Entrance lighting in an apartment building. Public lighting. Lighting of residential buildings Lighting of corridors in apartment buildings

For lighting apartments, porches, basements and adjacent territories, there are a number of legal requirements that have clear regulated parameters. Especially, this applies to outdoor lighting, since it also depends on it. appearance yard, and the crime situation in it, as well as injuries. The requirements for the organization of the lighting systems of the apartments themselves are largely based on fire safety and on the rules for the installation of electrical installations and electricity metering. Important in the lighting of public residential apartment buildings allocated for entrances and stairwells, since their organization is most often entrusted to the organization providing housing and communal services.

Lighting in the entrance of an apartment building

For any homeowner organization, entryway lighting is a very significant expense item. There are a number of rules and regulations to which it must comply. All of them are clearly described in GOST and are standardized in accordance with VSN 59–88, and this is the law.

Here are the main requirements that the law requires:

However, over the past few years, the technology for the production of lamps and lighting systems has stepped forward, and with the advent of LED lamps, as well as with a decrease in the cost of these products, new horizons are opening up in the lighting of entrances and stairwells. LED light sources used for lighting have a number of advantages not only in relation to incandescent lamps, but also in comparison with fluorescent devices that emit light. They can also be equipped with motion and light sensors, which allows you to save even more energy costs, and therefore money, for lighting public multi-apartment buildings.

Apartment building basement lighting

When organizing the lighting of the basements of apartment buildings and buildings, as well as their so-called ground floors, there are special strict requirements for electrical safety, as well as for fire safety. The power supply for such lighting should be reduced to at least 42 volts, since there is a lot of moisture in the basements, and even the floor is made of conductive material. It is recommended to reduce the supply voltage by galvanic isolation, that is, using a transformer. The primary winding of which should be designed for a voltage of 220 volts, and the secondary for 36-42 volts, while the secondary winding must be grounded so that if this step-down device breaks down, a direct breakdown does not occur and dangerous for humans and their health does not appear in the secondary circuits voltage.

Another of the requirements for basement lighting is the use of protective grounding for luminaire housings. When laying and installing wiring, one iron rule should be taken into account, you can not connect copper and aluminum wire, especially during wet rooms. Such contact is not durable due to chemical reaction these materials.

The class of protection of luminaires against moisture and dust ingress should not be lower than IP 44. This will protect not only the luminaire itself and the lamp, but also ensure their reliable, trouble-free and durable operation throughout the entire service life. All lighting wiring is most often laid open type, or in metal pipes and corrugated special tubes, called electricians sleeve. This will protect the wiring from mechanical damage. The metal sleeve is grounded, again to protect a person from breaking through the phase to the body. As for the norm of illumination, it should be at least 10 Lx for incandescent lamps, other sources are not standardized, but experts still recommend using economical ones for this type of lighting. LED lights with high IP.

Illumination of the adjoining territory of an apartment building

The organization of good lighting of adjacent territories is a guarantee not only of aesthetic comfort and convenience, but also of safety, since all thieves and robbers prefer to attack at night in unlit or poorly lit areas. Also quality and proper lighting the yard is necessary for safe movement and to reduce injuries when people move along the sidewalks of multi-apartment buildings.

To illuminate the local area of ​​​​any apartment building or structures must clearly comply with the requirements specified in the set of rules SP 52.13330.2011. This document is the official publication, which states that:

1. At the entrance to any apartment building a luminaire emitting at least 6 lux of illumination must be installed.
2. Paths and sidewalks for the movement of pedestrians must be illuminated with at least 4 Lx, the same applies to the automobile passage of adjacent territories.
3. Territories related to additional (various outbuildings) should be illuminated with lamps or spotlights closed type emitting at least 2 lx of light flux.
4. The yard lamp can be made on the basis of any system, using both incandescent lamps and LED or energy-saving lamps.

In case of non-compliance with these requirements, citizens living in the building have the legal right to write a complaint to the administration involved in the municipal economy or to the city government. There are many hotlines for contacting the mayor of the city, and the hotel ministries, or directly to the court. If the entire entrance or house signs the complaint, this will only speed up the solution of the problem.

Where: Housing Control Service and
building supervision Krasnoyarsk Territory
660049, Krasnoyarsk, st. P. Kommuny, 33

From Surname First Name Patronymic
66ХХХХ, Krasnoyarsk,
st. Street, d. XX, apt. XX
tel. (XXX) XXX-XX-XX
E-mail :your-email @your-email

STATEMENT
about violation of content requirements common property
in an apartment building

At the address Krasnoyarsk Territory, Krasnoyarsk, st. Street, building XX there is no lighting in the entrance No. 4 on the stairwells of floors 1,2,3,4. Thus, the management company "Management Company" LLC violates the Rules and Regulations technical operation housing stock(approved by Decree of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2003 No. 170), Rules for the maintenance of common property in an apartment building (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 13, 2006 No. 491), Housing Code of the Russian Federation in part 1 of Art. 161 LC RF, part 2, art. 162 ZhK RF.

In accordance with paragraph 4.8.14 of the Rules and norms for the technical operation of the housing stock (approved by the Decree of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2003 No. 170) staircase lighting must be in good working order. Rules and norms for the technical operation of the housing stock determined by the Decree of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2003 No. 170 are mandatory for management organizations.

In accordance with Part 1 of Art. 161 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, the management of an apartment building should ensure favorable and safe conditions residence of citizens, proper maintenance of common property in an apartment building.

In accordance with Part 2 of Art. 162 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, on the instructions of the owners of premises in an apartment building, within an agreed period, for a fee, undertakes to perform work and (or) provide services for the management of an apartment building, provide services for the proper maintenance and repair of common property in such a house, carry out other activities aimed at achieving management objectives of an apartment building

In accordance with Part 1 of Art. 165 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, the payment for the maintenance and repair of a dwelling is set in an amount that ensures the maintenance of common property in an apartment building in accordance with the requirements of the law.

In accordance with paragraph 10 of the Rules for the maintenance of common property in an apartment building (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 13, 2006 No. 491), common property must be maintained in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation (including the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population, technical regulation , consumer protection) in a condition that ensures compliance with the characteristics of reliability and safety apartment building; safety for the life and health of citizens, the safety of property of individuals and legal entities, state, municipal and other property; availability of residential and (or) non-residential premises, common areas; observance of the rights and legitimate interests of the owners of the premises, as well as other persons.

In accordance with the foregoing, the management company is obliged to maintain the common property in an apartment building in proper condition and has all the necessary resources for this.

In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation No. 6464/10 dated September 29, 2010 “All current, urgent, mandatory seasonal work and services are considered provided for in the contract due to the norms for maintaining a house as an object and should be carried out by management companies, regardless of whether the contract mentions the relevant specific actions and whether there is a special decision on the need to perform them by the general meeting of the owners of the premises in the house».

In accordance with paragraph 42 of the Rules for the maintenance of common property in an apartment building, managing organizations are responsible to the owners of the premises for violation of their obligations and are responsible for the proper maintenance of common property in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the contract.

In accordance with Art. 2 of the Regulations on State Housing Supervision (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 11, 2013 No. 493), the tasks of state housing supervision are, among other things, the prevention, detection and suppression of violations legal entities, individual entrepreneurs requirements established in accordance with housing legislation for the maintenance of common property of owners of premises in apartment buildings.

Based on the foregoing and guided by federal law dated 05/02/2006 No. 59-ФЗ “On the procedure for considering applications from citizens of the Russian Federation”, as well as the Regulations on state housing supervision, I ask:

· conduct an on-site inspection based on the facts I have stated;

Lighting in the entrances of residential buildings is quite an overhead expense item for any community of homeowners. Therefore, the question of saving on this type of expenditure is raised quite often.

Someone reduces the level of illumination by unscrewing some of the lamps, and someone optimizes the control circuit. We will talk about the possibilities of such optimization in our article.

Requirements for the level and method of controlling the illumination of entrances

Norms of illumination of various parts of the entrance and utility rooms

Before proceeding to the issues of the possibility of automating lighting control systems, one should understand the standards imposed by various regulations on this parameter. After all, this will allow us not only to position our lamps as efficiently as possible, but will also make it possible to apply the automation system that is optimal in our case.

• As you already understood, GOST entrance lighting for different rooms has a different standard. It is normalized in Table 1 VSN 59 - 88. According to this standard, two types of illumination are distinguished - illumination from fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps. By the way, the so-called energy-efficient lamps are fluorescent.
• First of all, consider the stairwells and floor corridors. The illumination of these zones when using fluorescent lamps should be 10 lux, but if incandescent lamps are used, then the norm is 5 lux. In this case, the normalization plane is the steps and the floor of the corridor.

• GOST for lighting entrances with elevator facilities is somewhat different. So elevator halls should have an illumination of 20 lux when using fluorescent lamps and 7 lux for incandescent lamps. At the same time, according to clause 2.27 of VSN 59 - 88, the lamp must be installed in such a way that part of the light flux is directed to the elevator doors. The lighting of the lobbies of the entrances should also meet similar requirements.
• If there are wheelchair spaces at the entrance, then they should be illuminated with incandescent lamps. At the same time, the norm of illumination for them is 20 lux, and the normalized surface is the floor.
• Elevator shafts, if they are not made with a mesh fence, must also have lighting. For them, the norm is 5lx and is given only for incandescent lamps. In this case, a conditional surface three meters from the lamp is taken as the normalized surface.
• GOST lighting of entrances must also comply with such premises as a basement or attic. For them, it is recommended to use only incandescent lamps. The illumination standard is 10 lux. In this case, not the entire room should be illuminated, but only the main passages. The same standards apply to waste collection chambers, switchboards and other similar premises.

Note! What, in addition to lighting standards for various premises, there are standards for light pulsation, color rendering and some other parameters that the lighting of entrances must also comply with. These norms are given in SNiP II-4-79.

Entrance lighting control standards

Lighting automation in the entrances is constantly being upgraded. More and more complex and energy efficient schemes are emerging, and regulations do not always keep pace with these changes.

So:

• First of all, it should be remembered that, according to clause 8.1 of VSN 59 - 88, with any method of lighting automation, it must be possible to manually turn it on at any time of the day. This is necessary for both repair work, and for various unforeseen situations.
• When installing automation systems that respond to room illumination, timely switching on of lighting for rooms with different natural illumination should be provided. This can be done by turning on all the lights while lowering the light level in the darkest place, or by setting additional sensors illumination.
• When using a variety of sensors, evacuation or emergency lighting should be provided, which turns on conventional switch apart from automation. With the onset of the dark time of the day, it must be constantly turned on.
• According to clause 8.15 of VSN 59 - 88, switching devices for turning on attic lighting must be located outside this room. Usually they are located at the entrance. If there are several such inputs, then the switching device must be on each.
• All switching devices for switching on lighting must provide a break in the phase wire. In this case, the presence of a phase on the secondary circuits of the lighting control system must be ensured.

Driveway lighting automation schemes

On the this moment developed and implemented a variety of automatic lighting entrance. Analysis of each scheme will take a lot of time, especially since they often intertwine and combine each other, so we will consider only the most common and successful options in our opinion.

Indeed, for each individual entrance, the most relevant will be its own lighting scheme, which takes into account the geography of the entrance, location features, the number of storeys of the house, the awareness of homeowners and many other aspects.

Lighting control with push buttons

This method of lighting control will be successful for low-rise buildings with enough conscientious citizens. After all, it only provides an opportunity to save, and this saving should already be carried out directly by the residents of the entrance.

Its main advantage is its simplicity and price, which is significantly lower than all the options below.

So:

• Depending on the type of entrance this species management has several options. In the first version, this is a push-button post located at the entrance to the entrance, as well as on each floor. At the entrance to the entrance, a person presses the button to turn on the light, from the button the starter for turning on the lighting of the entire entrance is pulled up. When a person comes home, he presses the light off button, the starter coil is de-energized and the light goes out.
• The second option involves the possibility of switching on from the push-button post lighting only flight of stairs. In this case, the floor corridors are switched on from separate push-button posts and act on their own starter. This option is more economical, but somewhat more complicated and expensive to implement.

Stairs serve to communicate between floors. The location, the number of stairs in the building and their dimensions depend on the architectural and planning solution and the number of floors, the intensity of the human flow, and fire safety requirements. According to the purpose, stairs are distinguished: main, or main - for everyday use; auxiliary - spare, fire, emergency, service, employees for emergency evacuation, communication with the attic and basement, for access to various equipment, etc.

According to the location of the stairs are: internal and external (fire). Stairs can be open and closed.

Depending on the degree of their protection against smoke in case of fire, staircases are divided into the following types:

1) ordinary staircases;
2) smoke-free staircases.

2. Ordinary staircases, depending on the method of lighting, are divided into the following types:

1) L1 - staircases with natural light through glazed or open openings in the outer walls on each floor;
2) L2 - staircases with natural light through glazed or open openings in the coating.

3. Smoke-free staircases, depending on the method of protection against smoke in case of fire, are divided into the following types:

1) H1 - stairwells with an entrance to the stairwell from the floor through a smoke-free outdoor air zone through open passages;
2) H2 - stairwells with air overpressure on the stairwell in case of fire;
3) H3 - stairwells with an entrance to them on each floor through a vestibule-lock, in which air is constantly or during a fire.

Stairs consist of inclined elements - flights of stairs with steps at horizontal platforms 2 and railings 3 (Fig. 1), to which the steps adjoin from the side. Landings arranged on. floor level are called storey, and between floors - interfloor, or intermediate. Flights of stairs and landings, fenced on all sides by walls, form a closed staircase. If flights of stairs and landings do not have railings on all sides, the staircase will be considered open. Depending on the number of flights within the floor, the stairs are divided into one-, two-, three- and four-flight (Fig. 2). Stairs with crossing marches are used, with winder steps. Most common in modern construction received one- and two-flight stairs. The use of three- and four-flight stairs is mainly due to the increased number of storeys of buildings.

(Spiral stairs are used in industrial and public buildings as auxiliary. Spiral stairs are usually made with wedge-shaped prefabricated steps, which rest with their ends on the walls of the staircase and on the internal support pillar.

slope flight of stairs and its width is set depending on the purpose of the stairs, the number of storeys of the building and the operating conditions of the stairs. The width of the march is the distance from the wall to the railing of the stairs or the distance between two railings.

Wooden stairs are used only in wooden buildings two stories high. Venues wooden stairs arranged from boards laid on wooden beams, cut into the walls of the stairwells. The bowstrings rest on platform beams. Grooves are cut out in the bowstrings, into which treads and risers from the boards are laid. Wooden railings are attached to the bowstring. To protect wooden stairs from fire, marches and platforms are sheathed from below with boards and plastered.

Fireproof stairs consist of prefabricated reinforced concrete flights of stairs and landings or of flights combined with landings.

The device of stairs

Small-element stairs are assembled from stacked steps, which are laid on stringers. Steps 1, platform beams 4, stringers 5 (see Fig. 1) in most cases are made of reinforced concrete.

The bearing structures of stairs with the use of metal elements are platform beams and stringers made of steel I-beams or channels.

Metal stairs are used as service in ( industrial buildings and as outdoor - firefighters.

The platforms are arranged from prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs laid on two platform beams, one located at the wall of the staircase, and the other - under the ends of the stringers; the beam against the wall may not be laid, and the ends of the plates should be sealed into the furrow of the stairwell wall. The stringers are attached to the platform beams by welding steel corners. The steps are laid directly on the stringers, and the seams of the steps are filled with cement mortar. Treads and risers of stairs are finished with a mosaic layer or cement mortar with iron. The floors on the landings of residential and public buildings are made of small carpet tiles, ceramic tiles or mosaic.

Prefabricated reinforced concrete stairs from large-sized elements are the most industrial.

The march is a structure consisting of a number of steps supporting them with beams - stringers located under the steps, or bowstrings.

Rice. one. Stair elements

Rice. 2. Ladder schemes
a - single-march;
b - two-march;
in - three-march;
G - two-march with a parade middle march;
d - four-march;
e - two-flight smoke-free for high-rise buildings;
and - single-march with crossing marches

Basic requirements for the arrangement of stairs and stairwells

Stairwells used for evacuation, as a rule, should be closed and lit by natural light through windows in the outer walls, except as specified in the relevant chapters of SNiP. The fire resistance limits and flammability groups of the stairwell walls must be the same as those of the main bearing walls buildings (SNiP I-A.b-70). It is allowed to install open stairs in public buildings from the lobby to the second floor, if the walls and ceilings of the lobby are made of fireproof material with a fire resistance of at least 1 hour, and the lobby rooms are separated from the corridors by partitions with doors. In public buildings, the main staircases can be open to the entire height of the building, provided that the remaining staircases of the building are arranged in closed staircases. In industrial buildings, it is allowed to arrange open stairs for servicing mezzanines, galleries, etc., however, in this case, the maximum distance from workplaces to the external evacuation exit should be taken into account.

Internal stairs for connecting separate floors, in the ceilings of which there are technological openings, can be arranged open.

It is not allowed to make openings in internal stair flares, with the exception of doors.

It is not allowed to place pipelines with flammable gases and liquids in stairwells, built-in cabinets, except for cabinets for communications and fire hydrants, openly laid electrical cables and wires (with the exception of electrical wiring for low-voltage devices), for lighting corridors and stairwells, provide exits from freight elevators and freight elevators, as well as place equipment protruding from the plane of the walls at a height of up to 2.2 m from the surface of steps and stairways.

In buildings with a height of up to 28 m inclusive, in ordinary staircases, it is allowed to provide garbage chutes and electrical wiring for lighting the premises. In the volume of ordinary staircases, it is not allowed to build in premises for any purpose, except for the security premises.
Under the marches of the first, basement or basement floor, it is allowed to place heating control units, water metering units and electrical water distribution devices. In smoke-free staircases, only heating devices are allowed.
Staircases should have access to the outside to the territory adjacent to the building directly or through the vestibule, separated from the adjacent corridors by partitions with doors.

When arranging evacuation exits from two stairwells through a common vestibule, one of them, in addition to the exit to the vestibule, must have an exit directly to the outside.

Stairwells of type H l must have access only directly to the outside. Stairwells, with the exception of L2 type stairwells, as a rule, must have light openings with an area of ​​at least 1.2 m2 in the outer walls on each floor.

It is allowed to provide no more than 50% of internal staircases intended for evacuation, without light openings in buildings:
- classes F2, FZ and F4 - type H2 or NZ with air overpressure in case of fire;
- class F5 of category B up to 28 m high, and categories G and D, regardless of the height of the building - type NZ with air overpressure in case of fire.

Stairwells of type E2 must have light openings with an area of ​​at least 4 m2 with a gap between flights of at least 0.7 m wide or a light shaft for the entire height of the staircase with a horizontal section area of ​​at least 2 m2.

It is allowed to install in stairwells under marches, basement, basement or first floor (rooms for central heating control units, for water metering units and switchboards, enclosed by fireproof walls or partitions.

Bearing elements of stairs (kosoura, marches, platforms) in buildings of any purpose must be fireproof and have a fire resistance limit of at least 1 hour, with the exception of cases specified in the relevant chapters of SNiP. In wooden and brick (two-story) buildings, internal staircases can be combustible. Arrangement in stone buildings of wooden stairs. marches and platforms (with the exception of intra-apartment) are not allowed.

The width of the march is determined primarily by the requirements of fire safety, as well as the dimensions of the items carried up the stairs. The minimum march width is 0.8 m, the maximum is 2.4 m Measures against smoke in staircases

Smoke-free should be considered such a ladder, which in a fire cannot be smoked. Such stairs include an external staircase with a fireproof fence (in order to ensure safe movement along it). Such stairs should be with reinforced concrete marches with a slope of no more than 1: 1.5.

Smoke-free stairs can be ensured by creating floor-by-floor entrances through the outdoor air zone along loggias or balconies. Such ladders provide the necessary reliability and safety of evacuation of people in case of fire. As a rule, exits from smoke-free stairs are arranged directly outside, bypassing the lobbies (halls) of the first floor. In cases where it is practically impossible to isolate a smoke-free staircase from the vestibules, the entrance to it is provided through a vestibule with air overpressure. The vestibule doors must be self-closing and have tight porches. Air supply is provided ventilation unit, which is activated automatically from special sensors that react to smoke.

To release smoke from the stairwell in residential sectional houses (10-16 floors) with natural lighting of the stairwells through the windows in the outer walls, smoke hatches are provided, located in the wall or covering of the stairwell. In these houses, as a second evacuation exit from the apartments, transitions along balconies and loggias to the evacuation stairs of the adjacent section should be provided through no more than one adjoining apartment. In the end sections of these houses there should be additional evacuation outdoor fire escapes.

(In all cases, the stairs leading to the basement are enclosed in stairwells. If there are combustible materials in the basement, the entrances to them are arranged independent (Fig. 3, a) or separated from the common staircases (Fig. 3, b.).

When arranging a separate exit from the basement to the outside, it is separated from the rest of the staircase by deaf fireproof enclosing structures (partition, platform, flight of stairs), having a fire resistance limit of at least 1 hour.

In buildings with smoke-free staircases, smoke protection of common corridors, lobbies, halls and foyers should be provided.

Stationary fire and evacuation outdoor ladders

During the construction of buildings and structures, measures are provided to ensure the successful action of fire brigades to extinguish a fire. In addition to the usual (internal), external stairs are designed, which in some cases serve to evacuate people. The device of an external fire escape depends on its purpose and the height of the building.

If the ladder is designed to extinguish a fire, it can be vertical, and for evacuation, the ladder must be of the appropriate width with a certain slope of the marches, as well as with intermediate platforms.

To ensure fire extinguishing and rescue operations, fire escapes of the following types are provided:

P1 - vertical for lifting to a height of 10 to 20 m and in places where the height of roofs varies from 1 to 20 m,
P2 - marching, with a slope of not more than 6: 1 for climbing to a height of more than 20 m and in places with a height difference of more than 20 m.

An example of a vertical ladder type P1

An example of a mid-flight staircase type P2 with a slope of not more than 6:1.

For buildings with a height of 10 to 30 m, external metal vertical stairs are arranged (Fig. 4a). If the height of the building is more than 30 m, the stairs are arranged inclined at an angle of not more than 80 ° with intermediate platforms located at least 8 m in height. At evacuation stairs (Fig. 4.6), the slope should not exceed 45 °, and platforms should be located at the level of each floor.

Fire escapes must be made of non-combustible materials, located no closer than 1 m from the windows and must be designed for their use by fire departments.
The width of vertical fire escapes must be at least 0.6 m, and the stairs intended for evacuation - 0.7 m with a fence 0.8 m high. The number of fire escapes is determined depending on their purpose. The distance between. they take no more than 200 m along the perimeter of buildings. Outdoor fire escapes in residential and public buildings do not suit if access to the attic or cover is provided through at least two staircases. Ladders should be located near blind walls or fire zones so that they do not smoke or be exposed to flames, as well as to ensure the supply of water and convenient access firefighters in this area. When constructing any fire escapes, bowstrings are made of pipes, to the ends of which half-nuts are welded, which serve to attach fire hoses.

In buildings with a roof slope up to 12% inclusive, up to the eaves or top outer wall(parapet) of more than 10 m, as well as in buildings with a roof slope of more than 12% and a height of more than 7 m to the eaves, roof railings should be provided in accordance with GOST 25772. Regardless of the height of the building, railings that meet the requirements of this standard should be provided for operated flat roofs, balconies, loggias, outdoor galleries, open outdoor stairs, flights of stairs and platforms.

The structures of stairs and railings must be primed and painted according to class VII in accordance with GOST 9.032. Structural elements of stairs and railings must be securely attached to each other, and the structure as a whole is securely attached to the wall and roof of the building. The presence of cracks in the backlog of beams in the wall, metal breaks and structural deformations are not allowed
Welds metal stairs and fences must comply with GOST 5264.
Stair steps, vertical ladder fastening beams to the wall of the building, flights of stairs, landings and railings of stairs must withstand the design test load without cracking, ruptures and permanent deformation.

Rice. four. Fire escapes of industrial buildings

Testing fire escapes and railings on rooftops

Inspection of fire ladders is carried out both upon acceptance into operation and during use every five years in accordance with NPB 245-2001 “Fire ladders, external, stationary and roof railings. General technical requirements. Test methods approved by order of the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 90 and put into effect on April 1, 2002. In addition, they must be checked for external integrity every year. When testing structures, a visual inspection of the quality of the anti-corrosion coating, integrity and quality is carried out. welded joints. Also, as part of the tests, static tests under load are performed. Structural elements specified in the standards are subjected to static load, the value of which is also determined in accordance with the standards. In case of detection of violations of the integrity of the structure, they are restored (repaired) with a subsequent test for strength.

Tests should be carried out by organizations that have the appropriate license, test equipment and measuring tool with certificates and the results of their verifications. The scope of tests and inspections of external fixed stairs, their fences, as well as roof fences of buildings is presented in Table 1. During the tests, a test report is drawn up. If, as a result of tests during visual inspection, cracks or rupture of welded joints (seams) and residual deformations are found, then the tested structure is considered to have failed the test. Information about defective outdoor stairs (not tested) must be brought to without fail to the personnel of the fire department, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe exit of which the object is located, and is also indicated on the staircase structure itself (information about its malfunction). Based on the test results, a conclusion is drawn up on the compliance of the staircase or roof railing of the building with the requirements of current standards.

Table 1

Note: “+” tests are performed, “-” tests are not performed.

Escape routes via stairs and ramps

Stairs designed to evacuate people from buildings, structures and structures in case of fire are divided into the following types:

1) internal stairs placed on stairwells;
2) internal open stairs;
3) outdoor open stairs.

Devices are not allowed on escape routes. spiral staircases, stairs completely or partially curved in plan, as well as winder and curved steps, steps with different tread widths and different heights within the flight of stairs and staircase (according to clause 6.28 *).

The width and slope of staircases and ramps are normalized.

The width of the flight of stairs intended for the evacuation of people, including those located in the stairwell, must be no less than the calculated one or no less than the width of any evacuation exit (door) to it, but, as a rule, no less than:

a) 1.35 m - for buildings of class F l.l;
b) 1.2 m - for buildings with more than 200 people on any floor except the first one;
c) 0.7 m - for stairs leading to single workstations; http://website/wp-admin/post.php?action=edit&post=7054
d) 0.9 m - for all other cases.

The slope of the stairs on the evacuation routes should, as a rule, not exceed 1: 1; the width of the tread is usually at least 25 cm, and the height of the step is no more than 22 cm.
The slope of open stairs for passage to single workplaces may be increased to 2: 1. It is permitted to reduce the width of the tread of curvilinear front stairs in the narrow part to 22 cm; the width of the tread of stairs leading only to premises (except for premises of class F5 of categories A and B) with a total number of jobs of no more than 15 people - up to 12 cm.
Stairs of the 3rd type should be made of non-combustible materials and placed, as a rule, at the deaf (without light openings) parts of walls of a class not lower than K l with a fire resistance rating not lower than PE! thirty.
These stairs must have platforms at the level of emergency exits, fences 1.2 m high and located at a distance of at least 1 m from window openings. Stairs of the 2nd type must comply with the requirements established for marches and landings of stairs in stairwells.

The width of the landings must be at least the width of the march, and in front of the entrances to the elevators with hinged doors- not less than the sum of the march width and half the width of the elevator door, but not less than 1.6 m. Intermediate platforms in a straight flight of stairs must have a length of at least 1 m.
Doors leading to the stairwell open position should not reduce the estimated width of landings and marches.

Rice. 5. Illustration for determining the slope of vertical escape routes:

The slope is determined by the ratio H / L, for example, if H \u003d 1.5m, L \u003d 3m, the slope of the stairs is 1: 2

The width of the tread on the stairs should, as a rule, be at least 25 cm, and the height of the step - no more than 22 cm (according to clause 6.30 *), fig. four.

Rice. 6. Normalized values ​​of steps dimensions

The number of rises in one march is normalized. For example, for public buildings between sites there should be at least 3 and no more than 16 lifts. In one-flight stairs, as well as in one flight of two - and three-flight stairs within the ground floor, no more than 18 rises are allowed (according to clause 1.90).

The current standards require that the width of the site be at least the width of the flight of stairs, and the width of the flight of stairs must be at least the width of the exit to the staircase (Fig. 7): b l.p. b l.m., a b l.m b in. OK. (according to clause 1.96 *), because otherwise, violations of the conditions of unhindered movement are likely.

Rice. 7. Width of the flight of stairs b l.m, width landing b l.m and the width of the entrance to the staircase b in. OK.

Stairwells should have access to the outside to the area adjacent to the building directly or through the vestibule, separated from the adjacent corridors by partitions with doors, fig. 8 (under item 6.34*).

Rice. eight. Exit from the staircase to the lobby, separated from the adjacent corridors by partitions with doors

Exits from the basement and basement floors, which are evacuation, as a rule, should be provided directly to the outside, separated from the common stairwells of the building. Allowed emergency exits from the basements to provide through common staircases with a separate exit to the outside, separated from the rest of the staircase deaf fire barrier 1st type, fig. 9.

Rice. 9. The exit from the basement is provided through a common staircase with a separate exit to the outside, separated from the rest of the staircase by a type 1 fire wall.

External open stairs for evacuation may be used in the IV climatic region and in the III B climatic subregion (except for stationary medical institutions) (according to clause 1.99). In other climatic regions, it is allowed to use these stairs for evacuation only from the second floor of buildings (except for buildings of schools and boarding schools, preschool institutions, etc.), and must be designed for the number of evacuees in the range from 30 to 70 people (according to 1.100).

Internal open stairs are widely used, for example, in public buildings. However, due to their increased fire hazard their use is limited and made dependent on the degree of fire resistance, the purpose of the building (in hospitals of medical institutions, open stairs are not included in the calculation of people's evacuation in case of fire). When using internal open stairs in a building, the norms introduce additional requirements for space-planning decisions of the building: separating rooms with such a staircase from adjacent corridors and other rooms with fireproof partitions, automatic fire extinguishing throughout the building, limiting the number of internal open stairs, additional closed staircases, the exit from which is provided directly to the outside.

Smoke protection for stairwells of types H2 and H3 must be provided in accordance with SNiP 2.04.05. If necessary, stairwells of type H2 should be divided in height into compartments by blind fireproof partitions of the 1st type with a transition between compartments outside the volume of the stairwell. Windows in stairwells of type H 2 must be non-opening. Smoke-free transitions through the outer air zone leading to smoke-free H1-type stairwells must be ensured by their constructive and space-planning solutions.
These transitions must be open and, as a rule, should not be located in 6 inside corners building.

When adjoining one part of the outer wall of the building to another at an angle of less than 1350, it is necessary that the horizontal distance to the nearest doorway in the outer air zone to the top of the inner corner of the outer wall is at least 4 m; this distance can be reduced to the value of the protrusion of the outer wall; this requirement does not apply to transitions located at internal corners of 1350 or more, as well as to a wall protrusion of no more than 1.2 m.

Between doorways air zone and the nearest window of the room, the width of the wall must be at least 2m.

Transitions must be at least 1.2 m wide with a fence height of 1.2 m, the width of the wall between the doorways in the outer air zone must be at least 1.2 m) Stairwells: type L1 can be provided in buildings of all classes of functional fire hazards up to 28 m high; at the same time, in buildings of class F5 of categories A and B, exits to the floor corridor from rooms of categories A and B should be provided through tambour locks with constant air overpressure.

Stairwells of type L2 may be provided in buildings of 1, II and III degrees of fire resistance of structural fire hazard classes CO and C 1 and functional fire hazard F1, F2, FZ and F4, as a rule, no more than 9 m high. It is allowed to increase the height of buildings up to 12 m with automatic opening of the upper light aperture in case of fire and with the device in buildings of class F 1.Z of automatic fire alarms or autonomous fire detectors.

At the same time: in buildings of classes F2, FZ and F4 there should be no more than 50% of such stairs, the rest should have light openings in the outer walls on each floor; in buildings of class F1 sectional type in each apartment located above 4 m, an emergency exit should be provided according to 6.20.

In buildings with a height of more than 28 m, as well as in buildings of class F5 of categories A and B, smoke-free staircases, as a rule, of type H1, should be provided.

Allowed:

in buildings of class FZ of the corridor type, provide for no more than 50% of staircases of type H2;
in buildings of classes F 1.1, F 1.2, F2, FZ and F4, provide for no more than 50% of staircases of the H2 or H3 type with air overpressure in case of fire;
in buildings of class F5 of categories A and B, stairwells of types H2 and H3 with natural lighting and constant air overpressure shall be provided;
in class F5 buildings of category B, stairwells of the H2 or NC type with air overpressure in case of fire should be provided;
in buildings of class F5 of categories D and D, provide for stairwells of type H 2 or NC with air overpressure in case of fire, as well as stairwells of type L 1 with a division by a blank fire partition every 20 m in height and with a transition from one part of the staircase to another outside the stairwell.

Regulatory Literature

1. SNiP 21-01-97* Fire safety buildings and structures.
2. SNiP 2.08.02-89* public buildings and structures.
3. GOST R 53254-2009 Outdoor stationary fire ladders. Roof railings.
4. NPB 245-2001 Outdoor stationary fire ladders and roof railings.

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