What is included in the concept of "general building materials"? What are the types of building materials The material used in construction is different

K category: Construction materials

Classification of building materials

Building materials are divided into natural (natural) and artificial. The first group includes: forest (roundwood, lumber); stone dense and loose rocks (natural stone, gravel, sand, clay), etc. The second group - artificial materials - includes: binders (cement, lime), artificial stones(brick, blocks); concretes; solutions; metal, heat and waterproofing materials; ceramic tiles; synthetic paints, varnishes and Other materials, the production of which is associated with chemical processing.

Building materials are classified according to their purpose and scope, for example, roofing materials - roofing material, asbestos cement, etc.; wall - brick, blocks; finishing - solutions, paints, varnishes; facing, waterproofing, etc., as well as according to the technological basis of their manufacture, for example, ceramic, synthetic, etc. A special group is made up of heat-insulating building materials - they are made from various raw materials, used in various designs, but they are united by a common property - low bulk density and low thermal conductivity, which determines the constantly increasing volume of their production and widespread use in construction.

Building materials that are mined or manufactured in the area of ​​the facility under construction are commonly referred to as local building materials. These primarily include: sand, gravel, crushed stone, brick, lime, etc. In the construction of buildings and structures, it is necessary first of all to use local building materials, which reduces transportation costs, which make up a significant part of the cost of materials.

For building materials manufactured by enterprises, there are State All-Union Standards - GOSTs and specifications- THAT. The standards provide basic information about the building material, give its definition, indicate raw materials, applications, classification, division into grades and brands, test methods, transportation and storage conditions. GOST has the force of law, and compliance with it is mandatory for all enterprises manufacturing building materials.

Nomenclature and technical requirements to building materials and parts, their quality, guidelines for the selection and use, depending on the operating conditions of the building or structure being erected, are set out in the "Building Norms and Rules" - SNiP I-B.2-69, approved by the USSR State Construction Committee in 1962-1969. as amended in 1972. State All-Union Standards (GOSTs) have been developed for each material and product.

For correct application of a particular material in construction, it is necessary to know the physical, including the ratio of materials to the action of water and temperatures, and mechanical properties.

Residential, public and industrial buildings are structures designed to accommodate people and various equipment and protect them from exposure. environment. All buildings consist of parts of the same purpose: - the foundation, which serves as the foundation of the building and transfers the load from the entire building to the ground; - frame - the supporting structure on which the enclosing elements of the building are installed; the frame perceives and redistributes loads and transfers them to the foundation; - enclosing structures that isolate the internal volume of the building from the impact external environment or separating separate parts of the internal volume among themselves; Enclosing structures include walls, floors and roofs, and in low-rise buildings, walls and floors often serve as a frame.

Since ancient times, residential and religious buildings were built from natural materials- stone and wood, and all parts of the building were made of them: foundation, walls, roof. This versatility of the material had significant drawbacks. The construction of stone buildings was labor intensive; stone walls to maintain normal building thermal regime had to be made very thick (up to 1 m or more), since natural stone is a good conductor of heat. For the construction of ceilings and roofs, many columns were placed or heavy stone vaults were made, since the strength of the stone is not enough to cover large spans. Stone buildings, however, had one positive quality - durability. Less labor intensive but short lived wooden buildings often destroyed by fire.

With the development of industry, new, different-purpose building materials appeared: for roofing - sheet iron, later - roll materials and asbestos cement; For load-bearing structures- rolled steel and high-strength concrete; for thermal insulation - fibrolite, mineral wool, etc.

Specialization and industrial production building materials, semi-finished products and products radically changed the nature of construction. Materials for the construction site, and then products made from them, began to arrive practically in ready-made, building structures became lighter and more efficient (for example, they were better protected from heat loss, from moisture, etc.). At the beginning of the XX century. factory production of building structures began ( metal trusses, reinforced concrete columns), but only since the 50s for the first time in the world in our country began to build prefabricated buildings from prefabricated elements.

The modern industry of building materials and products produces a large number of finished building parts and materials for various purposes, for example: ceramic tiles for floors, for interior cladding, facade, carpet mosaic; roofing material and glassine for roofing, insulating and hydro-insulating - for waterproofing. To make it easier to navigate in this variety of building materials and products, they are classified. The most widely used classifications are by purpose and technological feature.

By purpose, materials are divided into the following groups: - structural, which perceive and transmit loads in building structures; - heat-insulating, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the building structure and thereby ensure the necessary thermal conditions of the room at minimal cost energy; - acoustic (sound-absorbing and soundproof) - to reduce the level of "noise pollution" of the room; - waterproofing and roofing - to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from water or water vapor; - sealing - for sealing joints in prefabricated structures; - finishing - to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, heat-insulating and other materials from external influences; - special purpose (for example, refractory or acid-resistant), used in the construction of special structures.

A number of materials (for example, cement, lime, wood) cannot be attributed to any one group, since they are used both in their pure form and as raw materials for the production of other building materials and products - these are the so-called general-purpose materials. The difficulty of classifying building materials by purpose is that the same materials can be assigned to different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as structural material, but some of its types have a completely different purpose: especially lightweight concrete - heat-insulating materials; especially heavy concretes- special purpose materials used for protection against radioactive radiation.

The basis of the classification according to technological features is the type of raw material from which the material is obtained, and the method of manufacture. These two factors largely determine the properties of the material and, accordingly, the scope of its application. According to the manufacturing method, materials obtained by sintering (ceramics, cement), melting (glass, metals), monolithic with binders (concrete, mortar) and mechanical processing of natural raw materials (natural stone, wood materials) are distinguished. For a deeper understanding of the properties of materials, which depend mainly on the type of raw material and the method of its processing, the course "Materials Science" is based on a classification according to a technological feature, and only in some cases groups of materials are considered according to their purpose.

Until now, there is no unequivocal answer to the question of what material is better to make the walls of a residential building. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. Builders and designers cannot agree on the choice of the most optimal product for making walls. The thing is that in each case best material must be selected based on the purpose of the building, its configuration, the climatic conditions of the area and the financial capabilities of the owner. In our article, we will consider the most common wall materials, describe their properties, pros and cons, and you yourself will be able to choose the best one based on the construction conditions.

Factors affecting the choice

A quarter of all construction costs go to building walls. Since the wrong material for building walls in the future can lead to even more expenses, the following factors should be taken into account when choosing it:

1. If you want to save on arranging the foundation by making a shallow lightweight option, then choose a light material for the walls. Additional savings in the case of using light elements for the walls of the house will be during transportation and installation, because it can be done by hand without the use of expensive lifting equipment.
2. Choose building materials that are good thermal insulation characteristics. Otherwise, cold walls in winter will cost you dearly due to heating costs.

Tip: best to do thermotechnical calculation taking into account the climatic conditions of the construction region. This is the only way to be sure that you have chosen the right material and wall design. So, in the northern regions of our country, even walls made of materials with high thermal insulation properties need warming.

1. If piece materials, for example, bricks, are used to build the walls of the house, then a significant proportion of the costs will be the cost of paying masons. Even if you do all the work yourself, then consider the time and physical costs. It is much more profitable and faster to build from large-sized elements. The highest speed of wall construction is for houses built using frame-panel and frame-panel technology.
2. When choosing building materials for walls, it is worth considering how easy they are to finish and whether they need it at all. For example, walls frame house from OSB, you can not finish it at all, but simply paint it, and a log house needs a thorough finish outside and inside.

To understand what to build your house from, you need to understand the characteristics of building materials, so further we will describe the properties of each of them, list the advantages and disadvantages.

Brick

A house built of brick can stand for a century, or even a century and a half. There are many varieties of bricks that differ in important operational and technical characteristics.

So, for the construction of walls, silicate and ceramic types of bricks are used. Consider their features:

• ceramic brick made from fired red clay. It is durable, moisture resistant, environmentally friendly material. On sale there is a corpulent and hollow brick. The more voids in a brick, the higher its thermal insulation performance.
• silicate brick is made on the basis of lime, sand and some additives. It also happens to be full-bodied and hollow. The latter option is characterized by lightness and improved thermal insulation qualities. Silicate full-bodied products are distinguished by good sound-proofing properties, but high thermal conductivity.

Also, this wall material is divided into front and ordinary:

• It is better to build the walls of the house from ordinary brick. Products may have small defects in the form of cracks and chips, but due to this, their price is more acceptable. In addition, for the internal masonry of walls, the appearance of the product is not as important as for the front masonry.
• Facing brick (front)- this is the wall material with which the facade is made out. All products must have the correct geometric shape, smooth or relief surface be free of flaws and defects. The price of a front brick is higher than that of its ordinary counterpart.

The strength of this wall material directly related to its brand, which can be from M 75 to M 300. The number indicates the load that one square centimeter of the product can withstand. The higher the brand, the more specific gravity products. To build a 2 or 3-storey house, brick grade 100-125 is enough. To perform the foundation and base, products with the brand 150-175 are used.

Also, when choosing a brick, it is important to take into account its frost resistance, that is, the number of freeze and thaw cycles that the product can withstand without damage and a decrease in strength by no more than 20%. This indicator is marked with the letter F and a number from 15 and above. For warm regions, you can use products with a frost resistance grade of 15; in colder latitudes, bricks of the F25 grade are used. For facing work, a brick with a frost resistance of at least 50 is suitable.

Advantages and disadvantages of brick

Among the advantages of this wall material, it is worth listing the following:

• Impressive service life.
• aesthetic appeal.
• Unlimited possibilities in terms of design and implementation of the most complex projects.
• The material is not susceptible to corrosion, damage by fungi and microorganisms.
• The product does not burn.
• High sound and heat insulation characteristics.

The disadvantages include the following:

• Due to the small size and large specific gravity, laying brick walls takes a long time and costs a lot.
• Under brick walls, it is necessary to equip a solid buried foundation, and this entails increased costs for materials and earthworks.
• In most cases, brick walls need to be additionally insulated.

ceramic blocks

A ceramic block is a material made from a mixture of clay and sawdust, after which the element is fired in a kiln. This is a fairly durable product that allows you to quickly build the walls of the house. The strength of the ceramic block is so high that it can be made multi-storey building. Inside the material has a porous structure, and the outer surface is corrugated. For a tight connection, the ends of the material have grooves and ridges.

The height of the ceramic block is a multiple of the rows brickwork and other sizes may vary. Thus, it is possible to build from a ceramic block according to projects that are designed for bricks. But the speed of construction is much higher, since one ceramic block measuring 238x248x500 mm, which weighs 25 kg, is equal to 15 bricks, each of which weighs 3.3 kg. In addition to increasing the speed of construction, the cost of mortar is reduced, because it will be needed less.

Important: the width of the ceramic block can be 230, 240 and 250 mm, and the length is in the range of 250-510 mm. On the long side of the product there is a comb-groove lock.

Walls with a thickness of 380 mm or more made of this material do not need to be insulated, since the thermal conductivity of the product is only 0.14-0.29 W / m² x ° C. Marking wide blocks M 100. If you need to make thin, but solid walls, then you can take elements marked 150. The frost resistance of ceramic blocks is at least 50 cycles.

Pros and cons of ceramic blocks

The advantages include:

• The low specific weight and high strength significantly expand the scope of this material.
• Installation of large-sized products is carried out quickly and without unnecessary labor.
• Saving mortar due to the size of the elements and the absence of the need to make vertical seams.
• The frost resistance of an ordinary ceramic block is higher than that of an ordinary brick.
• Good fire resistance. The product is able to resist burning for 4 hours.
• An optimal microclimate is created in the room from ceramic blocks, since the walls can "breathe" and regulate the humidity of the air.
• The house can last a century and a half and at the same time will not lose its thermal insulation characteristics.

This material also has disadvantages, among which it is worth mentioning the following:

• The price of ceramic blocks is quite high.
• Since these products are relatively new in our market, it is difficult to find a good mason to perform masonry.
• This fragile material needs to be stored and transported very carefully.

gas blocks

This material has excellent thermal insulation properties. In terms of thermal conductivity, a gas-block wall with a width of 300-400 mm is not inferior to a multilayer one brick construction. Walls of gas blocks maintain optimal temperature and humidity conditions indoors. The material is not subject to rot and has an impressive service life. The thermal insulation qualities of a gas block are 3 times greater than those of a brick wall.

Aerated concrete is quite light, so it is easy to transport and stack. It can be easily cut with a regular hacksaw to the right sizes. The laying of elements is carried out on a mortar or special glue, which requires little. The smooth, even surface of the gas blocks is easy to finish. Aerated concrete is considered environmentally friendly and non-combustible. It has a fairly high frost resistance.

Attention: for aerated concrete, the density characteristic is important. This indicator can be in the range of 350-1200 kg / m³. For an ordinary residential building, it is enough to take elements marked 500-900.

Advantages and disadvantages of gas blocks

The advantages of this wall product are many:

• The laying of walls from gas blocks is carried out 9 times faster than the laying of bricks.
• The low thermal conductivity of the product is a big plus in its favor.
• Aerated concrete has a high fire resistance, it does not emit harmful substances even during combustion.
• The porous structure of the material contributes to high frost resistance.
• In terms of vapor permeability, aerated concrete is comparable only to wood.

Cons of aerated concrete:

• Low bending strength.
• The material is prone to cracking.
• Hygroscopicity. After absorbing moisture, the thermal insulation performance of aerated concrete decreases, so the facade needs a protective finish.
• It is impossible to lay floor slabs and beams directly on gas blocks, therefore, before laying them, you will have to make a monolithic armored belt. This entails additional costs and time.

Tree

Many people who decide to build a house make a choice in favor of wood. This natural material is environmentally friendly. It creates a favorable microclimate in the house, supports optimal humidity and saturates the air with healing phytoncides. In a wooden house it is warm in winter and not hot in summer, because wood has good thermal insulation characteristics.

A wooden house can be built from the following products:

1. The log can be of natural shape or rounded. In the latter case, the material has the correct shape and smooth surface, but needs additional protective treatment, since the natural protective resin layer, which is located under the bark, is removed during the process of cylindering.
2. You can use glued (profiled) and sawn or planed timber. Higher-quality houses are obtained from glued laminated timber, which has special grooves and ridges for a snug fit of the elements. Sawn timber more commonly used for frame houses.
3. Frame-panel houses are made of OSB, chipboard, moisture-resistant plywood, which are attached to the frame. Insulation is laid inside the wall.

Main advantages wooden houses- their environmental friendliness, comfort and reasonable price. Under such a house, you can make a lightweight foundation. Disadvantages - fire hazard, shrinkage.

The wide scope of construction in the Soviet Union is accompanied by an expansion in the production of local materials and the introduction of new types of materials into construction practice, as well as an increase in building parts and semi-finished factory-made products. The main building materials include: forest materials, natural stone, ceramic, mineral binders, concrete and products made from them, artificial stone materials, bituminous and heat-insulating materials, metal products, etc.

Forest materials- pine, spruce, fir, cedar and larch are widely used in construction. These materials are divided into roundwood (logs, bollards and poles) and sawn timber (plates, quarters, boards, slabs, beams and bars). In construction, wood with a moisture content of not more than 20% is used. To protect the wooden structures of buildings from moisture and decay, they are coated or sprayed with antiseptics (tar, creosote, etc.)

natural stone materials used in construction both without processing and after preliminary processing (splits, hewing and sawing). The volumetric weight of natural stones ranges from 1100 to 2300 kg / m3, and their thermal conductivity coefficient ranges from 0.5 to 2. Therefore, rubble and cobblestones are used mainly for laying foundations, paving roads and for processing into crushed stone. Rocks are also used to make lime, gypsum, cement and bricks. Materials such as sand, gravel and crushed stone are used as aggregates for the preparation of concrete.

Ceramic materials and products- These are artificial stone products that are obtained by molding and subsequent firing of the clay mass. These include porous ceramic products (ordinary clay brick, porous brick, hollow brick, facing tiles, roof tiles etc.) and dense ceramic products (clinker and floor tiles). Recently, it has been widely used in construction new material- expanded clay. This is a light material in the form of gravel and crushed stone with accelerated firing of fusible clays. During firing, the clay swells and a porous material with a bulk density of 300-900 kg/m3 is obtained. Expanded clay is used for the manufacture of concrete and reinforced concrete.

Mineral binders- these are powdery materials, when mixed with water, form a pasty mass, which gradually hardens and turns into a stone-like state. There are air binders that can harden only in air (building gypsum, air lime, etc.), and hydraulic ones that harden not only in air, but also in water (hydraulic lime and cements).

concretes and products from them - artificial stones obtained as a result of hardening a mixture of binder, water and aggregates (fine sand and coarse gravel or crushed stone). Concrete can be heavy (volume weight above 1800 kg/m3), light (volume weight from 600 to 1800 kg/m3) and heat-insulating or cellular (volume weight less than 600 kg/m3). TO cellular concrete include foam concrete and aerated concrete.

foam concrete obtained by mixing cement paste or mortar with a special, stable foam. To obtain aerated concrete, gas-forming substances are introduced into the cement paste containing sand, slag and other aggregates. concrete structures and parts into which a steel frame is introduced - reinforcement consisting of steel rods interconnected by welding or connected by wire, is called reinforced concrete.

Artificial stone non-fired materials- these are gypsum and gypsum-like products (slabs and panels for partitions and sheets of dry plaster, magnesite) used for flooring and making fiberboard, silicate products (silicate brick, etc.) and asbestos-cement products, smooth roof slabs And wavy sheets(slate).

Bituminous materials contain natural bitumen or tar oils, pitches, raw tars in their composition. A mixture of bitumen and sand is called asphalt mortar, used as a base for laying tile floors, asphalt floors, and for waterproofing. Bituminous materials include roofing material, glassine, hydroisol, borulin, roofing felt. These materials are used for roofing, waterproofing and vapor barrier.

Thermal insulation materials used to protect rooms or individual structures from heat loss or from heating. These materials have high porosity, low bulk density and low thermal conductivity up to 0.25. There are thermal insulation materials of organic and mineral origin. Organic include: fibreboard (hardboard) from crushed wood fiber; straw and reeds - slabs pressed from straw or reeds and stitched with wire; fibrolite - plates pressed from wood shavings bound with a magnesian binder solution. Of the mineral heat-insulating materials, foam concrete and aerated concrete, mineral wool, foam silicate, etc. have become widespread. Recently, products based on plastics have been introduced into construction practice. This is a large group of materials, which is based on natural artificial high-molecular compounds. for sheathing internal surfaces rooms, you can use aluminum sheets that reflect thermal radiation from animals and heaters.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS- materials used in the construction and repair of buildings and structures. Many of these materials are used not only in construction, but also in production. various products. Building materials are diverse in their origin or composition of the raw materials, according to their purpose, etc. Here is a brief description of only the main (most common) materials that are used in home repairs or in small individual construction, extensions, restructuring, etc.
natural stone materials. Rubble stone (but)- limestone, sandstone or other rocks in the form of pieces of irregular shape; used for laying the foundations of buildings, furnaces, etc.; for laying, bedded (tiled) stone is more convenient. Cobblestone, in the form of rounded pieces, is used for paving roads, yards, etc., for the preparation of crushed stone (crushing). sawn stone - local material from light (porous) rocks, such as shell rock, tuff.
Loose (loose) mineral materials - sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag - are used as aggregates - constituent materials in mortars, concretes (see below), when constructing roads, sidewalks, paths, etc.
Sand - grain size up to 5 mm. For construction works clean enough sand is required (silty particles or clay in it should not be more than 5 - 7%). The degree of sand contamination can be checked as follows: pour 1/2 cup of sand, add water to the top and mix; pour dirty water into another glass; repeat washing 2 more times. When all the drained dirty water is settled, the percentage of sand contamination can be calculated from the total volume of sludge. Gravel - pebbles larger than 5 mm, round shape; often contaminated with an admixture of clay; such gravel is washed with water before use (for example, in concrete). Crushed stone - crushed small stone of an angular shape. Slag - waste from the combustion of coal (fuel or boiler slag) or from metallurgical production (blast furnace slag). Boiler slag before use in a mixture with binders is kept in air for 2-3 months, so that impurities (sulfur) that destroy binders (cement) are weathered.
Artificial stone materials. Building brick: clay (baked) solid and hollow, perforated, silicate; widely used for laying walls, stoves, etc. Hollow and silicate bricks are not used for laying in damp places. The strength of a brick (and other artificial stone materials) is indicated by a brand. How stronger material, the greater the numerical value of its mark. When overloading, the brick must not be dropped so as not to split it. Store in stacks. Refractory bricks (fireclay, Gzhel) are used in laying furnace furnaces, when laying pipes. ceramic blocks hollow (multi-slit) replace several bricks in volume. Concrete blocks - solid and hollow. For the manufacture of blocks, mainly porous lightweight concretes are used - slag concrete, pumice concrete, etc. Ground blocks are local material, they are used in areas with a dry climate for laying walls; molded from soil with the addition of clay, lime, resin (to increase water resistance), manure, straw, shavings, slag, etc. They harden as a result of natural drying. They are usually made on site. Ceramic tiles for wall cladding, for floors, etc., they come with a smooth or rough front surface, glazed or uncoated (terracotta). Ceramic tiles are packed in crates; stored indoors. Tiles - tiles with ribs on the back side, are used for lining stoves. Roof tiles are slotted and flat. Gypsum and gypsum concrete slabs for partition walls size 40 cm x 80 cm, thickness 8 and 10 cm. Semicircular grooves are left on the side faces (to be filled with mortar during masonry). When transporting the boards, they should be laid on the edge with the long side in the direction of travel, protected from moisture; store in dry rooms stacked on edge. Dry plaster- thin gypsum slabs (sheets) lined with cardboard on both sides. Sheet dimensions: width 0.6 - 2.0 m. length 1.20 - 3.60 m, thickness 8 - 10 mm. They are used for cladding walls and ceilings in dry rooms instead of "wet" plaster (see. ); store in dry rooms folded flat, without gaskets.
Asbestos cement products. Roof tiles(slate, asbestos slate, eternite) - flat, pressed; base tiles size 40 cm X 40 cm x 0.4 cm; two opposite corners cut off; holes are left for nails. Wavy roofing slabs size (ordinary plates) 120 cm X 67.8 cm x 0.5 cm. Holes for mounting on the roof are drilled during the roofing process.
Binder materials used in the manufacture of mortars and concretes (see below). They are divided into mineral (cement, lime, etc.) and organic (bitumen, tar). Mineral binders are divided, in turn, into air (air lime, gypsum, clay), hardening only in air, and hydraulic (hydraulic lime, cement), hardening in humid air and in the water.
air lime- a widely used binder. Distinguish not slaked lime(boiler), obtained by roasting limestone, and slaked (fluff), obtained from quicklime by the action of water. To obtain slaked lime, a boil is poured with water (“extinguished”) in a pit. sheathed with boards, or in a box and, stirring, bring to the state of the test. When extinguished, “boiling” occurs, acrid smoke is released, while developing heat, which can smolder and even catch fire adjacent wooden parts. Hydrated lime has a white or gray color ( best grade- white color); should not contain clods and ash. If the amount of work is small, it is better to purchase slaked lime and dilute it on the spot with water to the state of a thin dough.
Building gypsum (alabaster)- powder of fine grinding, white (cream) color, greasy to the touch; good plaster sticks to the fingers; in combination with water quickly hardens; applied as component V plaster solutions(see below), accelerating their hardening.
Clay is applied hl. arr. in mortars for laying and repairing furnaces and pipes, for the installation of water-resistant (waterproofing) layers, as well as in building mortars. Clay is found in nature usually with an admixture of sand; with an admixture of 15 to 30% sand, it is called "skinny", and up to 15% - "fat". Oily clay cracks as it dries. Clay with an admixture of lime particles should not be used in mortars for laying furnaces and pipes.
Cement is the most durable binder. The most common type is Portland cement - a powder of gray or greenish-gray color.
Gypsum and cement must be stored in rooms, chests or other containers, protected from rainwater and snow and ground moisture. Shelf life - no more than 2 - 2.5 months.
Waterproof Additives- ceresite, liquid glass- serve to make cement mortars waterproof, for example when plastering damp places. Ceresit is a cream-colored mass, similar to sour cream. Should be protected from drying and freezing. Stir with a wooden stick before use. Liquid glass is a thick yellow liquid. Store in a cool place.
Mortars serve for fastening stones in masonry, for plastering walls, ceilings, etc. (see. ), as well as for the manufacture of building parts (plates, blocks).
Mortar prepared by mixing lime paste with sand (1: 2 - 1: 4 ratio by volume) with the addition of water. The fatter the lime, the more sand can be added to it. An insufficient amount of sand in the solution can cause cracks to appear in it during drying (hardening); excess sand can reduce the adhesive strength of the mortar. Properly prepared solution should easily slide off the instrument. For the simplest test of the mortar, several (up to 10) bricks are placed on the mortar one on top of the other (in a column); after 3 days, at least seven bricks must be raised along with the upper brick, otherwise the solution is not strong.
For cooking lime-gypsum mortar water is poured into the mortar box, gypsum is poured out, quickly and thoroughly mixing it with water to make a batter (gypsum plant) without lumps; lime mortar (lime and sand) is added to the dough and everything is mixed with a wooden mixer until a homogeneous mass is obtained, but not for long, so that the gypsum does not lose its ability to set (does not “rejuvenate”). You can prepare both parts of the solution in one box. To do this, first prepare a lime mortar, rake it to the side, make a gypsum winding in the remaining part and then mix everything together. The amount of water added depends on the fat content of the lime mortar. For one part of gypsum, take about 3 parts of lime mortar (by volume). Lime-gypsum mortar must be prepared in small portions, so that it can be used in 5-7 minutes, until it begins to harden. If it is necessary that the lime-gypsum mortar does not harden very quickly (“seize”), before mixing the gypsum with water, add a little bone or skin glue to the water (2% by weight of the gypsum).
cement mortar is made up of cement, sand and water; water take no more than 50 - 60% by weight of cement. Excess water in the preparation of the solution reduces its strength. For manual preparation of the mortar, the measured parts of cement and sand (1: 2 - 1: 3) are poured layer by layer into a box (or onto a plank platform - a “peck”), mixed thoroughly and only then water is added. The cement mortar prepared with water must be used up within 1 hour. To get waterproof cement mortar ceresit is injected into it or liquid glass(see above). These substances are dissolved in water immediately before preparing the solution (1 part by weight to 8 parts of water).
Mixed cement-lime mortar more convenient to use than cement, as it seizes more slowly, easier to fit, cheaper than cement. Composition: lime, cement, sand (1:1:4 - 1:1:7). Lime dough is mixed with half a portion of sand; the other half of the sand is mixed dry with cement and then both compositions are mixed, and water is added at the end; this ensures the homogeneity of the solution.
Concrete- artificial stone material; prepared (without firing) from a mixture of cement (or other binder), sand, large stone-like components (crushed stone, gravel) and water. The concrete mixture hardens, turning into stone. Heavy concrete (containing ordinary gravel or crushed stone) is used for the load-bearing parts of buildings. For walls, lightweight concrete is used (for example, with slag filler). When manually preparing a concrete mix, a measured portion of crushed stone or gravel is first poured (in the form of an elongated roller) on a tightly hammered flooring from boards, and a mixture of cement and sand is placed on top of it. The components are carefully shoveled (transferred from one place to another) with the help of shovels, forks or rakes; at the same time, the mixture is poured from a watering can with a pre-assigned amount of water for mixing.
Wood (forest) materials- logs, lumber, plywood, etc. Raw wood (with a moisture content of more than 25%) should not be used, especially for carpentry, as it easily rots, warps, and cracks. Wood may have flaws - "defects" that occur on growing trees or during storage, in buildings and products. Particularly harmful is the damage to wood by fungi that cause rot and destruction of wood. Wood defects that lower its grade are: cracks, oblique (spiral arrangement of fibers, which reduces the strength of the boards), serration (wavy arrangement of fibers, which makes it difficult to process wood), excessive knotiness (which makes it difficult to process, reducing the strength of wood and preventing color evenness).
Logs are distinguished by purpose and size (length from 4 m and thickness of the upper end from 12 to 34 cm). Logs 8 - 11 thick cm are called a peddler.
Lumber (boards, beams, bars) are unedged (with unsawn side edges) and edged. Depending on the quality of wood and the purity of processing, timber is divided into 5 grades. planed blanks for platbands, skirting boards, fillets, handrails, floor boards, sheathing boards.
Parquet. The most common parquet is plank (standard), in the form of boards (planks) with grooves and loose spikes, with a groove and a ridge; plank length 150 - 500 mm, thickness 12 - 20 mm. Panel parquet is also produced - panels (size from 0.5 m X 0.5 m up to 1.5 m x 1.5 m) with hardwood boards glued on them, and a shield (the size of the shields is not more than 0.5 x 0.5 m).
Plywood consists of several glued thin sheets of wood ("veneer") of birch, alder, aspen, pine, etc. The thickness of plywood is from 2 mm to 15 mm. The most popular sheet sizes 1.52 m x 1.52 m. Plywood is produced ordinary and waterproof. Ordinary plywood is used for various claddings inside the building, and waterproof plywood is used for exterior claddings.
roofing material- shavings, shavings, tiles, shingles.
Wood - fibrous and particle boards are produced by pressing under great pressure from wood fibers or shavings. They are insulating and solid. They are used for sheathing partitions, making doors, for floors, making furniture, etc. Length up to 3 m, thickness 3.5 - 10 mm, width 1200 mm.
Rolled bituminous materials used as roofing and waterproofing materials. Ruberoid - waterproof roofing paper, impregnated and coated (on one or both sides) with bitumen with mineral dressing; glued with bituminous mastic; used for roofing. Sheet width - 750 mm and 1000 mm. The area of ​​one roll - 10 m 2 and 20 m 2. Glassine - roofing cardboard impregnated with oil bitumen (without sprinkling); used as an underlying layer under the roofing material; glued with bituminous mastic and nailed. The dimensions are the same as the roofing material. Tol - roofing cardboard impregnated with tar products and sprinkled with sand on both sides; impregnation at high outside temperature; can soften (faster than in roofing material). Glued with roofing mastic. It is applied to roofs; non-responsible building (sheds, etc.). Sheet width; 750 mm and 1000 mm. Area of ​​one roll 10 m 2 or 15 m 2. Roofing felt - leather differs from roofing felt in the absence of sprinkling. It is used as an underlying layer under roofing; glued with mastic and nailed. Sheet width 750 mm and 1000 mm. The area of ​​one roll is up to 30 m 2 .
Window glass manufactured in thicknesses from 2 mm until 6 mm(in 1 mm). Depending on the size and area of ​​the sheets, 9 digits, or “keys”, are distinguished: from an area of ​​\u200b\u200bless than 0.1 m 2 to 2.5 - 3.2 m 2 in one sheet. Glass should not delaminate, should not cast iridescent colors, it should not have cloudy spots. Glass is packed in boxes; during transportation, boxes with glass should only be placed on edge; store in a dry place.
Painting materials- paints, dyes (pigments), drying oil, adhesives, etc.
Paints - prepared colorful compositions: mixtures of colorants with other substances. Paints are prepared on water (with lime, glue and other binders), on oil (linseed oil), varnish, etc. In accordance with this, colorful compositions are called: water-based paints (adhesive), oil, enamel, etc. About the preparation of colorful compositions see article Painting works. On sale there are dry paints (powders), grated (pastes) and ready (diluted) for painting. Glue is a binder in adhesive paints. Animal (painting and carpentry) glue - tile or crushed (grains), uniform light brown color (without dark spots). For glue preparation, see , . Vegetable glue is prepared from starch, flour. Drying oil - binder and thinner for painting paints. Natural drying oil is a fast-drying vegetable oil, cooked with the addition of a desiccant (drying accelerator); linen - lighter, hemp - darker. Semi-natural drying oil (for example, oxol) contains vegetable oils (at least 50%); artificial drying oil does not contain vegetable oil or contains it in small quantities. Soap (lump and liquid) is used in the manufacture of putties, primers, etc., it is also used for washing surfaces, for washing brushes. blue vitriol- a water-soluble substance in the form of a blue stone; used for vitriol washing and for preparing a primer under adhesive coloring. Poisonous, can not be stored in iron utensils. Pumice is a porous stone; It is used for grinding surfaces prepared for painting.
Sheet steel roofing(iron); sheet sizes 142 cm X 71 cm, weight 4 - 5 kg.
Hardware- nails, screws, bolts, window and door devices, etc. Nails are distinguished: building (round and square), roofing, roofing, plastering, finishing, wallpaper. Length of nails from 7 mm up to 250 mm. Screws - fastening screws wooden parts or for screwing metal parts and wood; come with a flat and semicircular head with a slot for screwing with a screwdriver; screws with a square or hexagonal head for screwing with a key are called capercaillie. For window and door fittings, see articles And .

Brief Encyclopedia household. - M.: Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. A. F. Akhabadze, A. L. Grekulova. 1976 .

See what "BUILDING MATERIALS" is in other dictionaries:

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS- serve for the construction of walls, foundations, floors, roofs and other parts of residential and non-residential buildings and structures. S. m. are usually divided into natural ones, which are used for construction in the form in which they are in nature (wood, granite, ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

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Construction Materials- This article should be wikified. Please complete it in accordance with the rules for the design of articles ... Wikipedia - I Building materials natural and artificial materials and products used in the construction and repair of buildings and structures. Differences in the purpose and operating conditions of buildings (structures) determine the various requirements for ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

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Building materials for special purposes- - include all materials that perform special functions: heat-insulating, corrosion-resistant, acid-resistant, refractory, decorative, etc. [Popov K. N., Caddo M. B. Building materials and products. M.: Higher. school , 2001. 367 s ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials Read more

Building materials and products are classified according to the degree of readiness, origin, purpose and technological feature.

According to the degree of readiness, the actual building materials and building products are distinguished - finished products and elements mounted and fixed at the place of work. Building materials include wood, metals, cement, concrete, bricks, sand, mortars for masonry and various plasters, paints and varnishes, natural stones, etc.

Building products are prefabricated reinforced concrete panels and structures, window and door blocks, sanitary ware and cabins, etc. Unlike products, building materials are processed before use - they are mixed with water, compacted, sawn, flattened, etc.

By origin, building materials are divided into natural And artificial.

natural materials- these are wood, rocks (natural stones), peat, natural bitumen and asphalts, etc. These materials are obtained from natural raw materials by simple processing without changing their original structure and chemical composition.

TO artificial materials include brick, cement, reinforced concrete, glass, etc. They are obtained from natural and artificial raw materials, by-products of industry and agriculture using special technologies. artificial materials differ from the original raw materials both in structure and in chemical composition, which is due to its radical processing in the factory.

The most widespread classification of materials by purpose and technological features.

According to the purpose, the materials are divided into the following groups:

construction materials- materials that perceive and transmit loads in building structures;

thermal insulation materials, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the building structure and thereby ensure the necessary thermal conditions in the room with minimal energy consumption;

acoustic materials(sound-absorbing and sound-proof materials) - to reduce the level of "noise pollution" of the room;

waterproofing and roofing materials- to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from the effects of water or water vapor;

sealing materials- for sealing joints in prefabricated structures;

Decoration Materials- to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, heat-insulating and other materials from external influences;

special purpose materials(for example, refractory or acid-resistant), used in the construction of special structures.

A number of materials (for example, cement, lime, wood) cannot be attributed to any one group, since they are used both in their pure form and as raw materials for the production of other building materials and products. These are the so-called general purpose materials. The difficulty of classifying building materials by purpose is that the same materials can be assigned to different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as a structural material, but some of its types have a completely different purpose: especially lightweight concretes are heat-insulating material; especially heavy concretes - a special-purpose material that is used to protect against radioactive radiation. .

According to the technological basis, materials are divided into the following groups, taking into account the type of raw material from which the material is obtained and the type of its manufacture:

Natural stone materials and products- obtained from rocks by their processing: wall blocks and stones, facing slabs, architectural details, rubble stone for foundations, crushed stone, gravel, sand, etc.

Ceramic materials and products- obtained from clay with additives by molding, drying and firing: brick, ceramic blocks and stones, tiles, pipes, faience and porcelain products, facing and floor tiles, expanded clay (artificial gravel for lightweight concrete), etc.

Glass and other materials and products from mineral melts- window and facing glass, glass blocks, profiled glass (for fencing), tiles, pipes, glass-ceramic and slag-glass products, stone casting.

Inorganic binders- mineral materials, mostly powdery, forming a plastic body when mixed with water, acquiring a stone-like state over time: cements of various types, lime, gypsum binders, etc.

concretes- artificial stone materials obtained from a mixture of binder, water, fine and coarse aggregates. Reinforced concrete is called reinforced concrete, it resists well not only compression, but also bending and stretching.

Mortars- artificial stone materials, consisting of a binder, water and fine aggregates, which eventually pass from a pasty to a stone-like state.

Artificial non-fired stone materials- obtained on the basis of inorganic binders and various aggregates: silicate brick, gypsum and gypsum concrete products, asbestos-cement products and structures, silicate concrete.

Organic binders and materials based on them- bituminous and tar binders, roofing and waterproofing materials: roofing felt, glassine, isol, brizol, hydroisol, roofing felt, adhesive mastics, asphalt concretes and mortars.

Polymer materials and products- a group of materials obtained on the basis of synthetic polymers (thermoplastic non-thermosetting resins): linoleums, relin, synthetic carpet materials, tiles, wood-laminated plastics, fiberglass, foam plastics, foam plastics, honeycomb plastics, etc.

Wood materials and products- obtained as a result of mechanical processing of wood: roundwood, sawn timber, blanks for various joinery products, parquet, plywood, skirting boards, handrails, door and window blocks, glued structures.

metal materials- the most widely used in construction ferrous metals (steel and cast iron), rolled steel (I-beams, channels, angles), metal alloys, especially aluminum.