Extinguishing media and the procedure for their use. Causes of fires in residential and public buildings

Production and storage facilities of enterprises, depending on the fire potential of the materials and substances used or stored, are divided into five categories according to the degree of fire safety:

1. Category A - industrial production on which substances are used that can ignite or explode when exposed to water, air oxygen, flammable liquids with a flash point of vapors up to, combustible gases with a lower explosive limit of up to 10% of the total air volume, if these liquids and gases are capable of forming explosive mixtures with air ... Such industries and facilities include workshops of man-made fiber factories, chemical workshops of factories for the processing of acetate silk, hydrogen stations, warehouses for flammable gas cylinders, gasoline warehouses, pumping stations for pumping flammable liquids with a flash point of vapors up to, etc.

2. Category B- industrial production, which uses flammable liquids with a flash point, flammable gases with a lower explosive limit of more than 10% of the total volume of air, if they are capable of forming explosive mixtures with air; production where combustible fibers are released and suspended, or combustible dust are present in such an amount that they can form explosive mixtures with air. Such industries include workshops for the preparation and transportation of coal dust, wood flour, fuel oil facilities of power plants and boiler houses, pumping stations for pumping flammable liquids with a flash point of vapors, etc.

3. Category B- production for the processing and use of solid combustible materials and substances, as well as flammable liquids with a vapor flash point above. These include woodworking enterprises, textile, knitwear and garment factories, closed coal warehouses, pumping stations for pumping flammable liquids with a higher flash point of vapors, etc.

4. Category D- production for the processing of non-combustible materials and substances in a hot, incandescent or molten state, accompanied by the release of radiant heat, sparks, flame, as well as production associated with the combustion of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. These include foundries and metal-smelting shops, gas generating stations with stove heating, forges, gas-electric welding workshops, motor test stations.

5. Category D- production related to the use and processing of non-combustible substances and materials in a cold state. These include workshops and workshops for cold metal working, tool shops, compressor stations for air and other non-combustible materials, paper, cardboard and textile industries with wet production processes, pumping stations for pumping non-combustible liquids.

One of the most important preventive measures to ensure fire safety enterprises and facilities is to provide them with the necessary fire extinguishing means, fire equipment and the necessary fire fighting equipment.

For enterprises, organizations and facilities, this issue takes special essential, considering that a significant part of them are located in areas remote from cities, often in hard-to-reach places with difficult road conditions, or in cities with heavy traffic, as a result of which it is difficult to quickly and efficiently provide professional assistance in the event of a fire from specialized fire departments.

The necessary and accessible means of fire extinguishing, which should be provided to each enterprise, regardless of its location, primarily include:

1. fire-fighting water supply, both piped and non-piped;

2. primary extinguishing agents (fire extinguishers, sand, felt, etc.);

3.Installation automatic and semi automatic fire extinguishing(sprinkler and deluge installations);

4. fire-fighting equipment and the simplest fire-fighting equipment.

Fire water pipe... At enterprises of any branch of industry, the main fire extinguishing agent is water, which has a high efficiency. However, water has a poor ability to penetrate between hard fibers of both plant and artificial origin, especially if these fibers are compressed into bales. To increase the effectiveness of the fire-extinguishing properties of water, wetting agents are added to it.

With the help of water, other fire extinguishing media are created, such as chemical, air-mechanical foam, including high-expansion foam. In addition, water is the cheapest and most widely available extinguishing agent. Therefore, one of the main requirements for ensuring fire safety is an internal fire water supply device designed to extinguish fires and ignitions that have arisen in their initial stage, i.e. until the arrival of professional fire brigades.

All internal fire hydrants must be provided with fire hoses and nozzles attached to them.

In industrial premises with increased fire hazard internal fire hydrants can be equipped with air-foam nozzles with attached mixers for feeding the foam concentrate into the hose line.

Internal water supply systems, as a rule, are combined - for household, industrial and fire water supply - and are connected to an external water supply system.

In those cases when the pressure of the external water supply does not provide a guaranteed water pressure in the internal water supply system during fire extinguishing, it is necessary to equip the internal water supply network with a pump that, when extinguishing a fire, will provide the required water pressure.

There are cases of lack of water in outdoor plumbing systems at certain hours of the day, especially during hours of increased water consumption for household needs. In such cases, enterprises should be equipped with additional (spare) water tanks, from which it is supplied to internal water supply using a pump. The volume of such tanks depends on the area of ​​the object, but it must be at least.

Fire water supply system is required for all production workshops, auxiliary premises located in industrial buildings with a height of more than five floors, as well as in warehouses and parts of buildings with a volume or more, when storing valuable combustible materials and products in them.

The exceptions are:

1. industrial buildings in which substances are stored or used that, when combined with water, can cause an explosion, fire or spread of fire;

2. industrial buildings and premises with processes of categories D and E, regardless of their volume;

3. Warehouses in which non-combustible and low-value materials and products are stored;

4. industrial buildings not equipped with utility and industrial water supply systems, for which fire extinguishing is provided from artificial and natural reservoirs (rivers, lakes, ponds)

Internal fire hydrants with attached fire hoses and trunks should be located in niches or in hanging cabinets with glazed doors. As a rule, they are located in stairwells, at the entrances to production facilities and in other prominent and easily accessible places. Fire cabinets should be painted red and labeled "PC" (fire hydrant).

Disconnection water supply network with fire hydrants and internal fire hydrants installed on it, as well as at least a temporary decrease in the pressure (pressure) of water in the water supply network is allowed only after notifying the state supervision authorities and obtaining the appropriate permission from them.

Entrances and approaches to fire hydrants and hydrants must be kept free at all times.

Stationary fire extinguishing systems... The solution to the problems of protecting objects from fires and fires is impossible without the use of automatic means of detecting fires and their extinguishing.

Such means include sprinkler and deluge installations, which are designed to extinguish a fire with water while simultaneously giving a signal fire alarm... They can be installed both in heated and unheated production and storage facilities, laboratories, workshops, etc. These settings are very effective.

Stationary fire extinguishing systems can be automatic, designed to supply water in the event of a fire, regardless of the actions of people, and semi-automatic, operated by people using remote control.

The most common stationary automatic fire extinguishing systems are sprinkler installations. They are a network of water pipes mounted under the ceiling (and, if necessary, lower), with built-in sprinklers that turn on when the temperature rises. The pipe system of the sprinkler installation is always filled with water and therefore should be installed only in heated rooms with a guaranteed temperature for at least a year.

TO stationary systems automatic fire extinguishing also includes group action deluge installations, which are a network of water pipes placed under the ceiling, with deluge heads mounted in them. Unlike splinklers, which are opened under the influence of a certain design temperature only above the fire source, group action deluge installations, when automatically turned on, irrigate the area of ​​the room with all heads simultaneously, regardless of the size of the fire source.

Deluge installations are used in industrial premises of high fire hazard, where fire can quickly spread throughout the entire area of ​​the premises. In addition, deluge installations can be used as curtains to block the path of fire spreading from one production facility to another.

Deluge installations are automatic and manual, filling and dry-pipe systems.

In industrial plants having fire and explosive industrial premises and technological processes and equipment, it is advisable to install carbon dioxide systems or steam extinguishing... Steam or carbon dioxide reduce the oxygen concentration in the air of the room, as a result of which the possibility of an explosion is prevented when the room is gassed and combustion stops in the event of a fire.

Depending on the fire extinguishing agents used, water-chemical, foam, gas, powder, aerosol and combined fire extinguishing installations can be used.

Although automatic installations extinguishing a fire can be inactive for a long time, they must be in constant readiness. This is ensured by systematic supervision and control over their technical good condition, which is carried out by special services. fire department or trained employees of the enterprise.

Waterless fire fighting water supply... Water-free fire-fighting water supply is carried out from artificial or natural surface or underground reservoirs and reservoirs.

Natural bodies of water include rivers, lakes, etc.

TO artificial reservoirs include reinforced concrete, brick, metal, etc. tanks of various volumes (tanks, cisterns, reservoirs, etc.). They can be above ground or buried in the ground, and in shape they can be round or rectangular with a depth of 2-5 m.

Closed tanks should have hatches for both inspection and water intake through them, as well as a ventilation outlet pipe.

Access roads with a hard surface, the width of which are 3.5-4.5 m, must be laid to natural and artificial reservoirs and reservoirs. winter time they must be free of snow and ice.

Primary funds fire extinguishing and fire equipment... Primary fire extinguishing means are intended to contain the fire before the arrival of professional firefighters. They should be located in all production premises, and the managers of the facilities or officials from among the engineering and technical workers are directly responsible for their presence.

Primary fire extinguishing equipment includes fire extinguishers, both hand-held and mobile, barrels of water, buckets, axes, boat hooks, shovels, sand boxes, asbestos sheets, felt mats, woolen blankets, crowbars, saws, etc.

At industrial enterprises, mainly foam, liquid, carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide-bromoethyl, aerosol and powder fire extinguishers are used.

Foam fire extinguishers OP-5 and ОХП-10 (see figure) are intended to extinguish the starting fires when all combustible solid and liquid substances are ignited, with the exception of chemically interacting with extinguishing substances (for example, alkaline). Foam fire extinguishers also cannot be used to extinguish fires in electrical installations and electrical equipment that are energized.

To activate the fire extinguisher, the handle is turned on, while the valve of the glass, which contains the acidic part of the charge, opens. When the fire extinguisher is turned upside down, the acidic part is mixed with the alkaline solution contained in the cylinder and the resulting foam is thrown out through the shower.

Foam fire extinguishers must be recharged at least once a year. In winter, all fire extinguishers must be moved to heated rooms to avoid freezing.

Liquid fire extinguishers(ОЖ-5, ОЖ-10) are a type of foam fire extinguishers and are used to extinguish small foci of ignition of poorly wetted materials (cotton, cotton wool, etc.).

Portable liquid bromoethyl fire extinguishers, called aerosol .

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers portable (OU-2, OU-5, OU-8) and transportable (OU-25, OU-80 and OU-400) are used for small foci of ignition, as well as fires in electrical installations under voltage not exceeding 380 V. Exception are substances that burn without air access.

To eliminate the source of fire with the help of a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, its bell is brought as close as possible to the place of combustion and, turning the handwheel of the valve to failure, direct a stream of carbon dioxide under the base of the tongues of the burning flame. At the same time, carbon dioxide, leaving in the form of snow, turns into a gaseous state, which allows localizing the ignition source. If the jet is directed from top to bottom, then the necessary fire-extinguishing effect of the flame will not work, since the jet of carbon dioxide will be deflected upward by the draft of hot air.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers should be protected from exposure to sun rays and excessive heat. They must be charged at least once every three months.

Powder fire extinguishers OPS-10 are intended for extinguishing alkaline earth and alkali metals, petroleum products, solvents, solids, as well as electrical installations under voltage over 380 V. These fire extinguishers are highly effective and in many cases can replace expensive carbon dioxide and foam fire extinguishers.

In a powder fire extinguisher, in order to avoid moisture and powder caking, the conical nozzle of the discharge hose must be tightly closed with a special stopper, which creates a complete seal of the cylinder.

The rules for the placement, maintenance and use of all types of fire extinguishers must be strictly followed in accordance with the instructions set out in the instructions of the manufacturers and the current regulatory and technical documents. Curbstones or cabinets intended for placing fire extinguishers in them must be such that it is possible to visually determine the type of fire extinguishers in them, the instructional inscription on them would be clearly visible.

Fire buckets in order to avoid using them for economic purposes, they are made in convex or conical bottoms, which do not allow them to be placed on the ground.

Dry sand in loose form (without lumps) are stored in special wooden or metal boxes located at fire shields, as well as in other places industrial premises.

Koshmu, or felt canvas , are used to eliminate fires on pipeline fittings when flammable liquids flow out of them or flammable gas escapes. If a worker's clothes are on fire, then a woolen blanket or felt cloth should be immediately thrown over him to stop access. fresh air to burning clothes. The person on whom the clothes caught fire should not be allowed to run, as this inflates the flame and the burning surface increases.

Both primary fire extinguishing equipment and fire-fighting equipment should be placed on special fire shields, which are located in production facilities and on the territory of an enterprise or facility in a free and visible place with open approaches to it. Each fire shield should be painted red as well as fire fighting equipment.

Each shield should have the next set fire-fighting equipment and primary fire extinguishing equipment, pcs .:

1.foam fire extinguishers - 2

2.carbon dioxide fire extinguishers - 1

3. box with dry sand - 1

5. hooks - 3

6.axes - 2

7.Shovels - 2

8.asbestos or felt cloth - 1

9.fire buckets - 2

The locations and storage of all available fire extinguishing means and fire-fighting equipment are agreed with the local fire brigade.

Extinguishing agents: water, sand, foam, powder, gaseous substances that do not support combustion (freon), inert gases, steam.

Fire-fighting equipment:

chemical foam fire extinguishers;

foam fire extinguisher;

powder fire extinguisher;

carbon dioxide, bromoethyl fire extinguisher

Fire protection systems

water supply system;

foam generator

Automatic fire extinguishing systems using avtomat. alarms

fire detector (heat, light, smoke, radiation)

Thermal detectors of the DTL type and radioisotope smoke detectors of the RID type are used for the computer center.

Manual fire extinguishing system (push-button detector).

For the VC, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU, OA are used (create a jet of atomized ethyl bromine) and automatic gas fire extinguishing, which uses freon or freon as a fire extinguishing agent.

To extinguish fires with water in the automatic fire extinguishing system, sprinkler and drenker devices are used. Their disadvantage is that spraying occurs on an area of ​​up to 15 m 2.

Method of connecting sensors in the email system fire alarm with a receiving station m. - parallel (beam); - serial (loopback).

Fire extinguishing agents and their properties.

Primary fire extinguishing equipment must be kept in accordance with the passport data on them. The use of fire extinguishing equipment that does not have appropriate certificates is not allowed.

Extinguishing agents are classified according to the dominant principle of stopping combustion into four groups: cooling, insulating, diluting and inhibiting.

Cooling means: water, a solution of water with a wetting agent, solid carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide in a snow-like form), aqueous solutions of salts.

Isolation means: fire-extinguishing foams (chemical, air-mechanical), fire-extinguishing powder compositions, non-combustible bulk substances (sand, earth, slags, fluxes, graphite), sheet materials(bedspreads, shields).

Dilution media: inert gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon), flue gases, water vapor, finely atomized water, gas-water mixtures, explosives explosion products.

Means of chemical inhibition of the combustion reaction: halocarbons (ethyl bromide, freons), compounds based on halocarbons, water-bromoethyl solutions (emulsions), fire-extinguishing powder compositions.

Water- the most common extinguishing agent. It has a high heat capacity, significant heat of vaporization, which allows you to take away a large number of heat in the process of extinguishing a fire. When extinguishing fires, water is used in the form of compact, atomized and finely atomized jets.

Water with wetting agent has a good penetrating ability, due to which, the greatest effect is achieved in extinguishing fires and especially when burning fibrous materials, peat, soot. Aqueous solutions of wetting agents can reduce water consumption by 30 - 50%, as well as the duration of extinguishing a fire.

However, it should be borne in mind that water as a fire extinguishing agent has a number of properties that limit its use. So water cannot be used for extinguishing next fires:

Electrical installations and devices under voltage, as this can lead to a short circuit in the equipment and electric shock to people;

Materials stored in place with calcium carbide and quicklime;

Metallic sodium, potassium, magnesium, as this decomposes water with the formation of an explosive mixture.

At the same time, it is the cause of significant damage if, when extinguishing a fire, an unreasonably large number of trunks are supplied, used indoors without non-shut-off valves, or if existing trunks are left unattended, etc. In case of fires in attics or on the upper floors of buildings, water can wet the floors and partitions located below, lingering in waterproof areas, creates additional stress on the floor structures, which sometimes turns out to be the cause of their collapses.

Solid carbon dioxide(carbon dioxide in a snow-like form) has been widely used as a fire extinguishing agent for charging carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. Carbon dioxide in liquid state stored under pressure, when it passes into the gaseous phase, it turns into a snow-like crystalline mass. Carbon dioxide is an inert gas, colorless and odorless, 1.5 times heavier than air. 1kg of liquid carbon dioxide in the transition to the gaseous phase forms 500 liters of gas. These properties of carbon dioxide ensure the cessation of combustion not only due to cooling, but also due to dilution and isolation of burning substances. As a fire extinguishing agent, carbon dioxide can be used to extinguish fires of electrical installations, engines, as well as to extinguish fires in archives, libraries, museums, exhibitions, design bureaus, equipment of computing centers, etc. It is not used to extinguish ignited magnesium and its alloys, metal sodium and potassium, since the decomposition of carbon dioxide with the release of atomic oxygen occurs.

Foam can be low (less than 10), medium (from 10 to 200) and high (more than 200). It isolates the burning surface from air, does not allow heat from the flame to pass to the surface of the liquid, prevents the escape of liquid vapors and thereby stops combustion.

Chemical foam is obtained in foam generators by mixing foam-heratinous powders and in fire extinguishers by the interaction of alkaline and acid solutions. Consists of carbon dioxide (80%), water (19.7%), foaming agent (0.3%). Possesses high durability and effective in extinguishing many fires. However, due to electrical conductivity and chemical activity, foam is not used to extinguish electrical and radio installations, electronic equipment, engines. for various purposes, other devices and units.

Air mechanical foam (VMP) is obtained by mixing in foam shafts or generators an aqueous solution of a foaming agent with air. It possesses the necessary stability, dispersion, viscosity, cooling and insulating properties, which make it possible to use it for extinguishing solid materials, liquid substances and for carrying out protective actions, when extinguishing fires on the surface and volumetric filling of burning rooms (medium and high expansion foam). Air-foam barrels of SVP are used to supply low expansion foam, and GPS foam generators are used to supply medium and high expansion foam.

Fire extinguishing powder compositions (OPS) are versatile and effective means of extinguishing fires at relatively low specific costs. OPS is used to extinguish combustible materials and substances of any state of aggregation, electrical installations under voltage, metals, including organometallic and other pyrophoric compounds that cannot be extinguished with water and foams, as well as fires with significant sub-zero temperatures... OPS are divided into two main groups: general purpose, capable of creating a fire extinguishing cloud - for extinguishing most fires and special ones that create a layer on the surface of materials that prevents the access of air oxygen - for extinguishing metals and organometallic compounds. The main disadvantage of OPS is their tendency to caking and clumping. Due to the large dispersion of the OPS, they form a significant amount of dust, which necessitates work in special clothing, as well as protective equipment for the respiratory and vision organs.

Water vapor. The extinguishing efficiency is low, therefore it is used to protect closed technological devices and premises with a volume of up to 500 m 3 (holds of ships, tube furnaces of petrochemical enterprises, pumping stations for pumping oil products, drying and painting chambers), to extinguish small fires in open areas and create curtains around protected objects.

Finely dispersed water(droplet size less than 100 microns) is obtained using special equipment: spray barrels, torque converters operating at high pressure (200-300 m). Water jets have a small impact force and flight range, but they irrigate a significant surface, are more favorable to water evaporation, have an increased cooling effect, and dilute the combustible medium well. They allow not to excessively moisten the materials when extinguishing them, contribute to a rapid decrease in temperature, and the deposition of smoke.

Halogenated hydrocarbons and compositions based on them effectively suppress the combustion of gaseous, liquid, solid combustible substances and materials in all types of fires. In terms of efficiency, they exceed inert gases by a factor of 10 or more. Halocarbons and compounds based on them are volatile compounds, they are gases or volatile liquids that are poorly soluble in water, but miscible well with many organic substances. They have good wetting properties, are non-conductive, have high density in a liquid and gaseous state, which provides the possibility of jet formation, penetration into the flame, as well as the retention of vapors near the combustion center.

These extinguishing agents can be used for surface, volumetric and local fire extinguishing. With great effect, they can be used to eliminate the combustion of fibrous materials, electrical installations and equipment under voltage; for fire protection of vehicles, engine rooms of ships, computing centers, highly hazardous workshops of chemical enterprises, painting chambers, dryers, warehouses with flammable liquids, archives, museum halls, other objects of special value, increased fire and explosion hazard. Halocarbons and compositions based on them can be practically used at any negative temperatures. The disadvantages of these fire extinguishing agents are: corrosiveness, toxicity; they cannot be used to extinguish materials containing oxygen in their composition, as well as metals, some metal hydrides and many organometallic compounds.

Fire extinguishers

Fire extinguishers Is a technical device designed to extinguish fires at the initial stage of their occurrence. Fire extinguishers are reliable means to extinguish fires before the arrival of fire brigades. The industry produces several types of hand-held, mobile and stationary fire extinguishers.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU-2, OU-5 designed to extinguish small initial fires various substances and materials, with the exception of substances that burn without air access. Fire extinguishers can be effectively used at temperatures from -25 to +50 degrees C.

Carbon dioxide-bromoethyl fire extinguishers are intended for extinguishing small starting fires of various substances, including devices under voltage. Do not extinguish with these fire extinguishers burning alkaline and alkaline earth materials that burn without air access. A composition consisting of ethyl bromide (97%) and liquefied carbon dioxide (3%) is used as a charge. A fire extinguisher charge has high wetting properties and is much more effective than a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher charge. A fire extinguisher charged with OP-7 or OP-10 is used to extinguish alcohol, ether, acetone and other similar liquids.

Hand Powder Fire Extinguishers are intended for extinguishing small fires of flammable liquids, alkaline earth materials, electrical installations under voltage. Powder fire extinguisher OP-10, OP-50 is made of a metal cylinder with a capacity of 10, 50 liters. PSB powder is used as a charge.

Fire extinguishing agents

To suppress the combustion process, it is possible to reduce the content of the combustible component, oxidizer (oxygen in the air), lower the temperature of the process, or increase the activation energy of the combustion reaction.

Fire extinguishing agents... The simplest, cheapest and most affordable is water, which is supplied to the combustion zone in the form of compact continuous jets or in a spray form. Water, having a high heat capacity and heat of evaporation, has a strong cooling effect on the combustion center. In addition, in the process of evaporation of water, a large amount of steam is formed, which will have an insulating effect on the fire site.

The disadvantages of water include poor wettability and penetrating ability in relation to a number of materials. To improve the extinguishing properties of water, surfactants can be added to it. Water should not be used to extinguish radiant metals, their hydrides, carbides, as well as electrical installations.

Foam are a widespread, effective and convenient means of extinguishing fires.

Recently, fire extinguishers have been increasingly used to extinguish fires. powders... They can be used to extinguish fires of solids, various flammable liquids, gases, metals, as well as installations under voltage. Powders are recommended for use in the initial stage of a fire.

Inert diluents used for volumetric quenching. They have a diluting effect. The most widely used inert diluents include nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and various halogenated hydrocarbons. These agents are used when more readily available extinguishing agents such as water or foam are ineffective.

Automatic stationary installations fire extinguishing, depending on the fire extinguishing agents used, are divided into water, foam, gas and powder. The most widespread are water and foam extinguishing installations of two types: sprinkler and drencher.

Sprinkler installation- the most effective remedy extinguishing conventional combustible materials at the initial stage of fire development. Sprinkler installations are switched on automatically when the temperature in the protected volume rises above a predetermined limit. The entire system consists of pipelines laid under the ceiling of the room and sprinklers placed on pipelines at a given distance from each other.

Deluge installations differ from sprinkler ones in the absence of a valve in the sprinkler. The deluge sprinkler is always open. The deluge system is switched on manually or automatically by a signal from an automatic detector using a control and starting unit located on the main fire pipeline. The sprinkler installation is triggered over the fire, and the deluge water sprinkles the entire protected object with water.

Primary funds fire extinguishing... These include fire extinguishers, buckets, containers of water, boxes of sand, crowbars, axes, shovels, etc.

Fire extinguishers are one of the most effective primary fire extinguishing agents. Depending on the charged extinguishing agent fire extinguishers are divided into five types: water, foam, carbon dioxide, powder, freon.

Primary extinguishing media are intended for use in the early stages of a fire or ignition. Such means include special containers with water and sand, shovels, buckets, crowbars, boat hooks, asbestos cloths, coarse-woolen fabrics and felt, fire extinguishers. The determination of the required number of primary fire extinguishing means is regulated by the "Fire Safety Rules in Russian Federation"(PPB-01-93). When determining the types and quantities of primary extinguishing agents, one should take into account the physicochemical and fire hazardous properties of combustible substances, their relation to fire extinguishing agents, as well as the area of ​​premises, open areas and installations.

Barrels for storing water must have a volume of at least 0.2 m3 and be completed with buckets. Sand boxes should have a volume of 0.5; 1.0 or 3.0 m3 and equipped with a shovel. Tanks for sand included in the construction of a fire stand must have a capacity of at least 0.1 m3. The design of the box should ensure the convenience of extracting sand and exclude the ingress of precipitation.

Asbestos cloths, coarse-woolen fabrics and felt at least 1.0x1.0 m in size are intended for extinguishing small fires when substances ignite, which cannot burn without air access. In places where flammable and combustible liquids are used and stored, the dimensions of the canvases can be increased (2.0x1.5 or 2.0x2.0 m).

A fire extinguisher, as a primary fire extinguishing agent, remains the most widespread, effective and affordable product in our time.

Powder fire extinguishers

OP-5 (g) with a body volume of 5 liters and OP-10 (g) (volume 10 liters) are designed to extinguish the ignition of solid combustible materials (fire class A), liquid combustible materials (fire class B), gaseous substances (fire class C) and electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V. Multiple recharging is possible.

Fire extinguishers can be used in residential, office, warehouse, small storage facilities of flammable and flammable liquids, car fleets, car depots, garages, stalls, garden houses and on vehicles.

Service life - 10 years. Recharge interval - 4 years.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers

Designed to extinguish the fires of substances, the combustion of which cannot occur without access to air, the fires of electrical installations under a voltage of no more than 1000V, liquid and gaseous substances (class B, C).

Fire extinguishers are divided into portable and mobile. Portable fire extinguishers include man-carried fire extinguishers, the fire extinguishing capacity of which meets the minimum technical requirements established in the normative and technical documentation. Fire extinguishers equipped with a device for transportation are classified as mobile.

It is preferable to equip fire shields with carbon dioxide fire extinguishers in paint shops, warehouses, gas stations and on the territory of industrial enterprises.

The OU-8M fire extinguisher complies with the requirements of the international SOLAS convention for the safety of human life at sea, and has a certificate from the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. It is used at the facilities of the sea and river fleet.
Fire extinguishers must be operated in the operating temperature range from -40 to +50 degrees Celsius.

Air-foam fire extinguishers

They are used to extinguish class A and B fires (wood, paper, paints and fuels and lubricants). Do not use to extinguish live electrical installations!
Unlike injection fire extinguishers, in ORP-10 (b), the expelling gas is stored in a can. to bring the fire extinguisher into working condition it is necessary to press the button on its head and wait 5 seconds until the working pressure is created inside the body.

Operated at temperatures from +5 to + 50 ° С.
The extinguishing agent is a foaming agent solution (ORP).

FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

The simplest means of extinguishing fires and fires is sand. It can be used in the vast majority of cases. It cools the combustible substance, makes it difficult for air to reach it and mechanically knocks down the flame. It is imperative to have at least 1-2 shovels near the place where sand is stored.

The most common and versatile fire extinguishing agent is water. However, it cannot be used when electrical wires and installations are on fire, as well as substances that, in contact with water, ignite or emit poisonous and flammable gases. Water should not be used to extinguish gasoline, kerosene and other liquids, as they are lighter than water, float up, and the combustion process does not stop.

To extinguish fires at the initial stage, you can use asbestos or felt cloth, which, when they are densely covered with a burning object, prevent air from entering the combustion zone.

Don't forget about indoor fire hydrants. They are placed, as a rule, in special cabinets, adapted for sealing and visual inspection without opening. Each must have a 10, 15 or 20 m fire hose and a fire nozzle. One end of the sleeve will be attached to the trunk, the other to the fire hydrant. The deployment of the calculation for the supply of water to the hearth of the fire is carried out in the composition of 2 people: one works with the barrel, the second supplies water from the tap.

A special place is given to fire extinguishers - these modern technical devices designed to extinguish fires in their initial stage of occurrence. The domestic industry produces fire extinguishers, which are classified by the type of extinguishing agent, the volume of the body, the method of supplying the extinguishing agent and the type of starting devices.

By type, fire extinguishing agents are liquid, foam, carbon dioxide, aerosol, powder and combined. By the volume of the body, they are conditionally subdivided into manual subcompact ones with a volume of up to 5 liters, industrial manual ones with a volume of 5 - 10 liters. stationary and mobile with a volume of more than 10 liters.

Liquid fire extinguishers (Coolant). They are mainly used to extinguish the fires of solid materials of organic origin: wood, fabric, paper, etc. As a fire extinguishing agent, they use pure water, water with additives of surfactants (surfactants), which enhance its fire extinguishing ability, and aqueous solutions of mineral salts.

For the currently produced OZh-5 and OZh-10, the charge is ejected under the action of gas (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, air), which is pumped directly into the body or into a working cartridge. Coolant, despite the simplicity of design and maintenance, have limited use, since they are not suitable for extinguishing petroleum products, freeze at low temperatures and do not work, and also because aqueous solutions of mineral salts corrode the body very strongly and disable the fire extinguisher.

Here are some parameters of OZh-5: fire extinguisher capacity - 5 liters, weight - 7.3 kg, jet range - 6 - 8 m, charge ejection time - 20 s, operates at a temperature of + 2 ° and higher. ОЖ-10: capacity - 10 liters, weight - 13 kg, jet range - 6 - 8 m, charge ejection time - 45 s.

Foam fire extinguishers. Designed to extinguish a fire with chemical or air-mechanical foams. Chemical foam fire extinguishers (OHP) have a wide range of applications, except for cases when the fire extinguishing charge promotes the development of combustion or is a conductor of electric current.

The fire extinguishing charge of the OHP consists of two parts: an alkaline one, which is an aqueous solution of bicarbonate of soda with the addition of a small amount of a foaming agent, and an acidic - a mixture of sulfuric acid

The alkaline part of the charge is poured into the body of the fire extinguisher, and the acid is poured into a special polyethylene cup located in the neck of the body. When both parts of the charge are combined, a chemical foam is formed, consisting of many bubbles filled with carbon dioxide, which are intensively mixed, foaming the alkaline solution and pushing it out through the shower.

When working with the OHP-10 fire extinguisher, it is necessary to: take it by the handle and bring it to the fire. Raise the handle (turn counterclockwise), as a result of which the valve together with the stem will rise up, the spring will be compressed. Take the handle with one hand, turn it upside down, shake it, put the upper part on the forearm of the other hand, direct the stream to the fire.

Use the utmost care when working with a fire extinguisher, as the charge contains sulfuric acid.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU-2, OU-5, OU-8. These fire extinguishers are designed to extinguish combustible materials and electrical installations under voltage. The snow-like mass has a temperature of -80 °. When extinguishing, it lowers the temperature of the burning substance and reduces the oxygen content in the combustion zone.

Carbon dioxide in a cylinder or fire extinguisher is in a liquid or gaseous phase. Its relative amount depends on the temperature. As the temperature rises, liquid carbon dioxide turns into gaseous, and the pressure in the cylinder rises sharply. To avoid an explosion, the cylinders are filled with liquid carbon dioxide to 75%, and all fire extinguishers are equipped with safety membranes.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are divided into hand-held, stationary and mobile. The manual control unit is designed to extinguish the ignition of various substances on vehicles: ships, airplanes, cars, locomotives. It is a steel cylinder, into the neck of which a pistol-type shutter with a siphon tube is screwed. A tube with a bell and a membrane fuse are attached to the valve.

For actuation, the bell is directed at a burning object and the shutter is pulled. When extinguishing a fire, the extinguisher must not be held horizontally or turned upside down.

Aerosol fire extinguishers. Designed to extinguish the fires of flammable and combustible liquids, solids, electrical installations under voltage and other materials, except for alkali metals and oxygen-containing substances. The industry produces hand-held aerosol fire extinguishers, portable and stationary.

Freon aerosol fire extinguisher (OAX) is a metal body, the neck of which is closed with a membrane. A punch with a spring is fixed above the membrane. To activate the fire extinguisher, it is necessary to install it on a hard surface, pierce the membrane with a sharp blow on the punch button and direct the stream to the flame. The OAX single-use fire extinguisher is designed to extinguish fires on vehicles: cars, boats, trolleybuses, fuel trucks, as well as to extinguish fires from electrical appliances (household and industrial).

Powder fire extinguishers (OP). Received at the present time, especially abroad, the greatest distribution. They are used to eliminate the ignition of gasoline, diesel fuel, varnishes, paints, wood and other carbon-based materials. Special-purpose powders are used to eliminate fires and ignitions of alkali metals, aluminum and organosilicon compounds, and various spontaneously combustible substances. It gives good results when extinguishing electrical installations. They are widely used in vehicles and production areas.

Technical specifications some of them:

OP are produced in three types: manual, transportable and stationary. The principle of operation of a fire extinguisher: when you press the trigger lever, the seal breaks and the needle rod pierces the cylinder membrane. The working gas (carbon dioxide, air, nitrogen) leaves the cylinder through the metering hole in the nipple, and flows through the siphon tube under the air box. In the center of the siphon tube (in height) there is a row of holes through which part of the working gas comes out and loosens the powder. Air (gas), passing through the layer of powder, loosens it, and the powder is squeezed out by the pressure of the working gas through the siphon tube and thrown out through the nozzle into the ignition center. In the working position, the fire extinguisher should only be held vertically, without turning it over.

Primary extinguishing media

To eliminate fires at the initial stage, improvised and primary fire extinguishing means are used.

Improvised means are substances and objects that have not been prepared in advance for extinguishing fires. These include water, sand, earth, various objects thrown onto the combustion center. By typing water from the tap into a bucket, a person can put out a small fire in an apartment. To eliminate the combustion of the TV, various objects made of dense matter are used.

Primary means are devices and means prepared in advance for extinguishing fires.

At the facilities of the national economy, you can often see fire posts (shields), where there is a set of primary fire extinguishing means: fire extinguishers, sand and water in containers, felt, devices for opening structures. Residential and public buildings are usually provided with separate types primary fire extinguishing equipment, mainly fire extinguishers. Fire extinguishers, as primary fire extinguishing agents, occupy a certain place in fire protection objects of the national economy. The material damage depends on the effectiveness and reliability of the fire extinguishers. The presence of fire extinguishers at the protected object in the right amount and a predetermined type, their skillful use allows you to localize or extinguish a fire at an early stage of development.

Depending on the extinguishing agent used, fire extinguishers are chemical foam, air - foam, water, powder, carbon dioxide, freon and combined.

According to the method of actuation, fire extinguishers are divided into those having a valve gate, a lever-type locking and starting device, a pistol-type locking and starting device, starting from a constant pressure source, starting from a pyrotechnic device.

One of the main tactical and technical characteristics fire extinguishers its fire extinguishing ability, that is, the ability to eliminate combustion in a certain area of ​​one of the classes of fire. So, a chemical foam fire extinguisher can extinguish the combustion of solid materials (class A) on an area of ​​4.78 sq. m. or flammable liquids (class B) on an area of ​​0.25 sq. m.

In accordance with international and national standards, the following classes of fires are established, depending on the burning material: Class A - burning of solid substances, mainly of organic origin; Class B - combustion of flammable liquids and melting solids; Class C - combustion of gases; Class D - combustion of metals.

In our country, another class of fires is distinguished - E - the combustion of various units and devices under voltage. Consequently, the effectiveness of fire extinguishers largely depends on the size of the fire, and the classes of fires determine their area of ​​application.

Chemical foam fire extinguishers. In this type of fire extinguisher, the extinguishing agent is a charge of chemical components - aqueous solutions of acid and alkali. At the moment of activation, the components enter into a chemical reaction, as a result of which foam is formed and gas is released, under the pressure of which the foam is squeezed out of the body of the fire extinguisher. Getting into the fire, the foam lowers the combustion temperature, insulates the combustible substance, prevents the flow of oxidizer (oxygen), and when it breaks down, it emits carbon dioxide, which prevents combustion. Until recently, we produced a foam fire extinguisher of the OHP-10 brand. Now it is out of production. However, a significant number of fire extinguishers of this brand are in operation.

ОХП-10 is intended for extinguishing small fires of solid substances as well as flammable and combustible liquids. It is forbidden to use for extinguishing all types of electrical installations under voltage. It can be used both stationary and in mobile transport. Loaded fire extinguishers are stored vertically, with the shut-off device facing up. The fire extinguisher is one-time, continuous, no device for interrupting the foam supply is provided. It is used at an ambient temperature of +5 to 50 ° C.

The fire extinguisher was modernized. On its basis, OHVP - chemical air - foam fire extinguishers were mastered. They have improved performance and are equipped with a three-component charge - acid, alkali and foaming agent. Purpose, scope, principle of operation and other data, as for chemical fire extinguishers.

Air-foam fire extinguishers. They are designed to extinguish fires of solids and liquids, with the exception of burning alkali metals and electrical installations under voltage. Fire extinguishing composition is a foaming agent solution (96% water and 4% foaming agent different brands). Fire extinguishing capacity of air - foam fire extinguishers is higher than chemical ones.

Water fire extinguisher. Water, aqueous solutions of inorganic salts and solutions of surfactants are used as a fire extinguishing agent.

A knapsack fire extinguisher is used to extinguish forest fires.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. They are designed to extinguish fires of solid, liquid substances, as well as electrical installations with voltage up to 10 kV. Currently, portable (hand-held), mobile and stationary carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are used. The extinguishing agent is carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide). Carbon dioxide is pumped into the fire extinguisher body (cylinder) under pressure, in a liquefied state. Getting from the cylinder into the bell (snowmaker), due to a sharp decrease in pressure, it turns into a snow-like state - carbon dioxide. It drastically lowers the combustion temperature and insulates the burning substance from the oxygen in the air. Shelter shelf life should not exceed 6 years. Fire extinguishers have restrictions on their use, since carbon dioxide is toxic, displaces oxygen, and makes breathing difficult.

Freon fire extinguishers. Freons 1211 and 2402 are used as a fire extinguishing agent. They are especially effective for extinguishing fires in computer centers, electrical rooms, telephone exchanges, etc. Temperature limits of use are from - 60 to + 60 ° C. Shelf life is up to 10 years. Freon fire extinguishers are used to extinguish fires of all classes. However, they have restrictions on toxicity, as well as on the destructive effect on the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

Powder fire extinguishers are virtually universal; they are used to extinguish fires of all classes, with a significant temperature range. We produce 1, 2, 5, 10, 16, 50, 100, 250, 500 liters of housing according to the capacity. Powder fire extinguishers. Capacities from 1 to 10 liters are manual, the rest are mobile or stationary. For extinguishing fires in everyday life, they are used with a capacity of 1, 2, 5 liters, and the rest in industry.

Selection of primary extinguishing media

The required amount of primary funds is calculated separately for each floor, room, as well as shelves of open installations. Premises equipped with automatic stationary fire extinguishing installations are provided with primary means at the rate of 50% of the estimated amount.

If the premises are different in terms of fire hazard production, then it is provided with primary means for the most dangerous production. The selection of primary fire extinguishing means is based on the initial data of the table. 20.1.

Fire extinguishers are installed (hung) in prominent, predetermined places. Fire extinguishers must be easily accessible at all times.

Working (located) in this room people familiarize themselves in advance with the location of fire extinguishers, their types, area of ​​application (according to the label on the body of the fire extinguisher).

When using chemical foam fire extinguishers, it must be removed from the attachment point and transferred to the fire site. Use the available hairpin to clean the shower, turn the handle of the launcher 180 degrees until it stops. Turn the fire extinguisher upside down, shake to accelerate chemical reaction... Direct a stream of foam towards the flame. The fire extinguisher must be kept upside down at all times in order to avoid the release of the gas formed during the reaction and squeezing the foam out of the fire extinguisher container.

Air-foam fire extinguishers are transferred to the place of fire. Pull out the locking pin by the ring. With a blow to the head of the rod, a can with a working gas is opened. The incoming gas forces the foaming agent solution through the hose into the foam generator, where the foam is formed. The fire extinguisher is carried with one hand, and a stream of foam is directed to the fire with the other, behind the generator.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers have a valve or lever locking and starting device. For actuation, it is necessary either to open the valve or lift the handle upwards, after pulling out the locking pin by the ring. A jet of extinguishing agent is directed at a burning object.

Powder fire extinguishers must be shaken first, pull out the locking pin by the ring, turn the fire extinguisher upside down, hit a solid object with the head of the locking device. A can of gas is opened, which squeezes the powder into the combustion zone. Some fire extinguishers are equipped with a lever-operated hose. In this case, after opening the can, it is necessary to open the shutter by pressing the lever.

REMEMBER! A label with data is attached to the container of the fire extinguisher: field of application, rules for actuation. It is advisable to familiarize yourself with it. This will make it possible to correctly use a fire extinguisher to successfully extinguish a fire. A slight delay in familiarization with the rules for using a fire extinguisher can significantly affect the rapid elimination of combustion.

11 Primary extinguishing media

11.1 Buildings, structures, premises, technological installations should be provided with primary fire extinguishing means: fire extinguishers, boxes with sand, barrels of water, blankets from a non-combustible heat-insulating cloth, coarse woolen cloth or felt, fire buckets, shovels, firefighting tools (hooks, crowbars, axes, etc.), which are used for localization and elimination of fires at the initial stage of their development.

Newly built, after reconstruction, expansion, overhaul facilities (buildings, structures, premises, technological installations) must be provided with primary fire extinguishing means (in accordance with appropriate standards) prior to the start of their operation.

11.2 The norms of accessory of primary fire extinguishing equipment for facilities should be established in accordance with the technological design standards, taking into account the following:

a) the definition of the types and number of primary fire extinguishing means depends on the physicochemical and fire hazard properties of combustible substances, their interaction with fire extinguishing agents, as well as the size of the areas of industrial premises, open areas and installations;

b) the required number of primary fire extinguishing means is determined separately for each floor and room, as well as for stacks of open installations.

If in the same room there are several industries of different fire hazard, not separated from each other by fire walls, then all these rooms are provided with fire extinguishers, fire equipment and other types of fire extinguishing equipment according to the standards of the most dangerous production;

c) bedspreads must have a size of at least 1 mx 1 m. They are designed to extinguish small fires in the event of ignition of substances, the combustion of which cannot occur without access to air. In places where flammable and combustible liquids are used and stored, the dimensions of the covers can be increased to the following values: 2 mx 1.5 m, 2 mx 2 m. The covers should be used to extinguish fires of classes A, B, D, E;

d) barrels with water are installed in production, storage and other premises, structures in the absence of an internal fire-fighting water supply and in the presence of combustible materials, as well as on the territory of enterprises based on the installation of one barrel of 250-300 sq. m of protective area.

Barrels for storing water for fire extinguishing purposes in accordance with GOST 12.4.009-83 must have a capacity of at least 0.2 cubic meters and be equipped with a fire bucket with a capacity of at least eight liters;

D) fire shields (stands) are installed on the territory of the enterprise at the rate of one shield (stand) per 5000 sq. m.

The set of fire extinguishing means that are placed on it should include: fire extinguishers - 3 pcs., A box of sand - 1 pc., A blanket with non-combustible thermal insulation material or felt 2 mx 2 m -1 pcs., hooks - 3 pcs., shovels - 2 pcs., crowbars - 2 pcs., axes - 2 pcs.

Fire shields (stands) and fire extinguishing means must be painted in the appropriate colors in accordance with the current state standard... On fire boards (stands), their serial numbers and telephone number for calling the fire brigade should be indicated, the serial number of the fire board is indicated after the letter index "ПЩ";

e) boxes for sand must have a capacity of 0.5; 1.0 or 3.0 cubic meters and be equipped with a shovel.

The design of the box should ensure the convenience of extracting sand and make it impossible for precipitation to enter.

11.3 Buildings and structures that are being built and reconstructed must be provided with primary fire extinguishing means based on:

a) 200 sq. m of floor area - one fire extinguisher (if the floor area is less than 200 sq. m - two fire extinguishers per floor), a barrel of water, a box of sand;

b) for every 20 m of the length of the lance (on the floors) - one fire extinguisher (but not less than two on the floor), and for every 100 m of the length of the lance - a barrel of water;

d) 200 sq. m of coverage area with combustible insulation or combustible roofs - one fire extinguisher, a barrel of water, a box of sand;

D) for each tube of the unit for the construction of cooling towers - two fire extinguishers;

e) at the place of installation of heat generators, air heaters - two fire extinguishers and a box with sand for each unit.

In the above-mentioned places, foam or water fire extinguishers with a capacity of 10 liters or powder with a capacity of at least 5 liters should be used;

f) fire shields (stands) and water barrels are installed on the construction site at the locations of temporary buildings (warehouses, workshops).

11.4 The choice of type and determination of the required number of fire extinguishers is carried out according to Table 4, 5, depending on their fire extinguishing capacity, maximum area, fire class of combustible substances and materials in the room that is protected, or at the facility (standard? SO 3941-77).

Primary fire extinguishing media (PRP) are tools and materials used for fire extinguishing, effective in the initial stage of ignition. It is important to understand that resisting the unfolding fire element through the use of PSP is life-threatening. These funds can be used by people who do not have professional fire fighting knowledge, before the fire brigade arrives at the site. PSP is placed in places specially equipped for this - in fire cabinets, on fire stands and fire shields

Types of primary fire extinguishing equipment

Fire extinguishing agents

• Water- the most popular means of fighting fire. When water is supplied to the fire, some of the non-evaporated liquid is absorbed and lowers the temperature of the burning object. Spreading along the floor, the water prevents the combustion of parts of the interior that are not engulfed in flames. Since water is an electrical conductor, it is not suitable for extinguishing live equipment and networks. Never pour water on flammable liquids. Such liquids form oily spots on the surface of the water, and, spreading along with the water, continue to burn on its surface;
• Sand and earth- these are substances that effectively fight the ignition of flammable liquids (gasoline, oils, tar, kerosene, etc.). When scattering earth around the perimeter of the burning zone, try to surround the place of fire and prevent the burning liquid from spreading. After that, the burning surface should be covered with a layer of earth, which will block the access of oxygen necessary for the combustion process and absorb the liquid.

Fire extinguishing materials

Koshma, metal fine mesh nets, asbestos sheets- are designed to protect the source of ignition from oxygen access. This is quite effective if the fire site has a small area;

Firefighter hand tools and firefighting equipment.

Firefighting equipment is located on fire stands and fire shields - crowbars, shovels, hooks, hooks, axes, etc. Firefighting equipment, as a rule, is installed next to a fire shield or stand - it can be a box of sand, a barrel or a vat of water, etc. The fire-fighting tool is used for transporting fire-extinguishing substances to the fire zone, as well as for disassembling smoldering structures, opening doors, etc.

Fire equipment.

• Fire crane- are used in a set with a fire barrel and a fire hose for internal fire-fighting water supply. It can be used both for extinguishing small fires and for serious fire resistance as an additional fire extinguishing agent. Fire hydrants are located in fire cabinets. They are easy to use and do not require special skills and abilities. When establishing the fact of fire, it is necessary to open the cabinet, connect in series the fire barrel, fire hose and crane. Turn the valve on the tap and proceed directly to extinguish the fire;
• Fire extinguisher- a stationary or manual device designed for fire extinguishing by throwing out the stored extinguishing agent. The handheld fire extinguisher is a red container cylindrical having a tube or nozzle. When a fire extinguisher is put into an active state, a fire suppressant is released, which under great pressure comes out of the nozzle. This fire suppressant can be water, foam, powdered or gaseous chemicals. According to fire safety standards, all industrial premises of enterprises located on the territory of the Russian Federation must be equipped with fire extinguishers. The requirement for the mandatory presence of a fire extinguisher in road transport is in the rules road traffic many countries of the world. Fire extinguishers differ depending on the type of fire extinguishing agent used and the method of its supply, the method of operation and the type of starting device, as well as on the volume of the fire extinguisher body.

The operation of the PSP on the territory of the enterprise is carried out in accordance with the instructions "On the maintenance and use of fire extinguishing means" approved by the order of the head, which is developed on the basis of the Fire Safety Rules. All employees of the enterprise, in mandatory must familiarize themselves with the provisions of this manual. Persons responsible for the availability and readiness of the PSP conduct their quarterly inspection, with the entry of the results of the inspection into a special journal. The malfunctions and inconsistencies revealed during the inspection must be promptly eliminated as soon as possible.

"World of Fire Safety" will help your company to equip fire shields, fire cabinets and fire stands with primary fire extinguishing means, and will also help you deal with all the formalities associated with the operation of this equipment.

Extinguishing media are an integral part of the entire security system. At production sites and wherever increased danger emergence emergency situations associated with fires, the presence technical means for fire suppression is obligatory. The requirements for them are described in the relevant technical regulations and industry-specific acts of regulatory literature. Some of the rules and their codes were issued back in the days of the USSR, but they continue to operate to this day.

General classification and types

List fire fighting equipment includes equipment, including cars, hand tools, alarm systems, fire extinguishing installations, various equipment, rescue devices, fire extinguishers.

There is also a division according to the type of substances used, which depends on the degree and class of the alleged fire. These include water, foam, sand, water vapor, nitrogen, freon, carbon dioxide and other gas compounds.

According to the principle of placement, technical fire extinguishing means are divided into mobile, semi-stationary and stationary. In addition, they can work in both manual and automatic modes. There are primary extinguishing media such as fire extinguishers.

Stationary installations

For localization and suppression of fires in premises, stationary fire extinguishing installations are used. They consist of various technical means. Their purpose is determined by the filling with fire extinguishing agents. The operation of the installations is based on one of the following principles: volumetric or surface extinguishing of fires. There are installations with a locally volumetric or locally superficial way of working.

The action of stationary installations is aimed at localizing a fire that has arisen. It is assumed that with the help of them it is possible to fight the initial stage of a fire or small fires. According to the switching principle, there are automatic ones with local or remote control... They are needed to ensure safety at large facilities in order to prevent significant damage and reduce the risk of casualties. All installations of this type are regularly examined and checked for serviceability. Extinguishing should be done at any time, if necessary.

Fixed fire extinguishing installations consist of pipelines, in the case of water, steam or foam filling. The piping system connects automatic devices and equipment. The devices react to high temperatures, the signal is transmitted to the sensors. Then the pumps that supply water are turned on.

Stationary fire extinguishing equipment is usually installed in shopping centers, workshops industrial enterprises, ships. They can be identified by a complex system of pipes, if they are open, by the presence of carriages, sensors, modules. In gas installations, there are modules with dispensers. Modern options equip with additional equipment.

Mobile funds

Mobile installations are designed to extinguish fires with the ability to move. The Technical Regulations provide a classification of mobile fire extinguishing equipment. Most of them are independent vehicles: fire trucks, helicopters, airplanes, ships and trains. However, high-pressure motor pumps are often used to solve a combat mission. It supplies water under pressure to the fire site. The design of the motor pump consists of a pump and an engine. The characteristics allow them to be used for irrigation, irrigation and pumping of liquids from basements or tanks.

Fire trucks can be basic or special. The body of the transport is painted in bright red, and on the side parts the type of car, its parameters and part number are indicated in the form of marking in large characters.

By analogy with cars, fire trains are painted in a combination of red and white flowers... They are divided into categories by equipment and purpose. They work on extinguishing fires, eliminating emergency situations that have arisen near railway tracks.

Firefighting helicopters are prized for their capabilities. Bucket large sizes scoop up water from available reservoirs and dump it on the fire site. Helicopters are called in to extinguish fires in hard-to-reach places (mountains, multi-storey buildings), with huge areas and fire capacities. They are capable of purposefully dropping several tons of water.

Vessels suitable for extinguishing fires operate on water. They are intended for servicing other water transport, hydraulic structures, buildings on the shore. The water is pumped by pumps located below the waterline. Thanks to technical data, powerful equipment quickly pick up speed and have increased maneuverability. For sea and river areas, different fire-fighting vessels have been developed to provide assistance on the water.

Amphibians or firefighting aircraft are involved in extinguishing large areas fires. Large-scale fires are extinguished by spraying and bombarding water from the air. Seaplanes are refueled with water from reservoirs or at the airfield. High price departures of such a fire-fighting vehicle limits its use.

The fire tractor plows the ground around the burning area, thereby reducing the possibility of the fire spreading further. This transport is characterized by good maneuverability and increased tractive power. There is a practice of re-equipment of standard models of oversized tractors for the needs of a firefighter. Most of these techniques are involved in extinguishing forest fires. Some options are equipped with pumps and tanks, tanks for liquid used in the elimination of outbreaks.

Primary technical means

At the first sign of fire, primary extinguishing media such as fire extinguishers should be used. Their action is aimed at eliminating fires, small in area and strength. There is no effect if the extent of the fire increases sharply or the use of a fire extinguisher is unsafe in this situation.

Fire extinguishers are produced mobile and portable. Portable ones are more common. Consists of a cylinder with a fire extinguishing agent and a tube. The filling materials of the container can be different.

They are charged with water, powders from chemical compounds, inert gases. The type of substance affects the use of the fire extinguisher. Not all are suitable for fire suppression electrical devices with high voltage or for extinguishing in confined spaces. The presence of a fire extinguisher in any office and industrial premises is due to the requirements of the legislation in terms of fire safety.

According to the rules of the road, the vehicle must have a certain type of fire extinguisher, which has not expired. Fire extinguishers are periodically tested to identify defects in the product, as well as recharging.

Other primary means of fire extinguishing include shields, hand tools without mechanized parts (shovels, hooks, crowbars), inventory (small containers with water, boxes for sand, buckets), fire extinguishing materials and fire hydrants, the latter are easy to operate and simple to execute. Fire hydrants are complemented by a sleeve and barrel, which belong to the inner fire-fighting water supply... The liquid enters the outside after unscrewing the valve. Extinguishing is allowed major fires with the help of such cranes.

Extinguishing media for air transport

Basic principles of creating security on aircraft(airplanes, helicopters) are specified in the Air Code and industry standards. These documents have been harmonized and agreed with international associations in charge of aircraft operation.

Aircraft are being developed taking into account the fact that the compartments are provided with separate fire extinguishing means. Fire extinguishers or installations are filled with agents that actively affect combustion and related processes. The fire extinguishing queue is calculated, which determines the number of fire extinguishers that are used until they are completely discharged in one step.

Extinguishing agents: water, sand, foam, powder, gaseous substances that do not support combustion (freon), inert gases, steam.

Fire-fighting equipment:

chemical foam fire extinguishers;

foam fire extinguisher;

powder fire extinguisher;

carbon dioxide, bromoethyl fire extinguisher

Fire protection systems

water supply system;

foam generator

Automatic fire extinguishing systems using avtomat. alarms

fire detector (heat, light, smoke, radiation)

Thermal detectors of the DTL type and radioisotope smoke detectors of the RID type are used for the computer center.

Manual fire extinguishing system (push-button detector).

For the VC, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU, OA are used (they create a jet of atomized ethyl bromine) and an automatic gas fire extinguishing system, in which freon or freon is used as a fire extinguishing agent.

To extinguish fires with water in the automatic fire extinguishing system, sprinkler and drenker devices are used. Their disadvantage is that spraying occurs on an area of ​​up to 15 m 2.

Method of connecting sensors in the email system fire alarm with a receiving station mb. - parallel (beam); - serial (loopback).

Fire extinguishing agents and their properties.

Primary fire extinguishing equipment must be kept in accordance with the passport data on them. The use of fire extinguishing equipment that does not have appropriate certificates is not allowed.

Extinguishing agents are classified according to the dominant principle of stopping combustion into four groups: cooling, insulating, diluting and inhibiting.

Cooling means: water, a solution of water with a wetting agent, solid carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide in a snow-like form), aqueous solutions of salts.

Isolation means: fire-extinguishing foams (chemical, air-mechanical), fire-extinguishing powder compositions, non-combustible bulk substances (sand, earth, slags, fluxes, graphite), sheet materials (blankets, shields).

Dilution media: inert gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon), flue gases, water vapor, finely atomized water, gas-water mixtures, explosives explosion products.

Means of chemical inhibition of the combustion reaction: halocarbons (ethyl bromide, freons), compounds based on halocarbons, water-bromoethyl solutions (emulsions), fire-extinguishing powder compositions.

Water- the most common extinguishing agent. It has a high heat capacity, a significant heat of vaporization, which allows a large amount of heat to be taken away in the process of extinguishing a fire. When extinguishing fires, water is used in the form of compact, atomized and finely atomized jets.

Water with wetting agent has a good penetrating ability, due to which, the greatest effect is achieved in extinguishing fires and especially when burning fibrous materials, peat, soot. Aqueous solutions of wetting agents can reduce water consumption by 30 - 50%, as well as the duration of extinguishing a fire.

However, it should be borne in mind that water as a fire extinguishing agent has a number of properties that limit its use. Thus, water cannot be used to extinguish the following fires:

Electrical installations and devices under voltage, as this can lead to a short circuit in the equipment and electric shock to people;

Materials stored in place with calcium carbide and quicklime;

Metallic sodium, potassium, magnesium, as this decomposes water with the formation of an explosive mixture.

At the same time, it is the cause of significant damage if, when extinguishing a fire, an unreasonably large number of trunks are supplied, used indoors without non-shut-off valves, or if existing trunks are left unattended, etc. In case of fires in attics or on the upper floors of buildings, water can wet the floors and partitions located below, lingering in waterproof areas, creates additional stress on the floor structures, which sometimes turns out to be the cause of their collapses.

Solid carbon dioxide(carbon dioxide in a snow-like form) has been widely used as a fire extinguishing agent for charging carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. Carbon dioxide, which is in a liquid state, is stored under pressure; when it passes into the gaseous phase, it turns into a snow-like crystalline mass. Carbon dioxide is an inert gas, colorless and odorless, 1.5 times heavier than air. 1kg of liquid carbon dioxide in the transition to the gaseous phase forms 500 liters of gas. These properties of carbon dioxide ensure the cessation of combustion not only due to cooling, but also due to dilution and isolation of burning substances. As a fire extinguishing agent, carbon dioxide can be used to extinguish fires of electrical installations, engines, as well as to extinguish fires in archives, libraries, museums, exhibitions, design bureaus, equipment of computing centers, etc. It is not used to extinguish ignited magnesium and its alloys, metal sodium and potassium, since the decomposition of carbon dioxide with the release of atomic oxygen occurs.

Foam can be low (less than 10), medium (from 10 to 200) and high (more than 200). It isolates the burning surface from air, does not allow heat from the flame to pass to the surface of the liquid, prevents the escape of liquid vapors and thereby stops combustion.

Chemical foam is obtained in foam generators by mixing foam-heratinous powders and in fire extinguishers by the interaction of alkaline and acid solutions. Consists of carbon dioxide (80%), water (19.7%), foaming agent (0.3%). Possesses high resistance and efficiency in extinguishing many fires. However, due to electrical conductivity and chemical activity, foam is not used to extinguish electrical and radio installations, electronic equipment, engines for various purposes, and other devices and aggregates.

Air mechanical foam (VMP) is obtained by mixing in foam shafts or generators an aqueous solution of a foaming agent with air. It possesses the necessary stability, dispersion, viscosity, cooling and insulating properties, which make it possible to use it for extinguishing solid materials, liquid substances and for carrying out protective actions, when extinguishing fires on the surface and volumetric filling of burning rooms (medium and high expansion foam). Air-foam barrels of SVP are used to supply low expansion foam, and GPS foam generators are used to supply medium and high expansion foam.

Fire extinguishing powder compositions (OPS) are versatile and effective means of extinguishing fires at relatively low specific costs. OPS is used to extinguish combustible materials and substances of any state of aggregation, electrical installations under voltage, metals, including organometallic and other pyrophoric compounds that cannot be extinguished with water and foams, as well as fires at significant subzero temperatures. OPS are divided into two main groups: general-purpose, capable of creating a fire-extinguishing cloud - for extinguishing most fires and special ones that create a layer on the surface of materials that prevents the access of air oxygen - for extinguishing metals and organometallic compounds. The main disadvantage of OPS is their tendency to caking and clumping. Due to the large dispersion of the OPS, they form a significant amount of dust, which necessitates work in special clothing, as well as protective equipment for the respiratory and vision organs.

Water vapor. The extinguishing efficiency is low, therefore it is used to protect closed technological devices and premises with a volume of up to 500 m 3 (holds of ships, tube furnaces of petrochemical enterprises, pumping stations for pumping oil products, drying and painting chambers), to extinguish small fires in open areas and create curtains around protected objects.

Finely dispersed water(droplet size less than 100 microns) is obtained using special equipment: spray barrels, torque converters operating at high pressure (200-300 m). Water jets have a small impact force and flight range, but they irrigate a significant surface, are more favorable to water evaporation, have an increased cooling effect, and dilute the combustible medium well. They allow not to excessively moisten the materials when extinguishing them, contribute to a rapid decrease in temperature, and the deposition of smoke.

Halogenated hydrocarbons and compositions based on them effectively suppress the combustion of gaseous, liquid, solid combustible substances and materials in all types of fires. In terms of efficiency, they exceed inert gases by a factor of 10 or more. Halocarbons and compounds based on them are volatile compounds, they are gases or volatile liquids that are poorly soluble in water, but miscible well with many organic substances. They have good wetting ability, are non-conductive, have a high density in the liquid and gaseous state, which provides the possibility of jet formation, penetration into the flame, as well as the retention of vapors near the combustion center.

These extinguishing agents can be used for surface, volumetric and local fire extinguishing. With great effect, they can be used to eliminate the combustion of fibrous materials, electrical installations and equipment under voltage; for fire protection of vehicles, engine rooms of ships, computing centers, highly hazardous workshops of chemical enterprises, painting chambers, dryers, warehouses with flammable liquids, archives, museum halls, other objects of special value, increased fire and explosion hazard. Halocarbons and compositions based on them can be practically used at any negative temperatures. The disadvantages of these fire extinguishing agents are: corrosiveness, toxicity; they cannot be used to extinguish materials containing oxygen in their composition, as well as metals, some metal hydrides and many organometallic compounds.

Fire extinguishers

Fire extinguishers Is a technical device designed to extinguish fires at the initial stage of their occurrence. Fire extinguishers are a reliable means of extinguishing fires before the arrival of fire brigades. The industry produces several types of hand-held, mobile and stationary fire extinguishers.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU-2, OU-5 designed to extinguish small initial fires of various substances and materials, with the exception of substances that burn without air access. Fire extinguishers can be effectively used at temperatures from -25 to +50 degrees C.

Carbon dioxide-bromoethyl fire extinguishers are intended for extinguishing small starting fires of various substances, including devices under voltage. Do not extinguish with these fire extinguishers burning alkaline and alkaline earth materials that burn without air access. A composition consisting of ethyl bromide (97%) and liquefied carbon dioxide (3%) is used as a charge. A fire extinguisher charge has high wetting properties and is much more effective than a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher charge. A fire extinguisher charged with OP-7 or OP-10 is used to extinguish alcohol, ether, acetone and other similar liquids.

Hand Powder Fire Extinguishers are intended for extinguishing small fires of flammable liquids, alkaline earth materials, electrical installations under voltage. Powder fire extinguisher OP-10, OP-50 is made of a metal cylinder with a capacity of 10, 50 liters. PSB powder is used as a charge.

Fire extinguishing agents

To suppress the combustion process, it is possible to reduce the content of the combustible component, oxidizer (oxygen in the air), lower the temperature of the process, or increase the activation energy of the combustion reaction.

Fire extinguishing agents... The simplest, cheapest and most affordable is water, which is supplied to the combustion zone in the form of compact continuous jets or in a spray form. Water, having a high heat capacity and heat of evaporation, has a strong cooling effect on the combustion center. In addition, in the process of evaporation of water, a large amount of steam is formed, which will have an insulating effect on the fire site.

The disadvantages of water include poor wettability and penetrating ability in relation to a number of materials. To improve the extinguishing properties of water, surfactants can be added to it. Water should not be used to extinguish radiant metals, their hydrides, carbides, as well as electrical installations.

Foam are a widespread, effective and convenient means of extinguishing fires.

Recently, fire extinguishers have been increasingly used to extinguish fires. powders... They can be used to extinguish fires of solids, various flammable liquids, gases, metals, as well as installations under voltage. Powders are recommended for use in the initial stage of a fire.

Inert diluents used for volumetric quenching. They have a diluting effect. The most widely used inert diluents include nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and various halogenated hydrocarbons. These agents are used when more readily available extinguishing agents such as water or foam are ineffective.

Automatic stationary installations fire extinguishing, depending on the fire extinguishing agents used, are divided into water, foam, gas and powder. The most widespread are water and foam extinguishing installations of two types: sprinkler and drencher.

Sprinkler installation- the most effective means of extinguishing conventional combustible materials at the initial stage of fire development. Sprinkler installations are switched on automatically when the temperature in the protected volume rises above a predetermined limit. The entire system consists of pipelines laid under the ceiling of the room and sprinklers placed on pipelines at a given distance from each other.

Deluge installations differ from sprinkler ones in the absence of a valve in the sprinkler. The deluge sprinkler is always open. The deluge system is switched on manually or automatically by a signal from an automatic detector using a control and starting unit located on the main fire pipeline. The sprinkler installation is triggered over the fire, and the deluge water sprinkles the entire protected object with water.

Primary funds fire extinguishing... These include fire extinguishers, buckets, containers of water, boxes of sand, crowbars, axes, shovels, etc.

Fire extinguishers are one of the most effective primary fire extinguishing agents. Depending on the fire extinguishing agent being charged, fire extinguishers are divided into five types: water, foam, carbon dioxide, powder, freon.

Primary extinguishing media are intended for use in the early stages of a fire or ignition. Such means include special containers with water and sand, shovels, buckets, crowbars, boat hooks, asbestos cloths, coarse-woolen fabrics and felt, fire extinguishers. Determination of the required number of primary fire extinguishing means is regulated by the "Fire Safety Rules in the Russian Federation" (PPB-01-93). When determining the types and quantities of primary extinguishing agents, one should take into account the physicochemical and fire hazardous properties of combustible substances, their relation to fire extinguishing agents, as well as the area of ​​premises, open areas and installations.

Barrels for storing water must have a volume of at least 0.2 m3 and be completed with buckets. Sand boxes should have a volume of 0.5; 1.0 or 3.0 m3 and equipped with a shovel. Tanks for sand included in the construction of a fire stand must have a capacity of at least 0.1 m3. The design of the box should ensure the convenience of extracting sand and exclude the ingress of precipitation.

Asbestos cloths, coarse-woolen fabrics and felt at least 1.0x1.0 m in size are intended for extinguishing small fires when substances ignite, which cannot burn without air access. In places where flammable and combustible liquids are used and stored, the dimensions of the canvases can be increased (2.0x1.5 or 2.0x2.0 m).

A fire extinguisher, as a primary fire extinguishing agent, remains the most widespread, effective and affordable product in our time.

Powder fire extinguishers

OP-5 (g) with a body volume of 5 liters and OP-10 (g) (volume 10 liters) are designed to extinguish the ignition of solid combustible materials (fire class A), liquid combustible materials (fire class B), gaseous substances (fire class C) and electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V. Multiple recharging is possible.

Fire extinguishers can be used in residential, office, warehouse, small storage facilities for flammable and flammable liquids, vehicle fleets, car depots, garages, stalls, garden houses, and on vehicles.

Service life - 10 years. Recharge interval - 4 years.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers

Designed to extinguish the fires of substances, the combustion of which cannot occur without access to air, the fires of electrical installations under a voltage of no more than 1000V, liquid and gaseous substances (class B, C).

Fire extinguishers are divided into portable and mobile. Portable fire extinguishers include man-carried fire extinguishers, the fire extinguishing capacity of which meets the minimum technical requirements established in the regulatory and technical documentation. Fire extinguishers equipped with a device for transportation are classified as mobile.

It is preferable to equip fire shields with carbon dioxide fire extinguishers in paint shops, warehouses, gas stations and on the territory of industrial enterprises.

The OU-8M fire extinguisher complies with the requirements of the international SOLAS convention for the safety of human life at sea, and has a certificate from the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. It is used at the facilities of the sea and river fleet.
Fire extinguishers must be operated in the operating temperature range from -40 to +50 degrees Celsius.

Air-foam fire extinguishers

They are used to extinguish class A and B fires (wood, paper, paints and fuels and lubricants). Do not use to extinguish live electrical installations!
Unlike injection fire extinguishers, in ORP-10 (b), the expelling gas is stored in a can. to bring the fire extinguisher into working condition, you must press the button on its head and wait 5 seconds while the working pressure is created inside the body.

Operated at temperatures from +5 to + 50 ° С.
The extinguishing agent is a foaming agent solution (ORP).

FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

The simplest means of extinguishing fires and fires is sand. It can be used in the vast majority of cases. It cools the combustible substance, makes it difficult for air to reach it and mechanically knocks down the flame. It is imperative to have at least 1-2 shovels near the place where sand is stored.

The most common and versatile fire extinguishing agent is water. However, it cannot be used when electrical wires and installations are on fire, as well as substances that, in contact with water, ignite or emit poisonous and flammable gases. Water should not be used to extinguish gasoline, kerosene and other liquids, as they are lighter than water, float up, and the combustion process does not stop.

To extinguish fires at the initial stage, you can use asbestos or felt cloth, which, when they are densely covered with a burning object, prevent air from entering the combustion zone.

Don't forget about indoor fire hydrants. They are placed, as a rule, in special cabinets, adapted for sealing and visual inspection without opening. Each must have a 10, 15 or 20 m fire hose and a fire nozzle. One end of the sleeve will be attached to the trunk, the other to the fire hydrant. The deployment of the calculation for the supply of water to the hearth of the fire is carried out in the composition of 2 people: one works with the barrel, the second supplies water from the tap.

A special place is given to fire extinguishers - these modern technical devices designed to extinguish fires in their initial stage of occurrence. The domestic industry produces fire extinguishers, which are classified by the type of extinguishing agent, the volume of the body, the method of supplying the extinguishing agent and the type of starting devices.

By type, fire extinguishing agents are liquid, foam, carbon dioxide, aerosol, powder and combined. By the volume of the body, they are conditionally subdivided into manual subcompact ones with a volume of up to 5 liters, industrial manual ones with a volume of 5 - 10 liters. stationary and mobile with a volume of more than 10 liters.

Liquid fire extinguishers (Coolant). They are mainly used to extinguish the fires of solid materials of organic origin: wood, fabric, paper, etc. As a fire extinguishing agent, they use pure water, water with additives of surfactants (surfactants), which enhance its fire extinguishing ability, and aqueous solutions of mineral salts.

For the currently produced OZh-5 and OZh-10, the charge is ejected under the action of gas (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, air), which is pumped directly into the body or into a working cartridge. Coolants, despite the simplicity of design and maintenance, have limited use, since they are not suitable for extinguishing oil products, freeze at low temperatures and do not work, and also because aqueous solutions of mineral salts corrode the body very strongly and disable the fire extinguisher.

Here are some parameters of OZh-5: fire extinguisher capacity - 5 liters, weight - 7.3 kg, jet range - 6 - 8 m, charge ejection time - 20 s, operates at a temperature of + 2 ° and higher. ОЖ-10: capacity - 10 liters, weight - 13 kg, jet range - 6 - 8 m, charge ejection time - 45 s.

Foam fire extinguishers. Designed to extinguish a fire with chemical or air-mechanical foams. Chemical foam fire extinguishers (OHP) have a wide range of applications, except for cases when the fire extinguishing charge promotes the development of combustion or is a conductor of electric current.

The fire extinguishing charge of the OHP consists of two parts: an alkaline one, which is an aqueous solution of bicarbonate of soda with the addition of a small amount of a foaming agent, and an acidic - a mixture of sulfuric acid

The alkaline part of the charge is poured into the body of the fire extinguisher, and the acid is poured into a special polyethylene cup located in the neck of the body. When both parts of the charge are combined, a chemical foam is formed, consisting of many bubbles filled with carbon dioxide, which are intensively mixed, foaming the alkaline solution and pushing it out through the shower.

When working with the OHP-10 fire extinguisher, it is necessary to: take it by the handle and bring it to the fire. Raise the handle (turn counterclockwise), as a result of which the valve together with the stem will rise up, the spring will be compressed. Take the handle with one hand, turn it upside down, shake it, put the upper part on the forearm of the other hand, direct the stream to the fire.

Use the utmost care when working with a fire extinguisher, as the charge contains sulfuric acid.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU-2, OU-5, OU-8. These fire extinguishers are designed to extinguish combustible materials and electrical installations under voltage. The snow-like mass has a temperature of -80 °. When extinguishing, it lowers the temperature of the burning substance and reduces the oxygen content in the combustion zone.

Carbon dioxide in a cylinder or fire extinguisher is in a liquid or gaseous phase. Its relative amount depends on the temperature. As the temperature rises, liquid carbon dioxide turns into gaseous, and the pressure in the cylinder rises sharply. To avoid an explosion, the cylinders are filled with liquid carbon dioxide to 75%, and all fire extinguishers are equipped with safety membranes.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are divided into hand-held, stationary and mobile. The manual control unit is designed to extinguish the ignition of various substances on vehicles: ships, airplanes, cars, locomotives. It is a steel cylinder, into the neck of which a pistol-type shutter with a siphon tube is screwed. A tube with a bell and a membrane fuse are attached to the valve.

For actuation, the bell is directed at a burning object and the shutter is pulled. When extinguishing a fire, the extinguisher must not be held horizontally or turned upside down.

Aerosol fire extinguishers. Designed to extinguish the fires of flammable and combustible liquids, solids, electrical installations under voltage and other materials, except for alkali metals and oxygen-containing substances. The industry produces hand-held aerosol fire extinguishers, portable and stationary.

Freon aerosol fire extinguisher (OAX) is a metal body, the neck of which is closed with a membrane. A punch with a spring is fixed above the membrane. To activate the fire extinguisher, it is necessary to install it on a hard surface, pierce the membrane with a sharp blow on the punch button and direct the stream to the flame. The OAX single-use fire extinguisher is designed to extinguish fires on vehicles: cars, boats, trolleybuses, fuel trucks, as well as to extinguish fires from electrical appliances (household and industrial).

Powder fire extinguishers (OP). Received at the present time, especially abroad, the greatest distribution. They are used to eliminate the ignition of gasoline, diesel fuel, varnishes, paints, wood and other carbon-based materials. Special-purpose powders are used to eliminate fires and ignitions of alkali metals, aluminum and organosilicon compounds, and various spontaneously combustible substances. It gives good results when extinguishing electrical installations. They are widely used in vehicles and production areas.

Technical characteristics of some of them:

OP are produced in three types: manual, transportable and stationary. The principle of operation of a fire extinguisher: when you press the trigger lever, the seal breaks and the needle rod pierces the cylinder membrane. The working gas (carbon dioxide, air, nitrogen) leaves the cylinder through the metering hole in the nipple, and flows through the siphon tube under the air box. In the center of the siphon tube (in height) there is a row of holes through which part of the working gas comes out and loosens the powder. Air (gas), passing through the layer of powder, loosens it, and the powder is squeezed out by the pressure of the working gas through the siphon tube and thrown out through the nozzle into the ignition center. In the working position, the fire extinguisher should only be held vertically, without turning it over.

Primary extinguishing media

To eliminate fires at the initial stage, improvised and primary fire extinguishing means are used.

Improvised means are substances and objects that have not been prepared in advance for extinguishing fires. These include water, sand, earth, various objects thrown onto the combustion center. By typing water from the tap into a bucket, a person can put out a small fire in an apartment. To eliminate the combustion of the TV, various objects made of dense matter are used.

Primary means are devices and means prepared in advance for extinguishing fires.

At the facilities of the national economy, you can often see fire posts (shields), where there is a set of primary fire extinguishing means: fire extinguishers, sand and water in containers, felt, devices for opening structures. Residential and public buildings, as a rule, are provided with certain types of primary fire extinguishing equipment, mainly fire extinguishers. Fire extinguishers, as primary fire extinguishing means, occupy a certain place in the fire protection of objects of the national economy. The material damage depends on the effectiveness and reliability of the fire extinguishers. The presence of fire extinguishers at the protected object in the required quantity and of a predetermined type, their skillful use allow localizing or extinguishing a fire at an early stage of development.

Depending on the extinguishing agent used, fire extinguishers are chemical foam, air - foam, water, powder, carbon dioxide, freon and combined.

According to the method of actuation, fire extinguishers are divided into those having a valve gate, a lever-type locking and starting device, a pistol-type locking and starting device, starting from a constant pressure source, starting from a pyrotechnic device.

One of the main tactical and technical characteristics of fire extinguishers is its fire extinguishing ability, that is, the ability to eliminate combustion in a certain area of ​​one of the classes of fire. So, a chemical foam fire extinguisher can extinguish the combustion of solid materials (class A) on an area of ​​4.78 sq. m. or flammable liquids (class B) on an area of ​​0.25 sq. m.

In accordance with international and national standards, the following classes of fires are established, depending on the burning material: Class A - burning of solid substances, mainly of organic origin; Class B - combustion of flammable liquids and melting solids; Class C - combustion of gases; Class D - combustion of metals.

In our country, another class of fires is distinguished - E - the combustion of various units and devices under voltage. Consequently, the effectiveness of fire extinguishers largely depends on the size of the fire, and the classes of fires determine their area of ​​application.

Chemical foam fire extinguishers. In this type of fire extinguisher, the extinguishing agent is a charge of chemical components - aqueous solutions of acid and alkali. At the moment of activation, the components enter into a chemical reaction, as a result of which foam is formed and gas is released, under the pressure of which the foam is squeezed out of the body of the fire extinguisher. Getting into the fire, the foam lowers the combustion temperature, insulates the combustible substance, prevents the flow of oxidizer (oxygen), and when it breaks down, it emits carbon dioxide, which prevents combustion. Until recently, we produced a foam fire extinguisher of the OHP-10 brand. Now it is out of production. However, a significant number of fire extinguishers of this brand are in operation.

ОХП-10 is intended for extinguishing small fires of solid substances as well as flammable and combustible liquids. It is forbidden to use for extinguishing all types of electrical installations under voltage. It can be used both stationary and in mobile transport. Loaded fire extinguishers are stored vertically, with the shut-off device facing up. The fire extinguisher is one-time, continuous, no device for interrupting the foam supply is provided. It is used at an ambient temperature of +5 to 50 ° C.

The fire extinguisher was modernized. On its basis, OHVP - chemical air - foam fire extinguishers were mastered. They have improved performance and are equipped with a three-component charge - acid, alkali and foaming agent. Purpose, scope, principle of operation and other data, as for chemical fire extinguishers.

Air-foam fire extinguishers. They are designed to extinguish fires of solids and liquids, with the exception of burning alkali metals and electrical installations under voltage. The fire extinguishing composition is a foaming agent solution (96% water and 4% foaming agent of various brands). Fire extinguishing capacity of air - foam fire extinguishers is higher than chemical ones.

Water fire extinguisher. Water, aqueous solutions of inorganic salts and solutions of surfactants are used as a fire extinguishing agent.

A knapsack fire extinguisher is used to extinguish forest fires.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. They are designed to extinguish fires of solid, liquid substances, as well as electrical installations with voltage up to 10 kV. Currently, portable (hand-held), mobile and stationary carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are used. The extinguishing agent is carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide). Carbon dioxide is pumped into the fire extinguisher body (cylinder) under pressure, in a liquefied state. Getting from the cylinder into the bell (snowmaker), due to a sharp decrease in pressure, it turns into a snow-like state - carbon dioxide. It drastically lowers the combustion temperature and insulates the burning substance from the oxygen in the air. Shelter shelf life should not exceed 6 years. Fire extinguishers have restrictions on their use, since carbon dioxide is toxic, displaces oxygen, and makes breathing difficult.

Freon fire extinguishers. Freons 1211 and 2402 are used as a fire extinguishing agent. They are especially effective for extinguishing fires in computer centers, electrical rooms, telephone exchanges, etc. Temperature limits of use are from - 60 to + 60 ° C. Shelf life is up to 10 years. Freon fire extinguishers are used to extinguish fires of all classes. However, they have restrictions on toxicity, as well as on the destructive effect on the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

Powder fire extinguishers are virtually universal; they are used to extinguish fires of all classes, with a significant temperature range. We produce 1, 2, 5, 10, 16, 50, 100, 250, 500 liters of housing according to the capacity. Powder fire extinguishers. Capacities from 1 to 10 liters are manual, the rest are mobile or stationary. For extinguishing fires in everyday life, they are used with a capacity of 1, 2, 5 liters, and the rest in industry.

Selection of primary extinguishing media

The required amount of primary funds is calculated separately for each floor, room, as well as shelves of open installations. Premises equipped with automatic stationary fire extinguishing installations are provided with primary means at the rate of 50% of the estimated amount.

If the premises are different in terms of fire hazard production, then it is provided with primary means for the most dangerous production. The selection of primary fire extinguishing means is based on the initial data of the table. 20.1.

Fire extinguishers are installed (hung) in prominent, predetermined places. Fire extinguishers must be easily accessible at all times.

People working (being) in this room are familiarized in advance with the location of fire extinguishers, their types, scope (according to the label on the body of the fire extinguisher).

When using chemical foam fire extinguishers, it must be removed from the attachment point and transferred to the fire site. Use the available hairpin to clean the shower, turn the handle of the launcher 180 degrees until it stops. Turn the fire extinguisher upside down, shake it to speed up the chemical reaction. Direct a stream of foam towards the flame. The fire extinguisher must be kept upside down at all times in order to avoid the release of the gas formed during the reaction and squeezing the foam out of the fire extinguisher container.

Air-foam fire extinguishers are transferred to the place of fire. Pull out the locking pin by the ring. With a blow to the head of the rod, a can with a working gas is opened. The incoming gas forces the foaming agent solution through the hose into the foam generator, where the foam is formed. The fire extinguisher is carried with one hand, and a stream of foam is directed to the fire with the other, behind the generator.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers have a valve or lever locking and starting device. For actuation, it is necessary either to open the valve or lift the handle upwards, after pulling out the locking pin by the ring. A jet of extinguishing agent is directed at a burning object.

Powder fire extinguishers must be shaken first, pull out the locking pin by the ring, turn the fire extinguisher upside down, hit a solid object with the head of the locking device. A can of gas is opened, which squeezes the powder into the combustion zone. Some fire extinguishers are equipped with a lever-operated hose. In this case, after opening the can, it is necessary to open the shutter by pressing the lever.

REMEMBER! A label with data is attached to the container of the fire extinguisher: field of application, rules for actuation. It is advisable to familiarize yourself with it. This will make it possible to correctly use a fire extinguisher to successfully extinguish a fire. A slight delay in familiarization with the rules for using a fire extinguisher can significantly affect the rapid elimination of combustion.

11 Primary extinguishing media

11.1 Buildings, structures, premises, technological installations should be provided with primary fire extinguishing means: fire extinguishers, boxes with sand, barrels of water, blankets from a non-combustible heat-insulating canvas, coarse-woolen cloth or felt, fire buckets, shovels, fire-fighting tools (hooks, crowbars, axes and the like), which are used to localize and eliminate fires at the initial stage of their development.

Newly built, after reconstruction, expansion, overhaul facilities (buildings, structures, premises, technological installations) must be provided with primary fire extinguishing means (in accordance with appropriate standards) prior to the start of their operation.

11.2 The norms of accessory of primary fire extinguishing equipment for facilities should be established in accordance with the technological design standards, taking into account the following:

a) the definition of the types and number of primary fire extinguishing means depends on the physicochemical and fire hazard properties of combustible substances, their interaction with fire extinguishing agents, as well as the size of the areas of industrial premises, open areas and installations;

b) the required number of primary fire extinguishing means is determined separately for each floor and room, as well as for stacks of open installations.

If in the same room there are several industries of different fire hazard, not separated from each other by fire walls, then all these rooms are provided with fire extinguishers, fire equipment and other types of fire extinguishing equipment according to the standards of the most dangerous production;

c) bedspreads must have a size of at least 1 mx 1 m. They are designed to extinguish small fires in the event of ignition of substances, the combustion of which cannot occur without access to air. In places where flammable and combustible liquids are used and stored, the dimensions of the covers can be increased to the following values: 2 mx 1.5 m, 2 mx 2 m. The covers should be used to extinguish fires of classes A, B, D, E;

d) barrels with water are installed in production, storage and other premises, structures in the absence of an internal fire-fighting water supply and in the presence of combustible materials, as well as on the territory of enterprises based on the installation of one barrel of 250-300 sq. m of protective area.

Barrels for storing water for fire extinguishing purposes in accordance with GOST 12.4.009-83 must have a capacity of at least 0.2 cubic meters and be equipped with a fire bucket with a capacity of at least eight liters;

D) fire shields (stands) are installed on the territory of the enterprise at the rate of one shield (stand) per 5000 sq. m.

The set of fire extinguishing equipment, which are placed on it, should include: fire extinguishers - 3 pcs., A box with sand - 1 pc., A blanket made of non-combustible heat-insulating material or felt measuring 2 mx 2 m -1 pc., Hooks - 3 pcs. , shovels - 2 pcs., crowbars - 2 pcs., axes - 2 pcs.

Fire shields (stands) and fire extinguishing means must be painted in the appropriate colors in accordance with the current state standard. On fire boards (stands), their serial numbers and telephone number for calling the fire brigade should be indicated, the serial number of the fire board is indicated after the letter index "ПЩ";

e) boxes for sand must have a capacity of 0.5; 1.0 or 3.0 cubic meters and be equipped with a shovel.

The design of the box should ensure the convenience of extracting sand and make it impossible for precipitation to enter.

11.3 Buildings and structures that are being built and reconstructed must be provided with primary fire extinguishing means based on:

a) 200 sq. m of floor area - one fire extinguisher (if the floor area is less than 200 sq. m - two fire extinguishers per floor), a barrel of water, a box of sand;

b) for every 20 m of the length of the lance (on the floors) - one fire extinguisher (but not less than two on the floor), and for every 100 m of the length of the lance - a barrel of water;

d) 200 sq. m of coverage area with combustible insulation or combustible roofs - one fire extinguisher, a barrel of water, a box of sand;

D) for each tube of the unit for the construction of cooling towers - two fire extinguishers;

e) at the place of installation of heat generators, air heaters - two fire extinguishers and a box with sand for each unit.

In the above-mentioned places, foam or water fire extinguishers with a capacity of 10 liters or powder with a capacity of at least 5 liters should be used;

f) fire shields (stands) and water barrels are installed on the construction site at the locations of temporary buildings (warehouses, workshops).

11.4 The choice of type and determination of the required number of fire extinguishers is carried out according to Table 4, 5, depending on their fire extinguishing capacity, maximum area, fire class of combustible substances and materials in the room that is protected, or at the facility (standard? SO 3941-77).