4. Field fire fighting equipment (fire trucks, motor pumps) and fire fighting equipment must be in good working order at all times. For their storage, a special heated room is equipped ( fire station, boxing, garage).

To indicate the location of fire fighting equipment and fire extinguishing means, direction signs in accordance with GOST 12.4.026-76 should be used, which are placed in conspicuous places at a height of 2-2.5 m, both inside and outside the premises.

8.5. For the placement of primary fire extinguishing equipment at bases and warehouses, as a rule, special fire shields, stands, cabinets should be installed.

It is recommended to compactly place fire extinguishers, sand, shovels, crowbars, sheets of asbestos or felt, lists of combat crews of voluntary fire brigades, extracts from fire safety rules, plates with phone numbers of fire brigades and the names of officials responsible for fire safety on stands and fire shields.

Stands and fire shields should be installed in rooms in visible and easily accessible places, as close as possible to the exits from the premises.

8.6. Day-to-day control over the content and constant readiness for action of fire extinguishers and other extinguishing means is carried out by the person responsible for fire safety and members of the voluntary fire brigade.

8.7. The procedure for the placement, maintenance and use of fire extinguishers should be established in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturers' instructions, current regulatory and technical documents, as well as the following requirements:

8.7.1. It is not allowed to use fire extinguishers with a charge containing halocarbon compounds in unventilated rooms with an area of ​​less than 15 square meters. m.

8.7.2. Fire extinguishers should be located at a height of no more than 1.5 meters from the floor level to the lower end of the fire extinguisher and at a distance of at least 1.2 m from the edge of the door when it is opened.

8.7.3. The design and external design of a stand, cabinet or cabinet for placing fire extinguishers must be such that it is possible to visually identify the type of fire extinguisher stored in them.

8.7.4. V winter time fire extinguishers located outdoors and in unheated rooms are recommended to be collected in the nearest heated rooms, where it is necessary to display the sign "Fire extinguishers are here".

8.7.5. Members of the voluntary fire brigade at least once every 10 days check the fire extinguishers installed in buildings (at the facility) by external inspection (the integrity of the safety plate at foam fire extinguishers and seals) and wipe them when dirty. At the same time, the sprays of foam fire extinguishers are cleaned.

The suitability of the charge of foam fire extinguishers and their bodies for strength should be checked in special workshops at least once a year.

8.7.6. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers must be protected from excessive heat and sunlight. Weight control of fire extinguishers should be carried out at least once a year. If the weight of the fire extinguisher charge is 10% or more of the initial weight, the fire extinguishers must be sent to a special workshop for charging (recharging).

Cylinders of carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are subject to re-certification every five years of operation.

Requirements for instructions on fire safety measures

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A wide variety of materials and substances are usually stored in warehouses, and it is imperative to place them in a particular building taking into account the physical and chemical properties, in particular those related to such a category as fire hazard. In accordance with GOST 12.1.044-89 “Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials. Nomenclature of indicators and methods for their determination "and NPB 105-03" Determination of categories of premises and buildings for explosion and fire hazard ", warehouses are usually subdivided into five categories A, B, C, D and E, depending on the fire hazard of the materials stored in them.

• Category A(explosive and fire hazardous) - premises for storage and circulation of combustible gases, lithium, calcium carbide; premises of charging stations for alkaline and acid batteries.
• Category B(explosion and fire hazardous) - warehouses of ammonia cylinders; refrigerators operating on ammonia; storage of flour, powdered sugar.
• Category B(fire hazardous) - warehouses for storage of natural and artificial rubber and products from them; warehouses for cotton fiber, wool, tarpaulins, sacks, leather, magnesium, titanium sponge; warehouses of timber, non-combustible materials (including metals) in flammable soft or hard containers.
• Category D- stationary, specially equipped places for the production of welding and other hot work with fireproof materials, boiler rooms.
• Category D- warehouses of non-combustible materials and substances in a cold state in the absence of soft or hard combustible containers (packaging), workshop premises where non-combustible materials are processed in a cold state.

Such a classification does not fully reflect the specific features of the storage process and limits the possibility of choosing fire safety measures for warehouse premises, therefore it is more expedient to classify warehouses of fire hazardous substances according to the principle of uniformity of stored products, as well as depending on the danger of fire or explosion that occurs during joint storage. some substances and materials. Fire safety requirements for the joint storage of substances and materials are regulated by GOST 12.1.004-91 “Fire safety. General requirements".

When determining the admissibility of storing certain substances and material values ​​here, the degree of fire resistance, classes of constructive and functional fire hazard of closed warehouses are taken into account. The degree of fire resistance of a building is determined by the fire resistance of its building structures, the class of constructive fire hazard of the building is the degree of participation of building structures in the development of fire and the formation of its dangerous factors, and the class of functional fire hazard of the building and its parts is determined by their purpose and features of the technological processes used.

SNiP 21-01-97 "Fire safety of buildings and structures" establishes four degrees of fire resistance of buildings - I, II, III, IV, four classes of constructive fire hazard - C0, C1, C2 and C3 (non-fire hazardous, low fire hazard, moderate fire hazard, fire hazard) ...

According to the functional fire hazard, buildings are divided into five classes F1 ... F5, depending on the methods of their use and on the extent to which the safety of people in them in the event of a fire is under threat. Warehouses are classified as F5.2.

Working rooms for employees in warehouse buildings of I, II and III degrees of fire resistance must be separated by fireproof walls, ceilings and have an independent exit to the outside. The arrangement of windows, doors in the inner walls of working rooms is not allowed. Working premises of warehouses of IV degree of fire resistance should be located outside the buildings of such warehouses.

The correct layout of the warehouse complex is of great importance for fire safety. When located on the territory of several buildings, it is necessary to ensure a clear division into zones with the same fire safety requirements. Buildings containing hazardous materials are located downwind of other buildings. It is necessary that there are fire-prevention gaps between the storage rooms in accordance with the established standards. Structures of IV degree of fire resistance must be at a distance of at least 20 m from each other.

Fireproof gaps must always be free, they cannot be used for storage of materials, equipment, packaging and parking. Buildings and structures along the entire length must be provided with access for fire trucks: on one side - with a building width of up to 18 m and on both sides - with a width of more than 18 m. (PUE).

The main causes of fires in warehouses are: careless handling of fire, smoking in the wrong place, malfunctioning of electrical installations and power grids, sparks in power and industrial installations, vehicles, static electricity, lightning discharges, as well as spontaneous combustion of some materials if stored improperly.

All fire-fighting measures can be divided into three groups: measures aimed at preventing fires, warning measures and measures to eliminate an already existing fire.

Fire prevention measures

Fire safety largely depends on the principles of organizing the warehouse, creating conditions for proper storage, excluding the joint storage of substances and materials, upon contact of which there may be a danger of explosion.

Heating

Heating of warehouse premises is a link in the general complex of fire-prevention measures. Closed warehouses are subdivided into unheated and heated. In warehouses where metals, metal products, textiles, etc. are stored, it is not necessary to maintain a positive temperature. Warehouses for storing food products need a positive temperature (+3 ° C)

Heating of warehouses is allowed only centralized (steam, water) with smooth batteries, preferably a heater. It is forbidden to use electric heating devices with an open heating element, as well as with a heating element, the temperature of which is more than 95 ° C, in working rooms. To heat these rooms, you can use safe electric heating devices, for example, oil radiators of the RBE-1 type, which must have a separate power supply network with starting and protective devices and serviceable thermostats. If a malfunction or violation of the temperature regime is detected, the heater is immediately turned off and the person in charge of operation is informed about it.

Transport. Charging stations

The use of forklift trucks with internal combustion engines for moving and storing combustible materials and goods in combustible packaging (containers) is not allowed. At the end of the work in the warehouse, it is allowed to leave non-self-propelled loading mechanisms (carts, conveyors), provided they are placed in free areas, but not in aisles and gaps between stacks or racks. All other mechanisms are taken out of the warehouse into a designated parking space.

Some warehouses have additional fire safety requirements. So, when working with combustible materials, cotton fiber, wool, bags, tarpaulins, etc.:

• electric forklifts with closed contacts in a technically sound condition should be used;
• the use of cranes and hoists with electric motors in open design is not allowed;
• diesel locomotives running on liquid fuel with closed blowers and siphons are allowed to the warehouses no closer than 15 m;
• vehicles must drive up to warehouses only with the side opposite to the exhaust pipe of the muffler, which must be equipped with a spark arrestor;
• near the warehouse during unloading and loading, it is allowed to install no more than one railway carriage or two cars for each section;
• while the warehouse is being ventilated, the passage of rail and road transport along the warehouse tracks and highways is prohibited. All air vents after ventilation of the warehouse must be closed from inside the premises;
• when accepting, storing and dispensing combustible materials (cotton fiber, wool, bags, tarpaulins), it is necessary to strictly observe measures to exclude contact of these materials and their packaging with heat sources and oxidants;
• bales of cotton taken for storage must be tightly pressed, covered with fabric on all sides and fastened with metal belts. Compressed, damaged bales should be stored separately, covered with tarpaulins and sold first;
• the warehouse room (sections) and its building structures should be systematically cleaned of fibers and dust.
  Special fire safety requirements apply to charging stations and parking lots for electric forklifts:
• the chargers are located separately from the batteries and are separated by a fireproof partition. The cable passages from the chargers to the battery room must be made through seals;
• the floors in the charging station must be horizontal, on a concrete base with an alkali (acid-resistant) coating. Walls, ceilings, etc. should be painted with alkali-resistant (acid-resistant) paint. Glass windows should be matte or covered with white paint;
• electrical equipment (protective and starting), as a rule, is installed outside the battery charging room (or it must have an explosion-proof version according to class B-1b). The charging current is switched on and off by persons specially designated for this;
• the charging room must be equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation. In the control and automation circuit, an interlock should be provided to turn off the charging current in case of ventilation interruption. At the end of charging, the unit must be turned off immediately;
• it is forbidden to charge alkaline and acid batteries in the same room, as well as to repair batteries and other devices;
• only electric forklift trucks that are charging should be in the charging room. The number of simultaneously charged loaders must be determined at the enterprise by a special instruction, taking into account the design power of the charger;
• acid should be stored in a separate room, containers with acid (bottles) are placed on the floor in one row;
• in the battery room, one luminaire must be connected to the emergency lighting network;
• a circuit breaker should be installed in the battery circuit, selective in relation to protective devices;
• batteries are installed on racks or on cabinet shelves. The vertical distances between the racks should ensure convenient maintenance of the batteries;
• batteries must be isolated from the shelves, and the shelves must be isolated from the ground by means of electrolyte-resistant insulating gaskets;
• walkways for servicing batteries must be at least 1 m wide for two-way service and 0.8 m for one-way service;
• the distance from the batteries to the heating devices must be at least 750 mm;
• the battery room should be located as close as possible to the chargers and the DC switchboard, be isolated from water and dust and easily accessible for maintenance;
• battery rooms, as well as rooms for storing acid and parking for electric forklifts, are equipped with autonomous supply and exhaust ventilation, separate from the general system and ventilation of the charging room;
• the suction of gases from the premises should be carried out from the upper and lower zones on the side opposite to the fresh air inflow, and the suction from the upper zone should be more intensive. From rooms with a ceiling divided by beams into compartments, suction is performed from each compartment;
• metal ventilation ducts can not be installed over batteries;
• It is recommended to use hot-air heating in charging rooms. When installing steam or water heating, the latter should be performed with smooth pipes connected by welding; installation of flange joints and valves is prohibited;
• on the doors of the charging station and battery room there should be inscriptions: “Charger”, “Rechargeable”, “Flammable”, “No smoking”, “Do not enter with fire”;
• parking of electric forklifts is allowed in garages and on special areas;
• charging of faulty electric forklifts is not allowed; the conductors to the batteries must be in good working order to avoid sparking and heating of the contacts; in case of damage to the insulation and malfunction, the conductors must be replaced immediately;
• starting devices for electric forklifts used in rooms with the presence of combustible dust must have a dustproof design;
• electric forklifts must not be placed in aisles, driveways, exits, and they must not obstruct fire extinguishing means. In the parking area for electric forklifts, a diagram of their arrangement should be posted in a conspicuous place.

Electrical equipment, electrical lighting and power grids

Technical measures aimed at preventing fires are associated with the correct arrangement and installation of electrical equipment, electric lighting, grounding and lightning protection. Electrical networks and electrical equipment installed in warehouses must meet the requirements of the current Electrical Installation Rules (PUE), the Rules for the Technical Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations, the Safety Rules for the Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations, SNiP 3.05.06-85 "Electrical Devices", the Rules for the Certification System for Electrical Installations of Buildings (Order of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation dated December 26, 1995, No. 264).

The classification of premises and outdoor installations according to the degree of explosion and fire hazard when using electrical equipment is given in the PUE.

The design, the degree of protection of the enclosure, the method of installation and the class of insulation of the machines, equipment, apparatus, devices, cables, wires and other elements of electrical installations used must correspond to the nominal parameters of the electrical network (voltage, current, frequency), the class of explosion and fire hazard of premises and outdoor installations , the characteristics of the environment, the requirements of the PUE. All electrical installations must have devices for protection against fire hazards (leakage currents, short circuit - short-circuit, overload, etc.). To protect against prolonged flow of leakage currents and short-circuit currents developing from them. apply residual current devices (RCDs) according to NPB-243-37 "Residual current devices. Fire safety requirements. Test methods ". RCDs used in electrical installations of buildings at facilities of the Russian Federation must meet the requirements of the current GOST R 50807-95 “Protective devices controlled by differential (residual) current. General Requirements and Test Methods "and must undergo certification tests according to the program approved by Glavgosenergonadzor and Glavgosstandart in a center specialized in RCDs with the issuance of a Russian certificate of conformity and its regulated annual inspection control.

The RCD must disconnect the protected section of the network when a leakage current appears in it, equal to the tripping differential current of the device, which, according to the requirements of the standard, can have values ​​in the range from 0.5 to the nominal value specified by the manufacturer. RCD should not be triggered when removing and reconnecting the mains voltage and switching the load current and automatically re-enable; it should be triggered when the TEST button is pressed. RCDs must be protected against short-circuit currents. circuit breaker or fuse, while the rated current of the protective devices should not exceed the operating current of the RCD.

When choosing a place for installing an RCD in a building, one should take into account: the method of installation of electrical wiring, the material of the buildings, the purpose of the RCD, the conditions of the premises. According to the method of performing the trip operation, RCDs are divided into two categories: electromechanical (not requiring a power source) and electronic (requiring additional power).

Protection of electrical installations and electrical networks from overloads and short-circuit currents. carried out by circuit breakers and fuses. Electrical protection devices must be designed for the long-term flow of the rated load current and for the short-term action of the peak current. The rated current of fuse-links of fuses and circuit breakers is indicated by the manufacturer on the stamp of the device and corresponds to the current load.

At the end of the working day, the electrical equipment of the warehouses is de-energized.

Warehouse electrical lighting must be performed in accordance with the requirements of the PUE SNiP 23.05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting", GOST 50571.8-94 "Electrical installations of buildings. Safety requirements ". For emergency lighting, only lamps with incandescent lamps are used. Luminaires for evacuation emergency lighting must be connected to a network that is not connected with working lighting, starting from the substation switchboard, and if there is one input, from the input distribution device (ASU).

Electric lighting devices of all types must meet the requirements of the PUE and safety requirements in accordance with GOST 12.2.007.0-75 “Electrical products. General safety requirements ".

The operation of lighting installations must be carried out in accordance with the current Rules for the operation of electrical installations of consumers (PTE). Emergency lighting and installation of plug sockets in the warehouse are not allowed. Luminaires must meet the requirements of NPB 249-97 “Lamps. Fire safety requirements. Test Methods ", have a closed or protected design (with glass caps) with a protective grid. The lighting network must be installed so that the lamps do not come into contact with combustible building structures and combustible materials.

To increase the height of storage of goods, it is advisable to place lamps above areas of the area free from stacks and racks. The device in stacks of niches for electric lamps is not allowed. The disconnecting devices should be located outdoors on the outer side of a fireproof wall or on special metal racks. Switches, knife switches should be enclosed in metal cases (cabinets), which are sealed after disconnection at the end of the working day.

Methods for performing power and lighting networks must ensure reliability, durability, and fire safety. The cross-sections of wires and cables must be calculated from the heating conditions (long-term permissible current load), permissible voltage loss and mechanical strength; the cross-sections of the grounding and zero protective conductors should be selected in compliance with the requirements of the PUE.

According to the method of execution, the wiring can be open or hidden and have a design and degree of protection, taking into account the requirements of the PUE. The insulation of wires, regardless of the type of wiring, is designed for a voltage of at least 500 V at a mains voltage of 380 V. The joints and branches of the wires and cables, as well as the corresponding clamps, must have insulation equivalent to the insulation of the cores of the whole places of these wires and cables. Connections and branches of wires and cables are made using junction and branch boxes made of non-combustible material. Metal boxes must have a reliable insulating gasket inside.

Portable luminaires should be equipped with protective glass covers with metal mesh and hanging hooks. The delivery set of portable luminaires includes a flexible copper cable, the length of which depends on the type of luminaire. The mains voltage for portable lamps is 12 ... 24 V. Almost all portable lamps are produced in an explosion-proof design; some of them are equipped with explosion-proof connectors.

Joint laying in one pipe, bundle, closed channel of the structure of mutually redundant circuits is not allowed; power and lighting circuits; working and emergency lighting; power and control cables; circuits of different voltages.

The design of electrical equipment for fire hazardous, explosive and outdoor installations, as well as the permissible degree of protection of lamps, depending on the class of the fire and explosion hazard zone, are defined in the PUE. The types of electrical wiring in fire and explosive zones are defined in the PUE.

Fire safety of warehouses

General requirements

A wide variety of materials and substances are usually stored in warehouses, and it is imperative to place them in a particular building taking into account the physical and chemical properties, in particular those related to such a category as fire hazard. In accordance with GOST 12.1.044–89 “Fire and explosion hazard of substances and materials. Nomenclature of indicators and methods for their determination "and NPB 105-03" Determination of categories of premises and buildings for explosion and fire hazard ", warehouses are usually subdivided into five categories A, B, C, D and E, depending on the fire hazard of the materials stored in them.

• Category A(explosive and fire hazardous) - premises for storage and circulation of combustible gases, lithium, calcium carbide; premises of charging stations for alkaline and acid batteries.
• Category B(explosion and fire hazardous) - warehouses of ammonia cylinders; refrigerators operating on ammonia; storage of flour, powdered sugar.
• Category B(fire hazardous) - warehouses for storage of natural and artificial rubber and products from them; warehouses for cotton fiber, wool, tarpaulins, sacks, leather, magnesium, titanium sponge; warehouses of timber, non-combustible materials (including metals) in flammable soft or hard containers.
• Category D- stationary, specially equipped places for the production of welding and other hot work with fireproof materials, boiler rooms.
• Category D- warehouses of non-combustible materials and substances in a cold state in the absence of soft or hard combustible containers (packaging), workshop premises where non-combustible materials are processed in a cold state.

Such a classification does not fully reflect the specific features of the storage process and limits the possibility of choosing fire safety measures for warehouse premises, therefore it is more expedient to classify warehouses of fire hazardous substances according to the principle of uniformity of stored products, as well as depending on the danger of fire or explosion that occurs during joint storage. some substances and materials. Fire safety requirements for the joint storage of substances and materials are regulated by GOST 12.1.004–91 “Fire safety. General requirements".

By arrangement warehouses general purpose are subdivided into open (platforms, platforms), semi-closed (sheds) and closed (heated and unheated). Closed warehouses are the main type of warehouse. When determining the admissibility of storing certain substances and material values ​​here, the degree of fire resistance, the classes of constructive and functional fire hazard of the latter are taken into account. The degree of fire resistance of a building is determined by the fire resistance of its building structures, the class of constructive fire hazard of the building is determined by the degree of participation of building structures in the development of fire and the formation of its dangerous factors, and the class of functional fire hazard of the building and its parts is determined by their purpose and features of the technological processes used.

SNiP 21-01-97 "Fire safety of buildings and structures" establishes four degrees of fire resistance of buildings - I, II, III, IV, four classes of constructive fire hazard - C0, C1, C2 and C3 (non-fire hazardous, low fire hazard, moderate fire hazard, fire hazard) ... According to the functional fire hazard, buildings are divided into five classes F1 ... F5, depending on the methods of their use and on the extent to which the safety of people in them in the event of a fire is under threat. Warehouses are classified as F5.2.

Working rooms for employees in warehouse buildings of I, II and III degrees of fire resistance must be separated by fireproof walls, ceilings and have an independent exit to the outside. The arrangement of windows, doors in the inner walls of working rooms is not allowed. Working premises of warehouses of IV degree of fire resistance should be located outside the buildings of such warehouses.

The correct layout of the warehouse complex is of great importance for fire safety. When located on the territory of several buildings, it is necessary to ensure a clear division into zones with the same fire safety requirements. Buildings containing hazardous materials are located downwind of other buildings. It is necessary that there are fire-prevention gaps between the storage rooms in accordance with the established standards. Structures of IV degree of fire resistance must be at a distance of at least 20 m from each other.

Fireproof gaps must always be free, they cannot be used for storage of materials, equipment, packaging and parking. Buildings and structures along the entire length must be provided with access for fire trucks: on one side - with a building width of up to 18 m and on both sides - with a width of more than 18 m. (PUE).

The main causes of fires in warehouses are: careless handling of fire, smoking in the wrong place, malfunctioning of electrical installations and power grids, sparks in power and industrial installations, vehicles, static electricity, lightning discharges, as well as spontaneous combustion of some materials if stored improperly.

All fire-fighting measures can be divided into three groups: measures aimed at preventing fires, warning measures and measures to eliminate an already existing fire.

Fire prevention measures

Fire safety largely depends on the principles of organizing the warehouse, creating conditions for proper storage, excluding the joint storage of substances and materials, upon contact of which there may be a danger of explosion.

Warehouse area layout

The layout of the warehouse is reduced to determining the location of the racks or stacks of materials, the aisles between them (this eliminates the clutter of the latter for a long time, and you also need to quickly remove the packaging material and containers from the places of acceptance and unpacking), the organization of sorting and work sites. This is a matter of paramount importance, because it is precisely because of improper planning of premises that enterprises often incur heavy losses.

Storage locations, depending on the nature and characteristics of the goods, are determined in advance; next to them, appropriate signs are posted, informing about what materials are stored here and in what quantity. Laboratory testing of materials is carried out in special laboratory rooms; the use of storage places for these purposes is not allowed.

Materials and goods must be stored on racks or stacks that must be reasonably stable. Do not place racks and stacks close to the walls and columns of buildings, as well as install spacers between the stacks (racks) and the wall (column). The minimum distance between the stack (rack) and the wall (column, protruding structure, heating devices) must be at least 0.7 m, between the stack (rack) and the ceiling (truss or rafters) - 0.5 m, between the stack and the lamp - 0.5 m, between the luminaire and the combustible structure - 0.2 m.

In non-sectional warehouses or sections with a width of up to 30 m and an area of ​​no more than 700 m2, a passage with a width of at least 1.5 m must be left opposite to the evacuation exits (doorways). In warehouses with an area of ​​more than 700 m2, in addition, a passage with a width of at least 1 , 5 m along the warehouse premises. On the floor of the warehouse, clear lines mark sites for storing materials and goods, taking into account longitudinal and transverse passages, emergency exits and access to fire extinguishing equipment. It is not allowed to place longitudinal and transverse aisles with warehouse columns located on them. It is forbidden to use passages and gaps between stacks, even for temporary placement of goods, equipment and cushioning material.

The gaps between stacks or racks are determined by the corresponding technological instructions. For example, when placing tires on warehouse racks, the longitudinal aisle should be at least 1.2 m, and the transverse aisles against the evacuation doors should be at least 4.5 m. doorways, but no further than 25 m from the transverse walls.

Joint storage in one section (sectionless warehouse) with rubber or tires of other materials, regardless of the uniformity of the used extinguishing agents, is not allowed.
In warehouses for storing cotton fiber, wool, tarpaulins, sacks, the longitudinal passage and passages against the doors must be at least 2 m wide. more than six carloads with a capacity of not more than 300 tons) must be separated by passages. It is not allowed to store other combustible materials or goods in sections or sectionless warehouses where cotton fiber, wool, bags, tarpaulin are stored.

This requirement is also true for warehouses (sections) where chemically active metals are stored, as well as metals or concentrates in a combustible container (package).

For storage of natural rubber, cotton fiber, chemically active metals, warehouse premises are used not lower than II degree of fire resistance, for storage of synthetic rubber and tires - not lower than III degree of fire resistance.

Heating

Heating of warehouse premises is a link in the general complex of fire-prevention measures. Closed warehouses are subdivided into unheated and heated. In warehouses where metals, metal products, textiles, etc. are stored, it is not necessary to maintain a positive temperature. Warehouses for storing food products need a positive temperature (+3 ° C).

Heating of warehouses is allowed only centralized (steam, water) with smooth batteries, preferably a heater. It is forbidden to use electric heating devices with an open heating element, as well as with a heating element, the temperature of which is more than 95 ° C, in working rooms. To heat these rooms, you can use safe electric heating devices, for example, oil radiators of the RBE-1 type, which must have a separate power supply network with starting and protective devices and serviceable thermostats. If a malfunction or violation of the temperature regime is detected, the heater is immediately turned off and the person in charge of operation is informed about it.

Transport. Charging stations

The use of forklift trucks with internal combustion engines for moving and storing combustible materials and goods in combustible packaging (containers) is not allowed. At the end of the work in the warehouse, it is allowed to leave non-self-propelled loading mechanisms (carts, conveyors), provided they are placed in free areas, but not in aisles and gaps between stacks or racks. All other mechanisms are taken out of the warehouse into a designated parking space.

Some warehouses have additional fire safety requirements. So, when working with combustible materials, cotton fiber, wool, bags, tarpaulins, etc.:

• electric forklifts with closed contacts in a technically sound condition should be used;
• the use of cranes and hoists with electric motors in open design is not allowed;
• diesel locomotives running on liquid fuel with closed blowers and siphons are allowed to the warehouses no closer than 15 m;
• vehicles must drive up to warehouses only with the side opposite to the exhaust pipe of the muffler, which must be equipped with a spark arrestor;
• near the warehouse during unloading and loading, it is allowed to install no more than one railway carriage or two cars for each section;
• while the warehouse is being ventilated, the passage of rail and road transport along the warehouse tracks and highways is prohibited. All air vents after ventilation of the warehouse must be closed from inside the premises;
• when accepting, storing and dispensing combustible materials (cotton fiber, wool, bags, tarpaulins), it is necessary to strictly observe measures to exclude contact of these materials and their packaging with heat sources and oxidants;

• bales of cotton taken for storage must be tightly pressed, covered with fabric on all sides and fastened with metal belts. Compressed, damaged bales should be stored separately, covered with tarpaulins and sold first;
• the warehouse room (sections) and its building structures should be systematically cleaned of fibers and dust.

Special fire safety requirements apply to charging stations and parking lots for electric forklifts:

• the chargers are located separately from the batteries and are separated by a fireproof partition. The cable passages from the chargers to the battery room must be made through seals;
• the floors in the charging station must be horizontal, on a concrete base with an alkali (acid-resistant) coating. Walls, ceilings, etc. should be painted with alkali-resistant (acid-resistant) paint. Glass windows should be matte or covered with white paint;
• electrical equipment (protective and starting), as a rule, is installed outside the battery charging room (or it must have an explosion-proof version according to class B-1b). The charging current is switched on and off by persons specially designated for this;
• the charging room must be equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation. In the control and automation circuit, an interlock should be provided to turn off the charging current in case of ventilation interruption. At the end of charging, the unit must be turned off immediately;
• it is forbidden to charge alkaline and acid batteries in the same room, as well as to repair batteries and other devices;
• only electric forklift trucks that are charging should be in the charging room. The number of simultaneously charged loaders must be determined at the enterprise by a special instruction, taking into account the design power of the charger;
• acid should be stored in a separate room, containers with acid (bottles) are placed on the floor in one row;
• in the battery room, one luminaire must be connected to the emergency lighting network;
• a circuit breaker should be installed in the battery circuit, selective in relation to protective devices;
• batteries are installed on racks or on cabinet shelves. The vertical distances between the racks should ensure convenient maintenance of the batteries;
• batteries must be isolated from the shelves, and the shelves must be isolated from the ground by means of electrolyte-resistant insulating gaskets;
• walkways for servicing batteries must be at least 1 m wide for two-way service and 0.8 m for one-way service;
• the distance from the batteries to the heating devices must be at least 750 mm;
• the battery room should be located as close as possible to the chargers and the DC switchboard, be isolated from water and dust and easily accessible for maintenance;
• battery rooms, as well as rooms for storing acid and parking for electric forklifts, are equipped with autonomous supply and exhaust ventilation, separate from the general system and ventilation of the charging room;
• the suction of gases from the premises should be carried out from the upper and lower zones on the side opposite to the fresh air inflow, and the suction from the upper zone should be more intensive. From rooms with a ceiling divided by beams into compartments, suction is performed from each compartment;

• metal ventilation ducts must not be installed over batteries;
• It is recommended to use hot-air heating in charging rooms. When installing steam or water heating, the latter should be performed with smooth pipes connected by welding; installation of flange joints and valves is prohibited;
• on the doors of the charging station and battery room there should be inscriptions: “Charger”, “Rechargeable”, “Flammable”, “No smoking”, “Do not enter with fire”;
• parking of electric forklifts is allowed in garages and on special areas;
• charging of faulty electric forklifts is not allowed; the conductors to the batteries must be in good working order to avoid sparking and heating of the contacts; in case of damage to the insulation and malfunction, the conductors must be replaced immediately;
• starting devices for electric forklifts used in rooms with the presence of combustible dust must have a dustproof design;
• electric forklifts must not be placed in aisles, driveways, exits, and they must not obstruct fire extinguishing means. In the parking area for electric forklifts, a diagram of their arrangement should be posted in a conspicuous place.

Electrical equipment, electrical lighting and power grids

Technical measures aimed at preventing fires are associated with the correct arrangement and installation of electrical equipment, electric lighting, grounding and lightning protection. Electrical networks and electrical equipment installed in warehouses must meet the requirements of the current Electrical Installation Rules (PUE), the Rules for the Technical Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations, the Safety Rules for the Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations, SNiP 3.05.06-85 "Electrical Devices", the Rules for the Certification System for Electrical Installations of Buildings (Order of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation dated December 26, 1995, No. 264).

The classification of premises and outdoor installations according to the degree of explosion and fire hazard when using electrical equipment is given in the PUE.

The design, the degree of protection of the enclosure, the method of installation and the class of insulation of the machines, equipment, apparatus, devices, cables, wires and other elements of electrical installations used must correspond to the nominal parameters of the electrical network (voltage, current, frequency), the class of explosion and fire hazard of premises and outdoor installations , the characteristics of the environment, the requirements of the PUE. All electrical installations must have devices for protection against fire hazards (leakage currents, short circuit - short-circuit, overload, etc.). To protect against prolonged flow of leakage currents and short-circuit currents developing from them. apply residual current devices (RCDs) according to NPB-243-37 "Residual current devices. Fire safety requirements. Test methods ". RCDs used in electrical installations of buildings at facilities of the Russian Federation must meet the requirements of the current GOST R 50807–95 “Protective devices controlled by differential (residual) current. General Requirements and Test Methods "and must undergo certification tests according to the program approved by Glavgosenergonadzor and Glavgosstandart in a center specialized in RCDs with the issuance of a Russian certificate of conformity and its regulated annual inspection control.

The RCD must disconnect the protected section of the network when a leakage current appears in it, equal to the tripping differential current of the device, which, according to the requirements of the standard, can have values ​​in the range from 0.5 to the nominal value specified by the manufacturer. RCD should not be triggered when removing and reconnecting the mains voltage and switching the load current and automatically re-enable; it should be triggered when the TEST button is pressed. RCDs must be protected against short-circuit currents. circuit breaker or fuse, while the rated current of the protective devices should not exceed the operating current of the RCD.

When choosing a place for installing an RCD in a building, one should take into account: the method of installation of electrical wiring, the material of the buildings, the purpose of the RCD, the conditions of the premises. According to the method of performing the trip operation, RCDs are divided into two categories: electromechanical (not requiring a power source) and electronic (requiring additional power). In Russia, the most widespread are electromechanical devices ASTRO UZO manufactured by JSC Technopark-Center (Moscow).

Protection of electrical installations and electrical networks from overloads and short-circuit currents. carried out by circuit breakers and fuses. Electrical protection devices must be designed for the long-term flow of the rated load current and for the short-term action of the peak current. The rated current of fuse-links of fuses and circuit breakers is indicated by the manufacturer on the stamp of the device and corresponds to the current load.

At the end of the working day, the electrical equipment of the warehouses is de-energized.

Warehouse electrical lighting must be performed in accordance with the requirements of the PUE SNiP 23.05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting", GOST 50571.8-94 "Electrical installations of buildings. Safety requirements ". For emergency lighting, only lamps with incandescent lamps are used. Luminaires for evacuation emergency lighting must be connected to a network that is not connected with working lighting, starting from the substation switchboard, and if there is one input, from the input distribution device (ASU).
Electric lighting devices of all types must meet the requirements of the PUE and safety requirements in accordance with GOST 12.2.007.0–75 “Electrical products. General safety requirements ".

The operation of lighting installations must be carried out in accordance with the current Rules for the operation of electrical installations of consumers (PTE). Emergency lighting and installation of plug sockets in the warehouse are not allowed. Luminaires must meet the requirements of NPB 249-97 “Lamps. Fire safety requirements. Test Methods ", have a closed or protected design (with glass caps) with a protective grid. The lighting network must be installed so that the lamps do not come into contact with combustible building structures and combustible materials.

To increase the height of storage of goods, it is advisable to place lamps above areas of the area free from stacks and racks. The device in stacks of niches for electric lamps is not allowed. The disconnecting devices should be located outdoors on the outer side of a fireproof wall or on special metal racks. Switches, knife switches should be enclosed in metal cases (cabinets), which are sealed after disconnection at the end of the working day.

Methods for performing power and lighting networks must ensure reliability, durability, and fire safety. The cross-sections of wires and cables must be calculated from the heating conditions (long-term permissible current load), permissible voltage loss and mechanical strength; the cross-sections of the grounding and zero protective conductors should be selected in compliance with the requirements of the PUE.

According to the method of execution, the wiring can be open or hidden and have a design and degree of protection, taking into account the requirements of the PUE. The insulation of wires, regardless of the type of wiring, is designed for a voltage of at least 500 V at a mains voltage of 380 V. The joints and branches of the wires and cables, as well as the corresponding clamps, must have insulation equivalent to the insulation of the cores of the whole places of these wires and cables. Connections and branches of wires and cables are made using junction and branch boxes made of non-combustible material. Metal boxes must have a reliable insulating gasket inside.

Portable luminaires should be equipped with protective glass covers with metal mesh and hanging hooks. The delivery set of portable luminaires includes a flexible copper cable, the length of which depends on the type of luminaire. The mains voltage for portable lamps is 12 ... 24 V. Almost all portable lamps are produced in an explosion-proof design; some of them are equipped with explosion-proof connectors.

Joint laying in one pipe, bundle, closed channel of the structure of mutually redundant circuits is not allowed; power and lighting circuits; working and emergency lighting; power and control cables; circuits of different voltages.

The design of electrical equipment for fire hazardous, explosive and outdoor installations, as well as the permissible degree of protection of lamps, depending on the class of the fire and explosion hazard zone, are defined in the PUE. The types of electrical wiring in fire and explosive zones are defined in the PUE.